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{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Globalize||United Kingdom|date=February 2024}}
{{Military ranks | state=expanded}}

'''Flying officer''' ('''Fg Offr''' or '''F/O''') is a [[junior officer]] rank used by some air forces, with origins from the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/commissionedranks.cfm |title=Ranks and Badges of the Royal Air Force |access-date=2007-12-01 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110709184204/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/commissionedranks.cfm |archive-date=9 July 2011 }}</ref> The rank is used by air forces of many [[Commonwealth of Nations|countries that have historical British influence]].

Flying officer is immediately senior to [[pilot officer]] and immediately below [[flight lieutenant]]. It is usually equivalent to the rank of [[sub-lieutenant]] in the navy and of the rank of [[lieutenant]] in other services.

The equivalent rank in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]] was "section officer".

==Canada==
{{see also|Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia}}
The rank was used in the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] until the 1968 [[Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces|unification of the Canadian Forces]], when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian flying officers then became [[lieutenant]]s. In official [[Canadian French]] usage, the rank title was {{lang|fr|lieutenant d'aviation}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castlearchdale.net/id37.html |title=The RCAF |website=www.castlearchdale.net |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603201652/http://www.castlearchdale.net/id37.html |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== United Kingdom ==
{{see also|RAF officer ranks}}
{{Infobox military rank
{{Infobox military rank
| name = Flying officer
| name = Flying officer
| image =
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| image_size = 100px
| caption = An RAF flying officer's command flag
| caption = Command flag
| image2 = British RAF OF-1b.svg
| image2 = British RAF OF-1b.svg
| image_size2 = 100px
| image_size2 = 50px
| caption2 = Shoulder and sleeve insignia of a flying officer from the [[Royal Air Force]]
| caption2 = Shoulder and sleeve insignia
| image3 =
| image3 =
| image_size3 =
| image_size3 =
| caption3 =
| caption3 =
| country =
| country = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| service branch = [[Air force]]s
| service branch = {{air force|United Kingdom}}
| abbreviation = Fg Off / {{smaller|FLGOFF}} / {{smaller|FGOFF}}
| abbreviation = Fg Off / {{smaller|FLGOFF}} / {{smaller|FGOFF}}
| rank =
| rank =
| NATO rank = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers#Officers (OF 1–10)|OF-1]]
| NATO rank = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers#Officers (OF 1–10)|OF-1]]
| Non-NATO rank = O-2
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation = {{start date|1918|04|01|df=y}} ([[Royal Air Force|RAF]])
| formation = {{start date|1919|08||df=y}}
| abolished =
| abolished =
| higher rank = [[Flight lieutenant]]
| higher rank = [[Flight lieutenant]]
| lower rank = [[Pilot officer]]
| lower rank = [[Pilot officer]]
| equivalents = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|[[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] ([[British Army]]; [[Royal Marines]])}}|[[Sub-lieutenant]] ([[Royal Navy|RN]])}}
| equivalents = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|[[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] ([[British Army|Army]]; [[Royal Marines|Marines]])}}|[[Sub-lieutenant]] ([[Royal Navy|Navy]])}}
| history = [[Royal Naval Air Service]]
| history = [[Royal Naval Air Service]]
}}
}}
===Origins===
{{Military ranks | state=expanded}}
'''Flying officer''' ('''Fg Off''' in the RAF and IAF; '''{{smaller|FLGOFF}}''' in the RAAF; '''{{smaller|FGOFF}}''' in the RNZAF; formerly '''F/O''' in all services and still frequently in the RAF) is a junior [[Officer (armed forces)#Commissioned officers|commissioned]] rank in the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/commissionedranks.cfm |title=Ranks and Badges of the Royal Air Force |access-date=2011-04-21 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110709184204/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/commissionedranks.cfm |archive-date=9 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence. It is also sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure. In these cases a flying officer usually ranks above [[pilot officer]] and immediately below [[flight lieutenant]].

<!--PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE NATO OF CODES. THEY GO FROM 1 TO 10 AND ARE NOT THE SAME AS UNITED STATES O CODES WHICH RANK FROM 1 TO 11. OF-1 COVERS BOTH O-1 AND O-2-->
It has a [[NATO]] ranking code of OF-1 and is equivalent to a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in the [[British Army]] or the [[Royal Marines]]. However, it is superior to the nearest equivalent rank of [[sub-lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/19/contents|title=Armed Forces Act 2001|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109110310/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/19/contents|archive-date=9 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{failed verification|date=December 2012}}

The equivalent rank in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]] was "section officer".

==Origins==
The term "flying officer" was originally used in the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as a flying appointment for junior officers, not a rank.
The term "flying officer" was originally used in the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as a flying appointment for junior officers, not a rank.


On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the [[British Army]], with [[Royal Naval Air Service]] sub-lieutenants (entitled flight sub-lieutenants) and [[Royal Flying Corps]] lieutenants becoming lieutenants in the RAF. However, with the creation of the RAF's own rank structure on 1 August 1919, RAF lieutenants were re-titled flying officers, a rank which has been in continuous use ever since.
On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the [[British Army]], with [[Royal Naval Air Service]] sub-lieutenants (entitled flight sub-lieutenants) and [[Royal Flying Corps]] lieutenants becoming lieutenants in the RAF. However, with the creation of the RAF's own rank structure in August 1919, RAF lieutenants were re-titled flying officers,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobart |first=Malcolm C |date=2000 |title=Badges and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ATMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |publisher=Leo Cooper |page=26 |isbn=0-85052-739-2}}</ref> a rank which has been in continuous use ever since.


==Usage==
===Usage===
The rank title does not imply that an officer in the rank of flying officer flies. Some flying officers are aircrew, but many are ground branch officers. Amongst the ground branches some flying officers have command of [[Flight (military unit)|flights]].
The rank title does not imply that an officer in the rank of flying officer flies. Some flying officers are aircrew, but many are ground branch officers. Amongst the ground branches some flying officers have command of [[Flight (military unit)|flights]].


In the RAF, aircrew and engineer officers are commissioned directly into the rank of flying officer, while ground branches are commissioned as [[pilot officer]]s for an initial period of six months. Time served in the rank of flying officer varies depending on branch before automatic promotion to [[flight lieutenant]]; aircrew and [[BEng]] qualified officers will serve for a period of 2½ years, [[MEng]] qualified engineers for 1½ years, and all other ground branches for 3½ years. A graduate entrant who has an MEng but is joining a ground branch other than engineer will serve 3½ years as a flying officer – the early promotion for MEng engineers is designed as a recruitment incentive. The starting salary for a flying officer is £30,616.80 per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rates of Pay, 2015|url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/community/mura-raf-community/assets/file/regulars%20pay%202015.pdf|website=raf.mod.uk|access-date=1 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212831/http://www.raf.mod.uk/community/mura-raf-community/assets/File/Regulars%20Pay%202015.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In the RAF, aircrew and engineer officers are commissioned directly into the rank of flying officer, while ground branches are commissioned as [[pilot officer]]s for an initial period of six months. Time served in the rank of flying officer varies depending on branch before automatic promotion to [[flight lieutenant]]; aircrew and [[BEng]] qualified officers will serve for a period of 2½ years, [[MEng]] qualified engineers for 1½ years, and all other ground branches for 3½ years. A graduate entrant who has an MEng but is joining a ground branch other than engineer will serve 3½ years as a flying officer – the early promotion for MEng engineers is designed as a recruitment incentive. The starting salary for a flying officer is £39,671 per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rates of Pay, 2015|url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/community/mura-raf-community/assets/file/regulars%20pay%202015.pdf|website=raf.mod.uk|access-date=1 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212831/http://www.raf.mod.uk/community/mura-raf-community/assets/File/Regulars%20Pay%202015.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


In many cases the rank of flying officer is the first rank an air force officer holds after successful completion of his professional training. A flying officer might serve as a pilot in training, an adjutant, a security officer or an administrative officer and is typically given charge of personnel and/or resources. By the time aviators have completed their training, they will have served their 2½ years and typically join their frontline squadrons as flight lieutenants.
In many cases the rank of flying officer is the first rank an air force officer holds after successful completion of his professional training. A flying officer might serve as a pilot in training, an adjutant, a security officer or an administrative officer and is typically given charge of personnel and/or resources. By the time aviators have completed their training, they will have served their 2½ years and typically join their frontline squadrons as flight lieutenants.


==Insignia==
===Insignia===
The rank insignia consists of one narrow blue band on slightly wider black band. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the [[flying suit]] or the casual uniform. The rank insignia on the mess uniform is similar to the naval pattern, being one band of gold running around each cuff but without the Royal Navy's loop.
The rank insignia consists of one narrow blue band on slightly wider black band. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the [[flying suit]] or the casual uniform. The rank insignia on the mess uniform is similar to the naval pattern, being one band of gold running around each cuff but without the Royal Navy's loop.


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File:UK-Air-OF1A.svg|An RAF flying officer's shoulder insignia
File:UK-Air-OF1A.svg|An RAF flying officer's shoulder insignia
File:File-UK-Air-OF1A-mess-insignia.svg|An RAF flying officer's sleeve mess insignia
File:File-UK-Air-OF1A-mess-insignia.svg|An RAF flying officer's sleeve mess insignia
File:RAF-Fg Off-OF-1.png|An RAF flying officer's sleeve on No.1 best dress uniform
File:RAF-Fg Off-OF-1.png|An RAF flying officer's sleeve on No.1 dress uniform
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Other air forces==
== Gallery ==
<!-- In alphabetic order of country name please -->
The rank of flying officer is also used in a number of the air forces in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], including the [[Bangladesh Air Force]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baf.mil.bd/website/rank.php |title=BAF RANKS |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=Bangladesh Air Force Website |publisher=BAF Communication Unit |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF),<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Officer ranks in Indian Army, Air Force and Navy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/officer-ranks-in-indian-army-air-force-and-navy-1464351-2019-02-25 |work=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |date=25 February 2019 |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> [[Namibian Air Force]], [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF), [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF), [[Nigerian Air Force|Nigeria Air Force]] (NAF) and [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] (RNZAF).
<gallery class="center">

File:British RAF OF-1b.svg|([[Royal Australian Air Force]])<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |website=defence.gov.au |publisher=[[Department of Defence (Australia)]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
The [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) used the rank until unification of the three armed services into the [[Canadian Forces]] in 1968 and army-type ranks were adopted. RCAF personnel holding this rank then switched to the rank of lieutenant. In official French Canadian usage, a flying officer's rank title was ''lieutenant d'aviation''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castlearchdale.net/id37.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.castlearchdale.net |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603201652/http://www.castlearchdale.net/id37.html |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the RCAF again became a named organization in the Canadian Forces in 2011, the RCAF retained army-type ranks.
File:British RAF OF-1b.svg|([[Bangladesh Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICER'S RANKS |url=http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |website=joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219212643/http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

File:08.Ghana Air Force-1LT.svg|([[Ghana Air Force]])<ref name="Ghana_AirForce">{{cite web |title=Rank Structure |url=http://gafonline.mil.gh/airforce/index.php/subhome/rank-structure |website=gafonline.mil.gh |publisher=Ghana Air Force |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121080703/http://gafonline.mil.gh/airforce/index.php/subhome/rank-structure |archive-date=21 January 2018 |date=2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The rank of "warrant flying officer" was also used by the air service of the [[Imperial Japan]]ese military.
File:British RAF OF-1b.svg|([[Indian Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=For Officers |url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html |website=careerairforce.nic.in |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225210317/http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>

File:08-Namibia Air Force-FLGOFF.svg|([[Namibian Air Force]])<ref name="Namibia">{{cite magazine |title=Government Notice |magazine=Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia |date=20 August 2010 |volume=4547 |pages=99–102 |url=http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2010/4547.pdf |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
This rank is the equivalent of a lieutenant in the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]].
File:Nigeria-AirForce-OF-1b.svg|([[Nigerian Air Force]])<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite book |last1=Smaldone |first1=Joseph P. |editor1-last=Metz |editor1-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Nigeria: a country study |series=Area Handbook |date=1992 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |lccn=92009026 |pages=296–297 |edition=5th |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.nigeriacountryst00metz_0/?sp=340 |access-date=21 October 2021 |chapter=National Security}}</ref>

File:Pak-air-force-OF-1b.svg|([[Pakistan Air Force]])
<gallery>
File:British RAF OF-1b.svg|([[Sri Lanka Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioned Officers |url=http://www.airforce.lk/ranks.php |website=airforce.lk |publisher=Sri Lanka Air Force |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref><br />
File:Australia RAAF OF-1b.svg|An [[RAAF]] flying officer's sleeve/shoulder insignia
File:British RAF OF-1b.svg|([[Royal Air Force]])<ref name="UK_AirForce">{{cite web |title=RAF Ranks |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/raf-ranks/ |website=raf.mod.uk/ |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
File:Hellenic Air Force OF-1A.svg|A Hellenic Air Force ''yposminagos'' (flying officer's) rank insignia
File:TaT-Air Guard-OF-1b.png|([[Trinidad and Tobago Air Guard]])<ref name="Trinidad&Tobago_Officer">{{cite web |title=Rank Chart (Commissioned Officers) |url=http://69.0.195.188/HQ/Our-Organisation/Ranks-Chart-(Commissioned-Officers).aspx |website=69.0.195.188 |publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force |access-date=27 May 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
File:Indian IAF OF-1b.svg|An Indian Air Force flying officer's rank insignia
File:RTAF OF-1b (Flying Officer).svg|A [[Royal Thai Air Force|RTAF]] flying officer's rank insignia
File:08-Namibia Air Force-FLGOFF.svg|A [[Namibian Air Force]] flying officer's rank insignia
File:Flag of Pakistan Air Force.png|A [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] flying-officer rank insignia
File:Nigeria-AirForce-OF-1b.svg|alt=Nigeria flying officer|[[Nigerian Air Force|NAF]] flying officer rank insignia
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|United Kingdom|War|Aviation}}}}
{{stack|{{Portal|United Kingdom|Aviation}}}}
* [[Air force officer rank insignia]]
* [[Air force officer rank insignia]]
* [[British and U.S. military ranks compared]]
* [[British and U.S. military ranks compared]]
Line 95: Line 98:
[[Category:Military ranks of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Air force ranks]]
[[Category:Air force ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Sri Lanka]]

Latest revision as of 15:16, 17 November 2024

Flying officer (Fg Offr or F/O) is a junior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force.[1] The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence.

Flying officer is immediately senior to pilot officer and immediately below flight lieutenant. It is usually equivalent to the rank of sub-lieutenant in the navy and of the rank of lieutenant in other services.

The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force was "section officer".

Canada

[edit]

The rank was used in the Royal Canadian Air Force until the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces, when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian flying officers then became lieutenants. In official Canadian French usage, the rank title was lieutenant d'aviation.[2]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Flying officer
Shoulder and sleeve insignia
Country United Kingdom
Service branch Royal Air Force
AbbreviationFg Off / FLGOFF / FGOFF
NATO rank codeOF-1
FormationAugust 1919 (1919-08)
Next higher rankFlight lieutenant
Next lower rankPilot officer
Equivalent ranks
Related articles
HistoryRoyal Naval Air Service

Origins

[edit]

The term "flying officer" was originally used in the Royal Flying Corps as a flying appointment for junior officers, not a rank.

On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with Royal Naval Air Service sub-lieutenants (entitled flight sub-lieutenants) and Royal Flying Corps lieutenants becoming lieutenants in the RAF. However, with the creation of the RAF's own rank structure in August 1919, RAF lieutenants were re-titled flying officers,[3] a rank which has been in continuous use ever since.

Usage

[edit]

The rank title does not imply that an officer in the rank of flying officer flies. Some flying officers are aircrew, but many are ground branch officers. Amongst the ground branches some flying officers have command of flights.

In the RAF, aircrew and engineer officers are commissioned directly into the rank of flying officer, while ground branches are commissioned as pilot officers for an initial period of six months. Time served in the rank of flying officer varies depending on branch before automatic promotion to flight lieutenant; aircrew and BEng qualified officers will serve for a period of 2½ years, MEng qualified engineers for 1½ years, and all other ground branches for 3½ years. A graduate entrant who has an MEng but is joining a ground branch other than engineer will serve 3½ years as a flying officer – the early promotion for MEng engineers is designed as a recruitment incentive. The starting salary for a flying officer is £39,671 per year.[4]

In many cases the rank of flying officer is the first rank an air force officer holds after successful completion of his professional training. A flying officer might serve as a pilot in training, an adjutant, a security officer or an administrative officer and is typically given charge of personnel and/or resources. By the time aviators have completed their training, they will have served their 2½ years and typically join their frontline squadrons as flight lieutenants.

Insignia

[edit]

The rank insignia consists of one narrow blue band on slightly wider black band. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the casual uniform. The rank insignia on the mess uniform is similar to the naval pattern, being one band of gold running around each cuff but without the Royal Navy's loop.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ranks and Badges of the Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  2. ^ "The RCAF". www.castlearchdale.net. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  3. ^ Hobart, Malcolm C (2000). Badges and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force. Leo Cooper. p. 26. ISBN 0-85052-739-2.
  4. ^ "Rates of Pay, 2015" (PDF). raf.mod.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  5. ^ "Badges of rank" (PDF). defence.gov.au. Department of Defence (Australia). Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  6. ^ "OFFICER'S RANKS". joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Rank Structure". gafonline.mil.gh. Ghana Air Force. 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  8. ^ "For Officers". careerairforce.nic.in. Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  9. ^ "Government Notice" (PDF). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  10. ^ Smaldone, Joseph P. (1992). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Nigeria: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 296–297. LCCN 92009026. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  11. ^ "Commissioned Officers". airforce.lk. Sri Lanka Air Force. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  12. ^ "RAF Ranks". raf.mod.uk/. Royal Air Force. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  13. ^ "Rank Chart (Commissioned Officers)". 69.0.195.188. Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. Retrieved 27 May 2021.[permanent dead link]