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37°58′13″N 23°43′40″E / 37.97034°N 23.727784°E / 37.97034; 23.727784

The Bema of Phaidros (Ancient Greek: Βῆμα τοῦ Φαίδρου) is the marble platform created in the third century CE^[1]^[2] that served as stage front to the Theatre of Dionysos in Athens. It is decorated with a Neo-Attic Roman sculpture of the Hadrianic or Antonine period, this sculpture was dismantled sometime in antiquity, moved from an unknown location,^[3] and rebuilt into the bema of the Theatre by Phaidros, archon of Athens.^[4] Four stone reliefs decorate the stage front illustrating scenes from the life of Dionysos they are: 1) The birth of Dionysos, 2) the entrance of Dionysos into Attica, 3) the sacred marriage of Dionysos and the Basilinna and 4) the enthronement of Dionysos. These scenes are framed by crouching Silenoi.

Description

The sculpture, reading the from viewer's left to right, begins with a scene that can be taken to be the birth of Dionysos. It consists of four figures beginning with a semi-draped seated figure who is likely Zeus facing him is a youth holding a small child, presumed to be Hermes and the infant Dionysos at the moment of his second birth from the thigh of Zeus.^[5] Framing the scene are two nude male figures each holding a shield, these have been conjectured to be either korybantes or kouretes.^[6] The next slab represents the bestowing of the gift of wine, the introduction of the worship of Dionysos to Attica and alludes to the beginnings of tragedy.^[7] Again there are four figures; reading right to left they are, a young male figure in a chlamys and lion skin gesturing to his right. Immediately next is a figure identified by his attributes of grapevine, leopard skin and cothurni as Dionysos. Between him and the adjacent figure to his right is a small altar, this latter figure may be Ikarios accompanied by his dog Maera and a tethered goat. To the viewer's left is a draped female, possibly a maenad, sometimes identified as Erigone On the third slab are three figures with a fourth figure lost over time, they are conjectured to be from left to right Dionysus, the Basilinna and Tyche.^[8] The final slab on the viewer's far right consists perhaps of, from left to right, Tyche, Theseus, the Basilinna, and Dionysus enthroned.^[9]

It is evident from the way in which the sculptures have been cut down in size to fit their present placement, and for chronological reasons, that they are reused, secondary material. No conclusive solution has been put forward for the original date or location of the sculptures, though it has been suggested that they may have been meant for the scaenae frons of the high pulpitum built during the first half of the second century.^[10]

Notes

^ Travlos, p.538
^ Frantz suggests a likely date between circa 300 and 345 CE. Frantz, 1982, p.38
^ Travlos, p.538.
^ IG II² 5021, his inscription is preserved on the top flight of the stairs from the orchestra to the stage and reads: For you, lover of the sacred rites, this beautiful stage has been built by Phaidros, son of Zolios, archon of life-giving Athens.
^ Sturgeon, p.32
^ Sturgeon, p.34. These two types are often confused but distinct.
^ Sturgeon, p.37.
^ Sturgeon, p. 38
^ Sturgeon, p.40.
^ Sturgeon, p.45

References

Mary C. Sturgeon, «The Reliefs on the Theater of Dionysos in Athens», American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 31-53
Alison Frantz, «The Date of the Phaidros Bema in the Theater of Dionysos», Hesperia Supplements, Vol. 20, Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography. Presented to Homer A. Thompson (1982), pp. 34-39+194-195
Margarete Bieber, The History of the Greek and Roman Theater, Princeton, 1961.
A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens, Oxford, 1946.
John Travlos, A Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens, 1980.

External links

Media related to Bema of Phaidros at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Travlos, p.538

[2] Frantz suggests a likely date between circa 300 and 345 CE. Frantz, 1982, p.38

[3] Travlos, p.538.

[4] IG II² 5021, his inscription is preserved on the top flight of the stairs from the orchestra to the stage and reads: For you, lover of the sacred rites, this beautiful stage has been built by Phaidros, son of Zolios, archon of life-giving Athens.

[5] Sturgeon, p.32

[6] Sturgeon, p.34. These two types are often confused but distinct.

[7] Sturgeon, p.37.

[8] Sturgeon, p. 38

[9] Sturgeon, p.40.

[10] Sturgeon, p.45

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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+{{short description|Ancient Greek complex with reliefs in Athens}}
 {{coord|37.97034|N|23.727784|E|display=title|type:landmark_region:GR}}
+[[File:The reliefs of the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens on March 3, 2020.jpg|300px|thumb|Bema of Phaidros with crouching Silenus]]
+The '''Bema of Phaidros''' ({{langx|grc|Βῆμα τοῦ Φαίδρου}}) is the marble platform created in the third century CE<ref>Travlos, p.538</ref><ref>Frantz suggests a likely date between circa 300 and 345 CE. Frantz, 1982, p.38</ref> that served as stage front to the [[Theatre of Dionysos]] in Athens. It is decorated with a [[Neo-Attic]] [[Roman sculpture]] of the [[Hadrian|Hadrianic]] or [[Antoninus Pius|Antonine]] period, this sculpture was dismantled sometime in antiquity, moved from an unknown location,<ref>Travlos, p.538.</ref> and rebuilt into the [[bema]] of the Theatre by Phaidros, [[archon]] of Athens.<ref>IG II<sup>2</sup> 5021, his inscription is preserved on the top flight of the stairs from the orchestra to the stage and reads: For you, lover of the sacred rites, this beautiful stage has been built by Phaidros, son of Zolios, archon of life-giving Athens.</ref> Four stone reliefs decorate the stage front illustrating scenes from the life of [[Dionysos]]  they are: 1) The birth of Dionysos, 2) the entrance of Dionysos into Attica, 3) the sacred marriage of Dionysos and the [[Basilinna]] and 4) the enthronement of Dionysos. These scenes are framed by crouching [[Silenoi]].
-[[File:Atlante théâtre Dionysos Athènes Grèce.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Crouching Silenos from the Bema of Phaidros, Athens.]]
+== Description ==
-The '''Bema of Phaidros''' is the marble platform created in the third century CE<ref>Travlos, p.538</ref><ref>Frantz suggests a likely date between circe 300 and 345 CE. Frantz, 1982, p.38</ref> that served as stage front to the [[Theatre of Dionysos]]  Athens. It is decorated with a [[Neo-Attic]] [[Roman sculpture]] of the [[Hadrian|Hadrianic]] or [[Antoninus Pius|Antonine]] period, this sculpture was dismantled sometime in antiquity, moved from an unknown location<ref>Travlos, p.538.</ref>, and rebuilt into the [[Bema]] of the Theatre by Phaidros, [[archon]] of Athens<ref>IG II<sup>2</sup> 5021, his inscription is preserved on the top flight of the stairs from the orchestra to the stage and reads: For you, lover of the sacred rites, this beautiful stage has been built by Phaidros, son of Zolios, arch of life-giving Athens.</ref>. Four stone reliefs decorate the stage front illustrating scenes from the life of [[Dionysos]]  they are: 1) The birth of Dionysos, 2) the entrance of Dionysos into Attica, 3) the sacred marriage of Dionysos and the [[Basilinna]] and 4) the enthronement of Dionysos. These scenes are framed by crouching [[silenoi]].
+The sculpture, reading the from viewer's left to right, begins with a scene that can be taken to be the birth of Dionysos. It consists of four figures beginning with a semi-draped seated figure who is likely [[Zeus]] facing him is a youth holding a small child, presumed to be [[Hermes]] and the infant Dionysos at the moment of his second birth from the thigh of Zeus.<ref>Sturgeon, p.32</ref> Framing the scene are two nude male figures each holding a shield, these have been conjectured to be either [[korybantes]] or [[kouretes]].<ref>Sturgeon, p.34. These two types are often confused but distinct.</ref> The next slab represents the bestowing of the gift of wine, the introduction of the worship of Dionysos to [[Attica]] and alludes to the beginnings of tragedy.<ref>Sturgeon, p.37.</ref> Again there are four figures; reading right to left they are, a young male figure in a [[chlamys]] and lion skin gesturing to his right. Immediately next is a figure identified by his attributes of grapevine, leopard skin and [[Buskin|cothurni]] as Dionysos. Between him and the adjacent figure to his right is a small altar, this latter figure may be [[Icarius (Athenian)|Ikarios]] accompanied by his dog [[Maera (hound)|Maera]] and a tethered goat. To the viewer's left is a draped female, possibly a [[maenad]], sometimes identified as [[Erigone (daughter of Icarius)|Erigone]]  On the third slab are three figures with a fourth figure lost over time, they are conjectured to be from left to right Dionysus, the Basilinna and [[Tyche]].<ref>Sturgeon, p. 38</ref> The final slab on the viewer's far right consists perhaps of, from left to right, Tyche, [[Theseus]], the Basilinna, and Dionysus enthroned.<ref>Sturgeon, p.40.</ref>
+It is evident from the way in which the sculptures have been cut down in size to fit their present placement, and for chronological reasons, that they are reused, secondary material. No conclusive solution has been put forward for the original date or location of the sculptures, though it has been suggested that they may have been meant for the [[scaenae frons]] of the high [[Roman theatre (structure)|pulpitum]] built during the first half of the second century.<ref>Sturgeon, p.45</ref>
-The sculpture, reading the viewer’s from right to left, begins with a scene that can be taken to be the birth of Dionysos. It consists of four figures beginning with a semi-draped seated figure who is likely [[Zeus]] facing him is a youth holding a small child, presumed to be [[Hermes]] and the infant Dionysos at the moment of his second birth from the thing of Zeus<ref>Sturgeon, p.32</ref>. Framing the scene are two nude male figures each holding a shield, these have been conjectured to be either [[korybantes]] or [[kouretes]]<ref>Sturgeon, p.34. These two types are often confused but distinct.</ref>. The next slab represents the bestowing of the gift of wine, the introduction of the worship of Dionysos to [[Attica]] and alludes to the beginnings of tragedy<ref>Sturgeon, p.37.</ref>. Again there are four figures; reading right to left they are, a young male figure in a [[chlamys]] and lion skin gesturing to his right. Immediately next is a figure identified by his attributes of grapevine, leopard skin and [[Buskin|cothurni]] as Dionysos. Between him and the adjacent figure to his right is a small altar, this latter figure may be [[Icarius (Athenian)|Ikarios]] accompanied by his dog [[Maera (hound)|Maera]] and a tethered goat. To the viewer’s left is a draped female, possibly a [[maenad]],  sometimes identified as [[Erigone (daughter of Icarius)|Erigone]]  On the third slab are three figures with a fourth figure lost over time, they are conjectured to be, from left to right, [[Tyche]]  Dionysos and Basilinna<ref>Sturgeon, p.38</ref>. The final slab on the viewer’s far left consists perhaps of, from left to right, Tyche, [[Theseus]], Basilianna, and Dionysos enthroned<ref>Sturgeon, p.40.</ref>.
+== See also ==
-It is evident from the way in which the sculptures have been cut down in size to fit their present placement, and for chronological reasons, that they are reused, secondary material. No conclusive solution has been put forward for the original date or location of the sculptures, though it has been suggested that they may have been meant for the [[Scaenae frons]] of the high [[Roman theatre (structure)|pulpitum]] built during the first half of the second century<ref>Sturgeon, p.45</ref>.
+{{portal|Ancient Greece|Ancient Rome}}
+* [[Pergamon Altar]]
-<center>
+* [[Frieze of the Parthenon]]
+* [[Las Incantadas]]
+== Notes ==
-<gallery>
+{{reflist|2}}
-File:Theatre of Dionysos. Stage with figure of crouching Silenus.jpg|Bema seen from the theatron of the Theatre of Dionysos.
-File:Theatre of Dionysus 4.jpg|Seen from the left of the orchestra.
-File:Theatre of Dionysus 04.JPG|From the right.
-</gallery>
-</center>
-==Notes==
-{{reflist}}
 ==References==
+* Mary C. Sturgeon, «The Reliefs on the Theater of Dionysos in Athens», ''American Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 31-53
+* Alison Frantz, «The Date of the Phaidros Bema in the Theater of Dionysos», ''Hesperia Supplements, Vol. 20, Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography. Presented to Homer A. Thompson'' (1982), pp. 34-39+194-195
+* Margarete Bieber, ''The History of the Greek and Roman Theater'', Princeton, 1961.
+* A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, ''The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens'', Oxford, 1946.
+* John Travlos, ''A Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens'', 1980.
+== External links ==
-{{Commonscat|Theatre of Dionysus}}
+* {{commons category-inline|Bema of Phaedrus|Bema of Phaidros}}
-Mary C. Sturgeon, The Reliefs on the Theater of Dionysos in Athens, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 31-53
-Alison Frantz, The Date of the Phaidros Bema in the Theater of Dionysos, Hesperia Supplements, Vol. 20, Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography. Presented to Homer A. Thompson (1982), pp. 34-39+194-195
-Margarete Bieber: The History of the Greek and Roman Theater, Princeton, 1961.
-A W Pickard-Cambridge, The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens, Oxford, 1946.
-John Travlos, A Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens, 1980.
-[[Category:Neo-Attic sculptures| ]]
+[[Category:Marble reliefs]]
+[[Category:Reliefs in Greece]]
+[[Category:Sculptures of Dionysus]]
+[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Athens]]
+[[Category:Neo-Attic sculptures]]
 [[Category:Hellenistic art]]
+[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Attica]]
-[[Category:Art of ancient Attica]]
+[[Category:Sculptures of Zeus]]
+[[Category:Sculptures of Hermes]]
+[[Category:Sculptures of women in Greece]]
+[[Category:Sculptures of men in Greece]]
+[[Category:3rd-century Roman sculptures]]
+[[Category:1960s archaeological discoveries]]
+[[Category:Marble sculptures in Greece]]