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{{Short description|Extinct order of cartilaginous fishes}}
{{Short description|Extinct order of cartilaginous fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Devonian|Cretaceous}}
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|383|259|latest=132.9}} [[Late Devonian]]— [[Middle Permian]] (Possible [[Valanginian]] record)
| image = Holdenius.png
| image = Dracopristis_hoffmanorum.png
| image_caption = Artist's reconstruction of an unidentified [[Ctenacanth]] [[chondrichthyan]] and the arthrodire placoderm ''[[Holdenius]]''
| image_caption = Life restoration of ''[[Dracopristis]]''
| image2 = Ctenacanthus formosus (fossil shark spine) (Pennsylvanian; Kansas or Nebraska, USA) 1.jpg
| image2_caption = Fin spine of ''[[Ctenacanthus]] formosus''
| taxon = Ctenacanthiformes
| taxon = Ctenacanthiformes
| authority = Glikman, 1964
| authority = Glikman, 1964
| subdivision_ranks = Subtaxa
| subdivision_ranks = Subtaxa
| subdivision =
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = *Ctenacanthida <small>Cappetta (1988)</small>
*†''[[Acandylacanthus]]''
*†''[[Arauzia]]''
*†[[Ctenacanthoidea]]
⚫
**†[[Ctenacanthidae]]
*†''[[Goodrichthys]]''
*†[[Heslerodidae]]
*†''[[Kaibabvenator]]''
*†''[[Moyacanthus]]''
*†''[[Nanoskalme]]''
*†''[[Neosaivodus]]''
*†''[[Pororhiza]]''
⚫
*†''[[Saivodus]]''
}}
}}


'''Ctenacanthiformes''' is an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[Chondrichthyes|chondrichthyan]] fish. They possessed ornamented fin spines and [[cladodont]] dentition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duffin|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Ginter|first2=Michal|date=2006|title=Comments on the selachian genus ''Cladodus'' Agassiz, 1843|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213770627|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=253–266|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[253:COTSGC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Members of the family Ctenacanthidae may have survived into the [[Cretaceous]] based on teeth found in deep water deposits of [[Valanginian]] age in France<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guinot|first1=Guillaume|last2=Adnet|first2=Sylvain|last3=Cavin|first3=Lionel|last4=Cappetta|first4=Henri|date=2013-10-29|title=Cretaceous stem chondrichthyans survived the end-Permian mass extinction|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3669|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=2669|doi=10.1038/ncomms3669|pmid=24169620|issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}}</ref> and Austria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feichtinger|first1=Iris|last2=Engelbrecht|first2=Andrea|last3=Lukeneder|first3=Alexander|last4=Kriwet|first4=Jürgen|date=2020-07-02|title=New chondrichthyans characterised by cladodont-like tooth morphologies from the Early Cretaceous of Austria, with remarks on the microstructural diversity of enameloid|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971|journal=Historical Biology|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=823–836|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971|s2cid=92392461|issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
'''Ctenacanthiformes''' is an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[cartilaginous fish]]. They possessed ornamented fin spines at the front of their dorsal fins and [[cladodont]]-type dentition,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duffin|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Ginter|first2=Michal|date=2006|title=Comments on the selachian genus ''Cladodus'' Agassiz, 1843|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213770627|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=253–266|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[253:COTSGC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86094427 }}</ref> that is typically of a grasping morphology, though some taxa developed cutting and gouging tooth morphologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodnett |first=John-Paul M. |last2=Elliott |first2=David K. |last3=Olson |first3=Tom J. |last4=Wittke |first4=James H. |date=August 2012 |title=Ctenacanthiform sharks from the Permian Kaibab Formation, northern Arizona |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2012.683193 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=381–395 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2012.683193 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> Some ctenacanths are thought to have reached sizes comparable to the [[great white shark]], with body lengths of up to {{Convert|7|m|ft}} and weights of {{Convert|1500-2500|kg|lb}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maisey |first=John G. |last2=Bronson |first2=Allison W. |last3=Williams |first3=Robert R. |last4=McKinzie |first4=Mark |date=2017-05-04 |title=A Pennsylvanian ‘supershark’ from Texas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2017.1325369 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=e1325369 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1325369 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> while others reached lengths of only {{Convert|30|cm}}.<ref name=":0" /> The earliest ctenacanths appeared during the [[Frasnian]] stage of the [[Late Devonian]] (~383-372 million years ago), with the group reaching their greatest diversity during the Early [[Carboniferous]] ([[Mississippian (geology)|Mississippian]]), and continued to exist into at least the Middle [[Permian]] ([[Guadalupian]]).<ref name=":0" /> Some authors have suggested members of the family Ctenacanthidae may have survived into the [[Cretaceous]] based on teeth found in deep water deposits of [[Valanginian]] age in France<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guinot|first1=Guillaume|last2=Adnet|first2=Sylvain|last3=Cavin|first3=Lionel|last4=Cappetta|first4=Henri|date=2013-10-29|title=Cretaceous stem chondrichthyans survived the end-Permian mass extinction|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=2669|doi=10.1038/ncomms3669|pmid=24169620|issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}}</ref> and Austria,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feichtinger|first1=Iris|last2=Engelbrecht|first2=Andrea|last3=Lukeneder|first3=Alexander|last4=Kriwet|first4=Jürgen|date=2020-07-02|title=New chondrichthyans characterised by cladodont-like tooth morphologies from the Early Cretaceous of Austria, with remarks on the microstructural diversity of enameloid|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971|journal=Historical Biology|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=823–836|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971|s2cid=92392461|issn=0891-2963}}</ref> however, other authors contend that the similarity of these teeth to Paleozoic ctenacanths is only superficial, and they likely belong to [[Neoselachii|neoselachians]] instead.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivanov |first=A.O. |date=2022-06-05 |title=New late Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the European Russia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1845 |journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |pages=219–234 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1845 |issn=1802-8225|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Ctenacanthiformes are suggested to be more closely related to living [[Elasmobranchii|elasmobranchs]] (modern sharks and rays) than to [[Holocephali]] (which includes living [[Chimaera|chimaeras]]), though less closely than [[Euselachii|euselachians]] like [[hybodonts]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Frey |first1=Linda |last2=Coates |first2=Michael |last3=Ginter |first3=Michał |last4=Hairapetian |first4=Vachik |last5=Rücklin |first5=Martin |last6=Jerjen |first6=Iwan |last7=Klug |first7=Christian |date=2019-10-09 |title=The early elasmobranch Phoebodus : phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=286 |issue=1912 |pages=20191336 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1336 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=6790773 |pmid=31575362}}</ref> The [[monophyly]] of the Ctenacanthiformes has been questioned, with some studies recovering the group as a whole as [[paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyletic]] with respect to other groups of [[total group]] elasmobranchs like [[Xenacanthiformes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Luccisano |first1=Vincent |last2=Rambert-Natsuaki |first2=Mizuki |last3=Cuny |first3=Gilles |last4=Amiot |first4=Romain |last5=Pouillon |first5=Jean-Marc |last6=Pradel |first6=Alan |date=2021-12-02 |title=Phylogenetic implications of the systematic reassessment of Xenacanthiformes and 'Ctenacanthiformes' (Chondrichthyes) neurocrania from the Carboniferous–Permian Autun Basin (France) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2022.2073279 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=1623–1642 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2022.2073279 |issn=1477-2019 |s2cid=239328598}}</ref>

Following Hodnett et al. 2024<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hodnett |first=John-Paul M. |last2=Toomey |first2=Rickard |last3=Egli |first3=H. Chase |last4=Ward |first4=Gabe |last5=Wood |first5=John R. |last6=Olson |first6=Rickard |last7=Tolleson |first7=Kelli |last8=Tweet |first8=Justin S. |last9=Santucci |first9=Vincent L. |date=February 2024 |title=New ctenacanth sharks (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii; Ctenacanthiformes) from the Middle to Late Mississippian of Kentucky and Alabama |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2292599 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2292599 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>

⚫
Ctenacanthidae Dean 1909

* ''[[Ctenacanthus]]'' Agassiz, 1837 (Late Devonian)
* ''[[Cladodoides]]'' Maisey, 2001 (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Cladodus]]'' Agassiz, 1843 (Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Goodrichthys]]'' Moy-Thomas, 1951 (Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Troglocladodus]]'' Hodnett et al. 2024 (Early Carboniferous)

Heslerodidae Maisey 2010

* ''[[Avonacanthus]]'' Maisey 2010 (Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Bythiacanthus]]'' St. John and Worthen 1875 (Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Dracopristis]]'' Hodnett et al. 2021 (Late Carboniferous)
* ''[[Glencartius]]'' Ginter and Skompski 2019 (Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Glikmanius]]'' Ginter et al. 2005 (Early Carboniferous-Middle Permian)
* ''[[Heslerodus]]'' Ginter 2002 (Late Carboniferous-Middle Permian)
* ''[[Heslerodoides]]'' Ivanov 2022 (Late Carboniferous)
* ''[[Kaibabvenator]]'' Hodnett et al. 2012 (Early-Middle Permian)
* ''[[Nanoskalme]]'' Hodnett et al. 2012 (Early-Middle Permian)

⚫
"''Saivodus'' group"

* ''[[Tamiobatis]]'' Eastman, 1897 (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous)
* ''[[Saivodus]]'' Duffin & Ginter, 2006 (Early Carboniferous-Middle Permian, one of the largest ctenacanths, estimated to reach {{Convert|6-8|m|ft}} in length<ref name=":0" />)
* ''[[Neosaivodus]]'' Hodnett et al. 2012 (Middle Permian)


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Chondrichthyan genera|C.}}
{{Evolution of fish|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q796196}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q796196}}


[[Category:Ctenacanthiformes| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric cartilaginous fish orders]]
[[Category:Prehistoric cartilaginous fish orders]]



{{Paleo-cartilaginous-fish-stub}}
{{Paleo-cartilaginous-fish-stub}}

Latest revision as of 04:35, 13 November 2024

Ctenacanthiformes
Temporal range: 383–259 Ma Late Devonian— Middle Permian (Possible Valanginian record)
Life restoration of Dracopristis
Fin spine of Ctenacanthus formosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: †Ctenacanthiformes
Glikman, 1964
Subtaxa

See text

Synonyms
  • Ctenacanthida Cappetta (1988)

Ctenacanthiformes is an extinct order of cartilaginous fish. They possessed ornamented fin spines at the front of their dorsal fins and cladodont-type dentition,[1] that is typically of a grasping morphology, though some taxa developed cutting and gouging tooth morphologies.[2] Some ctenacanths are thought to have reached sizes comparable to the great white shark, with body lengths of up to 7 metres (23 ft) and weights of 1,500–2,500 kilograms (3,300–5,500 lb),[3] while others reached lengths of only 30 centimetres (12 in).[4] The earliest ctenacanths appeared during the Frasnian stage of the Late Devonian (~383-372 million years ago), with the group reaching their greatest diversity during the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian), and continued to exist into at least the Middle Permian (Guadalupian).[4] Some authors have suggested members of the family Ctenacanthidae may have survived into the Cretaceous based on teeth found in deep water deposits of Valanginian age in France[5] and Austria,[6] however, other authors contend that the similarity of these teeth to Paleozoic ctenacanths is only superficial, and they likely belong to neoselachians instead.[7]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Ctenacanthiformes are suggested to be more closely related to living elasmobranchs (modern sharks and rays) than to Holocephali (which includes living chimaeras), though less closely than euselachians like hybodonts.[8] The monophyly of the Ctenacanthiformes has been questioned, with some studies recovering the group as a whole as paraphyletic or polyphyletic with respect to other groups of total group elasmobranchs like Xenacanthiformes.[9]

Following Hodnett et al. 2024[4]

Ctenacanthidae Dean 1909

Heslerodidae Maisey 2010

"Saivodus group"

  • Tamiobatis Eastman, 1897 (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous)
  • Saivodus Duffin & Ginter, 2006 (Early Carboniferous-Middle Permian, one of the largest ctenacanths, estimated to reach 6–8 metres (20–26 ft) in length[4])
  • Neosaivodus Hodnett et al. 2012 (Middle Permian)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Duffin, Christopher J.; Ginter, Michal (2006). "Comments on the selachian genus Cladodus Agassiz, 1843". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 253–266. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[253:COTSGC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86094427.
  2. ^ Hodnett, John-Paul M.; Elliott, David K.; Olson, Tom J.; Wittke, James H. (August 2012). "Ctenacanthiform sharks from the Permian Kaibab Formation, northern Arizona". Historical Biology. 24 (4): 381–395. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.683193. ISSN 0891-2963.
  3. ^ Maisey, John G.; Bronson, Allison W.; Williams, Robert R.; McKinzie, Mark (2017-05-04). "A Pennsylvanian 'supershark' from Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (3): e1325369. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1325369. ISSN 0272-4634.
  4. ^ a b c d Hodnett, John-Paul M.; Toomey, Rickard; Egli, H. Chase; Ward, Gabe; Wood, John R.; Olson, Rickard; Tolleson, Kelli; Tweet, Justin S.; Santucci, Vincent L. (February 2024). "New ctenacanth sharks (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii; Ctenacanthiformes) from the Middle to Late Mississippian of Kentucky and Alabama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2292599. ISSN 0272-4634.
  5. ^ Guinot, Guillaume; Adnet, Sylvain; Cavin, Lionel; Cappetta, Henri (2013-10-29). "Cretaceous stem chondrichthyans survived the end-Permian mass extinction". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2669. doi:10.1038/ncomms3669. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 24169620.
  6. ^ Feichtinger, Iris; Engelbrecht, Andrea; Lukeneder, Alexander; Kriwet, Jürgen (2020-07-02). "New chondrichthyans characterised by cladodont-like tooth morphologies from the Early Cretaceous of Austria, with remarks on the microstructural diversity of enameloid". Historical Biology. 32 (6): 823–836. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 92392461.
  7. ^ Ivanov, A.O. (2022-06-05). "New late Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the European Russia". Bulletin of Geosciences: 219–234. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1845. ISSN 1802-8225.
  8. ^ Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019-10-09). "The early elasmobranch Phoebodus : phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1912): 20191336. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6790773. PMID 31575362.
  9. ^ Luccisano, Vincent; Rambert-Natsuaki, Mizuki; Cuny, Gilles; Amiot, Romain; Pouillon, Jean-Marc; Pradel, Alan (2021-12-02). "Phylogenetic implications of the systematic reassessment of Xenacanthiformes and 'Ctenacanthiformes' (Chondrichthyes) neurocrania from the Carboniferous–Permian Autun Basin (France)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (23): 1623–1642. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2073279. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 239328598.


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