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Zainab Pasha (Persian: زینب پاشا) was an Iranian woman who lived during the Qajar dynasty in late 19th century. She is most notable for her role in the Tobacco Protest, the beginning of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, for leading a group of women in an uprising in the city of Tabriz by attacking wealthy merchants. This led to the closure of the Tabriz Market.^[1]

Life

Zainab was born to a country style family in one of the old Tabriz villages named, Amuzin Al-Din. Her father, Sheikh Sulayman, was a poor peasant who, like other villagers, had a hard time subsisting during that era.^[2] Zainab was a strong and sturdy woman. Although at that time in Tabriz, most of the women clad their faces, Zainab did not.

Before the Persian Constitutional Revolution and during the autocracy, there was no security in Iran so government officials bought wheat during the summer at reduced prices and kept the wheat in warehouses. In the winter, government officials sold the wheat to the poor at high prices which created an artificial famine. During the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah c. 1834, the artificial famine reached its peak, and the poor people of the city had great difficulty. This harsh environment caused Zainab Pasha along with other women to revolt.

Zainab and her revolutionaries closed markets and attacked government headquarters. They also attacked and destroyed some expensive gourmet groceries and large bakeries.

Influences

For almost a century and for the first time in Iran's history, Zainab along with forty women of Tabriz that were against the oppressors, and in parallel with the sexual inequalities imposed by the feudal system and traditional views on women, started an armed struggle and fought bravely. One of the important factors of the Tabriz Women's Movement led by Zainab was the overwhelming tyranny of some princes and rulers of the Qajar period in Azerbaijan.^[3]

In the social and political arena of this period, there were also important problems such as the "Bread Crisis" and "Tobacco Score", which were also among the most important factors that led the Women's Movement of Tabriz. One of the biggest social and economic problems of the Qajar era was also bread shortage and the expensive price of bread. So, this led the women's uprising and dealing with this dilemma.^[4]

Tobacco Protest

Zainab Pasha’s reputation was actually known after the Tobacco Protest. When Naser al-Din Shah Qajar gave the tobaccos to the British, the people of Azerbaijan wanted to prevent this cycle from proceeding forward. During those days, Hajji Mirza Javad, a well-known political cleric, sent his disciples to the market and invited the people to close their stores. The people obeyed his request and did what he had asked for. It didn’t pass too long as the government intimidated the people and defeated them. So this brought some dozen brave women under the leadership and command of Zainab Pasha to fight and get the market back to the people. These women were known to defeat and destroy any corruption that took place at that time in Iran, and nobody knew their identities. ^[5]

Finally, because of the intense opposition of the people, Nasir al-Din Shah was forced to cancel the tobacco credits that was given to Britain. But the non-stop struggle of Zainab Pasha along with the other women continued. It was also said that Zainab along with her women combatants appeared in many streets and places encouraging the people especially the men to fight against oppression. She once said to the men that if you don’t dare and are afraid to fight the thieves and looters that are stealing your wealth and honor of your homeland, then take the women's veil and sit in the house. Don’t talk about men and bravery! Then she threw her scarf towards them, and disappeared from the sight of the amazed audience. ^[6]

Bread crisis in Tabriz

In the Qajar period, bread was one of the most important and most critical economic problems of the people. It was said that during this period there were many protests due to the lack of bread. Famine and drought were the main reasons of bread shortage. This was done by the government as they bought wheat from the villagers in a low price and stored them in warehouses until the end of winter. Then when people needed flour, they sold the wheats to them in a very high price. Most of the time, people had to wait in long queues, in front of the bakeries, just to buy a piece of bread which was also very expensive. Women often took the lead in protesting the critical situation of bread. An example of this operation, was Zainab Pasha and her followers. The operation took place in the late Nasir al-Din Shah's famine that was caused by the persecution of wheat. Women decided to demonstrate. So, approximately 3,000 women came to the market, and forced the marketers to close their shops and join the rally. The government informed Gheshoon Maragheh and ordered the troops to shoot. About five women and a seyyed were killed. In this rally, some great clerks also joined the women. They sat in the Russian consulate and prevented three volunteers from leaving the scene, and treated them with violence. On the next day of the rally, three women and some were killed and wounded. This led the slogans in the rally to become political against the Qajar monarchy and made the government to retreat once again. ^[7]

Confiscation of Deputy Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse

Another important operation of Zainab Pasha and her followers was the confiscation of Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse who was the deputy ambassador of Azerbaijan. He was in charge of bringing famine and bread shortage. So the women could no longer tolerate the condition they were in. They said that if the men won’t do anything such as fighting, then we will do this as ourselves. So, Zainab ordered her women combatants to prepare for an attack to the market and due to the fears of the marketers, they all closed their stores and stepped aside. Their rally started to protest towards the deputy’s house. The deputy was full of fears and ordered his troops to shoot at the demonstrators. The rally turned into a bloody massacre. As the prince of that time, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah heard the news, he announced that many have been killed, and they weren’t afraid of the bullets and or being killed. The prince sent a message to the people to keep their patience and by tomorrow he will make the prices fair again. But, Zainab did not listen to these words and told the crowd not to surrender and show that they are on their requests.

Attack on Nezam Al-Alma’s warehouse

It was said that Nezam Al-Alama had the Shah’s permission to sell his wheats whenever he wants to. So, Zainab decides to attack his warehouse. After identifying the location of the warehouse, she prepared the attack plan. ^[8] In order to attack, she makes a flag with her own veil and uses it as a sign for her troops to outbreak. Once they seized the warehouse, she divided all the wheats in it between the hungry people.^[9]

Legacy

The last thing known about Zainab Pasha’s life and destiny comes back when she along with a caravan goes to Karbala for pilgrimage. Even though, she was considered an elderly woman at that time, but never lost her fighting spirit.^[10]

Zainab who had gone to Karbala with some people, stayed in Khaneghain. Some Ottoman soldiers who had come to investigate them before reaching Karbala, were hardened by Zainab who was angry with their behaviors. She also encouraged the people around there to rebuke the soldiers and attacked them. Then she continued her path and went to Karbala.^[11] According to sources, after this event, no further news was heard about Zainab Pasha. It seems that Zainab had died during her last visit, and her body was never transferred to Tabriz and her birthplace, Amuzin Al-Din, and was buried in Karbala.

Poetry

Mirza Farrokh, was a poet, who himself witnessed Zainab's struggles and wrote many Turkish poems about her so that the people of Tabriz could understand. He was the first poet to write about Zainab and always pointed out to the bravery and heroism of Zainab during her attacks. ^[12]

Men's Rise

Zainab Pasha gave strong and heavy speeches on the streets to call on men for uprising. An example of her speech to the men: “If you do not dare to fight oppression, and if you are afraid to fight with the thieves and looters who are stealing your wealth, honor, and, homeland, then sit in the corridor of your house. We will fight against the wrongdoers instead of you”.

Her movements and speeches braved the men and made them to rise up.^[13]

References

^ Ranjbar Omrani, Homeira (6 March 2012). "An Overview of the Role of Women in the Constitutional Revolution". Tehran: Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09 – via Iran Review.
^ عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، 1360، (Women in Constitutional Revolution)، page 41.
^ سه مبارز مشروطه، 13847 Three Constitutionalist Fighters، page 133.
^ (Shagh Newspaper )، مرداد ۱۳۸۴ ، (یادنامه شرق Constitutional Revolution special)، page 11.
^ طاهرزاده بهزاد، 1363، page 84
^ Women in Constitutional Revolution، 1360، page 43.
^ گزارش‌های «هرگون» از تبریز، اوت ۱۸۹۵، اسناد وزارت امور خارجه فرانسه، جلد ۴۲. به نقل از «کتاب جمعه، سال اول، ۲۲ اسفند ۱۳۵۸، صص ۵۴–۵۳».
^ عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، ۱۳۸۴، ص ۱۴۸.
^ جهان زن (مجله)، دوره جدید، سال اول، شماره ۳، دهم آبان ۱۳۵۸، ص ۱۳
^ بایا (ماهنامه)، سال اول، شماره ۱ و ۲ فروردین و اردیبهشت ۱۳۷۸ (زینب پاشا: نماد مبارزه مردم آذربایجان علیه ظلم، ص ۹۶».
^ جهان زنان (مجله) دوره جدید، سال اول، شماره ۳ دهم آبان ۱۳۵۸، ص ۱۳.
^ زینب پاشا
^ زینب پاشا؛ قهرمان جنبش تنباکو در تبریز

External links

Iranian Tobacco Company official site (in Persian)
Nahidi Azar, Abdul Hossein (15 December 2013). عصيان «زينب پاشا» عيار آذربايجان ["Zainab Pasha" Rebellion of Azerbaijan]. آوای اردبيل [The Voice of Ardabil] (in Persian). No. 186. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15 – via tabrizinfo.com.
Rezazad Amouzin Aldini, Majid (2008). Zainab Pasha زینب پاشا (in Persian). Tabriz: Akhtar Publications. OCLC 783317802.
Sanich, Neda (7 March 2013). زنانی که تاریخ ایران را تغییر دادند [Women who changed the history of Iran] (in Persian). BBC Persian. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02.

[1] Ranjbar Omrani, Homeira (6 March 2012). "An Overview of the Role of Women in the Constitutional Revolution". Tehran: Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09 – via Iran Review.

[2] عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، 1360، (Women in Constitutional Revolution)، page 41.

[3] سه مبارز مشروطه، 13847 Three Constitutionalist Fighters، page 133.

[4] (Shagh Newspaper )، مرداد ۱۳۸۴ ، (یادنامه شرق Constitutional Revolution special)، page 11.

[5] طاهرزاده بهزاد، 1363، page 84

[6] Women in Constitutional Revolution، 1360، page 43.

[7] گزارش‌های «هرگون» از تبریز، اوت ۱۸۹۵، اسناد وزارت امور خارجه فرانسه، جلد ۴۲. به نقل از «کتاب جمعه، سال اول، ۲۲ اسفند ۱۳۵۸، صص ۵۴–۵۳».

[8] عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، ۱۳۸۴، ص ۱۴۸.

[9] جهان زن (مجله)، دوره جدید، سال اول، شماره ۳، دهم آبان ۱۳۵۸، ص ۱۳

[10] بایا (ماهنامه)، سال اول، شماره ۱ و ۲ فروردین و اردیبهشت ۱۳۷۸ (زینب پاشا: نماد مبارزه مردم آذربایجان علیه ظلم، ص ۹۶».

[11] جهان زنان (مجله) دوره جدید، سال اول، شماره ۳ دهم آبان ۱۳۵۸، ص ۱۳.

[12] زینب پاشا

[:0-13] زینب پاشا؛ قهرمان جنبش تنباکو در تبریز

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+{{Expert needed|Iran|reason=This needs better translation from sources, then a copyedit can be done|date=November 2018}}
 [[File:Zeynab Pasha.jpg|thumb|Zainab Pasha]]
+'''Zainab Pasha''' ({{langx|fa|زینب پاشا}}) was an Iranian woman who lived during the [[Qajar dynasty]] in late 19th century. She is most notable for her role in the [[Tobacco Protest]], the beginning of the [[Constitutional Revolution of Iran]], for leading a group of women in an uprising in the city of [[Tabriz]] by attacking wealthy merchants. This led to the closure of the Tabriz Market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/An_Overview_of_the_Role_of_Women_in_the_Constitutional_Revolution.htm |title=An Overview of the Role of Women in the Constitutional Revolution |last=Ranjbar Omrani |first=Homeira |date=6 March 2012 |website= |publisher=Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies |location=Tehran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709094019/http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/An_Overview_of_the_Role_of_Women_in_the_Constitutional_Revolution.htm |archive-date=2012-07-09 |via=Iran Review}}</ref>
-'''Zainab Pasha''' ({{lang-fa|زینب پاشا}}), was a militant woman in [[Tabriz]] who was known for the [[Tobacco Protest]]. She was a pioneer in the Tobacco Protest for banning the use of tobacco and also a forerunner in opening Tabriz temporary warehouses during the Bread Famine.
+== Life ==
+Zainab was born to a country style family in one of the old Tabriz villages named, Amuzin Al-Din. Her father, Sheikh Sulayman, was a poor [[peasant]] who, like other villagers, had a hard time subsisting during that era.<ref>عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، 1360، (Women in Constitutional Revolution)، page 41.</ref> Zainab was a strong and sturdy woman. Although at that time in Tabriz, most of the women clad their faces, Zainab did not.
+Before the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and during the autocracy, there was no security in Iran so government officials bought wheat during the summer at reduced prices and kept the wheat in warehouses. In the winter, government officials sold the wheat to the poor at high prices which created an artificial famine. During the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Nasir al-Din Shah]] {{circa}} 1834, the artificial famine reached its peak, and the poor people of the city had great difficulty. This harsh environment caused Zainab Pasha along with other women to [[Revolution|revolt]].
-== Introduction ==
-Zainab, known as '''Bibi Shah Zainab''', was born in a country style family in one of the old Tabriz villages named, Amuzin Al-Din. Her father, Sheikh Sulayman, was a poor [[peasant]] who, like other villagers, had a hard time passing in that stage of time.<ref>عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، 1360، (Women in Constitutional Revolution)، page 41.</ref> Zainab was a strong and sturdy woman. Although at that time, in Tabriz, most of the women clad their faces; she was among those who walked without cladding her face. Before the [[Constitutional Revolution]] and during the autocracy, because there was no security in Iran, during the summer, the government officials bought wheat from the people at an inexpensive price and kept them in warehouses. Then in the winter they sold that wheat to the poor people in high prices. This created the artificial famine in Iran at that time. Almost in 1934 and during the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Nasir al-Din Shah]], this artificial famine, which was created by certain scholars, reached its peak, and the poor people of the city were in great difficulty. In such a harsh social environment, Zainab Pasha along with some other women [[Revolution|revolted]] against the clamor with their cold weapon.
-Zainab, besides closing the market and attacking the headquarters of the government, began to attack and destroyed some of the expensive [[gourmet]] groceries and large [[Bakery|bakeries]].
+Zainab and her revolutionaries closed markets and attacked government headquarters. They also attacked and destroyed some expensive gourmet groceries and large bakeries.
+===Influences===
-==Causes of Zainab Pasha’s uprising==
 For almost a century and for the first time in Iran's history, Zainab along with forty women of Tabriz that were against the oppressors, and in parallel with the sexual inequalities imposed by the feudal system and traditional views on women, started an armed struggle and fought bravely. One of the important factors of the Tabriz Women's Movement led by Zainab was the overwhelming tyranny of some princes and rulers of the Qajar period in Azerbaijan.<ref>سه مبارز مشروطه، 13847 Three Constitutionalist Fighters، page 133.</ref>
-In the social and political arena of this period, there were also important problems such as the "Bread Crisis" and "Tobacco Score", which were also among the most important factors that led the Women's Movement of Tabriz. One of the biggest social and economic problems of the Qajar era was also the problem of bread shortage and the expensive price of bread. So, this lead the women uprising and dealing with this dilemma.<ref>(Shagh Newspaper )، مرداد ۱۳۸۴ ، (یادنامه شرق Constitutional Revolution special)، page 11.</ref>
+In the social and political arena of this period, there were also important problems such as the "Bread Crisis" and "Tobacco Score", which were also among the most important factors that led the Women's Movement of Tabriz. One of the biggest social and economic problems of the Qajar era was also bread shortage and the expensive price of bread. So, this led the women's uprising and dealing with this dilemma.<ref>(Shagh Newspaper )، مرداد ۱۳۸۴ ، (یادنامه شرق Constitutional Revolution special)، page 11.</ref>
-==Zainab Pasha during the Tobacco Protest==
+===Tobacco Protest===
 Zainab Pasha’s reputation was actually known after the [[Tobacco Protest]]. When [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] gave the tobaccos to the British, the people of Azerbaijan wanted to prevent this cycle from proceeding forward.
 During those days, Hajji Mirza Javad, a well-known political cleric, sent his disciples to the market and invited the people to close their stores. The people obeyed his request and did what he had asked for. It didn’t pass too long as the government intimidated the people and defeated them. So this brought some dozen brave women under the leadership and command of Zainab Pasha to fight and get the market back to the people. These women were known to defeat and destroy any corruption that took place at that time in Iran, and nobody knew their identities. <ref>طاهرزاده بهزاد، 1363، page 84</ref>
@@ Line 19: / Line 23: @@
 Finally, because of the intense opposition of the people, Nasir al-Din Shah was forced to cancel the tobacco credits that was given to Britain. But the non-stop struggle of Zainab Pasha along with the other women continued. It was also said that Zainab along with her women combatants appeared in many streets and places encouraging the people especially the men to fight against oppression. She once said to the men that if you don’t dare and are afraid to fight the thieves and looters that are stealing your wealth and honor of your homeland, then take the women's veil and sit in the house. Don’t talk about men and bravery! Then she threw her scarf towards them, and disappeared from the sight of the amazed audience. <ref>Women in Constitutional Revolution، 1360، page 43.</ref>
-==Bread crisis in Tabriz and Zainab Pasha uprising in this era==
+===Bread crisis in Tabriz===
 In the Qajar period, bread was one of the most important and most critical economic problems of the people. It was said that during this period there were many protests due to the lack of bread. Famine and drought were the main reasons of bread shortage. This was done by the government as they bought wheat from the villagers in a low price and stored them in warehouses until the end of winter. Then when people needed flour, they sold the wheats to them in a very high price. Most of the time, people had to wait in long queues, in front of the bakeries, just to buy a piece of bread which was also very expensive. Women often took the lead in protesting the critical situation of bread. An example of this operation, was Zainab Pasha and her followers. The operation took place in the late Nasir al-Din Shah's famine that was caused by the persecution of wheat. Women decided to demonstrate. So, approximately 3,000 women came to the market, and forced the marketers to close their shops and join the rally. The government informed Gheshoon Maragheh and ordered the troops to shoot. About five women and a seyyed were killed. In this rally, some great clerks also joined the women. They sat in the Russian consulate and prevented three volunteers from leaving the scene, and treated them with violence. On the next day of the rally, three women and some were killed and wounded.  This led the slogans in the rally to become political against the Qajar monarchy and made the government to retreat once again. <ref>گزارش‌های «هرگون» از تبریز، اوت ۱۸۹۵، اسناد وزارت امور خارجه فرانسه، جلد ۴۲. به نقل از «کتاب جمعه، سال اول، ۲۲ اسفند ۱۳۵۸، صص ۵۴–۵۳».</ref>
-==Zainab Pasha and the confiscation of Deputy Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse==
+===Confiscation of Deputy Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse===
-Another important operation of Zainab Pasha and her followers was the confiscation of Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse who was the deputy ambassador of Azerbaijan. He was in charge of bringing famine and bread shortage. So the women could no longer [[Toleration|tolerate]] the condition they were in. They said that if the men won’t do anything such as fighting, then we will do this as ourselves. So, Zainab ordered her women combatants to prepare for an attack to the market and due to the fears of the marketers, they all closed their stores and stepped aside. Their rally started to protest towards the deputy’s house. The deputy was full of fears and ordered his troops to shoot at the [[demonstrators]]. The rally turned into a bloody [[massacre]]. As the prince of that time, [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar ad-Din Shah]] heard the news, he announced that many have been killed, and they weren’t afraid of the bullets and or being killed. The prince sent a message to the people to keep their patience and by tomorrow he will make the prices fair again. But, Zainab did not listen to these words and told the crowd not to surrender and show that they are on their requests.
+Another important operation of Zainab Pasha and her followers was the confiscation of Mirza Abdul Rahim’s warehouse who was the deputy ambassador of Azerbaijan. He was in charge of bringing famine and bread shortage. So the women could no longer [[Toleration|tolerate]] the condition they were in. They said that if the men won’t do anything such as fighting, then we will do this as ourselves. So, Zainab ordered her women combatants to prepare for an attack to the market and due to the fears of the marketers, they all closed their stores and stepped aside. Their rally started to protest towards the deputy’s house. The deputy was full of fears and ordered his troops to shoot at the [[demonstration (people)|demonstrators]]. The rally turned into a bloody [[massacre]]. As the prince of that time, [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar ad-Din Shah]] heard the news, he announced that many have been killed, and they weren’t afraid of the bullets and or being killed. The prince sent a message to the people to keep their patience and by tomorrow he will make the prices fair again. But, Zainab did not listen to these words and told the crowd not to surrender and show that they are on their requests.
-==The attack of Zainab Pasha and her troop on Nezam Al-Alma’s house==
+===Attack on Nezam Al-Alma’s warehouse===
 It was said that Nezam Al-Alama had the Shah’s permission to sell his wheats whenever he wants to. So, Zainab decides to attack his warehouse. After identifying the location of the warehouse, she prepared the attack plan. <ref>عبدالحسین ناهیدی آذر، ۱۳۸۴، ص ۱۴۸.</ref> In order to attack, she makes a flag with her own veil and uses it as a sign for her troops to outbreak. Once they seized the warehouse, she divided all the wheats in it between the hungry people.<ref>جهان زن (مجله)، دوره جدید، سال اول، شماره ۳، دهم آبان ۱۳۵۸، ص ۱۳</ref>
+==Legacy==
-==Zainab Pasha's sequel and her remembrance among the people==
 The last thing known about Zainab Pasha’s life and destiny comes back when she along with a caravan goes to [[Karbala]] for [[pilgrimage]]. Even though, she was considered an elderly woman at that time, but never lost her fighting spirit.<ref>بایا (ماهنامه)، سال اول، شماره ۱ و ۲ فروردین و اردیبهشت ۱۳۷۸ (زینب پاشا: نماد مبارزه مردم آذربایجان علیه ظلم، ص ۹۶».</ref>
 Zainab who had gone to Karbala with some people, stayed in Khaneghain. Some Ottoman soldiers who had come to investigate them before reaching Karbala, were hardened by Zainab who was angry with their behaviors. She also encouraged the people around there to rebuke the soldiers and attacked them. Then she continued her path and went to Karbala.<ref>جهان زنان (مجله) دوره جدید، سال اول، شماره ۳ دهم آبان ۱۳۵۸، ص ۱۳.</ref>  According to sources, after this event, no further news was heard about Zainab Pasha. It seems that Zainab had died during her last visit, and her body was never transferred to Tabriz and her birthplace, Amuzin Al-Din, and was buried in Karbala.
+===Poetry===
-==People’s poetry for Zainab Pasha==
 Mirza Farrokh, was a poet, who himself witnessed Zainab's struggles and wrote many Turkish poems about her so that the people of Tabriz could understand. He was the first poet to write about Zainab and always pointed out to the bravery and heroism of Zainab during her attacks. <ref>[http://www.yurd.net/page.php?id_contents=0000000229 زینب پاشا]</ref>
-==The effect of Zainab Pasha's remarks on the Men's Rise==
+===Men's Rise===
 Zainab Pasha gave strong and heavy speeches on the streets to call on men for uprising. An example of her speech to the men:  “If you do not dare to fight oppression, and if you are afraid to fight with the thieves and looters who are stealing your wealth, honor, and, homeland, then sit in the corridor of your house. We will fight against the wrongdoers instead of you”.
@@ Line 43: / Line 47: @@
 ==See also==
+* [[Women in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution]]
-* [[Tobacco Protest]]
-* [[Women in Constitutional Revolution]]
-* [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
 * [[Women's rights movement in Iran]]
 * [[Women's rights in Iran]]
@@ Line 53: / Line 55: @@
 ==External links==
+* [https://www.tobacco.ir/ Iranian Tobacco Company official site] {{in lang|fa}}
-* رضا زاد عموزین الدینی، مجید، ۱۳۸۸، زینب پاشا ، انتشارات اختر، تبریز
+* {{cite magazine |last=Nahidi Azar |first=Abdul Hossein |date=15 December 2013 |script-title=fa:عصيان «زينب پاشا» عيار آذربايجان|trans-title="Zainab Pasha" Rebellion of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.tabrizinfo.com/tabriz/jonbesh/zeynab.htm |url-status=live |magazine={{lang|fa|آوای اردبيل}} [The Voice of Ardabil] |language=fa |issue=186 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515081155/http://www.tabrizinfo.com/tabriz/jonbesh/zeynab.htm |archive-date=2021-05-15 |via=tabrizinfo.com}}
-* [http://www.irtobacco.com Iranian Tobacco Company official site]
+* {{cite book |last=Rezazad Amouzin Aldini |first1=Majid |year=2008 |title=Zainab Pasha |script-title=fa:زینب پاشا |language=fa |location=Tabriz |publisher=Akhtar Publications |oclc=783317802}}
-* [http://www.tabrizinfo.com/tabriz/jonbesh/zeynab.htm / tabrizinfo.com/عصيان « زينب پاشا» عيار آذربايجان]
+* {{cite news |last=Sanich |first=Neda |date=7 March 2013 |script-title=fa:زنانی که تاریخ ایران را تغییر دادند |trans-title=Women who changed the history of Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2013/03/130301_l57_ir_eminent_women |url-status=live |language=fa |publisher=[[BBC Persian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202073258/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2013/03/130301_l57_ir_eminent_women |archive-date=2022-02-02}}
-* [http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2013/03/130301_l57_ir_eminent_women.shtml/ /bbc.comزنانی که تاریخ ایران را تغییر دادند]
-{{commons category|Zainab Pasha}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Zainab}}
+[[Category:19th-century Iranian women]]
 [[Category:People from Tabriz]]
 [[Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations]]
-[[Category:Qajar dynasty]]
+[[Category:People of Qajar Iran]]
 [[Category:Civil disobedience]]