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This is a list of languages in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population.
This is a list of languages in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population.

==Numbers of languages and language groups==
==Numbers of languages and language groups==
The [[Indo-European languages]] include some 449 ([[SIL International|SIL]] estimate, 2018 edition<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16|title=Ethnologue report for Indo-European|publisher=Ethnologue.com|access-date=2012-12-07|archive-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106052358/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16|url-status=live}}</ref>) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in [[Europe]], and western and southern [[Asia]], belong to the Indo-European [[language family]]. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the ''[[de facto]]'' world [[lingua franca]], with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers.
The [[Indo-European languages]] include some 449 ([[SIL International|SIL]] estimate, 2018 edition<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16|title=Ethnologue report for Indo-European|publisher=Ethnologue.com|access-date=2012-12-07|archive-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106052358/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16|url-status=live}}</ref>) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in [[Europe]], and western and southern [[Asia]], belong to the Indo-European [[language family]]. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the ''[[de facto]]'' world [[lingua franca]], with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers.

Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch.
Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch.

The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the [[SIL International|SIL]] estimate, 2018 edition,<ref name=":0"/> are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.
The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the [[SIL International|SIL]] estimate, 2018 edition,<ref name=":0"/> are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.

==Definition of ''language''==
==Definition of ''language''==
The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a [[dialect continuum]], with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in [[vocabulary]], [[grammar]], [[pronunciation]] and [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. [[Mutual intelligibility]] can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.
The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a [[dialect continuum]], with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in [[vocabulary]], [[grammar]], [[pronunciation]] and [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. [[Mutual intelligibility]] can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.

==Summary of historical development==
==Summary of historical development==
The ancestral population and language, [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] that spoke [[Proto-Indo-European]], are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through [[Indo-European migrations|migration]] and [[cultural influence]]. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, [[acculturation]] and [[language change]] of peoples in many regions of western and southern [[Eurasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14507|pmid=26062507|title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia|journal=Nature|volume=522|issue=7555|pages=167–172|year=2015|last1=Allentoft|first1=Morten E.|last2=Sikora|first2=Martin|last3=Sjögren|first3=Karl-Göran|last4=Rasmussen|first4=Simon|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Morten|last6=Stenderup|first6=Jesper|last7=Damgaard|first7=Peter B.|last8=Schroeder|first8=Hannes|last9=Ahlström|first9=Torbjörn|last10=Vinner|first10=Lasse|last11=Malaspinas|first11=Anna-Sapfo|last12=Margaryan|first12=Ashot|last13=Higham|first13=Tom|last14=Chivall|first14=David|last15=Lynnerup|first15=Niels|last16=Harvig|first16=Lise|last17=Baron|first17=Justyna|last18=Casa|first18=Philippe Della|last19=Dąbrowski|first19=Paweł|last20=Duffy|first20=Paul R.|last21=Ebel|first21=Alexander V.|last22=Epimakhov|first22=Andrey|last23=Frei|first23=Karin|last24=Furmanek|first24=Mirosław|last25=Gralak|first25=Tomasz|last26=Gromov|first26=Andrey|last27=Gronkiewicz|first27=Stanisław|last28=Grupe|first28=Gisela|last29=Hajdu|first29=Tamás|last30=Jarysz|first30=Radosław|bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A|s2cid=4399103|display-authors=29|url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150521/http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html|url-status=live}}</ref> This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family.
The ancestral population and language, [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] that spoke [[Proto-Indo-European]], are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through [[Indo-European migrations|migration]] and [[cultural influence]]. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, [[acculturation]] and [[language change]] of peoples in many regions of western and southern [[Eurasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature14507|pmid=26062507|title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia|journal=Nature|volume=522|issue=7555|pages=167–172|year=2015|last1=Allentoft|first1=Morten E.|last2=Sikora|first2=Martin|last3=Sjögren|first3=Karl-Göran|last4=Rasmussen|first4=Simon|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Morten|last6=Stenderup|first6=Jesper|last7=Damgaard|first7=Peter B.|last8=Schroeder|first8=Hannes|last9=Ahlström|first9=Torbjörn|last10=Vinner|first10=Lasse|last11=Malaspinas|first11=Anna-Sapfo|last12=Margaryan|first12=Ashot|last13=Higham|first13=Tom|last14=Chivall|first14=David|last15=Lynnerup|first15=Niels|last16=Harvig|first16=Lise|last17=Baron|first17=Justyna|last18=Casa|first18=Philippe Della|last19=Dąbrowski|first19=Paweł|last20=Duffy|first20=Paul R.|last21=Ebel|first21=Alexander V.|last22=Epimakhov|first22=Andrey|last23=Frei|first23=Karin|last24=Furmanek|first24=Mirosław|last25=Gralak|first25=Tomasz|last26=Gromov|first26=Andrey|last27=Gronkiewicz|first27=Stanisław|last28=Grupe|first28=Gisela|last29=Hajdu|first29=Tamás|last30=Jarysz|first30=Radosław|bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A|s2cid=4399103|display-authors=29|url=http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html|access-date=2018-11-04|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150521/http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/population-genomics-of-bronze-age-eurasia(11286d58-42ae-4397-bc7a-3bb8b71c6c52).html|url-status=live}}</ref> This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family.

By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern [[Eurasia]] (including western [[Central Asia]]).
By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern [[Eurasia]] (including western [[Central Asia]]).

In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further.
In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further.

Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement.
Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement.

However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to [[North Asia]] ([[Siberia]]), through [[Russian expansion]], and [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as the result of the age of [[Age of Discovery|European discoveries]] and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.)
However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to [[North Asia]] ([[Siberia]]), through [[Russian expansion]], and [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] as the result of the age of [[Age of Discovery|European discoveries]] and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.)

The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of [[Age of Discovery|European colonization]], also gave origin to the many [[pidgins]], [[Creole language|creoles]] and [[mixed languages]] that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).
The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of [[Age of Discovery|European colonization]], also gave origin to the many [[pidgins]], [[Creole language|creoles]] and [[mixed languages]] that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

== Proto-Indo-European ==
== Proto-Indo-European ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
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***[[Proto-Indo-European language|Middle Proto-Indo-European]] ("Classical" Indo-European)
***[[Proto-Indo-European language|Middle Proto-Indo-European]] ("Classical" Indo-European)
****[[Proto-Indo-European language|Late Proto-Indo-European]] (Last version of indo-European as a spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space, with [[Indo-European migrations]]; these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other are both as-of-yet unresolved issues)
****[[Proto-Indo-European language|Late Proto-Indo-European]] (Last version of indo-European as a spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space, with [[Indo-European migrations]]; these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other are both as-of-yet unresolved issues)

==Dating the split-offs of the main branches==
==Dating the split-offs of the main branches==
[[File:Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007), The Horse, The Wheel and Language.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indo-European migrations]] as described in ''[[The Horse, the Wheel, and Language]]'' by [[David W. Anthony]]]]
[[File:Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007), The Horse, The Wheel and Language.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indo-European migrations]] as described in ''[[The Horse, the Wheel, and Language]]'' by [[David W. Anthony]]]]

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a [[common ancestor]] called [[Proto-Indo-European]], the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent [[proto-languages]], is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated.
Although all Indo-European languages descend from a [[common ancestor]] called [[Proto-Indo-European]], the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent [[proto-languages]], is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated.

However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.<ref>KAPOVIĆ, Mate. (ed.) (2017). ''The Indo-European Languages''. {{ISBN|978-0-367-86902-1}}</ref>
However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.<ref>KAPOVIĆ, Mate. (ed.) (2017). ''The Indo-European Languages''. {{ISBN|978-0-367-86902-1}}</ref>

Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, [[Donald Ringe]] and [[Tandy Warnow]] propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:<ref name=":1">Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press</ref>
Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, [[Donald Ringe]] and [[Tandy Warnow]] propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:<ref name=":1">Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press</ref>
*[[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE)
*[[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE)
Line 78: Line 63:
**Proto-[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (2000 BC)
**Proto-[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (2000 BC)
**Pre-[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and Pre-[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]; [[proto-Germanic]] (500 BC)
**Pre-[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and Pre-[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]; [[proto-Germanic]] (500 BC)

[[David W. Anthony]], following the methodology of [[Donald Ringe]] and [[Tandy Warnow]], proposes the following sequence:<ref name=":1"/>
[[David W. Anthony]], following the methodology of [[Donald Ringe]] and [[Tandy Warnow]], proposes the following sequence:<ref name=":1"/>
*[[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE)
*[[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE)
Line 89: Line 73:
**Pre-[[Hellenic languages|Greek]] (2500 BC)
**Pre-[[Hellenic languages|Greek]] (2500 BC)
**Proto-[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (2200 BC); split between [[Old Iranian]] and [[Old Indic]] 1800 BC
**Proto-[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (2200 BC); split between [[Old Iranian]] and [[Old Indic]] 1800 BC

==List of Indo-European protolanguages==
[[File:Indo-European expansions.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35| Scheme of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held [[Kurgan hypothesis]].<br>– Centre (5th.-4th. mill. BCE - [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]): [[Eurasian nomads|Steppe cultures]] (West [[Eurasian Steppe]], [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]])<br>1 (black): [[Anatolian languages]] (early / archaic PIE)<br>2 (black): [[Afanasievo culture]] (ancestral to [[Tocharians]] and [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] languages) (middle PIE)<br>3 (black): [[Yamnaya culture]] expansion ([[Pontic–Caspian steppe]], [[Danube|Danube Valley]]) (late PIE) (southwest black line): [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]], [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] and other possible Indo-European branches<br>4A (black): Western [[Corded Ware culture|Corded Ware]]<br>[NN] (black): pre-[[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]<br>[NN] (dark yellow): proto-[[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Balto-Slavic]] ([[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] languages of the [[Balts|Baltic]] and [[Slavs|Slavic]] peoples)<br>4B-C (blue & dark blue): [[Bell Beaker culture|Bell Beaker]]; adopted by Indo-European speakers<br>5A-B ([[Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture|Fatyanova]]-[[Abashevo culture|Abashevo]]) (red): Eastern [[Corded Ware culture|Corded ware]]<br>5C (red): [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]] ([[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|proto-Indo-Iranian]])<br>6 (magenta): [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]]<br>7A (purple): [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] ([[Mitanni#Indo-Aryan_linguistic_influences|Mittani]])<br>7B (purple): [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] ([[Āryāvarta]], modern northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], later expanding towards [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]])<br>8 (grey): [[Proto-Greek language|proto-Greek]]<br>9 (yellow): proto-[[Proto-Iranian language|Iranian]] ([[Iranian languages]] of the [[Iranian peoples]])<br>– [not drawn]: [[Proto-Armenian language|Armenian]], expanding from [[Eurasian Steppe|western steppe]] and settling in the [[Armenian highlands|Armenian Highlands]] by a western or an eastern route. Geographical group of languages known as [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]] in the [[Balkans]], included [[Dacian language|Dacian]], [[Moesian language|Moesian]], [[Thracian language|Thracian]], [[Brygian language|Brygian]] ([[Balkan Phrygian]]), [[Paeonian language|Paeonian]], [[Illyrian language|Illyrian]], and Dalmato-Pannonian.]]

'''Protolanguages that developed into the Indo-European languages'''

The following is a list of protolanguages of known Indo-European subfamilies and deeper branches.

{{tree list}}
*Pre-Proto-Indo-European
**[[Proto-Indo-European]]<ref name="auto5">Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', ''Transactions of the Philological Society'', n.º 100/1, 59-129.</ref> '''(PIE 1)'''<ref>'''''Working hypothesis 1: PIE 1 and Anatolian''' The [[Linguistic homeland|homeland]] of PIE 1—ancestral to all Indo-European, including the Anatolian branch — was more probably south of, or possibly in, the [[Caucasus]] than on the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]]. The speakers of PIE 1 were probably not closely associated genetically with the ‘Steppe component’, that is, ~50 [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer|EHG]] and ~50% [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer|CHG]]. In its unrevised form, the [[Kurgan hypothesis|steppe hypothesis]] is that the parent language of all Indo-European, including the Anatolian branch, what is called here PIE 1, came from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Thus far, the [[Archaeogenetics|archaeogenetic]] evidence—including that published in the two seminal papers of 2015 — has supported the Pontic–Caspian steppe as the homeland of PIE 2 (ProtoIndo-European after Anatolian branched off) rather than PIE 1. Therefore, on this basic matter, the new evidence has not confirmed the steppe hypothesis.'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref><ref>''It is possible that there were other IE branches that died out completely unattested.'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
***Early / Archaic PIE
****[[Proto-Anatolian]]
*****[[Luwian language|Proto-Luwian]] / [[Luwian language|Proto-Luwic]]
*****[[Lydian language|Proto-Lydian]]
*****[[Palaic language|Proto-Palaic]]
*****[[Hittite language|Proto-Hittite]]
****Middle PIE '''(PIE 2)'''<ref>'''''Working hypothesis 2: PIE 2, Afanasievo, and Tocharian''' The homeland of PIE 2—following the branching off of [[Proto-Anatolian language|Anatolian]], but before the branching off of [[Proto-Tocharian language|Tocharian]] — was the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]]. There was a general close association between speakers of PIE 2 and users of the [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] material culture and a genetic population with the Steppe component (~50% [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer|EHG]] : ~50% [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer|CHG]]).'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
*****[[Proto-Tocharian]]
*****Late PIE '''(PIE 3)'''<ref>'''''Working hypothesis 3: The [[Bell Beaker culture|Beaker]] expansion and the genetic and linguistic heterogeneity of the Beaker People''' The earliest Beaker package arose amongst speakers of a non-Indo-European language by the [[Tagus]] estuary in present-day central [[Portugal]] ~2800 BC. Beaker material was adopted by speakers of Indo-European as it spread east and north from its place of origin.'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
******[[Illyrian language|Illyrian]]†?
*******[[Proto-Albanian]]
*******[[Messapic language|Messapic]]†?
******'''(PIE 4)'''
*******[[Italo-Celtic]]<ref>Kruta, Venceslas (1991). ''The Celts''. Thames & Hudson</ref><ref>Ivšić, Dubravka. "Italo-Celtic Correspondences in Verb Formation". In: ''Studia Celto-Slavica'' 3 (2010): 47–59. DOI: {{doi|10.54586/IPBD8569}}</ref><ref>[[Calvert Watkins|Watkins, Calvert]], "Italo-Celtic Revisited". In:Birnbaum, Henrik; Puhvel, Jaan, eds. (1966). ''Ancient Indo-European dialects''. [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]: [[University of California Press]]. pp. 29–50. {{OCLC|716409}}</ref> (see also [[Nordwestblock]])
********[[Proto-Italic]]
*********[[Latino-Faliscan languages|Proto-Latino-Faliscan]]
*********[[Osco-Umbrian languages|Proto-Osco-Umbrian]]
********[[Proto-Celtic]]<ref>'''''Working hypothesis 6: Non-IE influence in the West and the separation of [[Proto-Celtic language|Celtic]] from [[Italo-Celtic|ItaloCeltic]]'''''
1. ''The [[Bell Beaker culture|Beaker]] phenomenon spread when a non-Indo-European culture and identity from [[Atlantic Europe]] was adopted by speakers of Indo-European with [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe ancestry]] ~2550 BC.''
2. ''Interaction between these two languages turned the Indo-European of [[Atlantic Europe]] into [[Proto-Celtic language|Celtic]].''
3. ''That this interaction probably occurred in South-west Europe is consistent with the historical location of the [[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]], [[Proto-Basque language|Basque]], and [[Iberian language|Iberian]] languages and also aDNA from [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] indicating the mixing of a powerful, mostly male instrusive group with [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe ancestry]] and indigenous Iberians beginning ~2450 BC, resulting in total replacement of indigenous paternal ancestry with R1b-M269 by ~1900 BC.''
4. ''The older language(s) survived in regions that were not integrated into the [[Atlantic Bronze Age]] network.''
''¶NOTE. This hypothesis should not be construed as a narrowly ‘Out of Iberia’ theory of Celtic. Aquitanian was north of Pyrenees. Iberian in ancient times and Basque from its earliest attestation until today are found on both sides of the Pyrenees. The contact area envisioned is [[Atlantic Europe]] in general and west of the [[Corded Ware culture|CWC]] zone bounded approximately by the [[Rhine]].'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
*********[[Continental Celtic languages|Proto-Continental-Celtic]]
**********[[Noric language|Proto-Eastern-Celtic]] (or Proto-Noric)
**********[[Gaulish|Proto-Gaulish]]
**********[[Hispano-Celtic languages|Proto Hispano-Celtic]]
***********[[Celtiberian language|Proto-Celtiberian]] (Proto-Northeastern Hispano-Celtic)
***********[[Gallaecian language|Proto-Gallaecian]] (Proto-Northwestern and Western Hispano-Celtic)
*********[[Insular Celtic languages|Proto-Insular-Celtic]]
**********[[Common Brittonic|Proto-Brittonic]] (or Common Britonic)
**********[[Primitive Irish|Proto-Goidelic]] (or Primitive Irish) (see also [[Goidelic substrate hypothesis]])
********[[Ligurian (ancient language)|Ligurian]]†?<ref>Kruta 1991, pp. 54–55</ref>
********[[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]]†?<ref>Tamburelli, Marco; Brasca, Lissander (2018-06-01). "Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach". ''Digital Scholarship in the Humanities''. '''33''' (2): 442–455. {{doi|10.1093/llc/fqx041}}. {{ISSN|2055-7671}}</ref><ref>Prósper, Blanca Maria; Villar, Francisco (2009). "NUEVA INSCRIPCIÓN LUSITANA PROCEDENTE DE PORTALEGRE". ''EMERITA, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica (EM)''. '''LXXVII''' (1): 1–32. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</ref><ref>Villar, Francisco (2000). ''Indoeuropeos y no indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana'' [''Indo-Europeans and non-Indo-Europeans in Pre-Roman Hispania''] (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. {{ISBN|84-7800-968-X}}. Retrieved 22 September 2014 – via [[Google Books]].</ref>
*******'''(PIE 5)'''
********[[Graeco-Phrygian]]?<ref>Brixhe, Claude (2002). "Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire". In Adams, J. N.; Janse, M.; Swaine, S. (eds.). ''Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-924506-2}}.</ref>
*********[[Proto-Greek]]
*********[[Armeno-Phrygian languages|Armeno-Phrygian]]?<ref>cite journal|Hrach Martirosyan “Origins and historical development of the Armenian language” in Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical, n.º10 (2013). Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</ref><ref>Martirosyan, Hrach (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language" (PDF). Leiden University: 1–23. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</ref><ref>I. M. Diakonoff ''The Problem of the Mushki'' Archived August 25, 2011, at the [[Wayback Machine]] in The Prehistory of the Armenian People.</ref>
**********[[Phrygian language|Proto-Phrygian]]
**********[[Proto-Armenian]]
********'''(PIE 6)'''<ref>'''''Working hypothesis 4: PIE 6, [[Corded Ware culture|Corded Ware cultures]], Germanic/Balto-Slavic/Indo-Iranian, and ''Alteuropäisch''''' ~2800–2550 BC the region of Corded Ware cultures (CWC) in northern Europe—bounded approximately by the [[Rhine]] in the west and the [[Volga]] in the east—was the territory of an Indo-European [[dialect continuum]] ancestral to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]], [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Balto-Slavic]], and [[Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] branches.'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
*********[[Germanic parent language]] (pre-Proto-Germanic)<ref>''The separation of the Pre-[[Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] dialect from the Pre-[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]/[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]], and its reorientation towards Pre-[[Italo-Celtic]], was the result of [[Bell Beaker culture|Beaker]] influence in the western CWC area that began ~2550 BC.'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
**********[[Proto-Germanic]]<ref>''One important finding of ringe et al. 2002 (a version of whose tree model is Fig. 2 here) is the difficulty encountered in seeking the place of Germanic within the first-order subgroupings of Indo-European. They offer the following plausible explanation, which takes on new meaning in light of archaeogenetic evidence. "This split distribution of character states leads naturally to the hypothesis that [[Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] was originally a near sister of [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] and [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] (possibly before the ''[[Centum and satem languages|satem]]'' sound changes spread through that [[dialect continuum]], if that was what happened); that at that very early date it lost contact with its more easterly sisters and came into closer contact with the languages to the west; and that contact episode led to extensive vocabulary borrowing at the period before the occurrence in any of the languages of any distintive sound changes that would have rendered the borrowing detectable. (p. 111)." in Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', ''Transactions of the Philological Society'', n.º 100/1, 59-129.'' quoted in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref> (see also [[Germanic substrate hypothesis]] and [[Nordwestblock]])
***********[[Northwest Germanic|Proto-Northwest-Germanic]]
************[[Proto-Norse]] ([[Proto-Norse language|Proto-North-Germanic]])
************[[West Germanic languages|Proto-West-Germanic]]
*************[[Elbe Germanic|Proto-Elbe Germanic]]
*************[[Weser–Rhine Germanic|Proto-Weser-Rhine Germanic]]
*************[[North Sea Germanic|Proto-North Sea Germanic]]
***********[[East Germanic languages|Proto-East-Germanic]]
*********[[Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
**********[[Proto-Baltic language|Proto-Baltic]]
***********[[Western Baltic languages|Proto-Western-Baltic]]
***********[[Eastern Baltic languages|Proto-Eastern-Baltic]]
**********[[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
***********[[Old East Slavic|Proto-East-Slavic]]
************Proto-Ruthenian-Russian (Proto-Southwest-Northeast East Slavic)
*************[[Ruthenian language|Proto-Ruthenian]]
*************[[Russian language|Proto-Russian]]
************[[Old Novgorod dialect|Proto-Novgorodian-Pskovian]] ([[Old Novgorod dialect|Proto-Northwest East Slavic]])
***********Proto-West-South Slavic
************[[West Slavic languages|Proto-West-Slavic]]
*************[[Lechitic languages|Proto-Lechtic]]
*************[[Sorbian languages|Proto-Sorbian]] (Proto-Elbe-Serbian)
*************[[Czech–Slovak languages|Proto-Czech-Slovak]]
************[[South Slavic languages|Proto-South-Slavic]]
*************[[West South Slavic|Proto-Western South Slavic]]
**************[[Slovene language|Proto-Slovene]]
**************[[Shtokavian|Proto-Shtokavian]] ([[Serbo-Croatian|Proto-Serbo-Croatian]])
*************[[Eastern South Slavic|Proto-Eastern South Slavic]]
**************[[Old Church Slavonic|Old-Slavonic (Proto-Slavic Bulgarian-Slavic Macedonian)]]
*********[[Daco-Thracian]]?<ref>Mallory, J. P. (1997). "Thracian language". In Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.). ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]''. Taylor & Francis. p. 576.</ref>
*********[[Proto-Indo-Iranian]]<ref>'''''Working hypothesis 5: Eastern [[Corded Ware culture|CWC]], [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]], [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]], and the attested [[Indo-Iranian languages]]''' After [[Germanic parent language|Pre-Germanic]] reoriented towards [[Italo-Celtic]], in the context of the [[Bell Beaker culture|Beaker]] phenomenon in [[Central Europe]] ~2550–2200 BC, the ''[[Centum and satem languages|satəm]]'' and RUKI linguistic innovations spread through the remainder of the [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Balto-Slavic]]/[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Indo-Iranian]] [[Dialect continuum|continuum]]. The dialect(s) at the eastern end of CWC developed towards Indo-Iranian. The [[Abashevo culture]] between the [[Don (river)|Don]] and southern [[Ural Mountains|Urals]] (~2500–1900 BC) is a likely candidate for the Pre-Indo-Iranian homeland. The [[Sintashta culture]], east of the southern Urals ~2100–1800 BC, can be identified as a key centre from which an early stage of [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Indo-Iranian]] spread via the [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]] horizon of [[central Asia]] ~2000–1200 BC to [[South Asia|South]] and [[West Asia|South-west Asia]] by 1500 BC. That Indo-Iranian came as a reflux from north-eastern Europe (rather than a direct migration from Yamnaya on the Pontic–Caspian steppe) is shown by the European Middle Neolithic (EMN) ancestry present in Sintashta individuals and carried forward to Andronovo and South Asian populations.'' in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.</ref>
**********[[Proto-Iranian]]
***********[[Eastern Iranian languages|Proto-Eastern-Iranian]]
************[[Northeast Iranian|Proto-Northeast-Iranian]] (North Eastern Iranian)
*************[[Scythian languages|Proto-Scythian]]
************[[Southeastern Iranian|Proto-Southeast-Iranian]] (South Eastern Iranian)
*************[[Eastern Iranian languages|Proto-Sogdo-Bactrian]]
***********[[Western Iranian languages|Proto-Western-Iranian]]
************[[Northwest Iranian|Proto-Northwest-Iranian]] (North Western Iranian)
************[[Western Iranian languages|Proto-Southwest-Iranian]] (South Western Iranian)
**********[[Proto-Nuristani]]
**********[[Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
***********[[Old Indo-Aryan]]
************[[Vedic Sanskrit]]
*************[[Sanskrit]]
**************[[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Proto-Middle Indo-Aryan]] ([[Prakrit]])
***************[[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] (Ganddhari Prakrit)
***************Proto-Pahari ([[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan]]) ([[Khasa Prakrit language|Khasa Prakrit]])
***************[[Pali]]
***************[[Ashokan Prakrit]]
****************[[Shauraseni Prakrit|Proto-Shauraseni]] (Shauraseni Prakrit)
*****************[[Sindhi language|Proto-Sindhi]]
*****************[[Punjabi language|Proto-Punjabi]]
*****************[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Proto-Western-Hindi]]
****************[[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamagadhi]] (Ardhamagadhi Prakrit)
*****************[[Magadhi Prakrit|Proto-Magadhi]] (Magadhi Prakrit)
******************[[Bihari languages|Proto-Bihari]]
******************[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Proto-Bengali-Assamese]]
******************[[KRNB lects|Proto-Kamata]] ([[Kamarupi Prakrit]])
******************[[Odia language|Proto-Odia]] (Odra Prakrit)
****************[[Maharashtri Prakrit|Proto-Maharashtri]] (Maharashtri Prakrit)
*****************[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Proto-Marathi-Konkani]]
*****************[[Elu|Proto-Sinhalese-Maldivian]] (Sinhalese Prakrit)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}
'''The list below follows [[Donald Ringe]], [[Tandy Warnow]] and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.<ref name="auto5"/>''' quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press.
'''The list below follows [[Donald Ringe]], [[Tandy Warnow]] and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.<ref name="auto5">Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', ''Transactions of the Philological Society'', n.º 100/1, 59-129.</ref>''' quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press.

==[[Anatolian languages]] (all extinct)==
==[[Anatolian languages]] (all extinct)==
[[File:Anatolian Languages in 2nd millennium BC.jpg|thumb|'''Anatolian languages''' in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: '''Luwian''', Yellow: '''Hittite''', Red: '''Palaic'''.]]
[[File:Anatolian Languages in 2nd millennium BC.jpg|thumb|'''Anatolian languages''' in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: '''Luwian''', Yellow: '''Hittite''', Red: '''Palaic'''.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]]
*[[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]]
**Hittite (Nesitic/Central)
**Hittite (Nesitic/Central)
***[[Hittite language|Hittite]] (Nesite) (𒉈𒅆𒇷 – ''Nesili'')
***[[Hittite language|Hittite]] (Nesite) (𒉈𒅆𒇷 – ''Nesili'')
****[[Ancient Cappadocian language|Cappadocian]]? (also known as [[Ancient Cappadocian language|Leucosyrian]], was spoken in [[Cappadocia]] and West [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]])
****[[Ancient Cappadocian language|Cappadocian]]?
**Luwic (Southern)
**Luwic (Southern)
***[[Luwian language|Luwian]]
***[[Luwian language|Luwian]]
****[[Cilician language|Cilician]]
****''Aštanuwa Luwian'' / ''Ištanuwa Luwian (written in [[Cuneiform Luwian]])''
****[[Cataonian language|Cataonian]]
****''Kizzuwadna / Kizzuwatna Luwian (written in [[Cuneiform Luwian]])''
*****[[Cilician language|Cilician]]
****''Empire Luwian (written in [[Cuneiform Luwian]] and [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]])''
*****''Iron Age Luwian''
****[[Cataonian language|Cataonian]] (possibly assimilated by [[Ancient Cappadocian language|Cappadocian]] at [[Classical Age]])
****Commagenian?
****[[Isaurian language|Isaurian]]
****[[Isaurian language|Isaurian]]
****[[Lycaonian]]
****[[Lycaonian]]
****[[Carian language|Carian]]
****Southwest
*****[[Carian language|Carian]]
****[[Lycian language|Lycian]]
*****Lelegian? (language of the [[Leleges]])
****[[Milyan language|Milyan]] ("Lycian B")
****[[Pisidian language|Pisidian]]
*****[[Lycian language|Lycian]] (𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊍𐊆 – ''Trm̃mili'' = ''Trəmmili'' (m̃ = əm))
*****[[Milyan language|Milyan]] ("Lycian B")
****[[Sidetic language|Sidetic]]
**Western Anatolian?
*****Pisido-Sidetian
******[[Pisidian language|Pisidian]]
******[[Sidetic language|Sidetic]]
******Pamphylian (Non-Hellenic)
**Western Anatolian? (related to, but not part of, Luwic)
***[[Lydian language|Lydian]] / [[Maeonian]] (𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 – ''Śfardẽtis'')
***[[Lydian language|Lydian]] / [[Maeonian]] (𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 – ''Śfardẽtis'')
**Palaic (Northern)
**Palaic (Northern)
***[[Palaic language|Palaic]]
***[[Palaic language|Palaic]]
**Unclassified
**Unclassified
***[[Kalašma language|Kalasmian]] / Kalašma / Kalasmaic (spoken in the Land of [[Kalašma]], northwestern [[Anatolia]], to the northwest of the Land of [[Hatti (land of the Hittites)|Hatti]] and west of the Land of [[Pala (Anatolia)|Pala]], seems to be closer to [[Luwian language|Luwian]] than to [[Palaic language|Palaic]], possibly a member of the Luwic Anatolian group)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/ | title=New Indo-European Language Discovered | access-date=2023-09-26 | archive-date=2023-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926200114/https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://languagehat.com/kalasmaic-a-new-ie-language/ |title=Kalasmaic, a New IE Language |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926115905/https://languagehat.com/kalasmaic-a-new-ie-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arkeonews.net/a-new-indo-european-language-discovered-in-the-hittite-capital-hattusa/ |title=A new Indo-European Language discovered in the Hittite capital Hattusa |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160006/https://arkeonews.net/a-new-indo-european-language-discovered-in-the-hittite-capital-hattusa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/ |title=New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926035253/https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
***[[Kalašma language|Kalasmian]] / Kalašma / Kalasmaic <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/ | title=New Indo-European Language Discovered | access-date=2023-09-26 | archive-date=2023-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926200114/https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://languagehat.com/kalasmaic-a-new-ie-language/ |title=Kalasmaic, a New IE Language |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926115905/https://languagehat.com/kalasmaic-a-new-ie-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arkeonews.net/a-new-indo-european-language-discovered-in-the-hittite-capital-hattusa/ |title=A new Indo-European Language discovered in the Hittite capital Hattusa |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160006/https://arkeonews.net/a-new-indo-european-language-discovered-in-the-hittite-capital-hattusa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/ |title=New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa |access-date=2023-09-26 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926035253/https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Tocharian languages]] ([[Tocharian languages|Agni-Kuči languages]]) (all extinct)==
==[[Tocharian languages]] ([[Tocharian languages|Agni-Kuči languages]]) (all extinct)==
[[File:Tocharian languages.svg|thumb|'''Tocharian languages''': '''A''' (blue), '''B''' (red) and '''C''' (green) in the Tarim Basin.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mallory |first1=J.P. |title=The Tarim Mummies |url=https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall |year=2000 |postscript=. |place=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05101-1 |last2=Mair |first2=Victor H. |author-link=J. P. Mallory |author-link2=Victor H. Mair|pages=67, 68, 274}}</ref> Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the ''[[Book of Han]]'' (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.]]
[[File:Tocharian languages.svg|thumb|'''Tocharian languages''': '''A''' (blue), '''B''' (red) and '''C''' (green) in the Tarim Basin.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mallory |first1=J.P. |title=The Tarim Mummies |url=https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall |year=2000 |postscript=. |place=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05101-1 |last2=Mair |first2=Victor H. |author-link=J. P. Mallory |author-link2=Victor H. Mair|pages=67, 68, 274}}</ref> Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the ''[[Book of Han]]'' (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Tocharian|Proto-Agni-Kuči]] ("[[Proto-Tocharian]]")
*[[Proto-Tocharian|Proto-Agni-Kuči]] ("[[Proto-Tocharian]]")
**[[Tocharian languages|North-Tocharian]] (it was originally spoken in many areas of the [[Tarim Basin]] and [[Turpan Depression]]) (according to several linguists<ref>Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Tocharian Online: Series Introduction". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref> the languages are inaccurately called "Tocharian" in a misnomer because they view "Tocharian" as a name synonymous with [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]], an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]], however there are other linguists who think that the name was correctly applied<ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-15034-5}}.</ref><ref>Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). ''Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question''.</ref> and only later would Tocharians replace their original language with an Iranian one.)
**[[Tocharian languages|North-Tocharian]]<ref>Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Tocharian Online: Series Introduction". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref><ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-15034-5}}.</ref><ref>Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). ''Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question''.</ref>
***[[Agnean]] ([[Tocharian A]]) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (''Agni'' / ''Ārśi'') (its main centres were [[Karasahr|Agni]], in today's [[Karasahr|Yanqi]] or [[Karasahr]], in the [[Yanqi Hui Autonomous County]], and [[Turpan]])
***[[Agnean]] ([[Tocharian A]]) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (''Agni'' / ''Ārśi'')
***[[Kuchean]] ([[Tocharian B]]) (also called West Tocharian) (''Kuśiññe'' / '' Kučiññe'') (its main centre was [[Kucha]] or [[Kuqa]])
***[[Kuchean]] ([[Tocharian B]]) (also called West Tocharian) (''Kuśiññe'' / '' Kučiññe'')
**[[Tocharian languages|South Tocharian]] (on the southern and southeastern rim of the [[Tarim Basin]])
**[[Tocharian languages|South Tocharian]]
***[[Kroränian]] ([[Tocharian C]]) (possible)<ref name="cordis.europa.eu">{{Cite web |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/626656 |title=Niya Tocharian: language contact and prehistory on the Silk Road |website=cordis.europa.eu |access-date=2023-01-05 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127191019/https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/626656 |url-status=live }}</ref> (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian) (it was the possible substrate language for the [[Niya Prakrit|Kroraina]] or [[Niya Prakrit]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken as administrative language in the [[Shanshan]] kingdom) (its main centre was [[Kroraina]], today's [[Loulan]], part of the [[Loulan Kingdom|Shanshan]], [[Loulan Kingdom|Kroraina]] or [[Loulan Kingdom|Loulan kingdom]])
***[[Kroränian]] ([[Tocharian C]]) (possible)<ref name="cordis.europa.eu">{{Cite web |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/626656 |title=Niya Tocharian: language contact and prehistory on the Silk Road |website=cordis.europa.eu |access-date=2023-01-05 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127191019/https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/626656 |url-status=live }}</ref> (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian){{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Albanian language]]==
==[[Albanian language]]==
{{See also|Albanoid}}
{{See also|Albanoid}}
[[File:Albanian dialects.svg|thumb|Distribution of modern '''Albanian dialects'''.]]
[[File:Albanian dialects.svg|thumb|Distribution of modern '''Albanian dialects'''.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]] (extinct)
**'''[[Albanian language|Albanian]]''' ([[Albanian language|Modern Albanian]]) ('''''shqip''''' / '''''gjuha shqipe''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
**Middle Albanian (extinct)
***'''[[Albanian language|Albanian]]''' ([[Albanian language|Modern Albanian]]) ('''''shqip''''' / '''''gjuha shqipe''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
***'''[[Gheg Albanian]]''' ('''''gegnisht''''') ([[Albanian dialects|Northern Albanian dialect]])
****''[[Arbanasi dialect|Arbanasi]] (Albanian of [[Zadar]], [[Croatia]])''
****'''[[Gheg Albanian]]''' ('''''gegnisht''''') ([[Albanian dialects|Northern Albanian dialect]])
*****''[[Gheg Albanian|Northern Gheg]]''
****''[[Istrian Albanian]] (extinct)''
******''[[Gheg Albanian|Northwestern Gheg]]''
****''[[Upper Reka dialect|Upper Reka]]''
***'''[[Tosk Albanian]]''' ('''''toskërisht''''') ([[Albanian dialects|Southern Albanian dialect]], basis of [[Standard Albanian|Standard Modern Albanian]] but not identical)
*******''[[Arbanasi dialect|Arbanasi]] (Albanian of [[Zadar]], [[Croatia]])''
*******''[[Istrian Albanian]] (extinct)''
****''[[Lab Albanian dialect|Lab]]''
****''[[Cham Albanian dialect|Cham]]''
******''[[Northeastern Gheg]] (Northeast Albania and most of [[Kosovo]])''
*****''[[Southern Gheg]] (Central-Southern Gheg)''
*****'''[[Arbëresh language|Arbëresh]]''' ('''''arbërisht''''') (Tosk Albanian variety of [[Southern Italy]])
******''[[Gheg Albanian|Central Gheg]]''
******''[[Vaccarizzo Albanian|Calabria Arbëresh ''/'' Calabro-Arbëresh]]''
*****'''[[Arvanitika]]''' (Tosk Albanian variety of [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]])
*******''[[Upper Reka dialect|Upper Reka]]''
******''[[Southern Gheg]] (includes the capital [[Tirana]])''
****Transitional Gheg-Tosk Albanian
*****''Southern Elbasan''
*****''Southern Peqin''
*****''Northwestern Gramsh''
****'''[[Tosk Albanian]]''' ('''''toskërisht''''') ([[Albanian dialects|Southern Albanian dialect]], basis of [[Standard Albanian|Standard Modern Albanian]] but not identical)
*****''Northern Tosk''
******''[[Mandritsa]] Tosk'' (''in far southeast [[Bulgaria]])''
*****''[[Lab Albanian dialect|Lab]]''
*****''[[Cham Albanian dialect|Cham]]''
******'''[[Arbëresh language|Arbëresh]]''' ('''''arbërisht''''') (Tosk Albanian variety of [[Southern Italy]])
*******''Puglia Arbëresh'' / ''Apulio-Arbëresh''
*******''Molise Arbëresh'' / ''Molisan-Arbëresh''
*******''Campania Arbëresh'' / ''Campano-Arbëresh''
*******''Basilicata Arbëresh'' / ''Basilicatan-Arbëresh''
*******''[[Vaccarizzo Albanian|Calabria Arbëresh ''/'' Calabro-Arbëresh]]''
*******''Sicilia Arbëresh'' / ''Siculo-Arbëresh''
******'''[[Arvanitika]]''' (Tosk Albanian variety of [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]])
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Italic languages]]==
==[[Italic languages]]==
[[File:Iron Age Italy.png|thumb|Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). '''Italic languages''' in green colours.]]
[[File:Iron Age Italy.png|thumb|Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). '''Italic languages''' in green colours.]]
Line 297: Line 133:
[[File:Western and Eastern Romania.PNG|thumb|Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the [[La Spezia–Rimini Line]]; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.]]
[[File:Western and Eastern Romania.PNG|thumb|Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the [[La Spezia–Rimini Line]]; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.]]
[[File:Map-Romance Language World.png|upright=1.59|thumb|'''Romance languages in the World'''. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: '''French'''; Green: '''Spanish'''; Orange: '''Portuguese'''; Yellow: '''Italian'''; Red: '''Romanian'''.]]
[[File:Map-Romance Language World.png|upright=1.59|thumb|'''Romance languages in the World'''. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: '''French'''; Green: '''Spanish'''; Orange: '''Portuguese'''; Yellow: '''Italian'''; Red: '''Romanian'''.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]] (extinct)
**[[Osco-Umbrian languages]] ([[Sabellic languages]]) (all extinct)
**[[Osco-Umbrian languages]] ([[Sabellic languages]]) (all extinct)
***Umbrian
***Umbrian
****[[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] (Umbrian Proper) (was spoken by the [[Umbrians]])
****[[Umbrian language|Umbrian]]
****[[Sabine language|Sabine]] (was spoken by the [[Sabines]] in [[Sabina (region)|Sabina]] region)
****[[Sabine language|Sabine]]
****[[Hernican language|Hernican]] (was spoken by the [[Hernici]])
****[[Hernican language|Hernican]]
****[[Marsian language|Marsian]] (was spoken by the [[Marsi]], an Italic people, in [[Marruvium]] region)
****[[Marsian language|Marsian]]
****[[South Picene language|South Picene]] ([[Old Sabellic]])
****[[South Picene language|South Picene]] ([[Old Sabellic]])
****[[Volscian language|Volscian]] (was spoken by the [[Volsci]])
****[[Volscian language|Volscian]]
***[[Oscan language|Oscan]]
***[[Oscan language|Oscan]]
****[[Oscan language|Oscan]] (Oscan Proper) (was spoken by the [[Oscans]])
****[[Oscan language|Oscan]]
****[[Marrucinian language|Marrucinian]] (was spoken by the [[Marrucini]])
****[[Marrucinian language|Marrucinian]]
****[[Paeligni]]an (was spoken by the [[Paeligni]])
****[[Paeligni]]an
****[[Sidicini]]an (was spoken by the [[Sidicini]])
****[[Sidicini]]an
****[[Pre-Samnite language|Pre-Samnite]] (ancient language spoken in southern [[Campania]], in [[Italy]], before [[Samnites|Samnite]] conquest)
****[[Pre-Samnite language|Pre-Samnite]]
***Unclassified (within Italic)
***Unclassified (within Italic)
****[[Aequian language|Aequian]] (extinct; certainly Italic but unclassified) (was spoken by [[Aequi]])
****[[Aequian language|Aequian]] (extinct)
****[[Vestinian language|Vestinian]] (extinct; certainly Italic but unclassified) (was spoken by the [[Vestini]])
****[[Vestinian language|Vestinian]] (extinct)
**[[Latino-Faliscan languages]]
**[[Latino-Faliscan languages]]
***[[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] (extinct) (was spoken by the [[Faliscans]] in Ager Faliscus)
***[[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] (extinct)
***[[Latin]] ({{lang|la|Lingua Latina}})
****''Capenate''
***[[Latin]] ({{lang|la|Lingua Latina}}) ([[Lingua franca]], [[High culture]] language and ''[[de facto]]'' [[official language]] of the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]], [[Classical language]] in the western half of the [[Roman Empire]], see [[Greek East and Latin West]], and of the [[Western Roman Empire]], [[high culture]] language of [[Western Europe]] for two thousand years, traditional [[Sacred language|sacred]] or [[liturgical language]] of the [[Roman Catholic church]] for almost two millennia) (origin in [[Latium Vetus]], part of today's [[Lazio]] region, West Central [[Italy]]) (extinct as first language or mother tongue but always known, continuously learned, spoken and written along many generations)
****[[Old Latin]] ([[Early Latin]] / [[Archaic Latin]]) (''Prisca Latina'' / ''Prisca Latinitas'') (extinct)
****[[Old Latin]] ([[Early Latin]] / [[Archaic Latin]]) (''Prisca Latina'' / ''Prisca Latinitas'') (extinct)
*****[[Classical Latin]] (LINGVA LATINA – ''Lingua Latina'') (extinct)
*****[[Classical Latin]] (LINGVA LATINA – ''Lingua Latina'') (extinct)
******''[[Standard Latin]]''
******''Latium Latin (intra [[Latium]]) (Latin that was spoken by the original speakers of Latin in [[Latium Vetus]], [[Latium]])''
*******''Roman Latin''
******''[[Vulgar Latin]]'' / ''Colloquial Latin'' (''sermō vulgāris'')
******''[[Lanuvian language|Lanuvian]]''
********''Rural Roman Latin (Latin dialect of [[Ager Romanus]], rural areas of [[Latium]])''
******''[[Praenestinian language|Praenestinian]]''
********''Urban Roman Latin (Latin dialect of ancient [[Rome]] city, [[Rome|Roma]] Urbs, itself)''
******''[[British Latin|British Latin / Britannic Latin]]'' (not British Romance) ''(Latin that was spoken by the [[Romano-Britons]])''
*********''[[Standard Latin]]''
*********''[[Vulgar Latin]]'' / ''Colloquial Latin'' (''sermō vulgāris'')
******''[[Judeo-Latin]] (Judæo-Latin)''
******[[Late Latin]]
*******''[[Lanuvian language|Lanuvian]] (it was spoken in [[Lanuvium]], today's [[Lanuvio]], in [[Lazio]], west central [[Italy]])''
*******''[[Praenestinian language|Praenestinian]] (it was spoken in [[Praeneste]], today's [[Palestrina]], in [[Lazio]], west central [[Italy]])''
******''Provincial Latin (extra [[Latium]]) (Latin that was spoken by [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanised]] peoples in the provinces of the [[Roman Empire]])''
*******''Northern Latin''/''Continental Latin''
********''Western Latin''
*********''Italic-Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Italo-Romans, non-latin italic [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanised]] populations)''
*********''Gallo-Hispanic Latin''
**********''Gallic Latin (Latin that was spoken by the [[Gallo-Romans]])''
***********''Cisalpine Gallic (in most of today's [[Northern Italy]])''
***********''Transalpine''/''Gallic and Aquitanian Latin''
************''[[British Latin|British Latin / Britannic Latin]]'' (not British Romance) ''(Latin that was spoken by the [[Romano-Britons]])''
*************''Hibernian Latin''
***********''Rhaetian Latin''
**********''Hispanic Latin (Latin that was spoken by the [[Hispano-Roman]]s)''
********''Eastern Latin''
*********''Illyrian Latin'' (north of the [[Jireček Line]]) ''(Latin that was spoken by the [[Illyro-Romans]])''
**********''Pannonian Latin (Not Pannonian Romance)''
**********''Dacian Latin (north of the [[Jireček Line]]) (Latin that was spoken by the [[Daco-Romans]])''
**********''Thracian Latin (south of the [[Jireček Line]]) (Latin that was spoken by the [[Thraco-Romans]]) (may have influenced [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]])''
*********''Greco-Latin (Spoken by Roman Diaspora in [[Greece]])''
*******''Southern Latin (retention of archaic features in the periphery of the Latin speaking world)''
********''Insular Latin (not Insular Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the insular populations of [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]])''
*********''Corsican Latin''
*********''Sardinian Latin''
********''African Latin (not African Romance) (West [[North Africa]], in many regions of today's [[Maghreb]]) (Latin that was spoken by the [[Roman Africans]] in North Africa, especially in the [[Africa province]], the origin of the name "Africa" that was later applied to the whole continent)''
******''Latin Sociolects (most provinces)''
*******''Imperial Latin (Sociolect used by ruling class Romans)''
*******''[[Judeo-Latin]] (Judæo-Latin) (Sociolect used by [[Roman Jews]], pure conjecture)''
*******''Serf Latin (Sociolect used by Roman Serfs)''
******[[Late Latin]] (last phase of [[Latin]] as a first language or mother tongue and written Latin of [[Late Antiquity]])
*******''[[Ecclesiastical Latin]]'' (''Church Latin'', ''Liturgical Latin'') (''Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica'')
*******''[[Ecclesiastical Latin]]'' (''Church Latin'', ''Liturgical Latin'') (''Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica'')
*******[[Medieval Latin]] (Latin after stopped being spoken as first language or mother tongue)
*******[[Medieval Latin]]
********''Broad Medieval Latin''
********''[[Hiberno-Latin|Hiberno-Latin / Hisperic Latin]]''
********[[Renaissance Latin]]
*********''[[Hiberno-Latin|Hiberno-Latin / Hisperic Latin]] (Latin spoken and written by Ireland's [[Celtic Christianity]] or [[Insular Christianity]] culture, a part of the [[Catholic Christianity]] in the [[Medieval Christianity]] time, especially the [[Irish monks]])''
*********[[Renaissance Latin]]
*********[[Neo-Latin]] or New Latin; (''Neolatina'' or ''Lingua Latina Nova'')
**********[[Neo-Latin]] or New Latin; (''Neolatina'' or ''Lingua Latina Nova'')
**********[[Contemporary Latin]] (''Latinitas viva'')
***********[[Contemporary Latin]] (''Latinitas viva'')
*******''[[Vulgar Latin|Late Vulgar Latin]]'' (''sermo vulgaris)'' ''([[Proto-Romance]]) (extinct)''
********[[Romance languages|Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******''[[Vulgar Latin|Late Vulgar Latin]]'' (''sermo vulgaris'' / ''Lingua Romanica'' – ''"Roman language"'' / ''"Romanic language"'', the origin of the term "Romance" applied to the languages) ''([[Vulgar Latin]], especially [[Vulgar Latin|Late Vulgar Latin]] is synonymous with [[Proto-Romance]] or [[Proto-Romance|Common Romance]], [[Latin]] through its variant Vulgar Latin, is the Proto-language or common ancestor language of [[Romance languages|Romance]] sometimes known as ''New Latin languages'' or ''Neo-Latin languages'' especially in the nineteenth century) (Latin, mainly including its variant, Vulgar Latin, had several regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related [[Romance languages]]) (extinct)''
*********[[Continental Romance languages|Continental Romance]]
********[[Romance languages|Romance]], or Neo- / New Latin languages (languages that evolved from [[Latin]] regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related languages) ([[dialect continuum]])
*********[[Continental Romance languages|Continental Romance]] / Northern Romance (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the [[Western Romance languages|Western]] vs. [[Eastern Romance languages]] split by the [[La Spezia-Rimini Line]])
**********[[Italo-Western languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
**********[[Italo-Western languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
***********[[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
***********[[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
************Italian (in the sense of a group of sister languages forming a [[dialect continuum]])
************'''[[Central Italian dialect|Central Italian]]''' ('''''Italiano Centrale)'''''
*************[[Old Italian]]
*************''[[Romanesco dialect|Romanesco]]'' (''Romanesco'' / ''Romano'')
**************'''[[Central Italian dialect|Central Italian]]''' / '''Middle Italian''' ('''''Italiano Centrale''''' / '''''Italiano Mediano''''')
*************''[[Central-Northern Latian dialect|Central-Northern Latian]]'' / ''Ciociaro''<ref>Pellegrini G., ''Carta dei dialetti d'Italia'', CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977</ref>
*************''[[Sabino dialect|Sabino]]''
***************''Latian'' (''Laziale'') ''(spoken in most part of the [[Lazio region]]) (roughly in the region corresponding to the [[Old Latium]])''
*************''[[Central Marchigiano dialect|Central Marchigiano]]'' (Marchigiano Proper)
****************''[[Romanesco dialect|Romanesco]]'' (''Romanesco'' / ''Romano'') ''(spoken roughly in the city of [[Rome]], genealogical and geographical descendant from popular Roman Latin)''
************[[Southern Italian dialects|Southern Italian]]
****************''[[Central-Northern Latian dialect|Central-Northern Latian]]'' / ''Ciociaro''<ref>Pellegrini G., ''Carta dei dialetti d'Italia'', CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977</ref> ''(spoken in the old [[Province of Rome]], outside the capital, and the northern areas of the Provinces of [[Frosinone]] and [[Latina, Lazio|Latina]], roughly in the western [[Ciociaria|Ciociara]] historical region)''
***************''[[Sabino dialect|Sabino]]'' (''Sabino'') ''(spoken in the [[Province of Rieti]] and [[L'Aquila]])''
*************'''[[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]''' ('''''Napulitano''''' – '''''’O Nnapulitano''''')
**************''[[Molisan dialect|Molisan]]''<ref name="ReferenceA">Vignuzzi 1997: 312, 317; Loporcaro & Panciani 2016: 229, 233</ref>
****************''Aquilano (also known as Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano)''
****************''Arseolano'' / ''Sublacense''
**************''[[Campanian dialect|Campanian]]''
****************''Tagliacozzano''
***************''[[Benevento dialect|Beneventano]]''
***************''Umbrian (Romance Umbrian)'' (spoken in [[Umbria]])
***************''[[Irpinian dialect|Irpino]]''
****************''Northern Umbrian''
****************''[[Arianese dialect|Arianese]]''
***************''[[Cilentan dialect|Cilentano]]'' (''Cilentan'' / ''Northern Cilentan'')
****************''Viterbese'' / ''Tuscia dialect ([[Tuscia]], northern part of the wider [[Latium]])''
****************''Southern Umbrian''
**************''[[Apulian dialect|Apulian]]''
***************''[[Central Marchigiano dialect|Central Marchigiano]]'' (Marchigiano Proper) (Marchigià) ''(spoken in the central part of [[Marche]])''
***************''[[Barese dialect|Barese]]''
****************''Maceratese-Fermano''
****************''[[Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]]''
****************''Anconitano''
**************''[[Castelmezzano dialect|Castelmezzano]]''
**************''[[Northern Calabrian]]''
**************[[Southern Italian dialects|Southern Italian]] (Southern Italian - Far Southern Italian]])
*************'''[[Extreme Southern Italian]]''' / '''Far Southern Italian''' ([[Sicilian language|Siculo]]-[[Calabrian language|Calabrian]])
***************'''Southern Italian Proper''' / '''[[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]''' ('''''Napulitano''''' – '''''’O Nnapulitano''''') ("Neapolitan" in a broad sense and synonymous of '''Southern Continental Italian''')
**************''Southern [[Calabrian dialect|Calabrian]]''
****************''Southern Laziale (southern part of the [[province of Frosinone]]: [[Sora, Lazio|Sora]], [[Cassino]]; southern part of [[Province of Latina]]: [[Gaeta]], [[Formia]]) ([[Central Italian]] substrate)''<ref name="ReferenceA">Vignuzzi 1997: 312, 317; Loporcaro & Panciani 2016: 229, 233</ref>
**************''[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]'' / Sicilian Proper (''Sicilianu'' / ''Lu Sicilianu'')
****************''Abruzzese and Southern Marchigiano ([[Central Italian]] substrate)''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*****************''Southern Marchigiano ([[Ascoli Piceno]])''
***************''[[Pantesco dialect|Pantesco]]''
*****************''Teramano ([[Province of Teramo]]; Northern [[Province of Pescara]]: [[Atri, Abruzzo|Atri]])''
**************''[[Cilentan dialect|Cilentano Meridionale]] (Far Southern Cilentan)''
**************''[[Salentino dialect|Salentino]]'' (''Salentinu'')
*****************''Abruzzese Eastern Adriatico (Southern [[Province of Pescara]]: [[Penne, Abruzzo|Penne]], [[Francavilla al Mare]]; [[Province of Chieti]])''
***************''[[Manduriano]]''
*****************''Western Abruzzese (southern part of [[Province of L'Aquila]]: [[Marsica]], [[Avezzano]], [[Pescina]], [[Sulmona]], [[Pescasseroli]], [[Roccaraso]])''
************[[Tuscan Language|Old Tuscan]]
****************''[[Molisan dialect|Molisan]] (in [[Molise]] region) ([[Central Italian]] substrate)''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
****************''[[Campanian dialect|Campanian]]''
*************'''[[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]]''' ('''''Toscano''''')
**************''[[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] (Fiorentino)''
*****************''[[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]'' (''Napulitano'' / ''’O Nnapulitano'') ''(in a narrow sense, the language spoken in [[Naples]]) (Neapolitan proper: [[Naples]] and the [[Gulf of Naples]])''
*****************''[[Benevento dialect|Beneventano]] (in [[Province of Benevento|Benevento area]])''
***************'''[[Italian language|Italian]]''' ('''''Italiano''''' / '''''Lingua Italiana''''') / [[Standard Italian]]
*****************''[[Irpinian dialect|Irpino]] ([[Province of Avellino]])''
****************''[[Regional Italian|Tuscany Regional Italian]]''
******************''[[Arianese dialect|Arianese]]''
****************''[[Regional Italian|Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily Regional Italian]]''
****************''[[Regional Italian|Northern Italy Regional Italian]]''
*****************''[[Cilentan dialect|Cilentano]]'' / ''Cilentano Settentrionale'' (''Cilentan'' / ''Northern Cilentan'') ''(most of [[Province of Salerno]], includes [[Vallo della Lucania]], except for the far south) (in most part of [[Cilento]])''
****************''[[Apulian dialect|Apulian]] (Pugliese) (in [[Apulia]])''
****************''[[Regional Italian|Sardinia Regional Italian]]''
*****************''Dauno'' / ''Dauno-Appenninico (western [[Province of Foggia]]: [[Foggia]], [[Bovino]])''
***************''[[Pistoiese]]''
*****************''Garganico (eastern [[Province of Foggia]]: [[Gargano]])''
**************''[[Lecchese dialect|Lucchese]]''
*************'''[[Corsican language|Corsican]]''' ('''''Corsu / Lingua Corsa''''')
*****************''[[Barese dialect|Barese]]'' / ''Apulo-Barese ([[Province of Bari]]; western [[Province of Taranto]], includes [[Tarantino dialect]]; and part of the western [[Province of Brindisi]]'')
******************''[[Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]] (in [[Taranto]] city and region)''
**************'''[[Gallurese dialect|Gallurese]]''' ('''''Gadduresu''''')
**************'''[[Sassarese language|Sassarese]]''' ('''''Sassaresu''''' / '''''Turritanu''''')
****************''Lucanian / Basilicatan - Northern [[Calabrian dialect|Calabrian]] (northern [[Province of Potenza]]: [[Potenza]], [[Melfi]]) (in [[Basilicata]], ancient [[Lucania]], and northern [[Calabria]])''
************'''[[Venetian language|Venetian]]''' ('''Romance Venetian''') ('''''Vèneto''''' / '''''Łéngoa vèneta''''')
*****************''Northeastern Lucanian ([[Province of Matera]]: [[Matera]])''
*************''[[Triestine dialect|Triestine]]''
*****************''Central Lucanian ([[Province of Potenza]]: [[Lagonegro]], [[Pisticci]], [[Laurenzana]]) (The northern "[[Lausberg area]]"; archaic forms of Lucanian with [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]] vocalism, "Romanian-like" language area described by [[Heinrich Lausberg]] (1939))''
******************''[[Castelmezzano dialect|Castelmezzano]]''
*************''[[Fiuman dialect|Fiuman]]''
*************''[[Talian dialect|Talian]]''
*****************''Southern Lucanian (The southern "[[Lausberg area]]"; archaic forms of Lucanian with [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] vocalism, "Sardinian like" language area described by [[Heinrich Lausberg]] (1939)) (It lies between [[Calabria]] and [[Basilicata]] – [[Chiaromonte]], [[Oriolo]])''
*****************''[[Northern Calabrian]]''
*************''[[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo Venetian]] (Cipilegno)''
************'''[[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian / Italkian]]''' ('''ג'יודו-איטאליאנו''' – '''''Giudeo-Italiano''''' / '''איטלקית''' – ''''''Italqit''''') ('''''La'az''''' - '''''לעז''''')
******************''Cosentino ([[Province of Cosenza]]: [[Rossano]], [[Diamante, Calabria|Diamante]], [[Castrovillari]]) (With transitional dialects to south of [[Cosenza]], where they give way to Sicilian group dialects)''
*************''[[Judeo-Roman]] (Giudeo-Romanesco)''
***************'''[[Extreme Southern Italian]]''' / '''Far Southern Italian''' ([[Sicilian language|Siculo]]-[[Calabrian language|Calabrian]]) (also called "Sicilian", in a broad sense)
****************''Southern [[Calabrian dialect|Calabrian]]''
*************''[[Judeo-Venetian]] Italkian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from [[Venice]])''
**************''[[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from [[Piedmont]]) (extinct)''
*****************''Reggino (in the [[Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria]], especially on the Scilla–Bova line, and excluding the areas of Locri and Rosarno which represent the first isogloss which divide Sicilian from the continental varieties)''
****************''[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]'' / Sicilian Proper (''Sicilianu'' / ''Lu Sicilianu'')
*****************''Western Sicilian (Palermitano in [[Palermo]], Trapanese in [[Trapani]], Central-Western Agrigentino in [[Agrigento]])''
*****************''Central Metafonetic (in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the provinces of [[Caltanissetta]], [[Messina]], [[Enna]], [[Palermo]] and [[Agrigento]])''
*****************''Southeast Metafonetic (in the [[Province of Ragusa]] and the adjoining area within the [[Province of Syracuse]])''
*****************''Ennese (in the [[Province of Enna]])''
*****************''Eastern Non-Metafonetic (in the area including the [[Metropolitan City of Catania]], the second largest city in Sicily, as Catanese, and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)''
*****************''Messinese (in the [[Metropolitan City of Messina]], the third largest city in Sicily)''
*****************''Eoliano (in the [[Aeolian Islands]])''
*****************''[[Pantesco dialect|Pantesco]] (on the island of [[Pantelleria]])''
****************''[[Cilentan dialect|Cilentano Meridionale]] (Far Southern Cilentan) (area with Sicilian vocalism) (in far southern [[Cilento]])''
****************''[[Salentino dialect|Salentino]]'' (''Salentinu'') ''(spoken in [[Salento]] peninsula, far southeastern [[Apulia]] region)''
*****************''[[Manduriano]] (in [[Manduria]])''
**************[[Tuscan Language|Old Tuscan]] ([[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] substrate)
***************'''[[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]]''' ('''''Toscano''''') ([[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] [[Stratum (linguistics)|substrate]])
****************''Northern Tuscan''
*****************''[[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] (Fiorentino) (the main dialect of [[Florence]], [[Chianti (region)|Chianti]] and the [[Mugello]] region, also spoken in [[Prato]] and along the river [[Arno]] as far as the city of [[Fucecchio]]) (basis of [[Standard Italian|Modern Standard Italian]] but not identical, Standard Italian is much more latinised)''
******************'''[[Italian language|Italian]]''' ('''''Italiano''''' / '''''Lingua Italiana''''') / [[Standard Italian]] (mainly based on the [[Fiorentino]] dialect of [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] but not identical and much more latinised)
*******************''[[Regional Italian|Tuscany Regional Italian]] ([[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] substrate) (regional variety of Italian, not to be confused with the substrate language)''
*******************''[[Regional Italian|Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily Regional Italian]] ([[Central Italian]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] substrates) (regional variety of Italian, not to be confused with the substrate languages)''
*******************''[[Regional Italian|Northern Italy Regional Italian]] ([[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italian]] and [[Venetian language|Veneto]] substrates) (regional variety of Italian, not to be confused with the substrate languages)''
*******************''[[Regional Italian|Sardinia Regional Italian]] ([[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] substrate) (regional variety of Italian, not to be confused with the substrate language or languages)''
******************''[[Pistoiese]] (spoken in the city of [[Pistoia]] and nearest zones, some linguists include this dialect in Fiorentino)''
*****************''[[Lecchese dialect|Lucchese]] (spoken in [[Lucca]] and nearby hills: Lucchesia)''
******************''Pesciatino'' / ''Valdinievolese (spoken in the [[Valdinievole]] zone, in the cities of [[Pescia]] and [[Montecatini Terme]]) (some linguists include this dialect in Lucchese)''
*****************''Versiliese (spoken in the historical area of [[Versilia]])''
*****************''Viareggino (spoken in [[Viareggio]] and vicinity)''
*****************''Pisano-Livornese (spoken in [[Pisa]], in [[Livorno]], and the vicinity, and along the coast from [[Livorno]] to [[Cecina, Tuscany|Cecina]])''
****************''Southern Tuscan''
*****************''Aretino-Chianaiolo (spoken in [[Arezzo]] and the [[Valdichiana]])''
*****************''Grossetano (spoken in [[Grosseto]] and along the southern coast)''
*****************''Elbano (spoken on the island of [[Elba]])''
***************'''[[Corsican language|Corsican]]''' ('''''Corsu / Lingua Corsa''''') ([[Paleo-Corsican language|Paleo-Corsican]] substrate)
****************''Northern Corsican''
*****************''Capraiese (in [[Capraia Island]])''
*****************''Cismontano Capocorsino''
*****************''Cismontano''
******************''Northern Cismontano''
******************''Southern Cismontano''
*****************''Transitional Cismontano-Oltramontano''
*****************''Oltramontano''
****************''Southern Corsican''
*****************''Oltramontano Sartenese''
****************Corsican-Sardinian (languages of Corsican origin with strong Sardinian substrate)
*****************'''[[Gallurese dialect|Gallurese]]''' ('''''Gadduresu''''') (divergent enough from [[Corsican language|Corsican]] to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it)
******************''Castellanese''
*****************'''[[Sassarese language|Sassarese]]''' ('''''Sassaresu''''' / '''''Turritanu''''') (divergent enough from [[Corsican language|Corsican]] to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it, has a stronger Sardinian substrate)
**************'''[[Venetian language|Venetian]]''' ('''Romance Venetian''') ('''''Vèneto''''' / '''''Łéngoa vèneta''''') (old language of the [[Republic of Venice|Venice Republic]] and ruled territories in the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and [[Ionian Sea|Ionian]] Seas)
***************''Central Venetian (spoken in [[Padua]], [[Vicenza]], [[Polesine]])''
****************''Padovan (in [[Province of Padua|Padua province]])''
****************''Rodigino (in [[Province of Rovigo|Rovigo province]])''
****************''Vicentino (in [[Province of Vicenza|Vicenza province]])''
*****************''Alto Vicentino''
***************''Sea Venetian (Veneto da Mar) (spoken in northern and eastern coastal areas of the [[Adriatic Sea]])''
****************''Lagoon Venetian (in the [[Venetian Lagoon]])''
*****************''[[Venetian dialect|Venetian]]'' ''(spoken in and around [[Venice]])''
*****************''Chioggia subdialect (Chioggioto) (spoken in [[Chioggia]])''
****************''Colonial Venetian (Veneto Coloniale) (spoken in enclaves in the [[Friuli]] areas and alongside [[Friulian language|Friulian]], in [[Aquileia]], [[Palmanova]], [[Udine]], [[Gorizia]] and other cities)''
****************''Eastern Coastal Venetian'' / ''Istro-Dalmatian Venetian (spoken in several islands and areas of the [[Adriatic Sea]] eastern coast) (spoken by majorities in [[Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Grado]] and [[Trieste]], by minorities in [[Rijeka|Fiume]] or [[Rijeka]] and parts of [[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]])''
*****************''[[Triestine dialect|Triestine]] (in [[Trieste]]) (it has [[Friulian language|Friulan]] substrate of the Old Tergestine dialect)''
*****************''Istrian Venetian (not to be confused with the [[Istriot language]]) (in parts of western coastal [[Istria]])''
*****************''[[Fiuman dialect|Fiuman]]'' - ''in [[Rijeka|Fiume]] ([[Rijeka]])''
*****************''Dalmatian Venetian (not to be confused with [[Dalmatian language]]) (in parts of [[Dalmatia]])'' - ''it was spoken in the islands of [[Cres (island)|Crepsa]] ([[Cres (island)|Cres]]), [[Krk (island)|Veglia]] ([[Krk (island)|Krk]]), [[Rab (island)|Arba]] ([[Rab (island)|Rab]]) and coastal cities of [[Dalmatia]] such as [[Zara (Dalmatia)|Zara]] ([[Zadar]]), [[Traù]] ([[Trogir]]), [[Spalato (Dalmatia)|Spalato]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]), [[Ragusa (Dalmatia)|Ragusa]] ([[Dubrovnik]]) and [[Cattaro (Dalmatia)|Cattaro]] ([[Kotor]]) along with [[Dalmatian language]], also a [[Romance languages|Romance language]], and being influenced by it)''
*****************''Corfiot Italian (spoken by the [[Corfiot Italians]] in [[Corfu]] or [[Corfu|Kerkyra]] island, western [[Greece]]) (extinct)''
***************''Western Venetian''
****************''Veronese (spoken in [[Province of Verona|Verona province]])''
****************''Eastern Trentino (spoken in eastern [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Trentino province]])''
***************''Northern Venetian'' - ''Eastern Venetian''
****************''Northern Venetian'' / ''North-Central Destra Piave (from [[Piave (river)|Piave]] river right banks, to the west of Piave, a river that flows from north towards south) (western [[Province of Treviso]] and southern [[Province of Belluno]])''
*****************''Trevigiano (in and around [[Treviso]])''
****************''Eastern Venetian'' / ''Northern Sinistra Piave (from [[Piave (river)|Piave]] river left banks, to the east of Piave, a river that flows from north towards south) (eastern [[Province of Treviso]] and most of the [[Province of Pordenone]])''
*****************''Pordenonese''
*****************''Bellunese''
****************''Northern Venetian diaspora dialects''
*****************''Pontine Marshes Venetian (in parts of the [[Pontine Marshes]], or [[Pontine Marshes|Agro Pontino]], southern [[Lazio]], formed by migration of Venetian speakers to the Pontine Marshes in the middle 20th Century, different from native Southern Laziale)''
*****************''Arborea Venetian (in [[Arborea]], [[Sardinia]] island)''
*****************''Slavonia Venetian (small enclaves in [[Slavonia]], eastern [[Croatia]])''
*****************''[[Talian dialect|Talian]] (spoken in [[Antônio Prado]], [[Entre Rios, Santa Catarina|Entre Rios]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and [[Toledo, Paraná|Toledo]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], among other southern [[Southern Brazil|Brazilian]] cities, [[Brazil]])''
*****************''[[Chipilo Venetian dialect|Chipilo Venetian]] (Cipilegno) (spoken in [[Chipilo]], [[Mexico]])''
**************'''[[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian / Italkian]]''' ('''ג'יודו-איטאליאנו''' – '''''Giudeo-Italiano''''' / '''איטלקית''' – ''''''Italqit''''') ('''''La'az''''' - '''''לעז''''') (traditionally spoken by the [[Italian Jews]])
***************''Extreme Southern Italian Italkian''
****************''Judeo-Salentine (Giudeo-Salentino) (in [[Salento]] Peninsula, southeast [[Apulia]])''
*****************''Salentine Judeo-Corfiot (Giudeo-Corfioto Salentino) (in [[Corfu]] or [[Corfu|Kerkyra]] island) (extinct)''
***************''Central Italian Italkian''
****************''[[Judeo-Roman]] (Giudeo-Romanesco) (from [[Rome]]) (spoken by the Jews of Rome, one of the oldest [[History of the Jews in Europe|Jewish communities in Europe]])''
****************''Bagitto (Giudeo-Livornese) (from [[Livorno]] or [[Livorno|Leghorn]])''
****************''Judeo-Florentine (Giudeo-Fiorentino, Iodiesco) (from [[Florence]])''
***************''[[Judeo-Venetian]] Italkian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from [[Venice]])''
****************''Venetian Judeo-Corfiot (Giudeo-Corfioto Veneziano) (in [[Corfu]] or [[Corfu|Kerkyra]] island) (extinct)''
***************''Gallo-Italic Italkian''
****************''Judeo-Reggian (Giudeo-Reggiano) (from the [[province of Reggio Emilia]] in [[Emilia-Romagna]])''
****************''Judeo-Modenan (Giudeo-Modenese) (from [[Modena]])''
****************''Judeo-Ferraran (Giudeo-Ferrarese) (from [[Ferrara]])''
****************''Judeo-Mantuan (Giudeo-Mantovano) (from [[Mantua]])''
****************''[[Judaeo-Piedmontese]] (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from [[Piedmont]]) (extinct)''
************[[Illyro-Roman]] / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance)
************[[Illyro-Roman]] / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance)
*************'''[[Istriot language|Istriot]]''' (no common self name, autonym, for the language) (not to be confused with the Istrian dialect of the [[Venetian language]])
*************'''[[Istriot language|Istriot]]'''
*************[[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] (Romance Dalmatian) (''{{lang|dlm|dalmato}}, {{lang|dlm|langa dalmata}}'') (extinct)
**************''Bumbaro (in [[Vodnjan]], [[Istria]], coastal western [[Croatia]])''
**************''Vallese (in [[Bale, Istria|Bale]], [[Istria]], coastal western [[Croatia]])''
**************''[[Vegliot]]''
**************''Rovignese (in [[Rovinj]], [[Istria]], coastal western [[Croatia]])''
**************''Sissanese (in [[Šišan]], [[Istria]], coastal western [[Croatia]])''
**************''Fasanese (in [[Fažana]], [[Istria]], coastal western [[Croatia]])''
**************''Gallesanese (in [[Galižana]], [[Istria]], coastal western [[Croatia]])''
*************[[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] (Romance Dalmatian) (''{{lang|dlm|dalmato}}, {{lang|dlm|langa dalmata}}'') (extinct) (not to be confused with the Dalmatian dialect of the [[Venetian language]])
**************''Northern Dalmatian''
***************''[[Vegliot]] (was spoken in the island of [[Krk (island)|Krk]] – Vikla, Veglia, coastal [[Croatia]])''
***************''Cres (was spoken in the island of Kres – [[Cres (island)|Crepsa]], coastal [[Croatia]])''
***************''Rab (was spoken in the island of [[Rab (island)|Rab]] – Arba, coastal [[Croatia]])''
***************''Zadar (Jadera) (was spoken in [[Zadar]], coastal [[Croatia]])''
***************''Trogir (Tragur, Traù) (was spoken in [[Trogir]], coastal [[Croatia]])''
***************''Spalato (Split; Spalato) (was spoken in [[Split, Croatia|Split]] region, coastal [[Croatia]])''
**************''Southern Dalmatian''
***************''Ragusa (Dubrovnik; Raugia, Ragusa) (was spoken in the old [[Republic of Ragusa]], today's [[Dubrovnik]] region, coastal [[Croatia]])''
***************''Cattaro (was spoken in [[Kotor]], southwestern coastal [[Montenegro]])''
***********[[Western Romance languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
***********[[Western Romance languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
************Gallo-Hispanic/Gallo-Iberian
************[[Gallo-Romance languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*************[[Gallo-Romance languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*************[[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] (Cisalpine Romance)
**************[[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] (Cisalpine Romance)
**************'''[[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian-Romagnol]]''' (''Emiliân-Rumagnôl'', ''Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla'')
***************'''[[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian-Romagnol]]''' (''Emiliân-Rumagnôl'', ''Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla'')
***************''[[Romagnol dialect|Romagnol]]'' (''Rumagnôl'')<ref name="ReferenceA" />
****************''[[Romagnol dialect|Romagnol]]'' (''Rumagnôl'') ''([[Central Italian]] substrate)''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
****************''[[Forlivese dialect|Forlivese]] (in [[Forlì|Forli]])''
***************''[[Emilian dialect|Emilian]]'' (''Emigliân'')
*****************''Southern Romagnol (North Marchigiano Romagnol) Pesaro-Urbino Romagnol''
******************''San Marino Romagnol ([[Sammarinese]])''
****************''[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]''
*****************''Central Romagnol''
****************''[[Ferrarese dialect|Ferrarese]]''
******************''[[Forlivese dialect|Forlivese]] (in [[Forlì|Forli]])''
****************''[[Modenese dialect|Modenese]]''
*****************''Northern Romagnol''
****************''[[Reggiano dialect|Reggiano]]''
****************''[[Emilian dialect|Emilian]]'' (''Emigliân'')
****************''[[Parmigiano dialect|Parmigiano]]''
*****************''[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]] (spoken in the [[Metropolitan City of Bologna]] and in around [[Castelfranco Emilia]], [[Modena]])''
****************''[[Piacentino dialect|Piacentino]]''
**************''[[Vogherese]] (Pavese-Vogherese)''
*****************''[[Ferrarese dialect|Ferrarese]] (spoken in the [[Province of Ferrara]], southern [[Veneto]], and [[Comacchio]])''
**************'''[[Lombard language|Lombard]]''' ('''Romance Lombard''') ('''''Lombard''''' / '''''Lumbaart''''')
*****************''[[Modenese dialect|Modenese]] (spoken in the [[Province of Modena]], although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area. In the northern part of the province of Modena, the lowlands around the town of Mirandola, a Mirandolese sub-dialect of Modenese is spoken)''
***************''[[Eastern Lombard dialect|Eastern Lombard]]'' (''Lombard'')
*****************''[[Reggiano dialect|Reggiano]] (spoken in the [[Province of Reggio Emilia]], although the northern parts, such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo, of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano)''
****************[[Brescian|Bressano]] / ''Bresciano (in [[Brescia Province]])''
*****************''[[Parmigiano dialect|Parmigiano]] (spoken in the [[Province of Parma]]. Those from the area refer to the Parmigiano spoken outside of Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmigiano)''
****************''[[Bergamasque dialect|Bergamasco]]'' (Bergamàsch) ''(in [[Bergamo Province]])''
*****************''[[Piacentino dialect|Piacentino]] (spoken west of the River Taro in the [[Province of Piacenza]] and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentino are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian)''
*****************''Carrarese (spoken in [[Carrara]])''
***************''[[Western Lombard dialect|Western Lombard]]'' (''Lombard'' / ''Lumbaart'')
****************''[[Milanese dialect|Milanese]] (Milanés)'' / ''[[Milanese dialect|Meneghin]] (Macromilanese)''
*****************''Lunigiano (spoken in [[Lunigiana]], in almost all of the [[Province of Massa-Carrara|Province of Massa and Carrara]] in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the [[Province of La Spezia]] in eastern [[Liguria]])''
*****************''Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)''
****************''[[Brianzöö dialect|Brianzöö]] (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)''
*****************''Casalasco (spoken in [[Cremona]], [[Lombardy]])''
*****************''[[Canzés dialect|Canzés]] (in [[Canzo]])''
***************Transitional Emilian-Lombard
****************''[[Bustocco]]-[[Legnanese]]''
****************'''Lombard-Emilian'''
****************''[[Comasco-Lecchese dialects|Comasco-Lecchese]] (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)''
*****************''[[Comasco dialect|Comasco]]''
*****************''Mantuan (Mantovano) (spoken in all but the very north of the [[Province of Mantua]] in [[Lombardy]]. It has a strong Lombard influence)''
*****************''[[Laghée dialect|Laghée]]''
*****************''[[Vogherese]] (Pavese-Vogherese) (spoken in the [[Province of Pavia]] in [[Lombardy]], it is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentino, it is also akin to Tortonese)''
*****************''[[Vallassinese dialect|Vallassinese]]''
***************'''[[Lombard language|Lombard]]''' ('''Romance Lombard''') ('''''Lombard''''' / '''''Lumbaart''''') (Italo-Roman people of today's [[Northern Italy]], who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman" / "Romance", later adopted the adjective "Lombard" – "Lombard" / "Lumbaart" for the language based on the name of most of their [[ruling elite]] – the [[Lombards]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called [[Gallia Cisalpina]], most of today's [[Northern Italy]] and after that most of [[Italy]], and founded the [[Lombard Kingdom]])
****************''[[Eastern Lombard dialect|Eastern Lombard]]'' (''Lombard'')
*****************''[[Lecchese dialect|Lecchese]]''
*****************''Northern Cremonese (in northern [[Cremona Province]])''
****************''[[Varesino dialect|Varesino]]'' / ''[[Varesino dialect|Bosin]] (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)''
*****************[[Brescian|Bressano]] / ''Bresciano (in [[Brescia Province]])''
****************''[[Ticinese dialect|Ticinese]] (Lombardo Alpino)''
*****************''[[Bergamasque dialect|Bergamasco]]'' (Bergamàsch) ''(in [[Bergamo Province]])''
*****************''[[Ossolano]]''
*****************''Western Trentino (in west [[Trentino]], west [[Trento Province]])''
****************''[[Southwestern Lombard]] (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)''
*****************''Eastern Trentino (in east [[Trentino]], east [[Trento Province]]) (influenced by [[Venetian language|Venetian]])''
*****************''[[Pavese dialect|Pavese]] (in [[Province of Pavia|Pavia area]]) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)''
****************''[[Western Lombard dialect|Western Lombard]]'' (''Lombard'' / ''Lumbaart'')
*****************''[[Lodigiano dialect|Lodigiano]]''
*****************''[[Milanese dialect|Milanese]] (Milanés)'' / ''[[Milanese dialect|Meneghin]] (Macromilanese)''
*****************''[[Cremunés dialect|Cremunés]] (in [[Province of Pavia|Cremona area]]) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)''
*****************''[[Brianzöö dialect|Brianzöö]] (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)''
****************'''[[Spasell]]''' (extinct)
**************'''[[Novarese Lombard|Novarese]]''' ('''''Nuares''''') (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)
******************''Monzese''
******************''[[Canzés dialect|Canzés]] (in [[Canzo]])''
**************'''[[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]''' ('''''Piemontèis''''')
**************'''[[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]]''' ('''Romance Ligurian''') ('''''Ligure''''' / '''''Lengua Ligure''''' / '''''Zeneize''''')
*****************''[[Bustocco]]-[[Legnanese]]''
*****************''[[Comasco-Lecchese dialects|Comasco-Lecchese]] (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)''
***************''[[Genoese dialect|Genoese Ligurian]]'' (''[[Genoese dialect|Central Ligurian]]'') (''[[Zeneize]]'')
******************''[[Comasco dialect|Comasco]]''
****************''[[Intemelio dialect|Intemelio]]''
******************''[[Laghée dialect|Laghée]]''
*****************''[[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]]'' (''Munegascu'')
******************''Intelvese''
*****************''[[Brigasc dialect|Brigasc]]''
******************''[[Vallassinese dialect|Vallassinese]]''
*****************''[[Royasc]] ([[Royasc|Roiasc]])''
******************''[[Lecchese dialect|Lecchese]]''
**************'''[[Gallo-Italic of Basilicata]]'''
******************''Valsassinese''
**************'''[[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]]'''
*************Gallo-Rhaetian
*****************''[[Varesino dialect|Varesino]]'' / ''[[Varesino dialect|Bosin]] (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)''
*****************''[[Ticinese dialect|Ticinese]] (Lombardo Alpino)''
**************[[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]]
***************'''[[Friulian language|Friulian]]''' / '''Friulan''' ('''''Furlan''''' / '''''Lenghe Furlane''''' / '''''Marilenghe''''')
******************''[[Ossolano]]''
***************'''[[Ladin language|Ladin]]''' ('''''Ladin''''' / '''''Lingaz Ladin''''')
*****************''Alpine Lombard (Lombardo alpino, strong influence from Eastern Lombard language)''
******************''Valtellinese''
****************''[[Cadorino dialect|Cadorino]]''
******************''Chiavennasco''
****************''[[Fornes dialects|Fornes]]''
*****************''[[Southwestern Lombard]] (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)''
****************''[[Nones dialect|Nones]]''
***************'''[[Romansh language|Romansh]]''' ('''''Rumantsch''''' / '''''Rumàntsch''''' / '''''Romauntsch''''' / '''''Romontsch''''')
******************''[[Pavese dialect|Pavese]] (in [[Province of Pavia|Pavia area]]) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)''
******************''[[Lodigiano dialect|Lodigiano]]''
****************''[[Sursilvan]]''
******************''[[Cremunés dialect|Cremunés]] (in [[Province of Pavia|Cremona area]]) (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)''
****************''[[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]''
****************''[[Putèr]]''
*****************'''[[Spasell]]''' (spoken until the 19th century by inhabitants of [[Valassina|Vallassina]] as a [[Cant (language)|cant]] or [[Cant (language)|secret language]]) (by its divergent vocabulary it could be considered its own language derived from [[Lombard language|Lombard]]) (extinct) (similar to the case of [[Minderico language|Minderico]] in [[Portugal]], a [[Cant (language)|cant]] or [[Cant (language)|secret language]] derived from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] but not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligible]] with it because of divergent vocabulary)
***************Transitional Lombard-Piemontese
****************''[[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]''
****************''[[Jauer dialect (Romansh)|Jauer]]''
****************'''[[Novarese Lombard|Novarese]]''' ('''''Nuares''''') (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese) (in [[Province of Novara|Novara area]])
**************[[Oïl languages|Oïl]] (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) ([[dialect continuum]])
***************'''[[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]''' ('''''Piemontèis''''')
***************'''[[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]]''' ('''''Arpetan''''' / '''''Francoprovençâl''''' / '''''Patouès''''')
****************''Eastern Piemontese''
****************''Western Piemontese''
****************''[[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain]] ([[Arpitan]] of [[Aosta Valley]])''
*****************''Torinese-Cuneese''
****************''[[Savoyard dialect|Savoyard]]''
*****************''Canavesano''
****************''[[Vaudois dialect|Vaudois]]''
****************''[[Dauphinois dialect|Dauphinois]]''
***************'''[[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]]''' ('''Romance Ligurian''') ('''''Ligure''''' / '''''Lengua Ligure''''' / '''''Zeneize''''')
****************''Eastern Ligurian''
****************''[[Lyonnais dialect|Lyonnais]]''
****************''[[Genoese dialect|Genoese Ligurian]]'' (''[[Genoese dialect|Central Ligurian]]'') (''[[Zeneize]]'')
****************''[[Jurassien dialect|Jurassien]] (Southern Franc-Comtois)''
****************'''[[Faetar language|Faetar]]'''-'''[[Faetar language|Cellese]]''' ([[Arpitan]] of [[Apulia]]) ('''''[[Faetar language|Faetar-Cigliàje]]''''')
****************''Oltregiogo Ligurian''
***************[[Old French]] (''Franceis'' / ''François'' / ''Romanz'') (extinct)
****************''Intemelian-Alpine Ligurian''
*****************''[[Intemelio dialect|Intemelio]]''
****************[[Middle French]] (''François''/''Franceis'')
******************''[[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]]'' (''Munegascu'') ''(spoken in [[Monaco]])''
*****************'''[[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian-Morvandeau]]''' ('''''Bregognon''''')
*****************[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Frainc-Comtois]]/[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Jurassien]] ('''''[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Frainc-Comtou]]'''''/'''''[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Jurassien]]''''')
*****************''Alpine Ligurian (considered transitional dialects between [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]] and [[Occitan language|Occitan]])''
******************''[[Brigasc dialect|Brigasc]] (in [[Briga Alta]] and [[La Brigue]] area)''
*****************[[Francien]] / Francilien ([[Île de France]] Langue d'Oïl)
******************''Pignasc (in [[Pigna, Liguria]])''
******************'''[[French language|French]]''' ('''''Français''''' / '''''Langue Française''''')
******************''Triorasc (in [[Triora]], [[Liguria]])''
*******************''[[European French]]''
********************''[[French of France]]'' / ''France French''
******************''[[Royasc]] ([[Royasc|Roiasc]]) (considered a transitional dialect between [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]] and [[Occitan language|Occitan]])''
***************'''[[Gallo-Italic of Basilicata]]'''
*********************''[[Parisian French|Parisian]]''
***************'''[[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]]'''
**********************''[[Standard French]]''
**************Gallo-Rhaetian
*********************''[[Meridional French]]''
***************[[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]]
********************''[[Belgian French]]''
********************''[[Swiss French]]''
****************'''[[Friulian language|Friulian]]''' / '''Friulan''' ('''''Furlan''''' / '''''Lenghe Furlane''''' / '''''Marilenghe''''') (spoken by the [[Friulians]] in [[Friuli]], Northeastern [[Italy]])
*****************''Western''
********************''[[Aostan French]]''
*****************''Central''
********************''[[Jersey Legal French]]''
*****************''Northern''
*******************''[[American French]]''
*****************''Southeastern''
********************''[[Canadian French]]''
*********************''[[Acadian French]]'' (''Français Acadien'')
******************''Old Tergestine (extinct) (it was spoken in [[Trieste]] before being replaced by a dialect of [[Venetian language|Venetian]])''
****************'''[[Ladin language|Ladin]]''' ('''''Ladin''''' / '''''Lingaz Ladin''''')
**********************''[[Chiac]]''
*****************''Trentinian Group of the [[Sella group|Sella]]'' (''Moenat'', ''Brach'', and ''Cazet'') (spoken in [[Fassa Valley]])
**********************'''[[Louisiana French]]''' ([[Cajun French]]) ('''''Français Louisianais''''')
*********************''[[Brayon French]]''
*****************''Agordino Group of the [[Sella group|Sella]]'' (''Agordo'' and ''Valle del Biois'', ''Fodom'', ''Rocchesano'')
*****************''Athesian Group of the [[Sella group|Sella]]'' (''Gherdëina'', ''Badiot'' and ''Maró'')
*********************''[[Québec French]]'' (''Français Québécois''
*****************''Ampezzan Group (spoken in [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] – Anpezo)''
**********************''[[Joual]]''
*****************''[[Cadorino dialect|Cadorino]] Group (spoken in [[Cadore]] and [[Comelico]])''
**********************''[[Ontario French]]''
*****************''Låger / Nortades Group''
***********************''[[Muskrat French]]''/''[[Muskrat French|Detroit River French Canadian]]''
*****************''[[Fornes dialects|Fornes]] (in [[Forni di Sopra]] and [[Forni di Sotto]])''
**********************''[[New England French]]'' (''Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre'')
**********************''[[Missouri French]]'' / ''[[Illinois Country French]] ("Paw-Paw French")''
*****************''[[Nones dialect|Nones]] and Solandro Group (spoken in Western [[Trentino]], in [[Non Valley]], [[Val di Sole]], Val di Peio, Val di Rabbi, and part of [[Val Rendena]])''
****************'''[[Romansh language|Romansh]]''' ('''''Rumantsch''''' / '''''Rumàntsch''''' / '''''Romauntsch''''' / '''''Romontsch''''')
********************''[[Newfoundland French]]'' (''Français Terre-Neuvien'')
*****************''Tuatschin''
********************''[[Frenchville French]]'' (''Français de Frenchville'')
*****************''[[Sursilvan]]''
*******************''[[Saint-Barthélemy French]]'' (''Patois Saint-Barth'')
*****************''Sutsilvan''
********************''[[Haitian French]]'' (''Français Haïtien'')
*****************''[[Surmiran dialect|Surmiran]]''
*******************''[[French Guiana|Guianese French]]''
*****************''[[Putèr]]''
********************''[[Caldoche|New Caledonian French]] ([[Caldoche]])''
*****************''[[Vallader dialect|Vallader]]''
*******************''[[African French]]'' / ''[[African French|Sub-Saharan African French]]'' (''Français Africain'')
*****************''[[Jauer dialect (Romansh)|Jauer]]''
*******************''[[Maghreb French]]'' / ''[[Maghreb French|North African French]]''
*******************''[[Indian French]]'' (''Français Indien'')
***************[[Oïl languages|Oïl]] (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) ([[dialect continuum]]) ([[Gallo-Roman]] people of today's Northern [[France]], who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romans" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their [[ruling elite]] – the [[Franks]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called [[Gallia]] and founded the [[Frankish Empire]])
*******************''[[South East Asian French]]''
****************Southeast Oïl (transitional between [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] and [[Oil languages|North Gallo-Romance]] (Oïl) and also [[Occitan language|South Gallo-Romance]] (Oc), although closer to the [[Oil languages|North Gallo-Romance]] (Oïl) languages) (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, with some features transitional to South Gallo-Romance language – [[Occitan language|Occitan]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
******************''[[Orleanais language|Orleanais]]'' (''[[Orléanais]]'')
*****************'''[[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]]''' ('''''Arpetan''''' / '''''Francoprovençâl''''' / '''''Patouès''''') ([[Arpetan]] name is derived from the name of the [[Alps]] in the language – ''[[Alps|Arpes]]'')
******************''Piedmont Valleys Arpitan''
******************''[[Blésois]]''
******************''[[Valdôtain dialect|Valdôtain]] ([[Arpitan]] of [[Aosta Valley]])''
*****************'''[[Berrichon dialect|Berrichon]]''' ('''''Berrichonne''''')
******************''[[Savoyard dialect|Savoyard]]''
*****************'''[[Bourbonnais dialects|Oïl Bourbonnais]]''' ('''''Bourbonnais d'Oïl''''')
******************''[[Vaudois dialect|Vaudois]]''
*****************'''[[Champenois dialect|Champenois]]''' ('''''Champaignat''''')
******************''[[Dauphinois dialect|Dauphinois]]''
******************''[[Champenois language|Western Champenois]]''
******************''[[Lyonnais dialect|Lyonnais]]''
******************''[[Champenois language|Eastern Champenois]]''
******************''[[Jurassien dialect|Jurassien]] (Southern Franc-Comtois)''
*****************'''[[Lorrain dialect|Lorrain]]''' ('''''Lorrain''''' / '''''[[Gaumais]]''''')
******************''[[Welche]]''
******************'''[[Faetar language|Faetar]]'''-'''[[Faetar language|Cellese]]''' ([[Arpitan]] of [[Apulia]]) ('''''[[Faetar language|Faetar-Cigliàje]]''''') (an [[Arpitan language|Arpitan]] enclave in the south of the [[Italian Peninsula]]
*****************'''[[Norman language|South Norman]]'''
****************[[Old French]] (''Franceis'' / ''François'' / ''Romanz'') (extinct) ([[Gallo-Roman]] people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their [[ruling elite]] – the [[Franks]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called [[Gallia]] and founded the [[Frankish Empire]])
*****************[[Middle French]] (''François''/''Franceis'')
*****************'''[[Angevin dialect|Angevin]]''' ('''''Angevin''''')
******************Burgundian (Oïl Burgundian / Burgundian Gallo-Romance)
*****************'''[[Gallo language|Gallo]]''' ('''''Galo''''')
*******************'''[[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian-Morvandeau]]''' ('''''Bregognon''''')
******************[[Old Norman]] (Old Romance Norman)
********************''[[Burgundian language (Oïl)|Burgundian proper]]''
*******************'''[[Norman language|Norman]]''' (Romance Norman) ('''''Normaund''''')
********************''Morvandeau''
********************''[[Cauchois dialect|Cauchois]] (spoken in the [[Pays de Caux]])''
********************''[[Brionnais-Charolais]]''
********************''[[Augeron]] (spoken in the [[Pays d'Auge]])''
********************''[[Cotentinais]] (spoken in [[Cotentin]])''
*******************[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Frainc-Comtois]]/[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Jurassien]] ('''''[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Frainc-Comtou]]'''''/'''''[[Frainc-Comtou dialect|Jurassien]]''''')
******************Central [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
********************''[[Auregnais]]'' / ''[[Aoeur'gnaeux]]'' (extinct)
*******************North Central Oïl
********************''[[Guernésiais]]'' / ''[[Dgèrnésiais]]''
********************[[Francien]] / Francilien ([[Île de France]] Langue d'Oïl)
********************''[[Jèrriais]]''
*********************''[[Sercquiais]]''
*********************'''[[French language|French]]''' ('''''Français''''' / '''''Langue Française''''') (in the sense of group of dialects forming a [[dialect continuum]])
**********************''[[European French]]''
********************''[[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]'' / ''[[Anglo-Norman French]]'' (''Norman'') (extinct)
***********************''[[French of France]]'' / ''France French''
*****************'''[[Picard language|Picard]]''' ('''''Picard''''' / '''''[[Chti]]''''' / '''''[[Chtimi]]''''' / '''''[[Rouchi]]''''' / '''''Roubaignot)'''''
************************''[[Île de France]] French''
******************''[[County of Amiens|Amiénois]]''
*************************''[[Parisian French|Parisian]]'' (basis of [[Standard French|Modern Standard French]] but not identical)
******************''[[Vermandois]]''
**************************''[[Standard French]]'' (Common Supradialectal French)
******************''[[Thiérache]]''
******************''[[Beauvais|Beauvaisis]]''
************************''[[Meridional French]]'' / ''Francitan ([[Occitan language|Occitan]] substrate and strongly influenced by it)''
***********************''[[Belgian French]]''
******************''"Rouchi"'' – ''[[Tournaisis]] ([[Valenciennois]])''
***********************''[[Swiss French]]''
*****************'''[[Walloon language|Walloon]]''' ('''''Walon''''')
***********************''[[Aostan French]]''
*****************'''[[Poitevin-Saintongeais]]''' ('''''Poetevin-Séntunjhaes''''')
***********************''[[Jersey Legal French]]''
******************''[[Poitevin dialect|Poitevin]]'' (''Poetevin'')
**********************''[[American French]]'' / ''French of North America''
******************''[[Saintongeais dialect|Saintongeais]]'' (''Saintonjhais'')
***********************''[[Canadian French]]''
*****************[[Zarphatic]] ([[Judaeo-French]]) (צרפתית – ''Tzarfatit'') (extinct)
************************''[[Acadian French]]'' (''Français Acadien'')
**************[[Moselle Romance]] (extinct)
*************************''[[Chiac]]''
*************************'''[[Louisiana French]]''' ([[Cajun French]]) ('''''Français Louisianais''''') (divergent enough to be considered a separate although closely related language to the other [[American French]] varieties) (Cadien > Cajun; [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of di [dj] as dj [dʒ] sounded almost as Cajun in English hence the name)
************************''Transitional Acadian-Québec French''
*************************''[[Brayon French]]''
************************''[[Québec French]]'' (''Français Québécois'')
*************************''"Old" dialects''
**************************''Quebec City dialect'' ([[Québec city]] and surroundings)
**************************''Rimouski dialect''
**************************''Western-Central dialects''
***************************''Central dialect''
***************************''Western dialect (includes [[Montreal]] and surroundings)''
****************************''Montreal dialect''
*****************************''[[Joual]]''
****************************''[[Ontario French]] (not an expatriate dialect)''
*****************************''[[Muskrat French]]''/''[[Muskrat French|Detroit River French Canadian]]''
**************************''Maritime dialects''
*************************''"New" dialects''
**************************''Eastern dialect''
**************************''Northern dialect''
**************************''Gaspésie dialect (spoken in [[Gaspésie]])''
**************************''Expatriate dialects''
***************************''[[New England French]]'' (''Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre'') ''(spoken in inland [[Maine|Maine State]], parts of [[New Hampshire]])''
***************************''Manitoba French (spoken in some enclaves in [[Manitoba Province]], Central [[Canada]])''
*************************''[[Missouri French]]'' / ''[[Illinois Country French]] ("Paw-Paw French")'' (''Français du Pays des Illinois'' / ''Français Vincennois'' / ''Cahok'' / ''Français du Missouri'') ''(nearly extinct)''
***********************''[[Newfoundland French]]'' (''Français Terre-Neuvien'') ''(community of speakers came directly from France in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it is not [[Québécois people|Québécois]] or of Québécois descend) (nearly extinct)''
***********************''[[Frenchville French]]'' (''Français de Frenchville'') ''(community of speakers came directly from France in the 1800s, it is not [[Québécois people|Québécois]] or of Québécois descend) (nearly extinct)''
**********************''[[Saint-Barthélemy French]]'' (''Patois Saint-Barth'') ''(community of speakers came directly from France, although geographically in the [[Caribbean]], in [[Saint-Barthélemy]] island in the [[French West Indies]] it is not a Caribbean French dialect)''
**********************''Caribbean French''
***********************''[[Haitian French]]'' (''Français Haïtien'') ''(not to be confused with [[Haitian Creole]], a [[French language|French]]-based [[Creole language]])''
***********************''[[French West Indies|West Indian French]]'' / ''[[French West Indies|Caribbean French]]''
**********************''[[French Guiana|Guianese French]]''
**********************''Oceania French''
***********************''[[Caldoche|New Caledonian French]] ([[Caldoche]])''
**********************''[[African French]]'' / ''[[African French|Sub-Saharan African French]]'' (''Français Africain'')
**********************''[[Maghreb French]]'' / ''[[Maghreb French|North African French]]''
**********************''[[Indian French]]'' (''Français Indien'')
**********************''[[South East Asian French]]''
********************''Loire North Central Langue d'Oil (non francien north central Oïl, non-standard dialects of French, true dialects of French )''
*********************''[[Orleanais language|Orleanais]]'' (''[[Orléanais]]'')
*********************''[[Blésois]]''
*********************''Tourangeau''
*******************South Central Oïl (close and sister languages of French in the Central Oïl dialect continuum) (South Gallo-Romance [[Occitan language|Occitan]] substrate)
********************'''[[Berrichon dialect|Berrichon]]''' ('''''Berrichonne''''')
********************'''[[Bourbonnais dialects|Oïl Bourbonnais]]''' ('''''Bourbonnais d'Oïl''''')
******************East Oïl
*******************'''[[Champenois dialect|Champenois]]''' ('''''Champaignat''''')
********************''[[Champenois language|Western Champenois]]''
********************''[[Champenois language|Eastern Champenois]]''
*******************'''[[Lorrain dialect|Lorrain]]''' ('''''Lorrain''''' / '''''[[Gaumais]]''''')
********************''Central Lorrain''
********************''Western Lorrain''
********************''Eastern Lorrain''
*********************''[[Welche]]''
******************Armorican (Western Oïl)
*******************'''Manceau'''
********************''Percheron''
********************''Sarthois''
*******************'''Mayennais'''
*******************'''[[Norman language|South Norman]]''' (south of [[Joret line]])
*******************'''[[Angevin dialect|Angevin]]''' ('''''Angevin''''')
*******************'''[[Gallo language|Gallo]]''' ('''''Galo''''')
******************Frankish (Northern Oïl)
*******************Northwest Oïl (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]] in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of [[Joret line]])
********************[[Old Norman]] (Old Romance Norman)
*********************'''[[Norman language|Norman]]''' (Romance Norman) ('''''Normaund''''')
**********************Continental/Mainland dialects
***********************''[[Cauchois dialect|Cauchois]] (spoken in the [[Pays de Caux]])''
***********************''[[Augeron]] (spoken in the [[Pays d'Auge]])''
***********************''[[Cotentinais]] (spoken in [[Cotentin]])''
**********************Norman Islands / Channel Island dialects
***********************''[[Auregnais]]'' / ''[[Aoeur'gnaeux]]'' (extinct)
***********************''[[Guernésiais]]'' / ''[[Dgèrnésiais]]''
***********************''[[Jèrriais]]''
************************''[[Sercquiais]] (nearly extinct)''
**********************''[[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]'' / ''[[Anglo-Norman French]]'' (''Norman'') (significantly contributed to [[Middle English]] vocabulary, many English words of Latin origin came through [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]) (extinct)
*******************North [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]] Proper
********************'''[[Picard language|Picard]]''' ('''''Picard''''' / '''''[[Chti]]''''' / '''''[[Chtimi]]''''' / '''''[[Rouchi]]''''' / '''''Roubaignot''''') (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of [[Joret line]])
*********************''[[County of Amiens|Amiénois]]''
*********************''Vimeu-Ponthieu''
*********************''[[Vermandois]]''
*********************''[[Thiérache]]''
*********************''[[Beauvais|Beauvaisis]]''
*********************''"Chtimi" (Bassin Minier, [[Lille]])''
*********************''Lille (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Mouscron, Comines) (Roubaignot)''
*********************''"Rouchi"'' – ''[[Tournaisis]] ([[Valenciennois]])''
*********************''Borain''
*********************''Artésien Rural''
*********************''Boulonnais''
********************'''[[Walloon language|Walloon]]''' ('''''Walon''''') (although it is closely related to [[Picard language|Picard]] and a North Oïl language, it is south of [[Joret line]])
*********************''Western Waloon'' / ''Wallo-Picard'' (''Walo-Picård'') – ''the dialect closest to French proper and with a strong Picard influence, spoken in Charleroi (Tchårlerwè), Nivelles (Nivele), and Philippeville (Flipvile)''
*********************''Central Waloon'' / ''Namurois'' (''Walon do Mitan'') – ''spoken in Namur (Nameur), the Wallon capital, and the cities of Wavre (Åve) and Dinant''
*********************''Eastern Waloon'' / ''Liégeois'' (''Walon do Levant'') – ''in many respects the most conservative and idiosyncratic of the dialects, spoken in Liège (Lidje), Verviers (Vervî), Malmedy (Måmdi), Huy (Hu), and Waremme (Wareme)''
*********************''Southern Waloon'' / ''Wallo-Lorrain'' (Walon Nonnrece) – ''close to the Lorrain and to a lesser extent Champenois languages, spoken in Bastogne, Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene), and Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea), all in the Ardennes region.''
******************Southwest [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
*******************'''[[Poitevin-Saintongeais]]''' ('''''Poetevin-Séntunjhaes''''') (South Gallo-Romance [[Occitan language|Occitan]] substrate)
********************''[[Poitevin dialect|Poitevin]]'' (''Poetevin'')
********************''[[Saintongeais dialect|Saintongeais]]'' (''Saintonjhais'')
******************[[Zarphatic]] ([[Judaeo-French]]) (צרפתית – ''Tzarfatit'') (from ''[[France|Zarpha]]'' = ''[[France|Tzarfa]]'', Jewish name for [[France]]) (extinct)
***************[[Moselle Romance]] (extinct)
************[[British Romance]] (?) (language of the [[Romano-Britons]] or [[Romano-Britons|Romanised Britons]]) (extinct)
************[[British Romance]] (?) (language of the [[Romano-Britons]] or [[Romano-Britons|Romanised Britons]]) (extinct)
************[[Old Occitan]] / [[Old Provençal]] (''Proensals'' / ''Proençal'' / ''Romans'' / ''Lenga d'Òc'' / ''Lemosin'') (extinct)
*************Occitan-Hispanic (Occitan-Ibero-Romance) (Southern Gallo-Romance – Hispano-Romance) ([[dialect continuum]])
**************Occitan (Southern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oc) ([[dialect continuum]])
*************'''[[Occitan language|Occitan]]''' ('''''Occitan''''' / '''''Lenga d'Òc''''' / '''''[[Occitan language|Lemosin]]''''' / '''''Provençal''''')
***************[[Old Occitan]] / [[Old Provençal]] (''Proensals'' / ''Proençal'' / ''Romans'' / ''Lenga d'Òc'' / ''Lemosin'') (extinct)
**************''[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]'' (''Provençau (classical norm)'' / ''Prouvençau (mistralian norm))''
****************'''[[Occitan language|Occitan]]''' ('''''Occitan''''' / '''''Lenga d'Òc''''' / '''''[[Occitan language|Lemosin]]''''' / '''''Provençal''''')
***************''[[Niçard]]'' / ''[[Nissart]]''
****************''[[Shuadit]] ([[Judaeo-Provençal]] / [[Judaeo-Occitan]])'' (''Chouadit'') (''[[Shuadit|שואדית]]'' – ''[[Shuadit]]) (extinct)''
*****************''Arverno-Mediterranean''
**************''[[Vivaro-Alpine]] ([[Alpine Provençal]], Gavòt)'' ([[Vivaroalpenc]] / [[Vivaroaupenc]])
******************''Eastern''
*******************''[[Provençal dialect|Provençal]]'' (''Provençau (classical norm)'' / ''Prouvençau (mistralian norm))''
***************''[[Mentonasc dialect|Mentonasc]]''
***************''[[Gardiol dialect|Guardiol]] ([[Gardiol dialect|Calabria Provençal]])'' (''[[Gardiol dialect|Gardiòl]]'')
********************''[[Niçard]]'' / ''[[Nissart]] (in the lower [[County of Nice]]) (sometimes considered as a [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]] dialect, however most scholars consider it to be an [[Occitan language|Occitan]] dialect)''
********************''Maritime'' (''Maritim'' / ''Centrau'' /''Mediterranèu'')
**************''[[Auvergnat dialect|Auvergnat]]'' (''Auvernhat'')
********************''Rhodanien'' (''Rodanenc'')
***************''[[Croissant (linguistic)|Croissant Auvergnat]]''
**************''[[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]'' (''Lemosin'')
*********************''[[Shuadit]] ([[Judaeo-Provençal]] / [[Judaeo-Occitan]])'' (''Chouadit'') (''[[Shuadit|שואדית]]'' – ''[[Shuadit]]'') ''(in [[Comtat Venaissin]]) (extinct)''
*******************''[[Vivaro-Alpine]] ([[Alpine Provençal]], Gavòt)'' ([[Vivaroalpenc]] / [[Vivaroaupenc]])
***************''[[Croissant (linguistic)|Croissant Limousin]]''
**************''[[Lengadocian]] (Northern-Central)'' (''[[Lengadocian]]'' / ''Lenga d'Oc'')
********************''Eastern''
************'''[[Gascon language|Gascon]]''' (Romance Gascon) ('''''Gasco''''')
*********************''Alpine''
*************''[[Aranese]]'' (''Aranés'')
**********************''Cisalpine'' / ''Eastern Alpine'' (''Cisalpenc'' / ''Alpenc Oriental'') ''(in the [[Occitan Valleys]], which are located in [[Italy]] – [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]])''
*************''[[Bearnese dialect|Bearnese]]''
***********************''[[Mentonasc dialect|Mentonasc]] (in and around [[Menton]]) (sometimes considered as transitional between [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]] and [[Occitan language|Occitan]], however most scholars consider it to be an [[Occitan language|Occitan]] dialect)''
************[[Old Catalan]] (''Catalanesch'') (extinct)
**********************''Gavot'' (''Gavòt'') ''(in the western Occitan Alps, which are located in southeast [[France]])''
********************''[[Gardiol dialect|Guardiol]] ([[Gardiol dialect|Calabria Provençal]])'' (''[[Gardiol dialect|Gardiòl]]'')
*************'''[[Catalan language|Catalan]]''' (Modern Catalan) ([[Catalan–Valencian–Balearic]]) ('''''Català''''' / '''''Llengua Catalana''''')
********************''Western''
**************''[[Northern Catalan]]'' / ''[[Northern Catalan|Rossellonese]]''
*********************'' Vivaro-Dauphinois'' (''Vivarodaufinenc'')
**************''[[Central Catalan]]''
******************''Western''
**************''[[Balearic dialect|Balearic]]''
*******************''[[Auvergnat dialect|Auvergnat]]'' (''Auvernhat'')
**************''[[Algherese Catalan]]'' (''Alguerés'')
********************''Southern Auvergnat''
**************''[[Northwestern Catalan]]''
********************''Northern Auvergnat''
**************''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]''
*************[[Judaeo-Catalan|Catalanic]] ([[Judaeo-Catalan]]) (קטלאנית יהודית – ''Judeocatalà'' / קאטאלנית – ''Catalànic'') (extinct)
*********************''[[Croissant (linguistic)|Croissant Auvergnat]] (Bourbonnais d'Oc) (some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)''
************[[Iberian Romance languages]] / [[Iberian Romance languages|Hispano-Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]])<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005">Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. {{ISBN|84-89934-11-8}}</ref><ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005" />
*******************''[[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]'' (''Lemosin'')
*************[[Andalusi Romance]] (extinct) ([[dialect continuum]])<ref name="academia.edu">Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035335/https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_|date=2022-01-07}}</ref>
********************''[[Croissant (linguistic)|Croissant Limousin]] (some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)''
*****************''Central Occitan''
**************[[Navarro-Aragonese]] (extinct)
******************''[[Lengadocian]] (Northern-Central)'' (''[[Lengadocian]]'' / ''Lenga d'Oc'')
***************'''[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]''' ('''''Aragonés''''' / '''''Luenga Aragonesa''''' / '''''Fabla Aragonesa''''')
****************''[[Eastern Aragonese]]''
***************Aquitano-Pyrenean (Transitional Southern Gallo Romance – Hispano-Romance) ([[dialect continuum]])
****************''[[Central Aragonese]]''
****************'''[[Gascon language|Gascon]]''' (Romance Gascon) ('''''Gasco''''') ([[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]] / [[Proto-Basque]] substrate that differentiate it from the other Occitan dialect continuum)
*****************''Lowland Gascon''
****************''[[Western Aragonese]]''
******************''East Gascon''
****************''[[Southern Aragonese]]''
******************''West Gascon''
****************[[Judaeo-Aragonese]] (''Chodigo-Aragonés'') (extinct)
*************[[Western Iberian Romance]] / [[Western Iberian Romance|Western Hispano-Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*****************''Highland Gascon'' / ''Pyrenean Gascon''
******************''East Pyrenean Gascon''
**************[[Castilian languages|Castilian]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******************''[[Aranese]]'' (''Aranés'')
***************[[Old Castilian]] (''Romance Castellano'') (extinct)
****************'''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]''' / '''[[Castilian language|Castilian]]''' / [[Standard Spanish]] ('''''Español''''' / '''''Castellano''''' / '''''Lengua Española''''' / '''''Lengua Castellana''''')
******************''Central Pyrenean Gascon''
******************''Western Pyrenean Gascon'' / ''[[Bearnese dialect|Bearnese]]''
*****************''[[Peninsular Spanish]]'' / ''[[Spanish of Spain]] ([[European Spanish]], [[European Spanish|Spanish of Europe]])''
****************'''Southern Lengadocian''' (Transitional Gascon-Lengadocian-Catalan)
******************''[[Castilian Spanish]]''
*****************''Toulousien'' (''Tolosenc'')
*******************[[Standard Spanish]]
*******************''[[Castilian Spanish|Northern Castilian]]''
****************East Iberian Romance (more related to the [[Occitan language|Occitan]] [[dialect continuum]], has an [[Iberian language|Iberian]] substrate, that also contributes to differentiate it from the other Hispano-Romance languages that are called "Iberian Romance", although, except for, partially, [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], they do not have an [[Iberian language|Iberian]] substrate but rather a [[Hispano-Celtic languages|Hispano-Celtic]], [[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]] or a [[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] one) (it is a true Iberian Romance language by its Pre-Romance substrate language – [[Iberian language|Iberian]], that in the [[Paleohispanic languages|Pre-Roman]] past was roughly spoken in the Catalan language area – the east coastal region of [[Iberian Peninsula]])
*****************[[Old Catalan]] (''Catalanesch'') (extinct)
********************''[[Castrapo|Galician Castilian]] ([[Castrapo]])''
********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Catalan Castilian]]''
******************'''[[Catalan language|Catalan]]''' (Modern Catalan) ([[Catalan–Valencian–Balearic]]) ('''''Català''''' / '''''Llengua Catalana''''')
*******************''East Catalan''
*********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Catalan Castilian Proper]]''
********************''[[Northern Catalan]]'' / ''[[Northern Catalan|Rossellonese]] (mainly spoken in [[Roussillon]], far southern [[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitanie]], far southern south [[France]])''
*********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Balearic Castilian]]''
********************''[[Central Catalan]]'' (basis of [[Standard Catalan language|Modern Standard Catalan]] but not identical)
*********************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Valencian Castilian]]''
********************''[[Balearic dialect|Balearic]]''
********************''[[Castilian Spanish|Central Castilian]]''
********************''[[Algherese Catalan]]'' (''Alguerés'') ''(in [[Alghero|L'Alguer]] / [[Alghero]], [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]])''
*********************''[[Toledano dialect|Toledan Castilian]] ([[Toledano dialect|Toledano]])''
*******************''West Catalan''
*********************''[[Murcian Spanish|Murcian]]''
********************''[[Northwestern Catalan]] (including [[Lleida]] / [[Lleida|Lerida]])''
**********************''Central Murcian ([[Panocho]])''
********************''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]''
*********************''[[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] (Western)''
**********************''[[Seseo]]''
******************[[Judaeo-Catalan|Catalanic]] ([[Judaeo-Catalan]]) (קטלאנית יהודית – ''Judeocatalà'' / קאטאלנית – ''Catalànic'') (extinct)
***********************''[[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]]''
**************[[Iberian Romance languages]] / [[Iberian Romance languages|Hispano-Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]]) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", because of originally being spoken in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], except for, partially, [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], they do not have an [[Iberian language|Iberian]] substrate but rather a [[Hispano-Celtic languages|Hispano-Celtic]], [[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]] or a [[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] one) ([[Latin]], in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], did not become a [[First language]] and expanded at the same time in all the regions, first it became [[mother-tongue]] language in the Mediterranean coastal regions of the east, southeast and the south, then expanded towards the west and northwest and from the south towards north, and based on and from urban centers to the rural areas)<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005">Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. {{ISBN|84-89934-11-8}}</ref>
************************''[[Canarian Americans|Isleño]] ([[Canarian Americans|North American Canarian Spanish]])''
***************Southern Iberian Romance / Southern Hispano-Romance ([[dialect continuum]]) (dialects of early [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] regions, it was part of the [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] dialects, but also had some similarities with [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian]] ones due to the influence of the aforementioned dialectal group)<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005"/>
**********************''[[Ceceo]]''
****************''Southern Iberian Late Latin'' / ''Southern Iberian Proto-Romance (it became more differentiated after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the formation of the [[Kingdom of the Suebi|Suebian]] and [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] Kingdoms)''<ref name="Wright, Roger 1982">Wright, Roger. (1982). Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France. Liverpool: University of Liverpool (Francis Cairns, Robin Seager). {{ISBN|0-905205-12-X}}</ref> ''(several dialects, [[Mozarabic language|Andalusi Romance]] descended from it)''
*****************''[[Spanish language in the Americas|American Spanish]]'' / ''[[Spanish language in the Americas|Hispanic American Spanish]] ([[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish of the Americas]])''
*****************[[Andalusi Romance]] (formed after the Arab and Moorish conquest and the formation of [[Al-Andalus]] under Arabic rule) (inaccurately called "[[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]]")<ref name="academia.edu">Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035335/https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ |date=2022-01-07 }}</ref> (لتن – לטן – ''Latino'') (extinct) (a large [[dialect continuum]]) (uncertain classification within [[Ibero-Romance languages|Hispano-Romance]] / [[Ibero-Romance]] or even [[Western Romance]], it had [[isoglosses]] and other language features in common with both Eastern and Western Hispano-Romance languages and also with both [[Western Romance]] and [[Italo-Dalmatian]], it had the characteristics of a [[conservative language]] but also had language innovations) (it had several similarities with [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], however the classification of both languages under the name "Pyrenean" is inaccurate because both languages did not originate in the [[Pyreneans]] Mountains but in more southerner regions of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and also because, as a [[dialect continuum]], some dialects were more akin to [[Navarro-Aragonese]] but others were not) (a [[Romance languages|Romance]] and not an [[Arabic varieties|Arabic]] language, not to be confused with [[Andalusi Arabic]], although both languages were, more or less, spoken in the same territorial area and interacted) (it was the [[vernacular language]] of many Hispanic [[Christians]], of [[Hispano-Roman]] origin, and [[Sephardic Jews]] that lived under [[Muslims|Muslim]] rule as [[Dhimmi]]s in [[Al-Andalus]] where people of [[Arabic people|Arabic]] origin or [[Arabized]] people were the [[ruling elite]], and also was the [[vernacular language]] of many Muslim converts of [[Hispano-Roman]] origin; beside the dialectal variation between regions, there was also a sociological one – Christians used more Latin origin vocabulary, while Muslims used more Arabic origin vocabulary)<ref name="academia.edu"/>
******************''[[Caribbean Spanish]]''
******************''Eastern-Central Andalusi Romance (roughly matching the territory where the Hispanic Citerior Latin had been spoken, that is, part of the ancient Roman province of [[Hispania Citerior]], later [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], later [[Hispania Carthaginensis|Cartaginensis]] and [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]] proper Provinces, East and Centre of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]) (it had several analogies and similarities with the languages or dialects of eastern part of the Northern Iberian Peninsula – [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] and [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]])''<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005"/>
*******************''Eastern Andalusi Romance''
*******************''[[Cuban Spanish]]''
********************''Zaragozan Andalusi Romance''
*******************''[[Dominican Spanish]]''
********************''Valencian Andalusi Romance''
*******************''[[Puerto Rican Spanish]]''
*******************''Central Andalusi Romcane''
*******************''[[Panamanian Spanish]]''
********************''Tolledan Andalusi Romance''
*******************''[[Colombian Spanish|Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish]]''
*******************''[[Venezuelan Spanish|Coastal Venezuelan Spanish]]''
******************''Southern-Western Andalusi Romance (roughly matching the territory where Hispanic Ulterior Latin had been spoken, that is, part of the ancient Roman province of [[Hispania Ulterior]], later the ancient Roman provinces of [[Hispania Baetica|Baetica]] and [[Lusitania]], South and West of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]) (it had several analogies and similarities with the languages or dialects of the western part of the Northern Iberian Peninsula, mainly [[Galician–Portuguese]] and [[Asturleonese language|Asturian-Leonese]])''<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005"/>
********************''[[Maracucho Spanish|Zulian Venezuelan Spanish]]'' / ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Maracucho]]''/ ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Marabino Spanish]]''/ ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Maracaibero]]''
*******************''Southern Andalusi Romance'' / ''Baetic Andalusi Romance''
********************''Sevillian Andalusi Romance''
******************''[[Mexican Spanish]]''
********************''Cordoban Andalusi Romance''
*******************''[[Sabine River Spanish]]''
*******************''Western Andalusi Romance'' / ''Lusitanic Andalusi Romance''
******************''[[New Mexican Spanish]]''
********************''Badajoz Andalusi Romance''
******************''[[Central American Spanish]]''
********************''Lisbon Andalusi Romance''
*******************''[[Guatemalan Spanish]]''
*******************''[[Belizean Spanish]]''
***************Northern Iberian Romance / Northern Hispano-Romance ([[dialect continuum]]) (dialects of later [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] regions, it was part of the [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] dialects in a higher degree than the southern ones)<ref name="Menéndez Pidal 2005"/>
*******************''[[Salvadoran Spanish]]''
****************''Northern Iberian Late Latin'' / ''Northern Iberian Proto-Romance (it became more differentiated after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the formation of the [[Kingdom of the Suebi|Suebian]] and [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic]] Kingdoms)''<ref name="Wright, Roger 1982"/> ''(the northern varieties, already in the form of languages, expanded to the south with the [[Reconquista|Christian Reconquest]])''
*******************''[[Honduran Spanish]]''
*****************Ebro Iberian Romance / Caesaraugustan Iberian Romance (early form of [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] that originated in the [[Ebro Basin]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
*******************''[[Nicaraguan Spanish]]''
******************[[Navarro-Aragonese]] / [[Navarro-Aragonese|Middle Ebro Romance]] (early form of [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] that originated in the middle [[Ebro Basin]], in the [[Ebro River|Ebro]] plain, mainly in [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], and then expanded northeast, towards the [[Pyrenean Mountains]], and southeast, towards [[Iberian Mountains]]) (although today it is only spoken in the central [[Pyrenean Mountains]], in [[High Aragon]]/[[Upper Aragon]], originally it was not spoken there and it was a later arrival in those mountains) ([[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]], [[Iberian language|Iberian]] and [[Basque language|Basque]] substrates; influenced by [[Andalusi Romance]] and [[Basque language|Basque]]) (extinct)
*******************''[[Costa Rican Spanish]]''
*******************''Old Riojan (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) (extinct) (people shifted to a Riojan Castilian variety with a [[Navarro-Aragonese]] substrate)''
******************''[[Andean Spanish]] / [[Andean Spanish|Andean-Pacific Spanish]]''
*******************''Romance Navarrese ([[Basque language|Basque]] substrate) (not to be confused with the [[Upper Navarrese dialect|Upper Navarrese]] and [[Low Navarrese]] / [[Navarro-Lapurdian]] dialects of [[Basque language|Basque]] that is a [[language isolate]] and not an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]]) (it was spoken in southern [[Navarre]] – in the south of the old [[Kingdom of Navarre]]) (extinct) (replaced by a form of [[Castilian Spanish]] with a Romance Navarrese substrate)''
*******************''[[Colombian Spanish]]''
*******************'''[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]''' ('''''Aragonés''''' / '''''Luenga Aragonesa''''' / '''''Fabla Aragonesa''''') (at the present time it is only spoken in [[Upper Aragon]] / [[High Aragon]] or Northern Aragon, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] was spoken in a much wider land area including almost all of [[Aragon]], except for [[La Franja]], Southern [[Navarre]], parts of [[Rioja (Spain)|Rioja]] and parts of inland [[Valencia Region]])
*******************''[[Ecuadorian Spanish]]''
********************''Central Aragonese'' (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) ''(extinct) (people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] substrate)''
*********************''Eastern Aragonese (extinct)''
*******************''[[Peruvian Spanish]]''
*********************''Western Aragonese (extinct)''
********************''[[Peruvian Ribereño Spanish]]''
**********************''Zaragozan Aragonese (extinct)''
*******************''[[Bolivian Spanish]]''
********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Andean Bolivian]]''
********************''Northern Aragonese'' / ''Upper Aragonese (only surviving dialect group of [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], today is synonymous with the whole language) ([[Aragonese language|Aragonese Proper]]/[[Aragonese language|Aragonese Middle Ebro Romance]])''
*********************''[[Eastern Aragonese|Eastern Northern Aragonese]]''
********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Valluno]]''
*********************''[[Central Aragonese|Central Northern Aragonese]]''
********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Vallegrandino]]''
*********************''[[Western Aragonese|Western Northern Aragonese]]''
********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Camba]]''
*********************''[[Southern Aragonese|Southern Northern Aragonese]]''
********************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Chapaco]]''
******************''[[Amazonic Spanish]]''
********************''Southern Aragonese (extinct) (people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] substrate)''
*********************''Inland Central Valencian''
*******************''[[Llanero Spanish]]''
********************[[Judaeo-Aragonese]] (''Chodigo-Aragonés'') (extinct)
******************''[[Southern Cone]] Spanish''
*******************''[[Chilean Spanish]]''
*****************[[Western Iberian Romance]] / [[Western Iberian Romance|Western Hispano-Romance]] ([[dialect continuum]]) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", or more accurately West Iberian Romance, because of being in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], they do not have an [[Iberian language|Iberian]] substrate but rather a [[Hispano-Celtic languages|Hispano-Celtic]], [[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]] or a [[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] one)
******************[[Castilian languages|Castilian]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******************''[[Argentinian Spanish]]''-''[[Uruguayan Spanish]]''
*******************[[Old Castilian]] (''Romance Castellano'') (extinct)
********************''[[Cordobés Spanish|Central Argentinian Spanish]]'' / ''[[Cordobés Spanish|Cordovian Argentinian Spanish]]''
********************Spanish (in the sense of a group of dialects forming a [[dialect continuum]])
********************''[[Cuyo Spanish|Western Argentinian Spanish]]'' / ''[[Cuyo Spanish|Cuyano Argentinian Spanish]]''
*********************''[[Peninsular Spanish]]'' / ''[[Spanish of Spain]] ([[European Spanish]], [[European Spanish|Spanish of Europe]])''
********************''[[Rioplatense Spanish]]''
**********************''[[Castilian Spanish]] (basis of [[Standard Spanish|Modern Standard Spanish]] but not identical)''
*********************''[[Uruguayan Spanish]]''
*******************''[[Paraguayan Spanish]] (strong [[Guarani language|Guarani]] substrate and influence)''
***********************'''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]''' / '''[[Castilian language|Castilian]]''' / [[Standard Spanish]] ('''''Español''''' / '''''Castellano''''' / '''''Lengua Española''''' / '''''Lengua Castellana''''')
***********************''[[Castilian Spanish|Northern Castilian]]''
*****************''[[Philippine Spanish]]''
************************''Castilian Proper (Castilian Core – regions of original Castilian language)''
*****************''[[Saharan Spanish]]''
*************************''Old Castile Castilian (roughly in [[Old Castile]])''
*****************''[[Equatoguinean Spanish]]'' / ''[[Equatoguinean Spanish|Equatorial Guinea Spanish]]''
**************************''Eastern Old Castilian (includes the dialects of [[Burgos Province|Burgos]] and [[Soria Province|Soria]] provinces)''
****************'''[[Castúo|Castilian Extremaduran]]''' ([[Castúo|Southern-Central Extremaduran]])/ '''[[Castúo]]'''
****************'''[[Ladino language|Ladino]]''' / '''[[Judaeo-Spanish]]''' ('''''לאדינו''''' – '''''Ladino''''' / '''גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול''' – '''''[[Djudeo-Espanyol]]''''' / '''''Judeoespañol''''')
***************************''Burgalese (Burgalés) (in [[Burgos Province]])''
***************************''Sorian (Soriano) (in [[Soria Province]])''
*****************''[[Haketia]]''
***************'''[[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]]''' (Romance Cantabrian) ('''''Cántabru''''' / '''''Montañés''''')
**************************''Western Old Castilian (includes the dialects of [[Segovia Province|Segovia]] and [[Ávila (province)|Ávila]] provinces and later expanded towards [[Valladolid Province|Valladolid]] and [[Palencia Province|Palencia]] provinces)''
***************************''Segovian ([[Segoviano]]) (in [[Segovia Province]])''
****************''[[Montañés]]''
***************************''Avilese (Avilés) (in [[Ávila Province]])''
****************'''[[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]''' ('''''Estremeñu''''')
****************'''[[Astur-Leonese]]''' ('''''Asturllionés''''' / '''''Astur-Llionés''''' / '''''Llengua Astur-Llionesa''''') (
*************************''Northern New Castille Castillian (roughly in Northern [[New Castile (Spain)|New Castille]]) (includes the dialects of [[Guadalajara Province|Guadalajara]] and [[Cuenca Province]])''
**************************''Guadalajaran (Guadalajareño) (in Western [[Guadalajara Province]])''
*****************''[[Leonese dialect]] (Llionés)''
******************''[[Riunorese Leonese|Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese]]''
**************************''Alcarrian (Alcarreño) (in Southwestern [[Guadalajara Province]])''
*******************'''[[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]''' ('''''Mirandés''''' / '''''Lhengua Mirandesa''''')
**************************''Serrano Castilian (Castellano-Serrano) (in Eastern [[Guadalajara Province|Guadalajara]] and Northern [[Cuenca province|Cuenca]] Province)''
***************[[Galician–Portuguese]] (Old Galician–Old Portuguese) (extinct)
************************''Far-Northern Castilian''
****************'''[[Galician language|Galician]]''' ('''''Galego''''' / '''''Lingua Galega'''''
*************************''Northwestern Castilian'' or ''Cantabrian Castilian (not to be confused with [[Cantabrian dialect|Romance Cantabrian]], also called by its traditional name "Montañés", from La Montaña = [[Cantabria]]) ([[Cantabrian dialect|Romance Cantabrian]] substrate and influence) (roughly in [[Cantabria|Cantabria Province]])''
*************************''Transitional Northwest-Northeast Castillian ([[Miranda de Ebro]] is the main centre)''
*****************''[[Eonavian]]''
*****************'''[[Fala language|Fala]]'''
*************************''Northeastern Castilian (in old territory of the [[Autrigones]], [[Caristii]] and [[Varduli]] tribes) (Basque [[Adstratum|adstrate]] influence) (mainly in [[Álava|Álava Province]] but also in western [[Biscay]])''
****************'''[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]''' ('''''Português''''' / '''''Língua Portuguesa''''')
************************''Far-Eastern Leonese Castilian''
*************************''Palencian (Palenciano) (in [[Province of Palencia|Palencia Province]])''
*****************''[[European Portuguese]]''
*************************''Valliseletan (Valliseletano) (in most of [[Valladolid Province]])''
*****************''[[Portuguese language in the Americas|Latin American Portuguese]]''
******************''[[Brazilian Portuguese]]''
*************************''Southwestern Valliseletan (Valliseletano Suroccidental) (in Southwest [[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid Province]])''
*************************''Salmantine (Salmantino) (in most of [[Salamanca Province]] but not in the Northwest)''
*******************''[[Caipira dialect|Broad Paulista]] ([[Caipira dialect|Caipira]])''
************************''Transitional Leonese Castilian''
*******************''[[Brazilian Portuguese|Standard Brazilian Portuguese]]''
******************''[[Uruguayan Portuguese]]''/''[[Uruguayan Portuguese|Fronteiriço]]''
************************''Leonese Castilian (not to be confused with [[Leonese language|Leonese]] dialects of [[Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]]) ([[Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] substrate and influence)''
*************************''León Leonese Castillian (in [[León, Spain|León]] city and [[Province of León|territory]])''
*****************''[[African Portuguese]]''
******************''[[Cape Verdean Portuguese]]''
************************''Asturian Castilian (Castilian spoken by [[Asturias|Asturians]]) (not to be confused with [[Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]])''
******************''[[Guinean Portuguese]]'' / ''[[Guinean Portuguese|Guinea-Bissau Portuguese]]''
************************''[[Castrapo|Galician Castilian]] ([[Castrapo]]) (Castilian spoken by [[Galicians]]) (not to be confused with [[Galician language|Galician]]) (strong [[Galician language|Galician]] substrate and influence)''
******************''[[Sao Tomean Portuguese]]'' / ''[[Sao Tomean Portuguese|São Tomé and Principe Portuguese]]''
************************''Rioja Castilian (Riojano) (roughly in [[La Rioja]]) ([[Navarro-Aragonese]] substrate)''
*************************''Western Riojan''
******************''[[Angolan Portuguese]]''
*************************''Central Riojan''
******************''[[Mozambican Portuguese]]''
*************************''Eastern Riojan''
*****************''[[Goan Portuguese]]''
*****************''[[Macanese Portuguese]]''
************************''Navarre Castilian (South Navarre) (not to be confused with [[Navarro-Aragonese]] or with [[Upper Navarrese dialect|Upper Navarrese]] dialect of [[Basque language|Basque]]) ([[Navarro-Aragonese]] and [[Basque language|Basque]] substrate and influence)''
************************''Basque Castilian (Castilian spoken by [[Basques]]) (not to be confused with [[Basque language|Basque]])''
*****************''[[East Timorese Portuguese]]''
*****************'''[[Minderico]]'''
************************''Aragonese Castilian (not to be confused with [[Aragonese language]]) ([[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] substrate and influence)''
*************************''Southwestern Aragonese Castilian''
*****************[[Judaeo-Portuguese]] (''Judeu-Português'') (extinct)
*************************''Southern Aragonese Castilian (Churro)''
*************************''Far-Southern Aragonese Castilian (Enguerino)''
*************************''Central Aragonese Castilian''
**************************''Zaragozano (in [[Zaragoza]] city and territory)''
*************************''Northwestern-Northern Aragonese Castilian''
************************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Catalan Castilian]] (Castilian spoken by [[Catalans]]) (not to be confused with [[Catalan language|Catalan]]) (strong [[Catalan language|Catalan]] substrate and influence)''
*************************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Catalan Castilian Proper]]''
*************************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Balearic Castilian]]''
*************************''[[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers|Valencian Castilian]]''
***********************''Central-Southern Castilian''
************************''[[Castilian Spanish|Central Castilian]] (broad sense) (Southern Castilian in narrow sense) (Transitional Northern-Southern Castilian)''
*************************''Castilian proper''
**************************''Southern New Castile Castilian'' (roughly in Southern [[New Castile (Spain)|New Castille]])
***************************''Madrid Castilian (Madrileño) (in [[Madrid]] city and [[Community of Madrid|community]], present-day capital of [[Spain]])''
***************************''Transitional Madridian-Manchego''
***************************''Manchego Castilian (Manchego) ([[La Mancha]] Castilian)''
****************************''Western Manchego''
****************************''Central Manchego''
*****************************''[[Toledano dialect|Toledan Castilian]] ([[Toledano dialect|Toledano]]) (in [[Toledo (Spain)|Toledo]] city and [[Province of Toledo|territory]])''
****************************''Eastern Manchego''
*************************''[[Murcian Spanish|Murcian]]''
**************************''Central Murcian ([[Panocho]])''
**************************''Southern Murcian''
***************************''Cartageno (in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] city and [[Campo de Cartagena|territory]])''
**************************''Southeastern Murcian''
**************************''Southwestern Murcian''
**************************''Northwestern Murcian''
**************************''Northern Murcian''
**************************''Northeastern Murcian''
*************************''Eastern Andalusian''
**************************''Upper Eastern Andalusian''
**************************''Low Eastern Andalusian''
**************************''Transitional Granadine (Eastern and Western Andalusian transitional dialect) (in central and southern [[Granada Province]])''
************************''Southern Castilian (broad sense) (Andalusian-Canarian) (strongly influenced [[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish American Spanish]])''
*************************''[[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] (Western)''
**************************''[[Seseo]]''
***************************''Mainland Seseo''
****************************''Sierra Morena Southern Slope Seseo (in the southern slopes of [[Sierra Morena]], in parts of northwestern [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaen Province, Spain]], and northern [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], northern [[Seville]] and northern [[Huelva Province|Huelva]] Provinces, [[Andalusia]])''
****************************''Cordobese (Cordobés) (in [[Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]] city and most of [[Córdoba Province (Spain)|Córdoba Province]])''
****************************''Sevillian (Sevillano) (in [[Seville]] city and outskirts but not in most of [[Seville Province]] where a [[Ceceo]] type dialect is spoken)''
***************************''[[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]] (in the [[Canary Islands]])''
****************************''Lanzarote Canarian Spanish (in [[Lanzarote]])''
****************************''Fuerteventura Canarian Spanish (in [[Fuerteventura]])''
****************************''Gran Canaria Canarian Spanish (in [[Gran Canaria]])''
****************************''Tenerife Canarian Spanish (in [[Tenerife]])''
****************************''Gomera Canarian Spanish (in [[La Gomera]])''
****************************''Palma Canarian Spanish (in [[La Palma]])''
****************************''Hierro Canarian Spanish (in [[El Hierro]])''
****************************''[[Canarian Americans|Isleño]] ([[Canarian Americans|North American Canarian Spanish]]) (Spanish dialect of the [[Canarian Americans]]) (in [[Louisiana]] and [[Texas]])''
**************************''[[Ceceo]]''
***************************''Seville Province Ceceo (in [[Province of Seville|Seville Province]], but not in the capital [[Seville]] itself)''
***************************''Onubese (Onubense) (in southern [[Province of Huelva|Huelva Province]])''
***************************''Gaditan (Gaditano) (in [[Province of Cádiz|Cádiz Province]])''
***************************''Malagueño (in most of [[Province of Málaga|Málaga Province]])''
*********************''[[Spanish language in the Americas|American Spanish]]'' / ''[[Spanish language in the Americas|Hispanic American Spanish]] ([[Spanish language in the Americas|Spanish of the Americas]])''
**********************''[[Caribbean Spanish]]''
***********************''Islands'' / ''Insular (strong influence from [[Canarian Spanish]])''
************************''[[Cuban Spanish]]''
*************************''Florida Spanish (influence from [[American English]])''
************************''[[Dominican Spanish]]''
************************''[[Puerto Rican Spanish]]''
***********************''Mainland'' / ''Continental''
************************''[[Panamanian Spanish]]''
************************''[[Colombian Spanish|Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish]]''
*************************''Mainland (Continental) (includes [[Barranquilla]] and [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena de Las Indias]])''
*************************''Islands (Insular) (in the [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]])''
************************''[[Venezuelan Spanish|Coastal Venezuelan Spanish]]''
*************************''[[Maracucho Spanish|Zulian Venezuelan Spanish]]'' / ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Maracucho]]''/ ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Marabino Spanish]]''/ ''[[Maracucho Spanish|Maracaibero]]''
*************************''Central Coastal Venezuelan Spanish''
**********************''[[Mexican Spanish]]''
***********************''Coastal Mexican''
************************''Central and Southern Gulf of Mexico Mexican Coast''
************************''Southern Mexican Pacific Coast''
***********************''Central Mexican''
************************''Southern Central''
************************''Core Central (Altiplano)''
************************''Lowlands Central (Bajío)''
************************''Western Central''
***********************''Northern Mexican''
************************''Eastern Northern''
************************''Western Northern''
************************''Peninsular Californian Northern (in most of [[Baja California]])''
***********************''Yucateco (Eastern Mexican)''
***********************''Southwestern United States Mexican''
***********************''[[Sabine River Spanish]]''
**********************''[[New Mexican Spanish]] (an old Latin American Spanish dialect with its features, not to be confuse with the more recent Southwestern United States Mexican)''
**********************''[[Central American Spanish]]''
***********************''Chiapas Spanish (Chiapaneco)''
***********************''[[Guatemalan Spanish]]''
***********************''[[Belizean Spanish]]''
***********************''[[Salvadoran Spanish]]''
***********************''[[Honduran Spanish]]''
***********************''[[Nicaraguan Spanish]]''
***********************''[[Costa Rican Spanish]]''
**********************''[[Andean Spanish]] / [[Andean Spanish|Andean-Pacific Spanish]]''
***********************''Venezuelan Andean (Tachirense)''
***********************''Colombian Andean (main basis of [[Colombian Spanish]])''
************************''Northwestern Colombian Andean/Paisa (Antioqueño) (includes [[Medellin, Colombia|Medellin]])''
************************''Eastern Colombian Andean''
*************************''Cundiboyá (includes [[Bogotá, Colombia|Bogotá]])''
************************''Central Colombian Andean''
************************''Southwest Colombian Andean (includes [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]])''
***********************''[[Ecuadorian Spanish]]''
************************''Chocoan (in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)''
************************''Tumaquian (in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)''
************************''Lowlands'' / ''Western Ecuadorian Spanish''
*************************''Esmeraldan''
*************************''Manabita''
*************************''Guayaquilian/Guayacan''
************************''Highland Ecuadorian Spanish'' / ''Andean Ecuadorian Spanish''
*************************''Central (Quitoan)''
*************************''Southern (Riobambanian)''
*************************''Cuencan''
*************************''Lojan''
***********************''[[Peruvian Spanish]]''
************************''[[Peruvian Ribereño Spanish]]'' / ''[[Peruvian Coastal Spanish]]'' / ''[[Peruvian Coast Spanish]]''
************************''Andean-Coastal Spanish'' / ''Neolimeño (mixed features of both Peruvian Coast Spanish and Andean Peruvian Spanish)''
************************''Andean Peruvian Spanish'' / ''Highland Peruvian''
***********************''[[Bolivian Spanish]]''
************************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Andean Bolivian]]'' / ''Highland Bolivian'' / ''Western Bolivian''
************************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Valluno]]''
************************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Vallegrandino]]''
************************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Camba]]'' / ''Lowland Bolivian'' / ''Eastern Bolivian'' / ''[[Media Luna]] Bolivian''
************************''[[Bolivian Spanish|Chapaco]]''
**********************''[[Amazonic Spanish]]'' / ''[[Jungle Spanish]]'' / ''[[Loreto-Ucayali Spanish]] (most divergent of the Spanish American Spanish groups of dialects, could be a separate but closely related language to [[Spanish language|Spanish]] / [[Castilian language|Castilian]])''
***********************''Peruvian Amazonic''
***********************''Colombian Amazonic Spanish''
***********************''[[Llanero Spanish]]''
************************''Llanero/Plateau Colombian Spanish''
************************''Llanero/Plateau Venezuelan Spanish''
***********************''Venezuelan Amazonic Spanish''/''South-East Venezuelan Spanish''
**********************''[[Southern Cone]] Spanish''
***********************''[[Chilean Spanish]]''
************************''Araucanian Chilean Spanish (Chilote)''
************************''Patagonian Chilean Spanish''
***********************''[[Argentinian Spanish]]''-''[[Uruguayan Spanish]]''
************************''Northwestern Argentinian Spanish''/''Andean Argentinian Spanish''
************************''Central-Western Argentinian Spanish''
*************************''[[Cordobés Spanish|Central Argentinian Spanish]]'' / ''[[Cordobés Spanish|Cordovian Argentinian Spanish]]''
*************************''[[Cuyo Spanish|Western Argentinian Spanish]]'' / ''[[Cuyo Spanish|Cuyano Argentinian Spanish]]''
************************''[[Rioplatense Spanish]] (strongly influenced by [[Italian language|Italian]] and other [[Romance languages]] of [[Italy]], especially [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and Genovese [[Ligurian language (Romance language)|Ligurian]])''
*************************''Buenos Aires Argentinian Spanish''
*************************''Platine Mesopotamian Argentinian Spanish (between [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]] and [[Paraná River|Paraná]] Rivers in [[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Argentinian Mesopotamia]])''
*************************''Patagonian Argentinian Spanish''
*************************''[[Uruguayan Spanish]] (is part of [[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]) (strongly influenced by [[Italian language|Italian]] and other [[Romance languages]] of [[Italy]], especially Genovese [[Ligurian language (Romance language)|Ligurian]])''
***********************''Transitional Argentinian-Paraguayan Spanish''
************************''Northeastern Argentinian Spanish'' / ''Guarani Argentinian Spanish ([[Paraguayan Spanish]] and [[Guarani language|Guarani]] influence)''
***********************''[[Paraguayan Spanish]] (strong [[Guarani language|Guarani]] substrate and influence)''
*********************''[[Philippine Spanish]] (has a greater affinity to [[Spanish language in the Americas|American Spanish]], especially [[Mexican Spanish]], rather than to [[Peninsular Spanish]] / [[European Spanish]])''
*********************''Maghrebi Spanish'' / ''North Africa Spanish''
**********************''[[Saharan Spanish]]''
*********************''Sub-Saharan Africa Spanish''
**********************''[[Equatoguinean Spanish]]'' / ''[[Equatoguinean Spanish|Equatorial Guinea Spanish]]''
********************'''[[Castúo|Castilian Extremaduran]]''' ([[Castúo|Southern-Central Extremaduran]])/ '''[[Castúo]]''' (in the historical Leonese Extremadura) ([[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] substrate) (until late 17th century and middle 18th century, before heavy [[Hispanicization|Hispanicisation]], Central and Southern Extremaduran dialects were closer to Northern [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] and were part of an old [[dialect continuum]] transitional between [[Castilian language|Castilian]] to the east and [[Astur-Leonese]] to the west)
*********************''Central Extremaduran''
*********************''Southern Extremaduran''
********************'''[[Ladino language|Ladino]]''' / '''[[Judaeo-Spanish]]''' ('''''לאדינו''''' – '''''Ladino''''' / '''גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול''' – '''''[[Djudeo-Espanyol]]''''' / '''''Judeoespañol''''') (not to be confused with ''[[Andalusi Romance|Latino]]'', the [[Andalusi Romance]] self name or autonym) (originally it was the [[vernacular language]] of many [[Sephardic Jews]] in the kingdoms of today's Northern [[Spain]], later the language expanded towards south, along Christian [[Reconquista]], where many [[Sephardic Jews]] spoke [[Andalusi Romance]] as [[vernacular language]])
*********************''Spain dialects (before the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]])''
*********************''Out of Spain dialects (after the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]])''
**********************''Western Ladino'' / ''Western Judeo-Spanish''
***********************''[[Haketia|Western Judaeo-Spanish]]'' / ''[[Haketia]] (traditionally it was spoken in [[Tangier]], [[Tétouan]], northern [[Morocco]])''
**********************''Eastern Ladino''/''Eastern Judeo-Spanish''
***********************''South-Eastern (traditionally it was spoken in [[Salonica]], [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], [[Greece]]) and in [[Istanbul]], Turkey''
***********************''North-Eastern''
***********************''North-Western (traditionally it was spoken in [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Hercegovina]])''
******************Transitional Castilian – Astur-Leonese ([[Cantabrian dialect|Romance Cantabrian]]–[[Extremaduran language|Estremaduran]]) (an old [[dialect continuum]] and isoglosses severed by the expansion of [[Castilian language|Castilian]] towards west)
*******************'''[[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]]''' (Romance Cantabrian) ('''''Cántabru''''' / '''''Montañés''''') (not to be confused with [[Celtic languages|Celtic Cantabrian]], a [[Hispano-Celtic]] dialect)
********************''Eastern Cantabrian''
********************''Central Cantabrian (Pasiego-Montañés)''
*********************''Pasiego (Passiegu)''
*********************''[[Montañés]]''
********************''Western Cantabrian''
*******************Far-Eastern Leonese (Leonese of Palencia-Valladolid-Salamanca) (extinct) (in the past it was spoken in most of [[Palencia Province|Palencia]], [[Valladolid Province|Valladolid]] and [[Salamanca Province|Salamanca]] provinces but there people shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety)
*******************Old Extremaduran (extinct)
********************''Old Northern Extremaduran (Artu Estremeñu) (extinct)''
*********************'''[[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]''' ([[Extremaduran language|Northern Extremaduran]]) ([[Extremaduran language|Leonese Extremaduran]]) ('''''Estremeñu''''') (in the historical [[Extremadura|Leonese Extremadura]]) (surviving language land of the Extremaduran language) (Northern Extremaduran and Extremaduran are now identical because it is the only surviving dialect of the language)
********************''Old Central Extremaduran (Meyu Estremeñu) (extinct) (replaced by a [[Castilian languages|Castilian]] based variety)''
********************''Old Southern Extremaduran (Bahu Estremeñu) (extinct) (replaced by a [[Castilian languages|Castilian]] based variety)''
******************[[Astur-Leonese languages|Astur-Leonese]] ([[Asturian language|Asturian]]-[[Leonese language|Leonese]] [[dialect continuum]]) (transitional features between [[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]] and [[Castilian language|Castilian]] to the east and [[Galician language|Galician]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] to the west)
*******************Old Astur-Leonese (extinct)
********************'''[[Astur-Leonese]]''' ('''''Asturllionés''''' / '''''Astur-Llionés''''' / '''''Llengua Astur-Llionesa''''') (at the present time it is spoken in [[Asturias]] and Northwestern [[León (historical region)|León]], however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, it was spoken in a wider area, including almost all of Leon region) (Astur-Leonese dialects have eastern, central and western dialect strips from north towards south with Asturian and Leonese subdialects or variants, although there is no clear linguistic division between both because the east, central and west dialect strips have more importance than an Asturian versus Leonese or vice versa distinction, that is, a North versus South dialectal distinction)
*********************''Eastern Astur-Leonese''
**********************''Asturian dialects''
**********************''[[Leonese dialect]]s (Llionés)''
***********************''Arribeiro (in [[La Ribera de Salamanca]] or [[Las Arribes]], northwest [[Vitigudino]] [[Comarca]], Northwest [[Salamanca Province]]), east of the border with northeast [[Portugal]] and the [[Douro|Douro river]] course) (severed from the Eastern [[Astur-Leonese]] dialects from the north by the [[Castilian language|Castilian]] expansion towards west)''
***********************''Riba Côa Leonese (people in the lands east of the low and middle [[Côa River|Côa river]] course although, by the political border, were in far northeastern [[Beira (Portugal)|Beira]] historic province of [[Portugal]], they were [[Leonese language|Leonese]] and not [[Galaico-Portuguese]] speakers until the 13th and 14th centuries) (once spoken in [[Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo]] and [[Almeida, Portugal|Almeida]] and east of [[Vila Nova de Foz Côa]] municipalities)''
*********************''Central Astur-Leonese''
**********************''Asturian dialects''
***********************''Northern Central (includes [[Oviedo]] – [[Uviéu]] and [[Gijón]] – [[Xixón]])''
***********************''Southern Central''
**********************''[[Leonese dialect]]s (in the past it included [[León, Spain|Llión]] / [[León, Spain|León]], but people there shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety, [[Leonese language|Leonese]] substrate)''
***********************''Leonese Proper (once spoken in León city and territory) (extinct)''
***********************''Sayagüés (in [[Sayago]] Comarca, southwestern [[Province of Zamora|Zamora Province]])''
*********************''Western Astur-Leonese''
**********************''Asturian dialects''
***********************''A Zone''
***********************''B Zone''
***********************''C Zone''
***********************''D Zone''
***********************''Brañas Vaqueiras dialect''
**********************''[[Leonese dialect]]s''
***********************''Central Western Leonese (includes [[Astorga (Spain)|Astorga]])''
***********************''Berzian-Cabreirese (in Eastern [[El Bierzo]] and [[Cabreira]])''
***********************''Sanabrian'' / ''Senabrian (Senabrés) (in [[Sanabria (comarca)|Sanabria]]; [[Senabria]] in [[Astur-Leonese]]; [[Sanabria (comarca)|Seabra]] in [[Galician language|Galician]])''
***********************''[[Riunorese Leonese|Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese]]'' – ''spoken in the four border villages of [[Rio de Onor|Riudeonore]] ([[Rio de Onor]]), Guadramil, [[Deilão|Deilon]] ([[Deilão]]) and [[Quintanilha]], in the [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province|Trás-os-Montes]] historic province, [[Bragança District]] (Portuguese District = County), far northeastern [[Portugal]] (although people from these villages were, by the political border, in [[Portugal]], most were [[Leonese dialect|Leonese]] and not [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] speakers) (threatened dialect)''
***********************''Riba Douro Leonese (people in the lands east of [[Sabor River]] and west of [[Douro River]] although, by the political border, were in far eastern [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province|Trás-os-Montes]] historic province of [[Portugal]], they were [[Leonese language|Leonese]] and not [[Galaico-Portuguese]] speakers until the 13th and 14th centuries, after which they were bilingual until the 17th and 18th centuries, in the 18th century [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] replaced most of [[Leonese language|Leonese]] save for [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], Mirandese is a surviving dialect of these Ribadouro Leonese dialects)''
************************'''[[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]''' ('''''Mirandés''''' / '''''Lhengua Mirandesa''''') (close to Western [[Astur-Leonese]] or even a dialect of it – Southern Western Astur-Leonese, but with [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influences as [[Adstratum|Adstrate]] and [[Superstratum|Superstrate]]) (recognized as a different native language in [[Portugal]])
*************************''Raiano (Northern villages border dialect)''
*************************''Central ([[Miranda do Douro]] town and most villages dialect, central area of Mirandese)''
*************************''Sendinês ([[Sendim]] village dialect, far southern Mirandese)''
************************''Vimioso Leonese (extinct) (once spoken in [[Vimioso]] town and municipality)''
************************''Mogadouro Leonese (extinct) (once spoken in [[Mogadouro]] town and municipality)''
************************''Freixo de Espada à Cinta Leonese (extinct) (once spoken in [[Freixo de Espada à Cinta]] town and municipality)''
************************''Torre de Moncorvo Leonese (extinct) (once spoken in [[Torre de Moncorvo]] town and municipality)''
******************Galician–Portuguese ([[dialect continuum]])
*******************[[Galician–Portuguese]] (Old Galician–Old Portuguese) (extinct)
********************'''[[Galician language|Galician]]''' ('''''Galego''''' / '''''Lingua Galega''''') (closely related to [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
*********************''Eastern Galician''
**********************''[[Eonavian]]'' / ''[[Galician–Asturian]])'' (''[[Galician–Asturian|Asturias Galician]]'' / ''[[Galician–Asturian|Asturian Area of Galician]]'') (''Eonaviego'' / ''Galego–Asturiano'') ''(some features are transitional to [[Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]])''
**********************''Ancares Eastern Galician''
**********************''Central Western Eastern Galician''
**********************''As Portelas Eastern Galician (in the west of [[Sanabria (comarca)|Sanabria]] [[comarca]] – "[[Sanabria (comarca)|A Seabra]]" in [[Galician language|Galician]], Northwest [[Province of Zamora|Zamora Province]]) ("As Portelas" means "The Small Ports", "The Small Land Ports"; Port = Passage)''
*********************''Central Galician'' (Northern Coastal Galicia and inland central Galicia of the Miño and Sil valleys)
**********************''Mindoniensis Central Galician''
**********************''Central Transitional Area''
**********************''Lucu-Auriensis Central Galician''
**********************''Eastern Transitional Area''
*********************''Western Galician (Rias Galegas region – [[Rias Altas]] and [[Rias Baixas]])''
**********************''Bergantiños Western Galician''
**********************''Finisterra Western Galician''
**********************''Pontevedra Western Galician''
**********************''Lower Limia Western Galician'' ([[Lobios]] municipality) (Lower Limia regarding Galicia, regarding Limia river total course, most it is in Portugal, it is Upper Limia)
*********************'''[[Fala language|Fala]]''' / '''Fala de Xálima''' / '''Xalimego''' / '''''Lagarteiru''''' (in Eljas), '''''Manhegu''''' / '''''Mañegu''''' (in San Martín de Trevejo) and '''''Valverdeiru''''' (in Valverde del Fresno) (no common self name or autonym for the language) (closely related to [[Galician language|Galician]] and to [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] but closer to [[Galician language|Galician]], although bordering [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] to the west, it is [[Galician language|Galician]]-like, a related language enclave to Galician more than two hundred kilometers to the south) (in far northwestern [[Extremadura]], southern slopes and valleys of [[Xálima]] / [[Jálama]] Mountain)
********************'''[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]''' ('''''Português''''' / '''''Língua Portuguesa''''') (in the sense of a group of dialects forming a [[dialect continuum]] and including the main varieties [[European Portuguese]] and [[Brazilian Portuguese]]) (closely related to [[Galician language|Galician]])
*********************''[[European Portuguese]] ([[European Portuguese|Portugal Portuguese]] / [[Portuguese of Portugal]])''
**********************''Northern (some features are transitional to Galician) (a typical feature of the Northern Portuguese dialects is that they have [[betacism]], i.e. they don't distinguish between b [b or β] and v [v] phonemes, i.e v [v] phoneme is absent)''
***********************''Alto Minhoto-Transmontano''
************************''Alto Minhoto (geographically in [[Minho Province]] but more closely related to the Transmontano dialect) (east [[Viana do Castelo District]] and far northeast [[Braga District]])''
************************''Transmontano (in [[Trás-os-Montes Province]], most of northern [[Vila Real District]] and most of [[Bragança District]], save for [[Miranda do Douro]] Municipality)''
*************************''[[Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo]] dialect (geographically in Beira Serra or Beira Transmontana Province, which was included in [[Beira Alta Province]], but closely related to the Transmontano dialect)''
***********************''Baixo Minhoto-Duriense – Alto Beirão-Beira Serrano''
************************''Baixo Minhoto-Duriense''
*************************''Baixo Minhoto (in most of [[Minho Province]]) (matches most of [[Braga District|Braga]] and west [[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]] Districts)''
*************************''Duriense (includes [[Douro Litoral Province]] and matches most of [[Porto District]] and the southwestern corner of [[Trás-os-Montes Province]], which matches a large part of southern [[Vila Real District]], located in Alto Douro Province, which was included in [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province]])''
**************************''[[Porto|Oporto]] / [[Porto (city)|Porto]] dialect''
************************''Alto Beirão-Beira Serrano'' (''Inland Northern Central'')
*************************''Alto-Beirão dialect (in western [[Beira Alta Province]], matches [[Viseu District]])''
*************************''Beira Serra'' or ''Beira Transmontana dialect (in the Beira Serra or Beira Transmontana Province, which was included in the [[Beira Alta Province]], roughly matches [[Guarda District]]) (more features in common with Northern dialects, but in the phonetics distinguishes between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, a typical feature of the Central and Southern dialects)''
**********************''Central-Southern (a typical feature of the Central and Southern Portuguese dialects is that in the phonetics they don't have [[betacism]], i.e. they distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. v [v] phoneme is clearly pronounced)''
***********************''Coastal Central (Extremaduran Portuguese) (Português Estremenho) (Transitional Northern-Southern) (basis of [[Standard Portuguese|Modern Standard European Portuguese]] but not identical) (although in the 20th century a province in the Central Coastal Lowlands region was called [[Beira Litoral Province|Beira Litoral]], i.e. Litoral/Coastal Beira, older and traditional Beira Province was an inland province in the Highlands, while all Central Coastal Lowlands region of [[Mainland Portugal]], from south of the [[Douro|Douro river]], in the north, till the northern banks of the [[Tagus|Tagus river]], in the south, was the province of Estremadura until the middle of the 18th century)'' ("Beira" name means edge, slope, mountain slope, or border, with the specific meaning of "Mountainous Borderland" or "Edge Borderland") ''(until the 14th century the broad or collective name for all the portuguese territories south of [[Douro river]] was "Extremadura", i.e. "Far Border Land", the name derives from "Extrema", "Extremada" – extreme in the sense of extreme borderland, far borderland) (this name is cognate and has equivalents with the Leonese, Castilian and Aragonese Extremaduras, that were also old Borderlands at the beginning of the Christian [[Reconquista]]) (therefore "Estremadura" and "Beira" names had the meaning of "Borderland" in the context of the Christian [[Reconquista]])''
************************''Northern Coastal Central (more features in common with Central and Southern dialects, but in the phonetics, some areas, mainly in [[Aveiro District]], don't distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. they don't have v [v] phoneme, a typical feature of the Northern dialects)''
*************************''Aveiro dialect (in most of the [[Aveiro District]]) (Portuguese District = County)''
*************************''Coimbra dialect (in west [[Coimbra District]]) (Portuguese District = County)''
************************''Southern Coastal Central (Standard European Portuguese is mainly based on this dialect with also important contribution from Coimbra, i.e. the coastal central region, the ancient and traditional Portuguese Extremadura, from north till south – Aveiro, Coimbra, Leiria, Santarem and Lisbon, is the main basis of Modern Standard European Portuguese)''
*************************''[[Leiria District]] dialect''
*************************''Inland [[Lisbon District]] dialect''
**************************''Lisbon dialect (early Lisbon dialect, Lisboeta, was only spoken in [[Lisbon]] itself and was an enclave, however today it is spoken in [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], and is a very widespread dialect, many dialects are under pressure and being replaced by the standard language that closely resembles Lisbon dialect)''
************************''[[Standard Portuguese|Standard European Portuguese]] (mainly based on the Coastal Central dialects - the dialect of the historical [[Estremadura Province (historical)|Estremadura]])''
***********************''Inland Southern Central ([[Beira Baixa Province|Beira-Baixa]]-Far Northern Alto-Alentejo) (a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, it forms its own dialectal group) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y], phonemes that don't exist in the other Portuguese dialects or other [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian Romance]]/[[Iberian Romance languages|Hispano Romance]] languages and dialects but are a typical common feature of the [[Gallo-Romance languages]] and dialects; several placenames/toponyms in [[Beira Baixa Province|Beira Baixa]], roughly [[Castelo Branco District|Castelo Branco County]], and Far North [[Alto Alentejo Province|Alto Alentejo]], North [[Portalegre District|Portalegre County]], such as [[Proença-a-Nova|Proença]], [[Old Occitan]] name of [[Provence]], [[Vila Velha de Ródão|Ródão]], from Rodano, a name for [[Rhodanus|Rhodanus river]], Tolosa, [[Occitan language|Occitan]] name of [[Toulouse]], seem to testify an old [[Gallo-Romance]] presence of speakers in enclaves, they were assimilated to [[Galician–Portuguese]] but left a phonetic influence in the dialect of this region;<ref name=":2">DIAS, Felisberto Luís Ferreira. (1998). "Origens do Português Micaelense. Abordagem diacrónica do sistema vocálico" in ''A Voz Popular''. Ponta Delgada: Universidade dos Açores</ref> in the 13th century, speakers of this dialect group also settled in Western [[Algarve]], at the end of the Portuguese [[Reconquista]]; in the 15th and 16th centuries, speakers of this dialect group, mixed with speakers of other dialectal groups, settled in several islands of the Archipelagos of the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]])<ref name=":2"/> (declining and extinct in many municipalities where it was spoken)''
************************''Baixo-Beirão – Far Northern Alto-Alentejo''
*************************''Baixo-Beirão (in [[Beira Baixa Province]], which roughly matches [[Castelo Branco District]])''
**************************''Northern Baixo-Beirão (has some features of Northern Portuguese dialects in the consonants but not in the vowels)''
**************************''Southern Baixo-Beirão (South [[Castelo Branco District]])''
*************************''Far Northern Alto-Alentejo (South of [[Tagus river]], geographically in [[Alentejo]] but closely related to the [[Beira Baixa Province|Beira Baixa]] dialect and not to the Alentejo dialect)''
************************''Far Western Algarvian (geographically in the [[Algarve]] but is more related to the [[Beira Baixa Province|Beira Baixa]] dialect and not to the Algarvian dialect, it is an Inland Southern Central dialect enclave in Far Southwestern Mainland Portugal) (has the ü [y] phoneme but doesn't have the ö [ø] phoneme)''
***********************''Southern''
************************''Southern Portuguese Extremaduran-Ribatejano''
*************************''Southern Portuguese Extremaduran (traditionally in most of the Coastal [[Lisbon District]], except for [[Lisbon]] itself, today is declining, being replaced by Lisbon Proper dialect in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]])''
*************************''Ribatejano (along [[Tagus River]] banks) (in [[Ribatejo Province]]) ("Ribatejo – Riba Tejo" name means "Tagus Banks", from "Riba" – River Bank and "Tejo" – the Tagus river) (in large part of [[Santarém District]])''
************************''Setubalense (in the [[Setubal Peninsula]]) (its more typical phonetic feature is that it doesn't distinguish between trilled r [r] and guttural r [ʁ] i.e. r is always pronounced as guttural r [ʁ]) (overlaps and under pressure of the modern Lisbon metropolitan area dialect)''
************************''Alentejano (its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of more open vowels than in Standard European Portuguese, final vowel e [e] is generally pronounced as i [i] or the [i] vowel is added after a final consonant where Standard European Portuguese doesn't have a final vowel after a consonant, and has a distinct prosody) (in South [[Alto Alentejo Province|Alto Alentejo]] and [[Baixo Alentejo Province|Baixo Alentejo]] Provinces) ("Alentejo – Além Tejo" name means "Beyond [[Tagus River|Tagus]]") (roughly matches south [[Portalegre District]] and [[Évora District|Évora]] and [[Beja District|Beja]] Districts)''
************************''Algarvian (closely related to Alentejano) (in most of the [[Algarve Province]]) (roughly matches central and eastern [[Faro District]])''
**********************''Islander (Geographical Grouping and not a Linguistic Genealogical one) (a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, several linguistic archaisms from Middle Portuguese when the islands were settled)''<ref>BARCELOS, João Maria Soares de. (2008) ''Dicionário de falares dos Açores, vocabulário regional de todas as ilhas''.</ref> ''([[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] didn't have native Pre-European people)''
***********************''Azorean (nine dialects in the nine islands of the [[Azores]] Archipelago, an areal grouping of dialects)''
************************''Mariense ([[Santa Maria Island]] dialect)''
************************''Micaelense ([[São Miguel Island]] dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y] in its phonemes, a common phonetic feature with Inland Southern Central dialects, mainly Baixo Beirão dialect, and with the more distant [[Gallo-Romance]] languages and dialects, it has more vowels than Standard European Portuguese and several long vowels, and it has a "French-like" prosody)<ref name=":2"/>''
************************''Terceirense ([[Terceira Island]] dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the semivowels [j] and [w] before a vowel in many words where Standard European Portuguese only has one vowel and a "singing-like" prosody)<ref>MIKOŁAJCZAK, Sylwia. (2014). "Características fonéticas do Português da Ilha Terceira" in ''Studia Iberystyczne''.</ref>''
************************''Graciosense ([[Graciosa Island]] dialect)''
************************''Jorgense ([[São Jorge Island]] dialect)''
************************''Picoense ([[Pico Island]] dialect)''
************************''Faialense ([[Faial Island]] dialect) (Faial island dialect is closer to Standard European Portuguese than the dialects of other islands, initial [[Flemish people|Flemish]] settlers, that spoke the germanic [[Flemish dialect]] of [[Dutch language|Dutch]], some years later were rapidly surpassed and assimilated by a big majority of Portuguese settlers that came from Coastal Central Portugal, whose dialect is the basis of European Standard Portuguese, and did not influenced Faial Island dialect)''
************************''[[Florentino]] ([[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]] dialect)''
************************''Corvino ([[Corvo Island]] dialect)''
***********************''Madeiran (two dialects in the two islands of [[Madeira Archipelago]], an areal grouping of dialect)''
************************''Portosantense ([[Porto Santo Island]] dialect)''
************************''Madeirense ([[Madeira Island]] dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of the vowels u [u] and i [i], in many cases, as a Schwa [ə] or as [ɐ], where Micaelense and Baixo-Beirão dialects have ü [y] and the palatalization of l [l] to [λ] before i [i])''
*********************''[[Portuguese language in the Americas|Latin American Portuguese]]'' / ''[[Portuguese language in the Americas|Portuguese of South America]] (not synonymous with [[Brazilian Portuguese]], there is also a specific and native [[Uruguayan Portuguese]] that is not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese)''
**********************''[[Brazilian Portuguese]] ([[Portuguese of Brazil]])'' / ''[[Portuguese language in the Americas|Latin American Portuguese]]''
***********************''Northern'' / ''Broad Northern (one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was [[Salvador da Bahia]])''
************************''Bahian''
*************************''Salvador da Bahia dialect (Soteropolitano)''
************************''Northeast''
*************************''Eastern Northeast''
**************************''Recifense ([[Recife]] and [[Olinda]] dialect)''
*************************''Western Northeast''
**************************''Cearense''/''Northern Coast''
************************''Amazonian'' / ''Northern Proper (sometimes also called Northern Brazilian)''
***********************''Transitional Northern-Southern (Mixed Northern-Southern Portuguese Brazilian)''
************************''Amazonic Range (Serra Amazônica)''/''Deforestation Arc (Arco do Desflorestamento)''
***********************''Southern'' / ''Broad Southern (one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], in the western half of the island with the same name, closely offshore of [[São Paulo State]] coast, in the eastern half of the island is [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]] city)''
************************''Fluminense'' (Broad Rio de Janeiro, in the [[Rio de Janeiro State]])
*************************''Rio de Janeiro dialect (Carioca)''
*************************''Espiritosantense'' / ''Goitacá (in Espírito Santo State)''
************************''Mineiro (in central [[Minas Gerais]] State)''
*************************''Belo Horizonte dialect''
************************''Brasiliense (in Brasilia, Brazil capital)''
************************''Sulista Lato Próprio (Broad Southern Proper)''
*************************''São Paulo dialect (Paulistano) (São Paulo City Proper dialect)''
*************************''[[Caipira dialect|Broad Paulista]] ([[Caipira dialect|Caipira]])''
**************************''Sertanejo'' / ''Southern Sertanejo (Sertanejo do Sul)''
*************************''Southerner Proper (Sulista Próprio)'' / ''Gaúcho (sometimes Gaúcho is used as synonym of all Southern Proper Brazilian dialects)''
**************************''Florianopolitano (Manezês) (in [[Santa Catarina State]] Coast) (stronger influences from European Portuguese, mainly from Azorean settlers and colonists of the 18th century)''
*************************''Gaúcho'' / ''Narrow Gaúcho (Gaúcho Estrito) (in all the Rio Grande do Sul State or just the South of Rio Grande do Sul State along northern border of Uruguay)''
**************************''Portoalegrense (in [[Porto Alegre]])''
************************''[[Brazilian Portuguese|Standard Brazilian Portuguese]] (mainly based on the dialects of the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Brazilian States]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Minas Gerais]])''
**********************''[[Uruguayan Portuguese]]''/''[[Uruguayan Portuguese|Fronteiriço]] (not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese) (not confuse with [[Portunhol]]/[[Portuñol]] that is a mixed language)''
*********************''[[African Portuguese]]''
**********************''[[Cape Verdean Portuguese]] (not confuse with [[Cape Verdean Creole]])''
**********************''[[Guinean Portuguese]]'' / ''[[Guinean Portuguese|Guinea-Bissau Portuguese]] (not confuse with [[Guinea-Bissau Creole]]) (mainly in the capital [[Bissau]])''
**********************''[[Sao Tomean Portuguese]]'' / ''[[Sao Tomean Portuguese|São Tomé and Principe Portuguese]] (not confuse with [[Forro Creole|Forro]]/[[Forro Creole|San Tomean]] and [[Principense Creole|Principense]] Creoles)''
**********************''[[Angolan Portuguese]]''
**********************''[[Mozambican Portuguese]]''
*********************''India Portuguese''
**********************''[[Goan Portuguese]]''
*********************''China Portuguese''
**********************''[[Macanese Portuguese]] (not confuse with [[Macanese language]] or [[patuá]], a distinct [[Portuguese creole]])''
*********************''[[East Timorese Portuguese]]''
*********************'''[[Minderico]]''' ('''''Piação do Ninhou''''' / '''''Piação dos Charales do Ninhou''''') (originally it was a Portuguese-based [[Cant (language)|Cant]] or [[Cryptolect]]) (not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligible]] with [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] because of divergent vocabulary) (spoken in [[Minde (Alcanena)|Minde]]; ''[[Minde (Alcanena)|Ninhou]]'' in [[Minderico language|Minderico]])
*********************[[Judaeo-Portuguese]] (''udeu-Português'') (it was the vernacular language of [[Sephardi Jews]] in [[Portugal]] before the 16th century) (extinct)
**********[[Eastern Romance languages]]
**********[[Eastern Romance languages]]
***********[[Pannonian Romance]] (extinct)
***********[[Pannonian Romance]] (extinct)
***********[[Daco-Roman]] ([[dialect continuum]]) (see also [[Eastern Romance substratum]])
***********[[Daco-Roman]] ([[dialect continuum]])
************[[Proto-Romanian]] / [[Common Romanian]]
************[[Proto-Romanian]] / [[Common Romanian]]
*************'''[[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]''' ('''''Rrãmãneshti''''' / '''''[[Armãneashti]]''''' / '''''Armãneshce''''' / '''''Limba Rrãmãniascã''''' / '''''Limba Armãneascã''''' / '''''Limba Armãneshce''''')
*************South-Danubian
*************'''[[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]''' ('''''Vlăhește''''')
**************'''[[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]''' ('''''Rrãmãneshti''''' / '''''[[Armãneashti]]''''' / '''''Armãneshce''''' / '''''Limba Rrãmãniascã''''' / '''''Limba Armãneascã''''' / '''''Limba Armãneshce''''') (today most of the language is spoken in [[Language island|language enclaves]] or [[language island]]s scattered south of the [[Jireček Line]], however there are also enclaves scattered along the [[Balkans]] south of the [[Danube]] and north of the [[Jireček Line]])
*************[[Old Romanian]] ([[Daco-Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]])
***************''North Aromanian''
**************'''[[Romanian dialects|Modern Romanian]]''' ('''Limba Română''' / '''Românește''')
****************''Farsherot (including Muzekean, in parts of [[Myzeqe|Muzachia]] region, [[Myzeqe]] in Albanian) (spoken in [[Language island|language enclaves]] scattered along southern [[Albania]] and northwestern [[Greece]])''
***************''[[Banat Romanian dialect|Banatian]] ([[Banat Romanian dialect|Bănățean]])''
****************''Grabovean/Moscopolean (spoken in [[Moscopole]], traditional Aromanian cultural centre and in other [[Language island|language enclaves]] scattered in mountainous areas of southern [[Albania]], northern [[Greece]] and southwestern [[North Macedonia|Northern Macedonia]])''
***************''[[Crișana dialect|Crișanian]]''
****************''Gopish, Mulovishti, Beala de Sus, Beala de Jos dialect (4 scattered mountain villages – [[Gopeš|Gopish]] – [[Gopeš]], [[Malovište|Mulovishti]] – [[Malovište]], [[Gorna Belica|Beala de Sus]] – [[Gorna Belica]] and [[Dolna Belica|Beala de Jos]] – [[Gorna Belica]], which form [[Language island|language enclaves]] or [[language island]]s)''
***************''South Aromanian''
***************''[[Maramureș dialect|Maramureșian]]''
***************''[[Bukovinian Romanian dialect]]''
****************''Pindean (spoken mainly in [[Language island|language enclaves]] scattered in the [[Pindus|Pindus Mountains]] but also in other mountainous areas of northern [[Greece]])''
***************''[[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian]]''
****************''Gramostean (originally from [[Gramos]] mountain range, [[Gramos]]ta in Aromanian, later expanded northeastward and today spoken in [[Language island|language enclaves]] scattered in mountainous areas of northern [[Greece]], eastern [[North Macedonia]] and southwestern [[Bulgaria]])''
***************''[[Moldavian dialect|Moldavian]] ([[Moldavian dialect|Moldovenesc]])''
*************Transitional South-North Danubian
***************''[[Wallachian dialect|Muntenian]] ([[Wallachian dialect|Wallachian]])''
**************'''[[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]''' ('''''Vlăhește''''') (spoken in the border area between northern [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]] and far south [[North Macedonia]] ([[North Macedonia|Slavic Macedonia]]) to the west of the [[Axios River|Axios]] or [[Vardar]] river, mainly west but also including a neighbourhood in [[Gevgelija]] town)
**************'''[[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]''' ('''''Rumârește''''' / '''''Vlășește''''')
***************''Northern''
***************''Central''
*********[[Southern Romance]]
***************''Tsarnarekan (Karpian)''
*************North-Danubian ([[dialect continuum]])
**************[[Old Romanian]] ([[Daco-Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]) (common ancestor of [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]])
***************'''[[Romanian dialects|Modern Romanian]]''' ('''Limba Română''' / '''Românește''') ''(in the sense of a group of dialects forming a [[dialect continuum]], not the Standard language, see below)''
****************''Northern Romanian (Graiuri Nordice)''
*****************''[[Banat Romanian dialect|Banatian]] ([[Banat Romanian dialect|Bănățean]]) (in [[Banat]] region)''
*****************''[[Crișana dialect|Crișanian]] (Western Transylvanian) (in [[Crișana]] historical region, divided between [[Romania]] and [[Hungary]]) (sometimes included in [[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian|Transylvanian]]) (there are scattered [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]/[[Magyar language|Magyar]] speakers in northwestern Romania, mainly in [[Crișana]], [[Tiszántúl]] for the Hungarians, by part of the [[Hungarians in Romania]]) ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] overlap several times in some regions)''
*****************''[[Maramureș dialect|Maramureșian]] (Northern Transylvanian) (Maramureșean) (in [[Maramureș]]) (sometimes included in [[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian|Transylvanian]])''
*****************''[[Oaș Country|Oașian]] (Northeastern Transylvanian) (in [[Oaș Country]]) (sometimes included in [[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian|Transylvanian]])''
*****************''[[Bukovinian Romanian dialect]] (in [[Bukovina]] historical region, divided between Romania and Ukraine)''
*****************''[[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian]] (Ardelenesc) ([[Transylvanian varieties of Romanian|Ardelenesc varieties]]) (Transylvanian / Ardelean Proper) (Transitional Banatian-Moldavian) (Geographical Grouping) (in [[Transylvania]], [[Transylvania|Ardeal]] in Romanian) (there is a large [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]/[[Hungarian language|Magyar]] language majority enclave in Eastern [[Transylvania]] / [[Ardeal]], in the geographical centre of [[Romania]], spoken by the [[Hungarians in Romania]], by the [[Székelys]] subgroup) ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] overlap several times in some regions) ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] or Magyar is a non-Indo-European language belonging to another language family, the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]])''
******************''Southern-Central Transylvanian'' / ''Southern-Central Ardelean''
*******************''Southern Transylvanian'' / ''Southern Ardelean''
*******************''Central Transylvanian'' / ''Central Ardelean''
******************''North-Western Transylvanian'' / ''North-Westeren Ardelean''
******************''North-Eastern Transylvanian'' / ''North-Eastern Ardelean''
*****************''[[Moldavian dialect|Moldavian]] ([[Moldavian dialect|Moldovenesc]]) (in [[Moldavia]] historical region, northeast Romania and the country of [[Moldova]])''
******************''Low Danube-Danube Delta Moldovan (in the Low [[Danube]] and [[Danube Delta]], far northern part of [[Dobruja]] historical region, [[Dobruja|Dobrogea]] in Romanian)''
****************''Southern Romanian (Graiuri Sudice)''
*****************''[[Wallachian dialect|Muntenian]] ([[Wallachian dialect|Wallachian]]) (Muntenesc) (in [[Wallachia]], [[Muntenia]] in Romanian) (basis of [[Romanian language|Modern Standard Romanian]] but not identical)''
******************'''[[Romanian language|Romanian]]''' / '''Modern Standard Romanian''' ([[Daco-Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]]) ('''''Limba Română''''' / '''''Românește''''')
******************''Oltenian (Oltenesc) (in [[Oltenia]])''
******************''Northern Dobrujan (in the northern part of [[Dobruja]] historical region, [[Dobrogea]] in Romanian, divided between [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]])''
***************'''[[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]''' ('''''Rumârește''''' / '''''Vlășește''''') (closer to [[Romanian language|Romanian]], not to be confused with [[Istriot language|Istriot]] which is closer to the [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] Romance language)
****************''Northern (in [[Žejane]])''
****************''Southern (in the rest of Istro-Romanian villages)''
*********[[Southern Romance]] (Insular Romance + African Romance – several archaic features in vocabulary and phonetics) (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the [[Western Romance languages|Western]] vs. [[Eastern Romance languages]] split by the [[La Spezia-Rimini Line]])
**********Insular Romance ([[dialect continuum]])
**********Insular Romance ([[dialect continuum]])
***********'''[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]''' ('''''Sardu''''' or '''''Lingua Sarda''''' / '''''Limba Sarda''''') ([[Paleo-Sardinian language|Paleo-Sardinian]] substrate)
***********'''[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]''' ('''''Sardu''''' or '''''Lingua Sarda''''' / '''''Limba Sarda''''')
************''[[Logudorese dialect|Logudorese-Nuorese]]''
************''[[Logudorese dialect|Logudorese-Nuorese]]''
*************''[[Logudorese dialect|Logudurese]]''
*************''[[Logudorese dialect|Logudurese]]''
**************''Central (Common) Logudorese''
**************''Northern Logudorese''
*************''[[Nuorese dialect|Nuorese]]''
*************''[[Nuorese dialect|Nuorese]]''
************''[[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese]]''
************''[[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese]]''
*************''Arborense (Arborensi)''
*************''Ogliastrino (Ollastrinu)''
*************''Guspinese (Guspinesu)''
*************''Villacidrese (Biddexidresu)''
*************''[[Cagliaritano]] (Casteddaiu)''
*************''[[Cagliaritano]] (Casteddaiu)''
*************''Meridionale''
**********[[African Romance]] (extinct)
**********[[African Romance]] (extinct)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Celtic languages]]==
==[[Celtic languages]]==
[[File:Celts in Europe.png|thumb|right|Diachronic distribution of '''Celtic language speakers''': <br/>
[[File:Celts in Europe.png|thumb|right|Diachronic distribution of '''Celtic language speakers''': <br/>
Line 1,297: Line 530:
{{legend|#27c600|the six '''[[Celtic nations]]''' which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the [[Early modern period|Early Modern period]]}}
{{legend|#27c600|the six '''[[Celtic nations]]''' which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the [[Early modern period|Early Modern period]]}}
{{legend|#1a8000|areas where [[Celtic languages]] remain widely spoken today}}]]
{{legend|#1a8000|areas where [[Celtic languages]] remain widely spoken today}}]]

[[File:Map Gaels Brythons Picts.png|thumb|[[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] in the first few centuries of the 1st millennium, before the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]].
{{legend|#548556|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] areas.}}
{{legend|#2272C4|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Pictish language|Pictish]] areas.}}
{{legend|#DE3333|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]] areas.}}{{paragraph}}
Goidelic language and culture would eventually become dominant in the Pictish area and far northern Brittonic area.]]
[[File:A map of the distribution of the Celtic languages.svg|thumb|A map of the modern distribution of the '''Celtic languages'''. Red: '''Welsh'''; Purple: '''Cornish'''; Black: '''Breton'''; Green: '''Irish'''; Blue: '''Scottish Gaelic''': Yellow: '''Manx'''. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]
[[File:A map of the distribution of the Celtic languages.svg|thumb|A map of the modern distribution of the '''Celtic languages'''. Red: '''Welsh'''; Purple: '''Cornish'''; Black: '''Breton'''; Green: '''Irish'''; Blue: '''Scottish Gaelic''': Yellow: '''Manx'''. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
[[File:Gaelic British Isles.jpg|thumb|Map of the Gaelic-speaking world. The red area shows the maximum extent of [[Old Irish]] (common ancestor of [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Manx language|Manx]]); the orange area shows places with [[Ogham]] inscriptions; and the green area are modern Gaelic-speaking areas. [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] islands were never majority [[Scots Gaelic]] or [[Scottish Gaelic]] speaking.]]
[[File:Scots lang-en.svg|thumb|Linguistic division in early twelfth century Scotland:
{{legend|#0fe3e3|Gaelic speaking ("Scots" here refers to [[Scots Gaelic]] not to [[Scots language|Germanic Scots]])}}
{{legend|#eb82df|[[Norse–Gaels|Norse-Gaelic]] zone, characterized by the use of both languages}}
{{legend|#eed4e0|[[English language|English]]-speaking zone}}
{{legend|#0ff183|[[Cumbric]] may have survived in this zone; more realistically a mixture of Cumbric, Gaelic (west) and English (east)}}]]
{{tree list}}
*[[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] (extinct)
**[[Continental Celtic languages|Continental Celtic]] (all extinct; a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] grouping) (had both [[P Celtic]] and [[Q Celtic]] languages)
**[[Continental Celtic languages|Continental Celtic]] (extinct)
***[[Eastern Celtic]]
***[[Eastern Celtic]] (insufficient knowledge if it was a [[P Celtic]] or a [[Q Celtic]] group or if it had both types of Celtic languages)
****[[Noric language|Noric]]? (or unclassified within Celtic)
****[[Noric language|Noric]]?
****[[Galatian language|Galatian]]
****[[Galatian language|Galatian]]
***Lepontic
***[[Lepontic language|Lepontic]]
****[[Lepontic language|Lepontic]]
***[[Gaulish language|Gaulish]]
***Gaulish? ([[P Celtic]])
****[[Cisalpine Gaulish]]
****[[Gaulish language|Gaulish]]
***[[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]]
***[[Gallaecian language|Gallaecian]]?
*****[[Cisalpine Gaulish]]
***Hispano-Celtic ([[Q Celtic]])
**[[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]
***[[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]] / [[British (Celtic) languages|British]] ([[P Celtic]])
****[[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]] (Eastern Hispano-Celtic)
****[[Gallaecian language|Gallaecian]]? (Western Hispano-Celtic) (or unclassified within Celtic)
**[[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]] (has both [[P Celtic]] and [[Q Celtic]] languages)
***[[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]] / [[British (Celtic) languages|British]] ([[P Celtic]]) (once it formed a [[dialect continuum]] which was broken first by [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman conquest]], the formation of a [[Britannia province]] and the formation of a [[Romano-Britain]] Culture with [[British Latin]] language, and later by the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|migration and settlement]] and spreading of their language in most of old [[Britannia province|Britannia]], [[Great Britain]])
****[[Common Brittonic]] / [[Old Brittonic]] (extinct)
****[[Common Brittonic]] / [[Old Brittonic]] (extinct)
*****Eastern Brittonic (extinct after Anglo-Saxonic conquest and settlement in Britannia, today's England)
*****[[Southwestern Brittonic languages|Southwestern Brittonic]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*****[[Southwestern Brittonic languages|Southwestern Brittonic]] ([[dialect continuum]])
******Dumnonian (extinct)
******[[Old Cornish]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Cornish]] (extinct)
*******[[Middle Cornish]] (extinct)
********[[Middle Cornish]] (extinct)
********'''[[Cornish language|Cornish]]''' (Modern Cornish) ('''''Kernowek''''')
*********'''[[Cornish language|Cornish]]''' (Modern Cornish) ('''''Kernowek''''')
******[[Old Breton]] (extinct)
******[[Old Breton]] (extinct)
*******[[Middle Breton]] (extinct)
*******[[Middle Breton]] (extinct)
********'''[[Breton language|Breton]]''' (Modern Breton) ('''''Brezhoneg''''')
********'''[[Breton language|Breton]]''' (Modern Breton) ('''''Brezhoneg''''')
*********''Léonard (Leoneg)''
*********''Trégorrois (Tregerieg)''
*********''Cornouaillais (Kerneveg)''
*********''Vannetais (Gwenedeg)''
*********''Guérandais (in [[Guérande]] and [[Batz-sur-Mer]]) (extinct)''
*****[[Western Brittonic languages|Western Brittonic]] ([[Dialect continuum]])
*****[[Western Brittonic languages|Western Brittonic]] ([[Dialect continuum]])
******Primitive / Archaic Welsh (extinct)
******[[Old Welsh]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Welsh]] (extinct)
*******[[Middle Welsh]] (extinct)
********[[Middle Welsh]] (extinct)
********'''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]''' ([[Modern Welsh]]) ('''''Cymraeg''''' / '''''y Gymraeg''''')
*********''[[Patagonian Welsh]]''
*********'''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]''' ([[Modern Welsh]]) ('''''Cymraeg''''' / '''''y Gymraeg''''') (''[[Y Fro Gymraeg]]'' is the largest contiguous Celtic language area with a majority of speakers)
**********''Gwent and Morgannwg''
**********''Dyfed''
**********''Gwynedd''
**********''Powys''
**********''[[Patagonian Welsh]] (in [[Y Wladfa]] - Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina)''
******[[Cumbric]] (extinct)
******[[Cumbric]] (extinct)
******[[Ivernic language|Ivernic]]? (hypothetical) (extinct)
******[[Ivernic language|Ivernic]]? (hypothetical) (extinct)
****Pictish
****[[Pictish language|Pictish]] (extinct)
*****[[Pictish language|Pictish]] (may have been a Celtic language possibly related to Brittonic) (extinct)
***[[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] ([[Q Celtic]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
***[[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] ([[Q Celtic]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
****[[Primitive Irish]] (extinct)
****[[Primitive Irish]] (extinct)
*****[[Old Irish]] (''[[Goídelc]]'') (extinct)
*****[[Old Irish]] (''[[Goídelc]]'') (extinct)
******[[Middle Irish]] (''Gaoidhealg'') (extinct)
******[[Middle Irish]] (''Gaoidhealg'') (extinct)
*******Modern [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] [[dialect continuum]] (''teangacha Gaelacha'' / ''cànanan Goidhealach'' / ''çhengaghyn Gaelgagh'')
*******'''[[Irish language|Irish]]''' ([[Modern Irish]]) ('''''Gaeilge''''') / '''Irish Gaelic'''
********''[[Standard Irish]]'' (''An Caighdeán Oifigiúil'')
********Western Gaelic
********''[[Leinster Irish]] (in [[Leinster]] / [[Laighin]]) (extinct)''
*********'''[[Irish language|Irish]]''' ([[Modern Irish]]) ('''''Gaeilge''''') / '''Irish Gaelic''' (not to be confused with [[Hiberno-English|Irish English / Hiberno-English]]) (the districts part of regions were [[Irish language|Irish]] is spoken as first language by a majority of people are known as [[Gaeltacht]]) (has several loanwords from [[English language|English]] known as [[Béarlachas]])
**********''[[Standard Irish]]'' (''An Caighdeán Oifigiúil'') ''(pan-regional form)''
********''[[Connacht Irish]]'' (''Gaeilge Chonnacht'')
**********''Urban Irish (developing modern dialect in the urban areas, particularly in [[Dublin]])''
********''[[Munster Irish]]'' (''Gaelainn na Mumhan''
*********''[[Newfoundland Irish]] (in [[Newfoundland]]) (extinct)''
**********''Leinster-Connacht Irish (in Central [[Ireland]]) (Lár – Middle, Central) (transitional characteristics between [[Ulster Irish]], in the north, and [[Munster Irish]], in the south)''
***********''[[Leinster Irish]] (in [[Leinster]] / [[Laighin]]) (extinct) (no longer part of the [[Gaeltacht]]) (the only [[Irish language|Irish]] is the [[Standard Irish]])''
************''East Leinster'' (''Laighin Thoir'')
*************''The Pale Irish (in South [[The Pale]] / [[The Pale|An Pháil]]) (extinct) (included [[Dublin]]) (originally was part of the Kingdom of [[Mide]]) (no longer part of the [[Gaeltacht]]) (the only [[Irish language|Irish]] is the [[Standard Irish]])''
***********''Midland Leinster-Connacht'' (''Lár Tíre'') ''(transitional between Leinster and Connaught dialects)''
***********''[[Connacht Irish]]'' (''Gaeilge Chonnacht'') ''(in [[Connacht]])''
************''Connemara Connacht Irish (in [[Connemara]]) (West [[Connemara]] is the largest contiguous [[Gaeltacht]] region)''
************''West Aran Connacht Irish'' / ''Inishmore and Inishmaan Connacht Irish (in the [[Aran islands]] of [[Inishmore]] and [[Inishmaan]] but not in [[Inisheer]] where people speak a Munster Irish dialect)''
************''Mayo Connacht Irish'' (''[[Erris]]'' / ''[[Iorras]]'') ''(in [[County Mayo|Mayo]])''
**********''[[Munster Irish]]'' (''Gaelainn na Mumhan'') ''(in [[Munster]]) (Deisceartach – Southern)''
***********''East Munster'' (''Mumhain Thoir'')
************''Ring and Old Parish Munster Irish (in [[Ring, County Waterford|Ring]] / [[Ring, County Waterford|Rinn Ua gCuanach]] and [[Old Parish]] / [[An Sean Phobal]], [[Waterford County]])''
************''Inisheer (in [[Inisheer]] island, the easternmost of the Aran Islands)''
***********''West Munster'' (''Mumhain Thiar'')
************''Kerry Munster Irish''
************''West Muskerry (in [[West Muskerry]])''
************''Iverragh Peninsula (in the [[Iveragh Peninsula]])''
************''Dingle Peninsula (in the [[Dingle Peninsula]])''
***********''[[Newfoundland Irish]] (in [[Newfoundland]]) (extinct)''
********Central-Eastern Gaelic ([[Ulster Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Manx language|Manx]] descend from the [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] language that was spoken in the [[Ulster]], north of Ireland, in the 6th to 8th centuries, and share a close common ancestor with [[Irish language|Irish]], they are not direct descendants from the [[Brittonic languages]] like [[Welsh language|Welsh]])
*********Transitional Irish-Scottish Gaelic / Western-Eastern Gaelic
**********''[[Ulster Irish]] ([[Ulster Irish|Canúint Uladh]]) (in [[Ulster]]) (Tuaisceartach – Northern)''
**********''[[Ulster Irish]] ([[Ulster Irish|Canúint Uladh]]) (in [[Ulster]]) (Tuaisceartach – Northern)''
*******'''[[Scottish Gaelic]]''' ('''''Gàidhlig''''') (not to be confused with [[Scots language|Scots]] or [[Scottish English]])
***********''West Ulster'' (''Ulaidh Thiar'')
********''[[Mid-Minch Gaelic]]'' (''[[Mid-Minch Gaelic|Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara]]'')
************''Donegal Ulster Irish (second largest [[Gaeltacht]] region)''
********''[[Hebridean Gaelic|Hebridean]]'' / ''[[Hebridean Gaelic]]''
***********''Bréifne (roughly matching west old [[Kingdom of Bréifne]] lands)''
********''[[East Sutherland Gaelic]]'' (''Gàidhlig Chataibh'') ''(extinct)''
***********''Acaill (an Ulster dialect exclave mainly in [[Achill Island]] and parts of the mainland, in [[Connaught]] – western Ireland)''
***********''East Ulster'' (''Ulaidh Thoir'')
********''[[Canadian Gaelic]]'' / ''[[Canadian Gaelic|Cape Breton Gaelic]]''
********''[[Galwegian Gaelic]] (extinct)''
************''Meadh Irish (in [[Mide|Meath]]) (extinct) (no longer part of the [[Gaeltacht]]) (the only [[Irish language|Irish]] is the [[Standard Irish]]) (most people from the two small enclaves of speakers in Meath part of the [[Gaeltacht]] – [[Baile Ghib]] (Gibstown) and [[Ráth Chairn]] (Rathcarran), are not speakers of the Meadh Gaelic Irish because they came from Western Ireland – [[Connemara]], in [[Connaught]], and [[County Kerry]], in [[Munster]], in the mid 20th century)''
************''Straits of Moyle Gaelic'' / ''North Channel Gaelic'' (extinct)
*******'''[[Manx language|Manx Gaelic]]''' ('''''Gaelg''''' / '''''Gailck''''')
********''[[Manx language|Northern Manx]]'' (''Gaelg y Twoaie'')
*********Eastern Gaelic ([[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Manx language|Manx]] descend from the [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] language that was spoken in the [[Ulster]], mainly in the [[Kingdom of Ulaid]], north of Ireland, in the 6th to 8th centuries, and share a close common ancestor with [[Irish language|Irish]], they are not direct descendants from the [[Brittonic languages]] like [[Welsh language|Welsh]]) ([[Cumbric]] [[Common Brittonic]] and [[Pictish language|Pictish]] substrates)
********''[[Manx language|Douglas Manx]]'' (?) (''Gaelg y Doolish'')
**********'''[[Scottish Gaelic]]''' ('''''Gàidhlig''''') (not to be confused with [[Scots language|Scots]] or [[Scottish English]]) (the districts part of regions were [[Scottish Gaelic]] is spoken as first language by a majority of people are known as [[Gàidhealtachd]])
********''[[Manx language|Southern Manx]]'' (''Gaelg y Jiass'')
***********''[[Mid-Minch Gaelic]]'' (''[[Mid-Minch Gaelic|Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara]]'') ''(pan-regional form of [[Scottish Gaelic]], developing standard [[Scottish Gaelic]])''
***********''Highland Scottish Gaelic (also included Northern [[Lowland Scotland]], north of the [[Firth of Clyde]] and [[Firth of Forth]], this group of dialects has a [[Pictish language|Pictish]] substrate, from the [[Gaelic-languages|Pre-Gaelic]] language once spoken in this area of [[Scotland]])''
************''Southern Highland''
*************''Argyllean Gaelic (in [[Argyll]] / [[Earra-Ghàidheal]])''
*************''Tayside Gaelic (in [[Tayside]] / [[Tayside|Taobh Tatha]], including [[Perthshire]] / [[Siorrachd Pheairt]] and [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]] / [[Angus, Scotland|Aonghas]], [[Kincardineshire]] / [[Kincardineshire|A' Mhaoirne]] ([[Kincardineshire|Mearns]]), [[Fife]] / [[Fìobha]], [[Kinross-shire]], [[Clackmannanshire]] / [[Clackmannanshire|Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn]], and northern parts of [[Stirlingshire]] / [[Stirlingshire|Siorrachd Sruighlea]], in Northern [[Lowland Scotland]], where it was largely replaced by [[Scots language]] and [[Scottish English]], however there are small enclaves of speakers)''
************''Middle Highland'' (''Meadhan'')
*************''West Middle Highland (Meadhan Siarach)''
*************''East Middle Highland'' / ''Grampian-Moravian Gaelic (in [[Grampian]] / Roinn a' Mhonaidh and [[Moray]] / [[Moray|Moireibh]] or [[Moray|Moireabh]], hence the name "Moravian" for the dialect, in Northern [[Lowland Scotland]], where it was largely replaced by [[Scots language]] and [[Scottish English]], however there are small enclaves of speakers)''
************''[[Hebridean Gaelic|Hebridean]]'' / ''[[Hebridean Gaelic]] (in the [[Hebrides Islands]] / [[Innse Gall]]) (largest [[Gàidhealtachd]] region)''
************''Lewis Gaelic (in the [[Isle of Lewis]] / [[Leòdhas]])''
************''North Highland''
*************''Sutherland Gaelic''
**************''[[East Sutherland Gaelic]]'' (''Gàidhlig Chataibh'') ''(extinct)''
*************''Caithness Gaelic (Northernmost Scottish Gaelic dialect, Utmost, Most Distant – Iomallach) (in [[Caithness]] / [[Gallaibh]])''
************''[[Canadian Gaelic]]'' / ''[[Canadian Gaelic|Cape Breton Gaelic]]'' (''[[Canadian Gaelic|Gàidhlig Chanada]]'' / ''[[Canadian Gaelic|A' Ghàidhlig Chanadach]]'' / ''[[Canadian Gaelic|Gàidhlig Cheap Bhreatainn]]'') ''(mainly [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Nova Scotia]]) (part of the [[Gàidhealtachd]])''
***********''Lowland Scottish Gaelic (extinct) (Southern [[Lowland Scotland]], south of the [[Firth of Clyde]] and [[Firth of Forth]], had a [[Cumbric Language|Cumbric]] substrate, from the Pre-[[Gaelic-languages|Gaelic]] [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language once spoken in this area of [[Scotland]]) (no longer part of the [[Gàidhealtachd]]) (former speakers shifted to [[Scots language|Scots]] and [[Scottish English]])''
************''[[Galwegian Gaelic]] (in [[Galloway]] / [[Galloway|A' Ghalldachd]]) (extinct) (former speakers shifted to [[Scots language|Scots]] and [[Scottish English]]) ([[Common Brittonic]] substrate)''
************''Strathclyde Gaelic (extinct) (replaced by [[Scots language|Scots]] and [[Scottish English]]) (in the east part of [[Strathclyde]] / [[Srath Chluaidh]], roughly matching the old [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]]) (there is a community of [[Scottish Gaelic]] speakers in urban centers like [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]'s biggest city, however they are [[Mid-Minch Gaelic]] speakers, not of the old Strathclyde Gaelic dialect)''
************''Lothian Gaelic'' (?) ''(this region in the southeastern corner of [[Scotland]], [[Lothian]], where [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]'s capital is located, and including part of the east [[Borders, Scotland|Borders]], from an early time, 7th and 8th centuries, had [[Northumbrian Old English]] speakers and was the basis for the emergence, development and spreading of [[Scots language|Germanic Scots]], it is not sure if [[Scots Gaelic]] or [[Scottish Gaelic]] was spoken in this region alongside [[Cumbric Language|Cumbric]] and before the rooting of [[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]] [[Old English]], the ancestor of [[Scots language]])''
**********'''[[Manx language|Manx Gaelic]]''' ('''''Gaelg''''' / '''''Gailck''''') (not to be confused with [[Manx English]]) ([[Common Brittonic]] substrate)
***********''[[Manx language|Northern Manx]]'' (''Gaelg y Twoaie'')
***********''[[Manx language|Douglas Manx]]'' (?) (''Gaelg y Doolish'')
***********''[[Manx language|Southern Manx]]'' (''Gaelg y Jiass'')
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Hellenic languages]]==
==[[Hellenic languages]]==
{{Ancient Greek dialects}}
[[File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The distribution of '''major modern Greek dialect areas'''.]]
[[File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The distribution of '''major modern Greek dialect areas'''.]]
[[File:Anatolian Greek dialects.png|thumb|'''Anatolian Greek until 1923'''. '''Demotic''' in yellow. '''Pontic''' in orange. '''Cappadocian''' in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.<ref>Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>]]
[[File:Anatolian Greek dialects.png|thumb|'''Anatolian Greek until 1923'''. '''Demotic''' in yellow. '''Pontic''' in orange. '''Cappadocian''' in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.<ref>Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] (extinct)
**[[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]] (extinct)
**[[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]] (extinct)
***[[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] ([[Classical Greek]]) (Ἑλληνική – ''Hellēnikḗ'' / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – ''Hellēnikḗ glōssa'') (includes [[Homeric Greek]]) (extinct) ([[Classical language]], [[High culture]] language of [[Ancient Greece]], [[Greek colonies]] and [[East Mediterranean]]) ([[Dialect continuum]])
***[[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] ([[Classical Greek]]) (Ἑλληνική – ''Hellēnikḗ'' / Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – ''Hellēnikḗ glōssa'') (includes [[Homeric Greek]]) (extinct) ([[Dialect continuum]])
****''Eastern''
****''[[Aeolic Greek]] (extinct)''
****''[[Arcadocypriot Greek|Arcadocypriot]] (extinct)''
*****''Central (Central Eastern)''
******''[[Aeolic Greek]] (extinct)''
*****''[[Pamphylian Greek]]'' (in [[Pamphylia]]) ''(extinct)''
****''[[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] (extinct)''
*******''Thessalian (in [[ancient Thessaly]]) (not the same as Modern Thessalian Greek that descends from Attic [[Koiné Greek]]) (extinct)''
*******''Boeotian (in ancient [[Boeotia]]) (extinct)''
*****''[[Attic Greek|Attic]] (extinct)''
******[[Koine Greek]] (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ)
*******''Asia Minor Aeolian (extinct)''
*******[[New Testament|Biblical Greek]] (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek)
******''[[Arcadocypriot Greek|Arcadocypriot]] (extinct)''
********[[New Testament|New Testament Greek]] (Greek of New Testament)
*******''Arcadian (in ancient [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]) (extinct)''
********[[Septuagint|Septuagint Greek]] (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament))
*******''Cyprian (extinct) (not the same as Modern [[Greek Cypriot]] that descends from Attic [[Koiné Greek]])''
*******''[[Pamphylian Greek]]'' (in [[Pamphylia]]) ''(extinct)''
*********[[Jewish Koine Greek]] (Greek of [[Byzantine Jews]])
*******[[Medieval Greek]] ([[Byzantine Greek]] / [[Constantinopolitan Greek]])
*****''Eastern (Southern Eastern)''
********'''[[Greek language|Greek]]''' ([[Modern Greek]]) ('''ελληνικά''' – '''''Elliniká''''') ([[Dialect continuum]])
******''[[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] (extinct)''
*********''[[Katharevousa]]'' (''Καθαρεύουσα'' – ''Katharevousa'')
*******''West Ionic''
********''[[Attic Greek|Attic]] (extinct)''
*********''[[Demotic Greek|Demotic]]'' (''Δημοτική γλώσσα'' – ''Dimotikí glṓssa'')
**********''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Southern dialects]]''
*********[[Koine Greek]] (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos / Kοινὴ – Koinḕ) ("Koinḕ" means "Common" in the sense of "Supradialectal Greek") (extinct) ([[Classical language]], [[High culture]] language of the [[Hellenistic]] time, [[Greek colonies]], [[East Mediterranean]], the east part of the [[Roman Empire]] and the [[East Roman Empire]] or [[Byzantine Empire]], see [[Greek East and Latin West]], original language of most of the [[Bible]]'s [[New Testament]], [[liturgical language]] / [[sacred language]] of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] and [[Greek Catholic Church]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
**********[[New Testament|Biblical Greek]] (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek)
***********''[[Mani Greek Dialect|Maniot]] (in [[Mani Peninsula]]) (archaic dialect)''
***********[[New Testament|New Testament Greek]] (Greek of New Testament)
***********''[[Himariote dialect|Himariote]]''
***********[[Septuagint|Septuagint Greek]] (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament))
***********''[[Cretan Greek|Cretan]]''
************[[Jewish Koine Greek]] (Greek of [[Byzantine Jews]])
***********''[[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]]''
**********''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Central Greek ("Semi-Northern")]] (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)''
**********Patristic Greek (Koine Greek of Orthodox Church fathers)
**********''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Northern dialects]]''
**********[[Medieval Greek]] ([[Byzantine Greek]] / [[Constantinopolitan Greek]]) ([[Colloquial language|Colloquial]] or [[vernacular language]] of the [[East Roman Empire|East Roman]] or [[Byzantine Empire]]) (extinct)
***********'''[[Greek language|Greek]]''' ([[Modern Greek]]) ('''ελληνικά''' – '''''Elliniká''''') ([[Dialect continuum]])
***********''[[Istanbul Greek dialect|Constantinopolitan Greek]]''
********'''[[Silliot Greek|Silliot]]'''
************''[[Katharevousa]]'' (''Καθαρεύουσα'' – ''Katharevousa'') ([[Conservative (language)|Conservative]] variant of [[Greek language|Greek]])
********'''[[Pharasiot Greek|Pharasiot]]'''
************''[[Demotic Greek|Demotic]]'' (''Δημοτική γλώσσα'' – ''Dimotikí glṓssa'') ''(basis of [[Standard Modern Greek]] but not identical)''
*********'''[[Pontic Greek language|Pontic Greek]]''' ('''ποντιακά''' – '''''Pontiaká''''')
*************''Modern Athenian / Metropolitan Athenian Greek'' (close to [[Standard Modern Greek]]) (not quite a Southern or Northern Greek dialect, although Standard Modern Greek is based predominantly on the southern dialects, especially those of the [[Peloponnese]])
*************''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Southern dialects]]''
**********''[[Mariupolitan Greek]] (Rumeíka)''
**************''Ionian-Peloponnesian''
********[[Cappadocian Greek]]
***************''Archaic Demotic Southern Greek Dialects''
********Italiot Greek
*********'''[[Griko dialect|Griko]]''' / '''[[Griko dialect|Salentinian Greek]]''' (Γκρίκο – '''''Gríko''''') ''(''
****************''Old Ionian Demotic Greek (all extinct)''
*********'''[[Calabrian Greek]]''' (Γκραίκο – '''''Graíko''''')
*****************''Old Attican Demotic Greek''
********'''[[Yevanic language|Yevanic]]''' ([[Judæo-Greek]] / [[Romaniote language|Romaniote]]) (probably extinct)
******************''Old Athenian (archaic dialect) (traditional dialect of [[Athens]])''
****''[[Doric Greek|Doric]] (extinct)''
*****************''Old Aeginian (in [[Aegina Island]])''
*****''[[Doric Greek|Northwest Doric]]'' / ''[[Northwest Greek]] (extinct)''
*****************''Old Euboean (in [[Kymi, Greece|Kymi]], Central Northern coast of [[Euboea]] Island)''
****************''Old Megaran Demotic Greek (extinct)''
******''[[Locrian Greek]] (in [[Locris]]) (extinct)''
*****''[[Achaean Doric Greek|Achaean Doric]] (in [[Achaea (ancient region)|Achaea]]) (North Coast of [[Peloponnese]]) (extinct)''
****************''Old Demotic Peloponnese Greek (extinct)''
*****'''[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]]''' ('''Tσακώνικα''' – '''''Tsakṓnika''''' / '''A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα''' – '''''A Tsakṓnika gloússa''''')
*****************''[[Mani Greek Dialect|Maniot]] (in [[Mani Peninsula]]) (archaic dialect)''
****[[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Macedonian|url=http://multitree.org/codes/xmk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122022719/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2013|website=MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> (extinct)
******************''Cargèse Greek (in western [[Corsica]] coast, to the north of [[Ajaccio]]) (extinct)''
***************''South Euboean''
***************''Peloponnese''
***************''Ionian Islands dialects''
****************''Cytherian''
****************''Zakynthian''
****************''Kefallonian'' / ''Cefallonian''
****************''Ithakan''
****************''Lefkadan''
****************''Paxian''
****************''Kerkyra / Corfu''
***************''North Epirote (in [[Thesprotia]], [[North Epirus]], Far-Southern [[Albania]]) (although geographically in the Northwest of [[Greece]] the dialect has more similarities with Southern Greek dialects)''
****************''[[Himariote dialect|Himariote]]''
**************''Cretan-Cycladian''
***************''Cycladian''
***************''[[Cretan Greek|Cretan]]''
**************''Southeastern dialects''
***************''Chiote-Ikarian''
****************''Chiote''
****************''Ikarian''
***************''Dodecanese''
***************''[[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]]''
**************''Southwestern-Southern Anatolian Greek (was more in contact with other Greek dialects than [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic]] or [[Cappadocian Greek]])''
***************''Dorian Anatolian Greek''
***************''Lycian Greek''
***************''Demotic Pamphylian Greek''
***************''Cilician Greek (extinct)''
*************''Central-Northern Greek''
**************''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Central Greek ("Semi-Northern")]] (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)''
***************''Boeotian''
***************''Phocian''
***************''Phthiotian''
***************''Evrytania''
***************''Aetolian''
***************''Acarnanian''
***************''Dhërmi and Palasë Greek (in [[Dhërmi]] and [[Palasë]], [[Northern Epirus]], Far-Southern [[Albania]])''
***************''Desfinan''
***************''North Euboean-Sporadic''
****************''North Euboean''
****************''Sporadic''
*****************''Skyriote''
*****************''Mykonian''
*****************''Lefkian''
**************''[[Varieties of Modern Greek|Northern dialects]]''
***************''Thessalian''
***************''Epirote (Southern Epirote but not the Northern)''
***************''Modern Greek Macedonian''
***************''Thracian Greek''
***************''Rumelian Greek''
***************''[[Istanbul Greek dialect|Constantinopolitan Greek]] (Greek of [[Constantinopolis]] / [[Byzantium]], today's [[Istanbul]])''
***************''Kastorian''
***************''Naoussan''
***************''Veurbinian''
***************''Sarakatsanika ([[Varieties of Modern Greek|Greek dialect]] of the [[Sarakatsani]] / [[Karakachani]])''
***************''North Aegean''
****************''Lemniote''
****************''Samothracian''
****************''Imbriote''
****************''Thasian''
****************''Lesbiote''
****************''Samian''
***************''West-Northwest Anatolian Greek (was more in contact with other Greek dialects than [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic]] or [[Cappadocian Greek]])''
****************''Mysian Greek''
*****************''Artakian''
****************''Bithynian Greek''
****************''Paphlagonian Greek (extinct)''
****************''Anatolian Ionian Greek''
*****************''Smyrniote (Greek of [[Smyrna]], today's [[İzmir]])''
***********Northern-Central Anatolian Greek/Northern-Central Asia Minor Greek (more divergent than Western and Southern Anatolian Greek, that were more in contact with other Greek dialects, divergent enough to be considered separate languages although closely related to [[Modern Greek]], they descend from [[Medieval Greek|Medieval]] or [[Byzantine Greek]])
************'''[[Silliot Greek|Silliot]]''' (Greek of [[Sille (village)|Sille]], near [[Ikonion]]/[[Iconium]], today's [[Konya]]) (was the most divergent of the varieties of Asia Minor/Anatolian Greek)
************Pharasiot-Pontic-Cappadocian
*************'''[[Pharasiot Greek|Pharasiot]]''' ([[Pharasiot Greek|Greek of Pharasa]], Faraşa, now Çamlıca village in [[Yahyalı]], [[Kayseri]], and other nearby villages, Afshar-Köy, Çukuri) (not particularly close to [[Cappadocian Greek|Cappadocian]])
*************Pontic-Cappadocian
**************'''[[Pontic Greek language|Pontic Greek]]''' ('''ποντιακά''' – '''''Pontiaká''''') (spoken by the [[Pontic Greeks]])
***************''Western Pontic''
***************''Eastern Pontic''
****************''Trapezuntine (Greek dialect of [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], today's [[Trabzon]])''
****************''Chaldiote''
***************''Crimean Greek'' / ''Ukrainian Greek (Rumeíka)''
****************''[[Mariupolitan Greek]] (Rumeíka) (spoken in [[Mariupol]], that was founded by [[Crimean Greeks]], and about 17 villages around the northern coast of the [[Sea of Azov]] in southern Ukraine) (not confuse with [[Urum language|Urum]], which is [[List of Turkic languages|Turkic]], the language of the [[Urums]], another Greek regional group that also belong to the wider [[Crimean Greeks]])''
****************''Azof Dialects/Idioms: Greek dialects and languages spoken in the Crimean Peninsula. Most of them were russified.''
**************Old Cappadocian Greek (former speakers shifted to a mixed Greek-Turkish language) (see [[Cappadocian Greek]]) (was spoken by the [[Cappadocian Greeks]])
***********Italiot Greek dialects or languages ([[Magna Graecia]] Greek, Greek of Southern Italy) ([[Griko dialect|Κατωιταλιώτικα]] – [[Griko dialect|Katōitaliṓtika]]) (divergent enough to be considered separate from [[Modern Greek]] although closely related to it, they descend from [[Medieval Greek|Medieval]] or [[Byzantine Greek]]) (spoken by the [[Griko people]])
************'''[[Griko dialect|Griko]]''' / '''[[Griko dialect|Salentinian Greek]]''' (Γκρίκο – '''''Gríko''''') ''([[Doric Greek|Doric]]-influenced)''
************'''[[Calabrian Greek]]''' (Γκραίκο – '''''Graíko''''') ''([[Northwestern Greek]], [[Achaean Greek|Achaean]] and [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] influenced)''
***********'''[[Yevanic language|Yevanic]]''' ([[Judæo-Greek]] / [[Romaniote language|Romaniote]]) (probably extinct) ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] substrate and influence)
*******''Central Ionic'' (extinct)
*******''East Ionic (Asia Minor Ionic)''
****''Western''
*****''[[Doric Greek|Doric]] (extinct)''
******''[[Doric Greek|Northwest Doric]]'' / ''[[Northwest Greek]] (extinct)''
*******''Epirote-Acarnanian-Aetolian (extinct)''
********''Epirote (in [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]]) (extinct) (not the same as Modern Epirote Greek that descends from Attic [[Koiné Greek]])''
********''Acarnanian (in [[Acarnania]]) (extinct)''
********''Aetolian (in [[Aetolia]]) (extinct)''
*******''Locrian-Phocian (extinct)''
********''[[Locrian Greek]] (in [[Locris]]) (extinct)''
*********''Ozolian Locrian (extinct)''
*********''Epicnemidian Locrian (extinct)''
*********''Opuntian Locrian (extinct)''
********''Phocian (in [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]]) (extinct)''
*******''Elean (in [[ancient Elis|Elis]]) (Western [[Peloponnese Peninsula]]) (extinct)''
******''[[Achaean Doric Greek|Achaean Doric]] (in [[Achaea (ancient region)|Achaea]]) (North Coast of [[Peloponnese]]) (extinct)''
******''[[Doric Greek|Doric proper]] (extinct)''
*******''Megarean (in [[Megaris]]) (extinct)''
*******''Corinthian (in [[Corinthia (ancient region)|Corinthia]]) (extinct)''
*******''Argive-Aeginetan (extinct)''
********''Argive (in [[Argolis (ancient region)|Argolis]]) (extinct)''
********''Aeginetan (in [[Aegina Island]]) (extinct)''
*******''Laconian (in [[Laconia]], including [[Sparta]]) (extinct)''
********'''[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]]''' ('''Tσακώνικα''' – '''''Tsakṓnika''''' / '''A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα''' – '''''A Tsakṓnika gloússa''''') (Doric-influenced [[Koine]], archaic and most divergent of [[Modern Greek]] varieties)
*******''Messenian'' (in [[Messenia (ancient region)|Messenia]]) ''(extinct)''
*******''Cretan'' (in [[Crete]] Island) ''(extinct)''
*******''Rhodian-Carpathian (extinct)''
********''Rhoddian (in [[Rhodes Island]]) (extinct)''
********''Carpathian (in [[Carpathos]] Island) (extinct)''
*******''Theran-Melian (extinct)''
********''Theran (in [[Santorin Island|Thera Island]]) (extinct)''
********''Melian (in [[Melos]] Island) (extinct)''
*******''Asia Minor Doric (extinct)''
*****[[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Macedonian|url=http://multitree.org/codes/xmk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122022719/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2013|website=MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> (not the same as Modern Macedonian Greek that descends from Attic [[Koiné Greek]]) (extinct)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Armenian language]]==
==[[Armenian language]]==
[[File:Armenian dialects, Adjarian 1909.png|thumb|'''Armenian dialects''', according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.]]
[[File:Armenian dialects, Adjarian 1909.png|thumb|'''Armenian dialects''', according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.]]
[[File:MAPArmenian.png|thumb|Modern geographical distribution of the '''Armenian language'''.]]
[[File:MAPArmenian.png|thumb|Modern geographical distribution of the '''Armenian language'''.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Armenian language|Proto-Armenian]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Armenian language|Proto-Armenian]] (extinct)
**[[Classical Armenian]] ([[Old Armenian]]) (գրաբար հայերէն – ''Krapar Hayeren'' / ''Grabar Hayeren'' գրաբար – ''Krapar'' / ''Grabar'') ([[Classical language]], [[High culture]] language, official language of the [[Armenian Kingdom]], [[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]] of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and the [[Armenian Catholic Church]])
**[[Classical Armenian]] ([[Old Armenian]]) (գրաբար հայերէն – ''Krapar Hayeren'' / ''Grabar Hayeren'' գրաբար – ''Krapar'' / ''Grabar'') ([[Classical language]], [[High culture]] language, official language of the [[Armenian Kingdom]], [[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]] of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and the [[Armenian Catholic Church]])
Line 1,598: Line 638:
****'''[[Armenian language|Armenian]]''' ([[Modern Armenian]]) ('''հայերէն]]''' or '''հայերեն''' – '''''[[Hayeren]]''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
****'''[[Armenian language|Armenian]]''' ([[Modern Armenian]]) ('''հայերէն]]''' or '''հայերեն''' – '''''[[Hayeren]]''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
*****'''[[Western Armenian]]''' ('''արեւմտահայերէն''' – '''''Arevmdahayerēn''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
*****'''[[Western Armenian]]''' ('''արեւմտահայերէն''' – '''''Arevmdahayerēn''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
******''[[Karin dialect|Karin]]'' / ''[[Karin dialect|Upper Armenia]] (Bardzr Hayk')''
******''[[Western Armenian|-gë Dialects]]''
*******''[[Mush dialect|Mush]]''
*******''[[Karin dialect|Karin]]'' / ''[[Karin dialect|Upper Armenia]] (Bardzr Hayk') (roughly in today's [[Erzurum]] city and [[Erzurum Province]], Eastern Turkey)''
******''[[Kharberd–Yerznka dialect|Kharpert-Yerznka]]'' ''(Tsopk') (nearly extinct)''
*******''Turuberan''
********''[[Mush dialect|Mush]]'' / ''[[Mush dialect|Taron]]''
******''[[Shabin–Karahisar dialect|Nikopoli Armenian]]''
*********''[[Gavar]] subdialect''
******''[[Homshetsi]]''
*******''Van'' / ''Vaspurakan''
********''[[Torfavan]] subdialect''
*******''Tigranakert Armenian'' / ''Aghdznik (Arzanene) (in [[Diyarbakır]]) (nearly extinct)''
*******''[[Kharberd–Yerznka dialect|Kharpert-Yerznka]]'' / ''Sophene (Tsopk') (in [[Elazığ]]) (nearly extinct)''
*******''[[Shabin–Karahisar dialect|Nikopoli Armenian]] (in Nikopoli region, today's [[Şebinkarahisar]] / [[Shabin-Karahisar]], [[Giresun Province]], [[Black Sea Region]], Turkey)''
*******''Trapizon Armenian (in [[Trabzon]]) (nearly extinct)''
*******''[[Homshetsi]] (Armenian spoken by the [[Hemshin peoples|Hemshin]] Armenians)''
*******''Malatia Armenian (in [[Malatya]]) (nearly extinct)''
*******''Cilician Armenian (nearly extinct)''
*******''Sueidia / Syrian Armenian dialects (still spoken by [[Syrian Armenians]])''
********''Vakıflı Armenian (in [[Vakıflı]], Turkey)''
********''Kessab Armenian (in [[Kessab]], Syria)''
********''Latakia Armenian (in [[Latakia]], Syria)''
********''Jisr al-Shughur Armenian (in [[Jisr al-Shughur]], Syria)''
********''Anjar Armenian (in [[Anjar, Lebanon|Anjar]], [[Lebanon]])''
*******''Arabkir Armenian (almost extinct)''
*******''Akn Armenian''
*******''Sebastia Armenian (in [[Sivas]]) (nearly extinct)''
*******''Tokat Armenian (almost extinct)''
*******''Western Armenian dialects in the diaspora''
********''Smyrna Armenian (in today's [[İzmir]], [[İzmir Province]], [[Aegean Region]], Western Turkey)''
********''Nicomedia Armenian (in today's [[İzmit]], [[Kocaeli Province]], Northwestern Turkey)''
********''Constantinople Armenian (in [[Istanbul]], Northwestern Turkey) (nearly extinct)''
********''Rodosto Armenian (in [[Rodosto]], today's [[Tekirdağ]], Turkey, close to Istanbul) (extinct)''
********''Crimea Armenian (still spoken by [[Armenians in Crimea]])''
*********''[[Nakhichevan-on-Don]] Armenian'' / ''[[New Nakhichevan]] / [[New Nakhichevan|Nor Naxiĵevan]] Armenian (today included in the city of [[Rostov-on-Don]], Russia)''
********''[[Austria-Hungary]] Armenian (extinct) (an Armenian dialect of the European [[Armenian diaspora]])''
*****'''[[Eastern Armenian]]''' ('''արևելահայերեն''' – '''''Arevelahayeren''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
*****'''[[Eastern Armenian]]''' ('''արևելահայերեն''' – '''''Arevelahayeren''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
******''[[Eastern Armenian|-owm Dialects]]''
******''[[Yerevan dialect|Yerevan]]''
*******''[[Yerevan dialect|Araratian]]''
******''[[Zok language|Agulis]]''
********''[[Yerevan dialect|Yerevan]] (basis of Modern Standard [[Eastern Armenian]])''
******''[[Artsakh dialect|Artsakh]]''
*******''Jugha (originally in [[Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)|Julfa]]) (today in [[New Julfa]]) (still spoken by part of the [[Iranian Armenians]])''
*******''[[Zok language|Agulis]] (in [[Ordubad District]], [[Azerbaijan]])''
*******''[[Artsakh dialect|Artsakh]] ([[Artsakh dialect|Nagorno-Karabagh Armenian dialect]] / [[Artsakh dialect|Karabakh]])''
*******''Shamakha Armenian (in [[Shamakhi District]], [[Azerbaijan]]) (nearly extinct)''
*******''Tiflis Armenian (in [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])''
*******''Eastern Armenian dialects in the diaspora''
********''Astrakhan Armenian (in [[Northern Caucasus]] and [[Astrakhan]], Russia) (extinct)''
******''[[Eastern Armenian|-el Dialects]] (Tayk'-Nor Shirakan)''
*******''Ardvin'' / ''Tayk'[[Tayk' dialect|<nowiki/>]] (in [[Artvin]])''
*******''Nor Shirakan'' / ''Parskahayk'[[Persarmenia dialect|<nowiki/>]] (Persarmenia)''
********''Khoy (in [[Khoy]]) (still spoken by part of the [[Iranian Armenians]])''
********''Maragha Armenian (in [[Maragheh]]) (still spoken by part of the [[Iranian Armenians]])''
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[List of Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]==
==[[List of Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]==
[[File:Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png|thumb|One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary '''[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]''' dialect groups in Europe around the year 1&nbsp;AD.
[[File:Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png|thumb|One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary '''[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]''' dialect groups in Europe around the year 1&nbsp;AD.
Line 1,661: Line 661:
[[File:Germanic Languages Map Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.35|right|'''Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945'''.]]
[[File:Germanic Languages Map Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.35|right|'''Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945'''.]]
[[File:Germanic languages.svg|thumb|'''Germanic languages in the World'''. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.]]
[[File:Germanic languages.svg|thumb|'''Germanic languages in the World'''. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] (extinct)
**[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] / Oder-Vistula Germanic (most archaic and divergent Germanic group) (all extinct)
**[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] / Oder-Vistula Germanic
***[[Gothic language|Gothic]]<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language|title=Gothic language &#124; Origins, History & Vocabulary &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=25 September 2023|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221004425/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages|title=East Germanic languages &#124; History, Characteristics & Dialects &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2023-08-18|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818123044/https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages|url-status=live}}</ref> (spoken by the [[Goths]])
***[[Gothic language|Gothic]]<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language|title=Gothic language &#124; Origins, History & Vocabulary &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=25 September 2023|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221004425/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gothic-language|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages|title=East Germanic languages &#124; History, Characteristics & Dialects &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2023-08-18|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818123044/https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-Germanic-languages|url-status=live}}</ref>
****[[Crimean Gothic]]<ref name="auto8"/> (?) <ref name="auto2">MacDonald Stearns, ''Das Krimgotische''. In: Heinrich Beck (ed.), ''Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen'', Berlin/New York 1989, p. 175–194, here the chapter ''Die Dialektzugehörigkeit des Krimgotischen'' on p. 181–185</ref>
****''Visigothic''<ref name="auto8"/>
***[[Vandalic language|Vandalic]]
****''Ostrogothic''<ref name="auto8"/>
**[[Northwest Germanic]]
****[[Crimean Gothic]]<ref name="auto8"/> (?) (spoken by the [[Crimean Goths]]; possibly an [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language, however it does not descend from the language of [[Ulfilas]]' [[Gothic Bible]]; alternatively considered to be [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]])<ref name="auto2">MacDonald Stearns, ''Das Krimgotische''. In: Heinrich Beck (ed.), ''Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen'', Berlin/New York 1989, p. 175–194, here the chapter ''Die Dialektzugehörigkeit des Krimgotischen'' on p. 181–185</ref>
***[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
***[[Vandalic language|Vandalic]] (spoken by the [[Vandals]])
****[[Elbe Germanic]]
***Burgundian (spoken by the [[Burgundians]])<ref name="auto6"/>
***Bastarnian (spoken by the [[Bastarnae|Bastarnians]])
***Gepidian (spoken by the [[Gepids]])<ref name="auto6"/>
***Herulian (spoken by the [[Heruli|Herules]])
***Rugian (spoken by the [[Rugii|Rugians]])<ref name="auto6"/>
***Skirian (spoken by the [[Sciri|Scirians]])
**[[Northwest Germanic]] ([[dialect continuum]])
***[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] ([[dialect continuum]])
****[[Elbe Germanic]] (Herminionic / Irminonic)
*****[[Lombardic language|Langobardic / Lombardic]] (extinct)
*****[[Lombardic language|Langobardic / Lombardic]] (extinct)
*****[[Suebi#Language|Suebian]] (extinct) (Suebian languages are thought to be a main source of the later [[High German languages]])<ref>Harm, Volker (2013), ''"Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen'', in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99</ref>
*****[[Suebi#Language|Suebian]] (extinct) <ref>Harm, Volker , ''"Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen'', in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99</ref>
******[[High German languages]] (characterized by the [[High German consonant shift]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
******[[High German languages]]
*******[[Old High German]]
*******[[Old High German]]
********[[Middle High German]]
********[[Middle High German]]
*********[[Early New High German]]
*********[[Early New High German]]
**********[[New High German]] (Modern High German Varieties)
**********[[New High German]]
***********[[Central German]] / Middle German (Mitteldeutsch) (transitional between [[High German languages|High]] and [[Low German]] but closer to the first)
***********[[Central German]] / Middle German
************[[East Central German]]<ref>C. A. M. Noble: ''Modern German Dialects.'' Peter Lang, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, p. 131</ref> (Ostmitteldeutsch) (main basis of [[Standard German|Modern Standard High German]] but also with [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]] influences)
************[[East Central German]]<ref>C. A. M. Noble: ''Modern German Dialects.'' Peter Lang, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, p. 131</ref>
*************Central East Central German
*************'''[[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]]'''
**************Thuringian-Upper Saxon
**************''[[Central Thuringian]]''
***************'''[[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]]''' ('''''Thüringisch''''')
***************'''[[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]'''
****************''[[Central Thuringian]] (spoken around the Thuringian capital [[Erfurt]], [[Gotha]], and [[Ilmenau]])''
****************''[[East Central German#Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch|North Upper Saxon-South Marchian]]''
****************''Northern Thuringian (around [[Mühlhausen]] and [[Nordhausen (district)|Nordhausen]])''
*****************''[[Berlinerisch]]''
*****************''[[Eichsfeld]] dialect''
****************''Northeastern Thuringian (spoken around [[Artern]] as well as in the adjacent areas of [[Querfurt]], [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], and [[Merseburg]] of [[Saxony-Anhalt]])''
*****************''[[Mansfeld]] dialect''
****************''[[Ilm (Thuringia)|Ilm]] Thuringian (around [[Rudolstadt]], [[Jena]], and [[Weimar]])''
****************''Eastern Thuringian (spoken around [[Eisenberg, Thuringia|Eisenberg]] and [[Altenburg]] as well as in the adjacent area of [[Naumburg]], [[Weissenfels]], and [[Zeitz]] in [[Saxony-Anhalt]])''
****************''Southeastern Thuringian (around [[Schleiz]], [[Greiz]], [[Saalfeld]], and [[Gera]], as well as around [[Ludwigsstadt]] in neighboring [[Bavaria]])''
****************''Western Thuringian''
***************'''[[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]''' ('''''Obersächsisch''''') (in fact it is East Thuringian – Ostthüringisch, and not truly Saxon, a [[North Sea Germanic]] descendant; what is called Upper Saxon is an [[Elbe Germanic]] descendant, and close to [[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]]) (roughly spoken on the Middle [[Elbe]] river basin)
****************''[[East Central German#Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch|North Upper Saxon-South Marchian]] (Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch)''
*****************''North Upper Saxon (Nordobersächsisch)''
****************** ''(Osterländisch) (includes Anhaltisch and Leipzigisch in [[Leipzig]])''
*****************''South Marchian'' ''(in the 17th and 18th centuries people shifted to an [[East Central German]] dialect''
******************''formerly Low German area between Mulde river and formerly Sorbian area arpund Elbe, Elster and Mulde''
******************''formerly Sorbian area between a line Ruhland-Finsterwalde-Luckau-Märkisch Buchholz and about Lusatian Neisse''
******************''formerly Low German speaking area in Oder-Warta-area''
******************''[[Berlinerisch]]'' (spoken in [[Berlin]]) ''([[East Low German]] substrate)''
****************''Meissen dialect (Meißnisch) (includes [[Dresden]] and [[Chemnitz]])''
****************''[[Erzgebirgisch]]''
****************''[[Erzgebirgisch]]''
****************''[[Low Lusatian German]]''
*****************''Northern Bohemian German'' (''Nordböhmisch'') ''(nearly extinct) (it was spoken by part of the [[Sudeten Germans|German Bohemians]] – [[Sudeten Germans|Deutschböhmen]], part of the "[[Sudeten Germans]]", a catch-all word for [[Ethnic Germans]] that lived in [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]], western [[Czechoslovakia]])''
**************'''[[Silesian German]]'''
******************''Iglauisch (it was spoken in [[Jihlava|Iglau]] region, modern [[Jihlava]], a former german [[language island]] in the border between [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]])''
***************'''[[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]]'''
******************''Schönhengstler (it was spoken in a region of far northeast [[Bohemia]] and far northwest [[Moravia]], a former German [[language island]] in the border between [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]])''
***************'''Lusatian German''' (''Lausitzisch'')
***************'''[[Alzenau dialect|Alzenau]]'''
*************'''[[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]]'''
****************''[[Low Lusatian German]] (spoken in [[Lower Lusatia]] and northern [[Upper Lusatia]]) (not to be confused with [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]], which is a [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] language) ([[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]] substrate)''
***********'''''[[Standard German]]'''''
****************''Western Lusatian German (spoken in Western [[Upper Lusatia]]) ([[Sorbian languages]] substrate)''
************''[[German Standard German]]''
****************''Eastern Lusatian German (spoken in Eastern [[Upper Lusatia]]) ([[Sorbian languages]] substrate)''
************''[[Austrian Standard German]]''
****************''Upper Lusatian German (spoken in southern [[Upper Lusatia]]; with an American r) (not to be confused with [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], which is a [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] language) ([[Upper Sorbian]] substrate)''
************''[[Swiss Standard German]]''
****************''New Lusatian German (spoken in the area of settlement of the [[Sorbs]]; influenced by the [[Sorbian languages]])''
*************Schlesisch–Wilmesau
**************'''[[Silesian German]]''' (Lower Silesian German) ('''''Schläsche Sproache''''' / '''''Schläs'sche Sproche''''') (mainly in [[Silesia]] historical region, it was the majority language in [[Lower Silesia]] until 1945) (nearly extinct)
***************''Lowland Silesian (Neiderländischschläsche)''
****************''West Silesian (Westschläsche)''
***************''Middle''/''Central Silesian (Mittelschläsche)''
****************''Krauter (Kräuter) (included [[Breslau]], today's [[Wrocław]] and [[Liegnitz]], today's [[Legnica]])''
****************''Brieg-Grottkauer (included Brieg, today's [[Brzeg]])''
***************''Mountain Silesian (Gebirgsschläsche / Oberländisch) (was also spoken in [[Czech Silesia]]) (not to be confused with [[Upper Silesian language|Upper Silesian]] which is a [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] language related to [[Polish language|Polish]])''
****************''Oberländisch Proper'' / ''Southwest Silesian (Südostschläsche)''
****************''Riesengebirgisch (it was spoken by part of the [[Sudeten Germans|German Bohemians]] – [[Sudeten Germans|Deutschböhmen]], part of the "[[Sudeten Germans]]", a catch-all word for [[ethnic Germans]] that lived in [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]], western [[Czechoslovakia]])''
****************''Glatzian (Glätzisch) (in [[Glatz (district)]])''
****************''Upper Elbe Silesian German (North Moravian German – Nordmährisch) (moribund, nearly extinct) (was spoken by part of the [[Sudeten Germans]])''
****************''Upper Oder Silesian German (North German Moravian – Nordmährisch) (in modern [[Czech Silesia]]) (it was spoken by part of the German Moravians – Deutschmährer, part of the "[[Sudeten Germans]]", a catch-all word for [[ethnic Germans]] who lived in [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]], western [[Czechoslovakia]])''
***************''Upper Silesian German (it was formed by several Germanic [[Language island|language enclaves]] or [[language island]]s in the slavic majority region of [[Upper Silesia]]) (included [[Opole|Oppeln]], today's [[Opole]]) (not to be confused with [[Upper Silesian language|Upper Silesian]] which is a [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] language related to [[Polish language|Polish]])''
**************Wilmeserisch-Alzenerisch (Wilmesau-Alzenau) / Wymysiöeryś-Altsnerisch (Vilamovian-Haltsnovian) (in [[Wilamowice|Wymysoü]] in [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]], [[Wilamowice|Wilmesau]] in German, [[Wilamowice]] in Polish, and [[Hałcnów|Altsnau]] in [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]], [[Hałcnów|Alzenau]] in German, and [[Hałcnów]] in Polish, two contiguous settlements) (a Germanic [[Language island|language enclave]] or [[language island]]) (nearly extinct)
***************'''[[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]]''' ('''''Wymysiöeryś''''') (Vilamovian) (spoken in Wymysoü or Wilmesau in German, [[Wilamowice]] in Polish, on the border between [[Silesia]] and [[Lesser Poland]], near [[Bielsko-Biała]]) (nearly extinct)
***************'''[[Alzenau dialect|Alzenau]]''' (Haltsnovian) ('''''Altsnerisch''''' / '''''Päurisch''''') (spoken in the former city of Altsnau ([[Hałcnów]] in Polish), which is now a district of [[Bielsko-Biała]], Poland) (nearly extinct)
*************'''[[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]]''' ('''''Hochpreußisch''''') (closely related to [[Silesian German]]) (it was spoken in southwestern [[East Prussia]], region of [[Warmia]] and adjacent East Prussian Oberland region beyond the [[Pasłęka|Passarge]] River in the west) (not to be confused with [[Baltic Prussian]] or [[Old Prussian]]) (nearly extinct, [[Moribund language|moribund]])
**************''Breslauisch / Breslausch (name that came from Breslau, modern [[Wrocław]])''
**************''Oberländisch''
***********'''''[[Standard German]]''''' (''Standarddeutsch, Standardhochdeutsch, Hochdeutsch'') (based on the East Central German varieties and East Franconian ones)
************''[[German Standard German]]'' (''Bundesdeutsches Hochdeutsch'')
*************''Luxemburgian variety (not to be confused with [[Luxemburgian language|Luxemburgian]], a [[West Central German]] language related to but not the same as [[Standard German]])''
*************''Belgian variety''
************''[[Austrian Standard German]]'' (''Austrian German'') (''Österreichisches Standarddeutsch, Österreichisches Hochdeutsch'') ''(not to be confused with [[Austro-Bavarian]], an [[Upper German]] language related to but not the same as [[Standard German]])''
*************''South-Tyrolean variety''
************''[[Swiss Standard German]]'' (''Schweizer Standarddeutsch'', ''Schweizer Hochdeutsch'') ''(not to be confused with [[Swiss German]] which is based on [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]], an [[Upper German]] language related to but not the same as [[Standard German]])''
*************''[[Liechtenstein German|Liechtenstein variety]]''
*************''[[Liechtenstein German|Liechtenstein variety]]''
************''[[Brazilian German]]''
************''[[Brazilian German]]''
***********[[Upper German]]
************''Volhynian German (Wolinisch / Wolinisches Hochdeitsch) (spoken by the [[Volhynian Germans]]) (until 1945 in scattered communities in [[Volhynia]], northwestern Ukraine)'' – ''the partly dialectal variety was formed with a main [[Silesian German]] basis and lesser [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] and [[Swabian German|Swabian]] (part of [[High German languages|High German]]) contributions but also with a lesser Pomerelian German (part of [[Low German]]) contribution.''
************'''[[East Franconian]]'''
***********[[Upper German]] ([[Upper German|Oberdeutsch]]) (from north towards south)
*************''[[Hohenlohisch dialect|Hohenlohisch]]''
************'''[[East Franconian]] ''(Ostfränkisch)''''', transitional between [[Central German]] and [[Upper German]] (has several dialects and sub-dialects) – descends from [[Elbe Germanic]] (language of [[Cherusci]], [[Semnones]] and [[Hermunduri]], among others) and [[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] (mainly the language of the [[Franks]]) contact and mixing (contributed to the formation of [[Standard German|Modern Standard High German]] along with [[East Central German]])
*************''Lower East Franconian (Unterostfränkisch)''
**************''[[Itzgründisch dialect|Itzgründisch]]''
**************''Hennebergisch'': ''around [[Meiningen]] – [[Suhl]] – [[Schmalkalden]]''
**************''[[Vogtlandian|Vogtländisch]]''
***************''Rhön-Mundart'' / ''Rhönisch'': ''in the [[Rhön Mountains]]''
************'''[[South Franconian]]''' ('''''Südfränkisch''''')
************'''[[Swabian German|Swabian]]-[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]'''
**************''Lower East Franconian (in a stricter sense)'' (''Engeres Unterostfränkisch''): ''Würzburger Raum, Hohenlohischer Raum''
***************''Würzburgisch'': ''in the [[Würzburg]] area (Würzburger Raum)''
*************'''[[Swabian German|Swabian]]'''
***************''Taubergründisch'': ''around [[Tauberbischofsheim]]''
*************'''[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]'''
***************''[[Hohenlohisch dialect|Hohenlohisch]]'': ''in [[Hohenlohe (district)|Hohenlohe]]''
***************''Ochsenfurter Mundart'': ''around [[Ochsenfurt]] ([[ox]] [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] - the name of the town is [[cognate]] with [[Oxford]] and has the same meaning: a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] where [[ox]]en crossed the river)''
***************''Schweinfurtisch'': ''around [[Schweinfurt]] ([[Pig|swine]] [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] - the name of the city has the meaning of a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] where [[pig]]s crossed the river)''
*************''Transitional Lower East Franconian - Upper East Franconian'' - ''Area between ''Lower East Franconian (Unterostfränkisch)'' and ''Upper East Franconian (Oberostfränkisch)'': Ansbacher-, Neustädter- und Coburger Raum (in [[Ansbach]], [[Neustadt am Main|Neustdt am Main]] and [[Coburg]])''
**************''[[Itzgründisch dialect|Itzgründisch]]'' - ''Coburgisch'': ''[[Itzgrund]] and around [[Coburg]]/[[Coburg|Koburg]]''
**************''Bambergisch''
**************''Ansbachsich''
*************''Upper East Franconian (Oberostfränkisch)'': ''Regnitz-, Hof-Bayreuther-, Obermain-, Nailaer- und vogtländischer Raum (in [[Regnitz]], [[Hof, Bavaria|Hof]], [[Bayreuth]], Obermain, Nailaer)''
**************''Erlangisch''
**************''Nuremberg dialect'' (''Nermbercherisch'' / ''Nürnbergerisch'') ''(in and around [[Nuremberg]]) (it has influences from the [[Northern Bavarian]])''
**************''Upper Franconian (Oberfränkisch) [in a strict sense] (Upper Franconian Proper)'': ''around [[Hof, Bavaria|Hof]] and [[Bayreuth]]''
**************''[[Vogtlandian|Vogtländisch]] (= Ostfränkisch-Vogtländisch)'': ''Vogtländischer Raum (in [[Vogtland]], around [[Plauen]])''
************'''[[South Franconian]]''' ('''''Südfränkisch''''', (transitional between [[Central German]] and [[Upper German]]) – descends from [[Elbe Germanic]] (language of [[Cherusci]], [[Semnones]] and [[Hermunduri]], among others) and [[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] - mainly the language of the [[Franks]]) contact and mixing) (in and around [[Karlsruhe]], [[Mosbach]] and [[Heilbronn]])
************'''[[Swabian German|Swabian]]-[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]''' ('''''Schwäbisch-Alemannisch''''') (sometimes Swabian and Alemannic are included under "Alemannic" as general word for both groups)
*************'''[[Swabian German|Swabian]]''' ('''''Schwäbisch''''')
**************''South-East Swabian''
**************''Central Swabian''
**************''West Swabian (Württemberg Swabian) (spoken in [[Württemberg]], including [[Stuttgart]])''
**************''Swabian eastern diaspora dialects''
****************''Satu Mare Swabian'' (''Satmarschwäbisch'') ''(spoken by the [[Satu Mare Swabians]])''
****************''Caucasus German'' (''Kaukasusdeutsch'') ''(spoken by the [[Caucasus Germans]])''
*************'''[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]''' ('''''Alemannisch''''')
**************''[[Low Alemannic German]]''
**************''[[Low Alemannic German]]''
***************''[[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]]''
***************Upper-Rhine Alemannic (spoken in southwestern [[Baden]], [[Germany]], and in [[Alsace]], [[France]])
****************''[[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]]'' (''[[Alsatian dialect|Elsässisch]]'' / ''[[Alsatian dialect|Elsässerditsch]]'')
****************''[[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]]''
*****************''Nordbreisgauisch'' (''Black Forest Alsatian'') ''(in the [[Black Forest]], part of [[Baden]])''
***************''[[Basel German]]''
******************''South American Alemannic diaspora dialect''
**************''[[High Alemannic German]]''
***************''[[Vorarlbergisch]]''
*******************''[[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]]'' (''Alemán Coloniero'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) (spoken in [[Colonia Tovar]], capital of the [[Tovar Municipality, Aragua|Tovar municipality]] in [[Aragua state]], 65 km to the west of [[Caracas]], Northern [[Venezuela]])
***************''[[Basel German]]'' (''Baseldütsch'') ''(spoken in [[Basel]], [[Basel (canton)|Basel canton]], Northwestern [[Switzerland]])''
****************''[[Zürich German]]''
**************''[[High Alemannic German]]'' (''Hochalemannisch'')
****************''[[Bernese German]]''
***************''Lake Constance Alemannic'' (''Bodenseealemannisch'') ''(transitional between [[Low Alemannic German|Low]] and [[High Alemannic German|High Alemannic]], although closer to Alemannic)''
**************'''[[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]]'''
***************''Eastern High Alemannic (east of [[Brünig-Napf-Reuss line]])''
***************''[[Walliser German]]''
****************''[[Vorarlbergisch]]''
***************''[[Walser]]''
************'''[[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]''' / '''[[Austro-Bavarian]]'''
****************''Liechtensteinisch''
****************''[[Zürich German]]'' (''[[Züritüütsch]]'')
*************''[[Northern Bavarian]]'' / ''North Bavarian''
***************''Western High Alemannic (west of [[Brünig-Napf-Reuss line]])''
****************''[[Bernese German]]'' (''Bärndüütsch'')
**************'''[[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]]''' ('''''Hegschtalemannisch''''')
***************''[[Walliser German]]'' (''Wallisertiitsch'') ''(spoken in [[Upper Valais]], the higher and eastern part of [[Valais|Vallais Canton]], a canton in [[Switzerland]], the name "Walser" is derived from this name) (in the [[Lower Valais|Lower Vallais]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] related to [[French language|French]] is traditionally spoken – [[Franco-Provençal|Arpitan]] or [[Franco-Provençal]])''
***************''[[Walser]]'' (''Walscher'' / ''Walschertiitsch'') ''(dialects that originally came from the [[Upper Valais|Upper Vallais]], traditionally spoken in several [[List of valleys of the Alps|Alpine valleys]])''
************'''[[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]''' / '''[[Austro-Bavarian]]''' ('''''Boarisch''''')
*************''[[Northern Bavarian]]'' / ''North Bavarian (also known as Upper Palatinian / Oberpfälzisch) (spoken in [[Upper Palatinate|Northern Bavaria]] or [[Upper Palatinate]])''
**************''West Northern Bavarian''
**************''North Northern Bavarian''
**************''North-West Northern Bavarian''
**************''North-East Northern Bavarian (it was also spoken by part of the [[Sudeten Germans|German Bohemians]] – [[Sudeten Germans|Deutschböhmen]], part of the "[[Sudeten Germans]]", a catch-all word for [[Ethnic Germans]] that lived in [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]], western [[Czechoslovakia]])''
**************''South Northern Bavarian''
*************''Transitional Northern-Central Bavarian'' (''Northern Central Bavarian'')
**************''South-Eastern Northern Bavarian'' / ''South-Eastern Upper Palatinate''
**************''Northernmost Lower Bavarian''
*************''[[Central Bavarian]]''
*************''[[Central Bavarian]]''
**************''West Central Bavarian''
**************''[[Viennese German]]''
***************''[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]]''
***************''Lower Bavarian (spoken in [[Lower Bavaria]]) (it was also spoken by part of the [[Sudeten Germans|German Bohemians]] – [[Sudeten Germans|Deutschböhmen]], part of the "[[Sudeten Germans]]", a catch-all word for [[Ethnic Germans]] that lived in [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]], western [[Czechoslovakia]])''
****************''Rengschburgisch (Regensburg dialect (in [[Regensburg]], "[[Regensburg|Rengschburg]]" in [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]))''
***************''Lower Inn''
***************''Upper Bavarian (spoken in [[Upper Bavaria]])''
****************''Salzburg dialect'' (''Salzburgisch'') ''(spoken in [[Salzburg]])''
***************''West Bavarian (spoken in West Bavaria)''
****************''Mingarisch'' (''Munich dialect, spoken in [[Munich]], "[[Munich|Minga]]" in [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]])''
**************''Austrian Proper'' (''Österreichisch'') (''East Central Bavarian)''
***************''Upper Austrian (spoken in [[Upper Austria]])''
***************''Lower Austrian (spoken in [[Lower Austria]]) (it was also spoken by part of the [[Sudeten Germans|German Bohemians]] – [[Sudeten Germans|Deutschböhmen]] and [[Sudeten Germans|German Moravians]] – [[Sudeten Germans|Deutschmährer]], part of the "[[Sudeten Germans]]", a catch-all word for [[Ethnic Germans]] that lived in [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] and [[Czech Silesia]], western [[Czechoslovakia]])''
****************''[[Viennese German]]'' (''[[Viennese German|Weanarisch]], spoken in [[Vienna]], "[[Vienna|Wean]]" in [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]])''
**************''South Central Bavarian''
***************''Upper Isar-Loisach (includes [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]])''
***************''Northeastern Tirolese''
***************''South Salzburg State''
***************''[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]]'' (''Steirisch'') ''(includes [[Graz]])''
***************''Heanzen'' / ''Burgenlandish'' (''Burgenländisch'') ''(spoken in [[Burgenland]], formerly known as [[Burgenland|Heizenland]], which was also the name of a short-lived republic – the [[Republic of Heinzenland|Republic of Heizenland]], the border region between [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]] was mostly ethnic Austrian German, part of the land of the West Hungary Germans – Westungarn Deutsche)''
*************''[[Southern Bavarian]]''
*************''[[Southern Bavarian]]''
**************''Tirolean''
**************''[[Hutterite German|Old Hutterite German]] (extinct)''
***************''Eastern Tirolese diaspora dialect''
****************''[[Hutterite German|Old Hutterite German]] (extinct)''
**************''[[Carinthian]]''
**************''[[Carinthian]]''
***************''Balkanic Carinthian diaspora dialect''
***************''[[Gottscheerish]]''
****************'''[[Hutterite German]]'''
****************''[[Gottscheerish]] (Granish / Granisch, from the German word [[Carniola|Krainisch]] – [[Carniola]])'' (''Gottscheerisch'') ''(originally spoken by the [[Gottscheers]] or [[Gottschee Germans]] in the [[Gottschee]] enclave, a former majority [[German language|German]]-speaking [[Language island|enclave]] in South Central Slovenia, today's [[Kočevsko]], [[Municipality of Kočevje]])''
***************''North American Carinthian diaspora dialect/language''
**************'''[[Mòcheno language|Mòcheno]]'''
**************'''[[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]'''
****************'''[[Hutterite German]]''' ('''''Hutterisch''''') ''(New Hutterite German is Carinthian German based and not Tirolean based like Old Hutterite German) (language of the [[Hutterites|Hutterite]] diaspora in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], they have their origins in [[Tirol]] and [[Carinthia]], west and southern [[Austria]])''
****[[Weser–Rhine Germanic]]
**************'''[[Mòcheno language|Mòcheno]]''' ('''''Bersntolerisch''''' / '''''Bersntoler sproch''''') (spoken in an alpine valley of [[Trentino]] – [[Bersntol]] in [[Mocheno language|Mocheno]] and [[Valle del Fersina]] in [[Italian language|Italian]])
*****[[West Central German]]
**************'''[[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]''' ('''''Zimbar''''')
***************''[[Sette Comuni|Seven Communities]]'' (''Siben Komoin'') ''(currently only the village of [[Roana]] (Robàan))''
***************''[[Luserna]]'' (spoken in Luserna, Lusern, [[Trentino]])
***************''[[Thirteen Communities]]'' (Dreizehn Komoin) ''(spoken currently only in the village of [[Giazza]] (Ljetzan))''
***************''Dialects of the villages in the Carnic Alps (spoken in [[Sappada]], [[Sauris]] and [[Timavo|Timau]])''
****[[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] ([[Istvaeonic]]) (mainly it was the language of the [[Franks]])
*****[[West Central German]] (descends from [[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] and participate in the [[High German consonant shift]]) ([[dialect continuum]])
******'''[[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhenish Franconian / Rhine Franconian]]'''
******'''[[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhenish Franconian / Rhine Franconian]]'''
*******''East Palatinate''
*******''[[Lorraine Franconian|Ostlothringisch]]''
*******''West Palatinate''
*******''[[Hunsrückisch dialect|Palatinate Hunsrückisch]]'' / ''Rhenish Franconian Hunsrückisch''
********'''[[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania German]]'''
*******''Southern Rhine Franconian''
*******''nordpfälzisch''
******''[[Hessian dialects|Northern Hessian]]''
*******''starkenburgisch''
******''[[Hessian dialects|Central Hessian]]''
*******''saarbrückisch''
*******''[[Lorraine Franconian|ostlothringisch]]''
*******''[[Hunsrückisch dialect|Palatinate Hunsrückisch]]'' / ''Rhenish Franconian Hunsrückisch (Hunsrückisch has two varieties, a [[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhenish Franconian]] or [[Palatine German language|Palatinate]] and a [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] one)''
*******''Rhenish Palatinate / Rhenish Franconian diaspora dialects/languages''
********''Galician German'' (''Galiziendeutsch'') ''(spoken by the [[Galician Germans]])''
********'''[[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania German]]''' (Pennsylvania "Dutch") ('''''Deitsch''''' / '''''Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch''''') (''Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch'' is the self name or autonym of the language, "Deitsch" and "Dutch" are cognates but now have different meanings: one for Germanic language in a broad sense, not only for German in a narrow sense, and the other for specifically the Dutch or Nederlandic language, leading to the name Pennsylvania Dutch for the language in English due to the similarity of names)
******''[[Hessian dialects|Northern Hessian]] (around the city of [[Kassel]])''
******''[[Hessian dialects|Central Hessian]] (including the [[Marburg]] and [[Gießen]] areas)''
******''Eastern Hessian (around [[Fulda]])''
******[[Central Franconian|Central Franconian / Middle Franconian]]
******[[Central Franconian|Central Franconian / Middle Franconian]]
*******'''[[Moselle Franconian]]'''
*******'''[[Moselle Franconian]]'''
********'''[[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]''' ('''''Lëtzebuergesch''''')
********'''[[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]'''
********''[[Siegerländisch]] (spoken in far southern Westphalia, in modern [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] state)''
********''[[Siegerländisch]]''
********[[Hunsrückisch dialect|Moselle Hunsrückisch]]
********Lower Saar and upper Moselle area with Western Lorraine, Southern and Central Luxembourg, Arlon and Tintange area
*********'''[[Hunsrik]]'''
********Southern Eifel, Ösling and Echternach area
*********'''[[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]'''
********Central Eifel
********''[[Zipser German|Zipser-Gründlerisch]]''
********Lower Moselle area with eastern Eifel
*********''[[Zipser German]]''
********Central Hessian-Moselle Franconian transition area
*******'''[[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian, Ripuarian Franconian]]'''
********Westerwald
********''[[Öcher Platt]]''
********[[Hunsrückisch dialect|Moselle Hunsrückisch]] ''(Hunsrückisch has two varieties, a [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] variety and a [[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhenish Franconian]] or [[Palatine German language|Palatinate]] one)''
*****'''[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]'''
*********'''[[Hunsrik]]''' ('''Hunsrückisch''' / '''[[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]]''') (mainly spoken in some areas of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] states, [[South Region, Brazil|Southern Brazil]], South America) (mainly descends from the [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] [[Hunsrückisch dialect|Hunsrückisch]])
******'''[[Western Yiddish]]'''
*********''West Moselle Franconian eastern diaspora dialects/languages''
*******''[[Judeo-Alsatian]]''
**********'''[[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]''' ('''''Siweberjesch Såksesch''''') ''(despite the name "Saxon", the dialect is actually [[Moselle Franconian]] in origin and close to [[Luxembourgish]] not [[Low German|Saxon]])''
******'''[[Eastern Yiddish]]'''
*******''Central Franconian eastern diaspora dialects/languages''
*******[[Klezmer-loshn]]
********''Carpathian German (spoken by the [[Carpathian Germans]])''
*******''[[Udmurtish]]''
*********''Pressburgish (was spoken by [[Carpathian Germans]] in part of [[Bratislava]], [[Pressburg]] in German, [[Slovakia]]n Capital)''
****[[Low Franconian languages]]
*********''Hauerlandish (was spoken by [[Carpathian Germans]] in [[Hauerland]])''
*****[[Old Low Franconian]]
**********''[[Zipser German|Zipser-Gründlerisch]]''
******'''[[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]'''
***********''[[Zipser German]] (Germanic dialect which developed in the Upper [[Spis region, Slovakia|Zips region]] of what is now [[Slovakia]])''
***********''Gründlerisch''
*******''[[Central Limburgish]]''
********''[[West Limburgish]]''
********''Walddeutsch (extinct) (German dialect of the [[Walddeutsche]] – "Forest Germans" before [[Polonization]] and assimilation into [[Polish people|Poles]] in the 17th and 18th centuries)''
********''Zipser Bukovina German (Zipser Buchenlanddeutsch) (spoken by part of the [[Bukovina Germans]] – [[Bukovina Germans|Buchenlanddeutsche]])''
*******'''[[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian, Ripuarian Franconian]]''' (descends from the language spoken by the [[Ripuarian Franks]]) (part of the set of isoglosses called the "[[Rhenish fan]]" in linguistics because of its shape on language maps)
********''Nördliche Eifel'' (''[[Eifelplatt]]'') ''(spoken in Northern [[Eifel]]) (different from the Southern Eifel dialect)''
********''Mittleres Erft- und Rurgebiet''
********''Eischwiele Platt (spoken in [[Eschweiler]])''
********''[[Öcher Platt]] (spoken in [[Aachen]]'') (''Aachener Land)''
********''Kirchröadsj Platt (spoken in [[Kerkrade]])''
********''Bocheser Platt (spoken in [[Bocholtz]])''
*****'''[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]''' ('''Jewish German''') ('''ייִדיש''', '''יידיש''' or '''אידיש''' – '''''Jidish''''' / ''''''Idish''''') ('''''Jidish''''' is the short name for '''''Jidish Taitsh''''' – [[Jewish German]]) (according to [[Max Weinreich]] and [[Solomon Birnbaum]] model it originated in [[Lotharingia]] or [[Lotharingia|Loter]], especially in the Middle and Upper [[Rhine basin]], [[Rhine Valley]], [[Rhineland|Rheinland]] and [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], extending over parts of modern [[Germany]] (West) and [[France]] (North), with also a contribution from [[Bavarian language|Bavarian German]], according to other authors, later it would expand over western regions of [[Eastern Europe]] forming Eastern Yiddish) (for several centuries it was the traditional daily or [[vernacular language]] of the [[Ashkenazi Jews]] and still is for many [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[Jews]], a subgroup of the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] [[Jews]], who follow a branch of [[Judaism]])
******'''[[Western Yiddish]]''' (in many of the regions were Yiddish originated)
*******''South Western (Swiss–Alsatian–Southern German Yiddish)''
********''[[Judeo-Alsatian]]''
********''Swiss Yiddish''
*******''Central Western'' / ''Midwestern''
*******''North Western (Netherlandic–Northern German)''
******Central (Pomeranian-Brandenburgish-Sorbian) (transitional West-East Yiddish)
*******''South Central (Sorbian Yiddish)''
*******''North Central (Brandengurbish-Pomeranian Yiddish)''
******'''[[Eastern Yiddish]]''' (it was the [[Yiddish dialects|Yiddish dialect]] or language of many [[Ashkenazi]] [[Jews]] that originally came to the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], later unified in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], due to their historically [[Religious tolerance|religious tolerant]] policies; after the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the late 18th century, many of these [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[Jews]] started to live in the [[Jewish Pale]] or [[Pale of Settlement]], western region of the [[Russian Empire]], where most of [[European Jews]] lived, roughly corresponds to today's eastern and central Poland or [[Congress Poland]], most of modern-day Ukraine, [[Bessarabia]], [[Belarus]], [[Lithuania]] and part of [[Latvia]], in the southeast, including [[Daugavpils]]) (although they were called "[[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian Jews]]", the large majority did not lived in Russia proper, very few actually lived in Russia due to the restrictive Russian Empire policy of the [[Jewish pale|Jewish Pale]] and most lived in separate communities in Jewish small towns called "[[Shtetlach]]", they were called "Russian Jews" because most were subjects of the Russian Empire)
*******''Central Eastern''/''Mideastern (Polish–Galician–Eastern Hungarian Yiddish)''
*******''South Eastern (Ukrainian–Romanian Yiddish)''
********Standard Theater Yiddish (Standard form of Yiddish used in [[theatrics]])
*******''North Eastern'' / ''Litvish (Lithuanian–Belarusian) (centered in modern-day [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]], and most of [[Latvia]], it was also spoken in portions of northeastern Poland, northern and eastern Ukraine and along [[Dnieper]] river valley and [[European Russia|western Russia]]; many of these regions belonged to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], hence the name) (it was the biggest Eastern Yiddish dialect by number of speakers and the most [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestigious]])''
********[[Klezmer-loshn]] (קלעזמער-לשון) ("Musician's Tongue") ([[Yiddish]] [[argot]] created by traveling [[Jewish]] musicians in the [[Russian Empire]])
********Literary Yiddish (Standardized [[Yiddish]] used in certain institutes such as [[YIVO|YiVo]])
*******''[[Udmurtish]] (Yiddish spoken by Jews of [[Udmurtia]] and [[Tatarstan]])''
****[[Low Franconian languages]] (descends from [[Weser–Rhine Germanic]] but did not participate in the [[High German consonant shift]]) ([[dialect continuum]]) (it was mainly the language of the [[Franks]])
*****[[Old Low Franconian]] ([[Old Dutch]])
*******Old East Low Franconian
********'''[[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]''' ('''''Lèmburgs''''')
*********''[[Central Limburgish]]''
*********''[[West Limburgish]]''
******[[West Low Franconian|West Low Franconian / North Low Franconian]]
******[[West Low Franconian|West Low Franconian / North Low Franconian]]
*******Old West Low Franconian
*******[[Middle Dutch]]
********'''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]'''
********[[Middle Dutch]] (''Nederlands Dietsch'' – Lowland Dutch or Lowland German/Germanic in a broad sense)
*********''[[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]]''
*********'''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]''' / '''Nederlandic''' (Modern Dutch) ('''''Nederlands''''' – short name for '''''Nederlands Duutsch''''' – Lowland Dutch or Lowland German/Germanic in a broad sense, hence the name [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for the language in [[English language|English]])
**********''[[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]]''
**********''[[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]]''
***********''[[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]]'' (''Brabants'')
***********''[[Kleverlandish]]''
************''[[Kleverlandish]]''
************''[[Brusselian dialect|Brusselian]]''
************''[[East Flemish]] ''<ref name="Woordenboek">Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/search/ ''De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank'']:<br/>Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal , entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming ''Vlaming<sup>I</sup>''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153847/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming |date=2023-10-05 }};<br/>cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek , entry ''[https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink flāmink] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153846/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink |date=2023-10-05 }}'': "Morfologie: ''afleiding, basiswoord :'' flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; ''suffix:'' ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek , entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren ''Vlaendren''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153845/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren |date=2023-10-05 }}: "Etymologie: ''Dat.pl. van'' flandr- ''<nowiki/>'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix'' -dr-.".<br/>Cognate to Middle English ''flēm'' 'current of a stream': [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary : ''flēm n.(2)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203632/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 |date=2023-12-09 }}</ref>
************''North Brabantian-North Limburgish (in [[North Brabant]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|North Limburg]])''
***********''[[Utrechts-Alblasserwaards]]''
************''Kempen and Southern Brabantian (in [[Campine]], [[Antwerp Province]], [[Antwerp]], [[Flemish Brabant]] and [[Brussels]])''
*************''[[Brusselian dialect|Brusselian]] (Brusselair) (in [[Brussels]])''
***********''[[Hollandic dialect|Hollandic]] <ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Holland, n. 1," etymology.</ref>''
************''[[South Hollandic dialect|South Hollandic]]''
************''[[East Flemish]] (in historical [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]) (name originated from the [[North Sea Germanic|Ingvaeonic]] stem ''*flâm-'' "flowing water, stream; current")''<ref name="Woordenboek">Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/search/ ''De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank'']:<br/>Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming ''Vlaming<sup>I</sup>''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153847/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M080691&lemma=vlaming |date=2023-10-05 }};<br/>cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek (ONW), entry ''[https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink flāmink] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153846/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=ONW&id=ID3676&lemma=fl%C4%81mink |date=2023-10-05 }}'': "Morfologie: ''afleiding, basiswoord (substantief):'' flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; ''suffix:'' ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek (VMNW), entry [https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren ''Vlaendren''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153845/https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID6036&lemma=vlaendren |date=2023-10-05 }}: "Etymologie: ''Dat.pl. van'' flandr- ''<nowiki/>'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix'' -dr-.".<br/>Cognate to Middle English ''flēm'' 'current of a stream': [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary (MED): ''flēm n.(2)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203632/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED16260 |date=2023-12-09 }}</ref>
***********''[[Eastern Hollandic]] (transitional between Brabantian and Hollandic)''
*************''[[The Hague dialect]]''
************''[[Utrechts-Alblasserwaards]]''
**************''[[Cape Dutch]]'' / ''Cape Hollandic (extinct)''
***************'''[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]'''
***********''[[Hollandic dialect|Hollandic]] (Hollands) (in historical [[County of Holland|Holland]], [[Holland]] Province) (name originated from the [[Old Dutch]] placename "Holt Lant" - "Wood Land", modern closer version of the placename is "Houtland")<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', "Holland, n. 1," etymology.</ref>''
****************''[[Patagonian Afrikaans]]''
************''[[South Hollandic dialect|South Hollandic]] (includes most of the [[Randstad]] [[conurbation]])''
****************''[[Kaaps]]''<ref>Hendricks, Frank . "The nature and context of Kaaps: a contemporary, past and future perspective".[https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023151542/https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38|date=2022-10-23}} ''Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery''. '''3''' (2): 6–39. [[doi]]:10.14426/mm.v3i2.38. [[ISSN]] 2221-4216. [[S2CID]] 197552885.</ref>
*************''Westhoeks''
*************''Rotterdams (in [[Rotterdam]])''
*************''[[The Hague dialect]] (Haags) (in [[The Hague]])''
*************''Leids (in [[Leiden]])''
*************''South Hollandic dialect diaspora''
**************''[[Cape Dutch dialect|Cape Dutch]]'' / ''Cape Hollandic (Kaaps-Hollands) (was spoken in today's western part of the [[Western Cape]] Province, originally in [[Cape Town]] and environs, [[Cape of Good Hope]] area) (not identical and not to be confused with [[Kaaps]]) (initially it was spoken by the [[Boers]] and [[Cape Dutch]]) (it was the variant of Afrikaans spoken by people of European ancestry) (extinct)''
***************'''[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]''' ('''''Afrikaans-Nederlands''''' / '''''Afrikaans-Hollands''''' / '''''Afrikaans-Hollands Duutsch''''' – '''African Dutch''' / '''African Nederlandic''' / '''Common Afrikaans''') - spoken by the [[Afrikaners]] (in the beginning known as [[Boers]] and [[Cape Dutch]]), including the [[Boers]] and [[Trekboers]] as subgroups, as first language; also spoken by the [[Cape Coloureds]] (in the beginning known as Afrikaner), by the [[Oorlam people|Oorlam]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]], [[Basters]] (or Rehobothers) and [[Cape Malays|Cape Malay]] peoples. (a group of dialects or of two or more closely related but distinct languages mainly descendant from [[Hollandic dialect|Hollandic]] [[Dutch language|Dutch]] that was spoken in the [[Dutch Cape Colony]], the formation of Afrikaans started in the 17th and 18th centuries and developed over the next centuries) (it is the language of the majority in the west half of [[South Africa]]) (see [[languages of South Africa]])
****************''[[Western Cape dialect|Western Cape]]'' / ''[[Western Afrikaans]] (not to be confused with [[Kaaps]], which is a different variety) (spoken in the western part of [[Western Cape]])''
****************''[[Eastern Afrikaans]] (Oostelike Afrikaans)'' / ''[[East Border Afrikaans]] (Oosgrens Afrikaans)'' / ''[[Eastern Cape dialect|Eastern Cape]] (initially it was spoken by the [[Boers]] and [[Trekboers]]) (today it is spoken in the eastern part of the [[Western Cape]] and western part of the [[Eastern Cape]] Provinces, mostly in the east [[Karoo]], by the majority, and also in [[Free State (province)]], Northern Southern Africa, including [[Gauteng]], and other provinces, and [[KwaZulu-Natal]], by a minority)''<ref name="auto1">Dyers, Charlyn (2016). "The Conceptual Evolution in Linguistics: implications for the study of Kaaps". ''Multilingual Margins''. '''3''' (2): 61–72 – via Research Gate.</ref> ''(basis of Standard Afrikaans)''<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afrikaans.com/2018/05/10/oostelike-afrikaans-oosgrensafrikaans/|title=Oostelike Afrikaans (Oosgrensafrikaans)|date=May 10, 2018|access-date=August 11, 2023|archive-date=August 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811125250/https://afrikaans.com/2018/05/10/oostelike-afrikaans-oosgrensafrikaans/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*****************''[[Transvaal Afrikaans]] (was spoken in the [[Boer republics|Boer Republics]], later [[Orange Free State (province)]] and [[Transvaal (province)]], Northern Southern Africa, and today is spoken in the successor provinces of the older ones - [[North West (South African province)|Northwest]], [[Gauteng]], [[Mpumalanga]], [[Limpopo]] and [[KwaZulu-Natal]]) (descends and closely related to the Eastern Afrikaans spoken by the [[Trekboers]]) (spoken by a minority in [[Language island|language islands]] in the aforementioned provinces)''
*****************''[[Standard Afrikaans]] (mainly based on the East Border dialect)''<ref name="auto1"/>
****************''[[Northern Cape dialect|Northern Cape]]'' / ''[[Northern Afrikaans]] (not to be confused with [[Orange River Afrikaans]], which is a different variety)''
****************''[[Patagonian Afrikaans]] (in some areas of [[Argentinian Patagonia]] by the [[South African Argentines]])''
****************''Contact varieties (with substrates from other languages)''
*****************''[[Kaaps|Kaaps / Afrikaaps]]'' / ''Kaapse Afrikaans (initially spoken by the slave population, with a diverse background from several peoples, in and around [[Cape Town]], today it is mainly spoken by the [[Cape Coloureds]] and [[Cape Malays]] as first language<ref name="auto1"/> (according to several linguists, it is divergent enough from [[Afrikaans]] to be considered a distinct language descendant from Afrikaans)'',<ref>Hamans, Camiel (9 October 2021). [https://ciplnet.com/newsletter/documents/kaaps-a-language-in-its-own-right/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001131126/https://ciplnet.com/newsletter/documents/kaaps-a-language-in-its-own-right/ |date=2023-10-01 }}. ''ciplnet.com''. Retrieved 28 September 2022.</ref><ref>Coetzee, Olivia M. (2 November 2021). [https://wordswithoutborders.org/read/article/2021-11/november-2021-kaaps-this-language-called-kaaps-an-introduction-olivia-m-coe/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122402/https://wordswithoutborders.org/read/article/2021-11/november-2021-kaaps-this-language-called-kaaps-an-introduction-olivia-m-coe/ |date=2023-09-22 }}. ''Words Without Borders''. Retrieved 28 September 2022.</ref> however, other linguists consider it to be a dialect or variety of Afrikaans)<ref name="auto1"/><ref>Hendricks, Frank (7 November 2018). "The nature and context of Kaaps: a contemporary, past and future perspective".[https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023151542/https://multimargins.ac.za/index.php/mm/article/view/38 |date=2022-10-23 }} ''Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery''. '''3''' (2): 6–39. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.14426/mm.v3i2.38. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 2221-4216. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 197552885.</ref>
*****************''[[Orange River Afrikaans]]'' (''[[Oranjerivier-Afrikaans]]'') ''(spoken along the middle and low [[Orange River|Orange river]] valley and basin, in the north-west part of Southern Africa, mainly in the [[Northern Cape|Northern Cape Province]], [[South Africa]], and Southern [[Namibia]]) (developed by the speakers of [[Khoisan languages]] who came into contact with [[Dutch language|Dutch]], the mixing of the native [[Khoisan peoples]] with [[Europeans]] formed the [[Oorlam people|Oorlam]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]] and [[Basters]], or Rehobothers, peoples)''<ref name="auto1"/> ''(a dialect of [[Afrikaans]] or a closely related language)''
************''Middle Hollandic''
*************''Amsterdams (in [[Amsterdam]])''
************''Kennemerlands''
************''[[Zaans]]''
************''[[Zaans]]''
************''Waterlands and Volendams''
************''[[West Frisian Dutch]]''
*************''[[Amelands]]''
************''[[West Frisian Dutch]]'' / ''West Frisian Hollandic ([[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] substrate)''
*************''Vastewal West-Fries''
*************''Texels (in [[Texel]] island)''
*************''Vlielands (in [[Vlieland]] island)''
*************''Midslands (in middle [[Terschelling]] island)''
*************''[[Amelands]] (in [[Ameland]] island)''
************''[[Bildts]]''
************''[[Bildts]]''
************''[[Stadsfries dialects|Town Frisian]] (Stadsfries) ([[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] substrate)''
************''[[Stadsfries dialects|Town Frisian]]''
***********''Dutch dialect diaspora''
************''[[Surinamese Dutch]]''
************''Caribbean Dutch (spoken in the [[Dutch Caribbean]])''
***********'''[[West Flemish]]''' ''<ref name="Woordenboek" />
************''[[Surinamese Dutch]] (spoken in [[Suriname]])''
************''[[French Flemish]]''
***********'''[[Zeelandic]]'''
************''Dutch East Indies Dutch'' / ''Netherlands East Indies Dutch (almost extinct) (was spoken in the [[Dutch East Indies]] - Nederlands(ch)-Indië and [[Dutch New Guinea]], today's [[Indonesia]] and [[Western New Guinea]], part of Indonesia)''
**********West Flemish-Zeelandic
************''[[Jersey Dutch language|Jersey Dutch]]''
****[[North Sea Germanic]]
***********'''[[West Flemish]]''' (according to [[Ethnologue]] is divergent enough from [[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]] to be considered a distinct language) ''(in historical [[County of Flanders|Flanders]]) (name originated from the [[North Sea Germanic|Ingvaeonic]] stem ''*flâm-'' "flowing water, stream; current")''<ref name="Woordenboek" />
*****[[Old Low German]]
************''Central West Flemish''
************''Coastal West Flemish''
******[[Middle Low German]]
************''Mainland West Flemish''
*******'''[[Low German]]'''
********[[Northern Low German]]
************''Westlands West Flemish'' / ''Westhoeks''
*********[[Northern Low Saxon]]
*************''[[French Flemish]] (Frans-Vlams / Duinkerksch) (traditionally in northern part of [[French Flanders]], mainly [[French Westhoek]], including [[Dunkirk]] and [[Cassel, Nord|Cassel]], modern far northern [[Hauts-de-France]] region) (in [[Endangered language|decline and in danger]], and being replaced by [[French language|French]])''
************''West Flemish Zeelandic''
***********'''[[Zeelandic]]''' ('''''Zeêuws''''') (according to [[Ethnologue]] is divergent enough from [[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]] to be considered a distinct language)
************''South Zeelandic''
*************''Walcheren dialect (in [[Walcheren]])''
*************''Zuid-Beveland dialect (in [[Zuid-Beveland]])''
************''North Zeelandic''
*************''Goeree-Overflakkee dialect (in [[Goeree-Overflakkee]])''
*************''Voornes''
***********''West Flemish-Zeelandic dialect diaspora (extinct)''
************''[[Jersey Dutch language|Jersey Dutch]]'' (descendants [[New Netherlander|descendants]] of ([[New Netherland]] colony) and inhabitants of northeastern New Jersey:Bergen, Hudson, Passaic counties)
****[[North Sea Germanic]] ([[Ingvaeonic]]) (it was the language of the mainland [[Saxons]], which stayed in what is today [[Northern Germany]], and of the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Jutes]], [[Frisians]], among others)
*****[[Old Low German]] ([[Old Saxon]]) (did not participate in the [[High German consonant shift]])
******[[Middle Low German]] (Middle Saxon)
*******'''[[Low German]]''' (Modern Low German) / Low Saxon ([[dialect continuum]]) (formed by two main language areas - West Low German or Low Saxon and East Low German)
********[[Northern Low German]]
*********[[Northern Low Saxon]] ''(Nordniederdeutsch)''
**********''[[Schleswigsch]]''
**********''[[Schleswigsch]]''
**********''[[Holsteinisch]]''
**********''[[Holsteinisch]]''
**********''Dithmarsch (in [[Dithmarschen]])''
**********''[[Oldenburgisch]]''
**********''[[Oldenburgisch]] (in the [[Oldenburg Land]])''
**********'''[[East Frisian Low Saxon]]'''
**********''Nordemsländisch''
**********''North Hanoveranian''
**********'''[[East Frisian Low Saxon]]' (in [[East Frisia]])''
**********'''[[Gronings dialect|Gronings]]'''
**********'''[[Gronings dialect|Gronings]]'''
**********'''[[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwarfs]]'''
**********'''[[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwarfs]]'''
*********[[Westniederdeutsch]]
*********[[Westniederdeutsch]]
*********'''[[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch]]'''
**********''Münsterländisch''
**********''Westmünsterländisch''
*********'''[[Brandenburgisch dialect|Brandenburgisch]]'''
*********'''[[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]]''' (not to be confused with [[Pomeranian language|Slavic Pommeranian]], the [[Pomeranians |Slavic Pomeranians]] language)
**********''Emsländisch''
*********'''[[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch]]'''
*********''[[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]]''
*********'''[[Brandenburgisch dialect|Brandenburgisch]]''' ('''Märkisch''') (Northern-Central Brandenburgisch) (Margravian)
**********''Middle Pommeranian'' (''{{lang|de|Mittelpommersch}}'') ''(dialect formed by the expansion of [[Brandenburgisch]] into an older Pomeranian land) ([[Pomeranian language|Pomeranian]] substrate) (included Stettin, today's [[Szczecin]] in Poland)''
**********''North Brandenburgisch (North Margravian)'' / ''North Marchian''
**********''Central Brandenburgisch'' / ''Middle Brandenburgisch (Central Margravian) (also called South Brandenburgish or South Marchian )''
**********''South Brandenburgish''
***********''Old Berlinerisch (extinct) (people of Berlin in the 18th and 19th centuries shifted from a Saxon [[East Low German]] into an [[East Central German]] [[High German]] dialect)''
*********'''[[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]]''' (''{{lang|de|Hinterpommersch}}'') (not to be confused with [[Pomeranian language|Slavic Pommeranian]], the [[Pomeranians (tribe)|Slavic Pomeranians]] language)
**********''North East Pomeranian''
**********''Western East Pomeranian'' (''{{lang|de|Westhinterpommersch}}'')
**********''Eastern East Pomeranian'' (''{{lang|de|Osthinterpommersch}}'')
**********''Bublitzisch''
**********''South East Pomeranian'' (''{{lang|de|Südhinterpommersch}}'')
**********''Pomerellian'' (''Pommerellisch'') ''(it was spoken in the Low [[Vistula]] region, former [[Pomerelia]], and part of [[West Prussia]])''
*********'''[[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]]' (it was spoken in [[West Prussia]] and [[East Prussia]], the true historical [[Prussia (region)|Prussia or Baltic Prussia]] dwelt by the [[Old Prussians|Baltic Prussians]] before their conquest by the [[Teutonic Order]] and later [[Germanisation]]; it included [[Königsberg]], today's [[Kaliningrad]]; in modern times the region is divided between [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], a Russian [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]], in the north, and the [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Masuria]] region of northeastern Poland, in the south)''
**********[[Elbingian]]
**********[[Elbingian]]
**********[[Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets]]
**********[[Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets]]
Line 2,021: Line 811:
**********[[Werdersch]]
**********[[Werdersch]]
**********[[Westkäslausch]]
**********[[Westkäslausch]]
********[[Southern Low German]]
********[[Southern Low German]] ''(Südniederdeutsch)'' / '''Southern Low Saxon''' (it is divided into an eastern – Eastphalian, and a western – Westphalian, language area)
*********'''[[Eastphalian dialect|Eastphalian]]'''
*********'''[[Eastphalian dialect|Eastphalian]]'''
*********'''[[Westphalian language|We]][[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]'''
**********''Heide-Eastphalian''
**********''Central Eastphalian''
***********''Hannoverian (traditionally in [[Hannover]])''
**********''Elbostfälisch''
***********''Bördeplatt (includes [[Magdeburg]])''
***********''Bodeostfälisch''
**********''Göttingisch-Grubenhagenian''
**********''Ostfälisch-nordniederdeutscher Interferenzraum'' [Eastphalian–North Low German interference area]
**********''Ostfälisch-westfälischer Interferenzraum'' [Eastphalian–Westphalian interference area]
*********'''[[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]'''
**********''[[East Westphalian]]''
**********''[[East Westphalian]]''
*****[[Anglo-Frisian languages]]
**********''South Westphalian''
*****[[Anglo-Frisian languages]] (did not participate in the [[High German consonant shift]])
******[[Anglic languages]]
******[[Anglic languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******[[Old English]] (extinct)
********''[[Northumbrian dialect |Northumbrian]]''
*******[[Old English]] ([[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]]) (Anglo-Saxon-Jute) (''Anglisc'' / ''Anglisc sprǣc'' / ''Ængliṡc'' / ''Ænglisc sprǣċ'' – ''Seaxisc'' / ''Seaxisc sprǣc'' – ''Ēotisc'' / ''Ēotisc sprǣc'') (extinct)
*********''[[Kentish dialect |Kentish]]''
********''Anglian'' (''Anglisc'' / ''Anglisc sprǣc'' / ''Ængliṡc'' / ''Ængliṡc sprǣċ'') (ṡc = sh [ʃ] ; ċ = ch [tʃ])
*********''[[West Saxon dialect|West Saxon]]''<ref name="auto4">"The medieval 'New England': A forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818130603/https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html |date=2023-08-18 }}</ref>
*********''Southumbrian'' / ''[[Mercian dialect|Mercian]] (in the [[Midlands]], Central England, south of the [[Humber]])''
*********''[[Northumbrian dialect (Old English)|Northumbrian]] (in [[Northumbria]], north of the [[Humber]])''
********[[Middle English]] (extinct)
*********''[[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]]''
********''Jute'' (''Ēotisc'' / ''Ēotisc sprǣc'') ''(in [[Kent]] and [[Isle of Wight]])''
*********''[[Kentish dialect (Old English)|Kentish]]'' (in [[Kent]])
**********[[Early Scots]] (extinct)
***********[[Middle Scots]] (extinct)
********''Saxon'' (''Seaxisc'' / ''Seaxisc sprǣc'')
************'''[[Scots language|Scots]]''' (mainly [[British language ]] and also [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrates in the [[Scottish Lowlands]] and mainly [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrate in the [[Scottish Highlands]])
*********''[[West Saxon dialect|West Saxon]] (in south [[England]] - [[Sussex]], [[Wessex]], possibly also in [[Essex]] and [[Middlesex|Midlesex]] before being desplaced by [[Mercian dialect|Mercian]]) ("West Saxon" in relation to [[Old Saxon]], spoken in the Mainland [[Old Saxony]], in today's [[Northern Germany]])''
*************''[[Southern Scots]]''
********''Old English diaspora (spoken by a possible Anglo-Saxon diaspora)'' (?)
*************''[[Central Scots]]''
*********[[Crimean Gothic]] (?) (possibly an [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language, however it does not descend from the language of [[Ulfilas]]' [[Gothic Bible]]) (alternatively considered to be [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]])<ref name="auto2"/> (spoken by the [[Crimean Goths]], an [[East Germanic peoples|East germanic people]] descendant from the [[Goths]] that stayed in Eastern Europe or, alternatively, a people descendant from [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] refugees of the 11th century that migrated to southern [[Crimea]] - the Medieval "[[New England (medieval)|New England]]")<ref name="auto4">"The medieval 'New England': A forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818130603/https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html |date=2023-08-18 }}</ref> (at the end of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, "Goth" was used as synonymous for Germanic people)
*************''[[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]]''
********[[Middle English]] (''Englisch'' / ''English'' / ''Inglis'') (extinct)
*********''Anglian''
*************''[[Northern Scots]]''
**********''Southumbrian (in the [[Midlands]], Central England, south of the [[Humber]])''
*************''[[Insular Scots]]''
***********''East Midland''
**********''[[Kentish dialect |Kentish]]''
***********''West Midland''
**********''[[Fingallian]] (extinct)''
**********[[Yola language|Yola]] (extinct)
**********''[[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]] (in [[Northumbria]], north of the [[Humber]])''
***********''Northern''
***********[[Early Scots]] (extinct) (descends from the Northumbrian dialect of the [[Middle English]], originated in the southeast corner of Scotland)
************[[Middle Scots]] (extinct)
*************'''[[Scots language|Scots]]''' ([[Modern Scots]]) ('''''[[Scots language|Scots]]''''' / '''''[[Lallans]]''''' – Lowlands) (not to be confused with [[Scottish English]] or [[Scottish Gaelic]]) (mainly [[British language (Celtic)]] and also [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrates in the [[Scottish Lowlands]] and mainly [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrate in the [[Scottish Highlands]])
**************''[[Southern Scots]]''
**************''[[Central Scots]]''
**************''[[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]]''
**************''[[Northern Scots]]''
**************''[[Insular Scots]] (spoken in [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]]) ([[Norn language|Norn]] substrate)''
*********''Jute'' (''Jutish'')
**********''[[Kentish dialect (Old English)|Kentish]]''
*********''Saxon'' (''Saxish'')
**********''West Saxon''
***********''Southern''
*********''Irish Middle English (formed in the Normand lands of the [[Normans in Ireland|Norman-Irish]])''
**********''[[Fingallian]] (extinct) (in [[Fingal]], north [[County Dublin]]) (historical beginnings in the [[English Pale]])''
**********[[Yola language|Yola]] / Forth and Bargy English (extinct) (in the [[Barony (Ireland)|baronies]] of [[Forth (County Wexford barony)|Forth]] and [[Bargy]], far south [[County Wexford]])
*********[[Early Modern English]]
*********[[Early Modern English]]
**********[[Modern English]]
**********[[Modern English]]
***********'''[[English language|English]]'''
***********'''[[English language|English]]''' ([[English-based pidgin]] and [[English-based creole languages]] are not included on this list because English-based [[Language contact|contact languages]] have their own lists, English-based [[Cant (language)|Cants]] or Cryptolects are also not included)
************''[[Standard English]] (Supralocal English)''
************''[[Standard English]]''
************''British Islands English (in a broad sense in all the [[British Isles]])''
*************''[[British English]]''
*************''[[British English]] (in a narrow sense the English used in the island of [[Great Britain]])''
**************''[[English English]]''
**************''[[English English]]'' / ''England English'' / ''Anglo-English''
***************''[[Received Pronunciation]]''
***************''[[Received Pronunciation]] (based on the standard accent of English as spoken in the [[south of England]])''
****************''[[East Anglian English]]''
***************''Central and Northern English ("Anglian English")''
*****************''[[Norfolk dialect]]''
****************''Central English (Southumbrian)''
*****************''[[East Anglian English]]''
******************''[[Norfolk dialect]]''
******************''[[Suffolk dialect]]''
******************''[[Suffolk dialect]]''
******************''Cambridgeshire dialect''
******************''[[Essex dialect]]''
******************''[[Essex dialect]]''
*****************''[[East Midlands English]]''
*****************''[[East Midlands English]]''
******************''South-East Midlands dialect''
*****************''[[West Midlands English]]''
*****************''[[West Midlands English]]''
******************''Coventry dialect''
******************''[[Brummie dialect|Birmingham dialect]]''
******************''[[Brummie dialect|Birmingham dialect]] (Brummie) (includes the traditional dialect of [[Birmingham]])''
******************''[[Black Country dialect]]''
******************''[[Black Country dialect]] ("Country of the Coal Mines")''
******************''[[Potteries dialect]]''
******************''[[Potteries dialect]]''
******************''[[Salopian dialect|Salopian]] (in [[Shropshire]])''
****************''[[English language in Northern England|North English]]''
******************''[[Warwickshire dialect]] (in [[Warwickshire]])''
******************''[[Worcestershire dialect]] (in [[Worcestershire]])''
****************''[[English language in Northern England|North English]] (Northumbrian) (in a broad sense)''
*****************''[[Yorkshire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Yorkshire dialect]]''
*****************''Transitional Yorkshire-North Northumbrian English''
*****************''[[Geordie]]''
******************''[[Teesside]] dialect ("Smoggie")''
*****************''[[Pitmatic]]''
*****************''[[Northumbria dialect|Northumbrian (in a narrow sense) / North Northumbrian / North East English]]''
*****************''[[Manchester dialect]]''
******************''Sunderland dialect ([[Mackem]])''
*****************''[[Scouse|Liverpool dialect]]'' / ''Scouse''
******************''[[Geordie]]'' (''Tyneside English'' / ''Newcastle English'') ''(in [[Tyneside]], including [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]])''
******************''[[Pitmatic]]'' / ''Pitmatical'' / ''Yakka''
******************''Berwick dialect (in [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], the northernmost town in [[England]])''
*****************''[[Manchester dialect]]'' / ''Mancunian''
*****************''[[Scouse|Liverpool dialect]]'' / ''Merseyside English ([[Scouse]], older name Lobscouse)''
*****************''[[Cheshire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Cheshire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Lancashire dialect]]'' / ''Lancastrian''
*****************''[[Lancashire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Cumbrian dialect]]''
*****************''[[Cumbrian dialect]]''
******************''[[Barrovian dialect]] (in [[Barrow-in-Furness]]) (some influence from Lancashire dialect)''
******************''[[Barrovian dialect]]''
***************''Broad South English ("Saxon English")''
****************''[[English language in southern England|South English]]''
****************''[[English language in southern England|South English]] (many times is used as synonymous with the dialects of Southeast England)''
*****************''[[Estuary English]]'' / ''[[London Regional General British]]''
*****************''[[Estuary English]]'' / ''[[London Regional General British]]''
******************''London dialect (in a broad sense)''
******************''[[Cockney]]''
*******************''Traditional London dialect''
*******************''[[Multicultural London English]]''
*******************''[[Cockney]] (traditionally in the [[London]] [[East End]])''
*******************''[[Multicultural London English]] (Blockney or Jafaican)''
*****************''[[Sussex dialect]]''
*****************''[[Sussex dialect]]''
*****************''[[Surrey dialect]]''
*****************''[[Surrey dialect]]''
*****************''Berkshire and Hampshire English (in [[Berkshire]] and [[Hampshire]])''
*****************''[[Kentish dialect]]''
*****************''[[Kentish dialect]]''
*****************''[[Isle of Wight]] dialect''
****************''[[West Country English]]''
****************''[[West Country English]] (Southwest English)''
*****************''[[Dorset dialect]]''
*****************''[[Dorset dialect]]''
*****************''[[Wiltshire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Wiltshire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Gloucestershire dialect]]''
*****************''[[Bristolian dialect]]''
*****************''[[Bristolian dialect]] (in [[Bristol]])''
**************''[[Cornish dialect|Cornish English]]''
*****************''Somerset dialect''
**************''[[Welsh English]]''
*****************''Devonshire dialect''
**************''[[Cornish dialect|Cornish English]]'' / ''Anglo-Cornish ([[Cornish language|Cornish]] substrate)''
**************''[[Welsh English]]'' / ''[[Wales English]] ([[Welsh language|Welsh]] substrate)''
***************''[[Cardiff English]]''
***************''[[Cardiff English]]''
**************''[[Scottish English|Scottish Englis]]<nowiki/>h''
**************''[[Scottish English]]'' / ''[[Scotland English]] (not to be confused with [[Scots language|Scots]], a separate but closely related language to [[English language|English]], and with [[Scottish Gaelic]], a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language, a separate but closely related language to [[Irish language|Irish]]) ([[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[British language (Celtic)]] substrates)''
***************''[[Glasgow dialect|Glaswegian]]''
***************''Lowland Scottish English ([[British language (Celtic)]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]] substrates) (in the [[Scottish Lowlands]])''
****************''[[Glasgow dialect|Glaswegian]] (dialect of [[Glasgow]])''
**************''[[Manx English]]''
*************''[[Hiberno-English]]''
***************''Highland Scottish English ([[Scottish Gaelic]] substrate) (in the [[Scottish Highlands]])''
**************''[[Dublin English]]''
**************''[[Manx English]] (not to be confused with [[Manx language|Manx]], a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language, closely related to [[Scottish Gaelic|Scottish]] and [[Irish language|Irish]])''
*************''[[Irish English]]'' / ''Ireland English'' / ''[[Hiberno-English]] (historical beginnings in the [[English Pale]])''
***************''[[South-West Irish English]]''
**************''Southern Irish English'' / ''Southern Hiberno-Irish''
***************''Supraregional Southern Irish English'' / ''Supraregional Irish English'' / ''Standard Irish English (in Southern Ireland - the [[Republic of Ireland]])''
***************''[[Dublin English]] (historical beginnings in the [[English Pale]])''
****************''Local Dublin English''
****************''New Dublin English''
***************''West and South-West Irish English''
****************''[[South-West Irish English]]''
****************''West Irish English''
**************''South-Ulster English (transitional between Southerner and Northerner Irish English)''
**************''Northern Irish English'' / ''Northern Hiberno-Irish'' / ''[[Ulster English]]'' / ''[[Hiberno-English|Northern Hiberno-English]] (not to be confused with [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]])'' (see [[English in Northern Ireland]])
***************''[[Mid-Ulster English]]''
***************''[[Mid-Ulster English]]''
****************''Belfast dialect''
*************''[[Channel Island English|Channel Islands English]]''
****************''Derry dialect''
*************''[[Channel Island English|Channel Islands English]] ([[Norman language|Normand French]] substrate)''
**************[[Channel Island English#Alderney English|''Alderney English'']]
**************[[Channel Island English#Alderney English|''Alderney English'']]
**************[[Channel Island English#Guernsey English|''Guernsey English'']]
**************[[Channel Island English#Guernsey English|''Guernsey English'']]
**************[[Channel Island English#Jersey English|''Jersey English'']]
**************[[Channel Island English#Jersey English|''Jersey English'']]
************''[[North American English]]'' / ''Broad American English (mainly in [[United States]] and [[Canada]])''
************''[[North American English]]''
*************''[[Canadian English]]''
*************''[[Canadian English]]''
**************''[[Standard Canadian English]]''
**************''[[Standard Canadian English]]''
Line 2,163: Line 893:
***************''[[Newfoundland English]]''
***************''[[Newfoundland English]]''
***************''[[Canadian Maritime English]]''
***************''[[Canadian Maritime English]]''
***************[[African Nova Scotian English|''Black Nova Scotia (African Nova Scotian English)'']]
***************''[[Lunenburg English]]''
***************''[[Lunenburg English]]''
**************''Inland Canadian English''
***************''[[Quebec English|Quebec Canadian English]]''
***************''[[Quebec English|Quebec Canadian English]] (not to be confused with [[Quebec French]])''
***************''Ontario Canadian English''
***************''West Canadian English''
****************''Prairies Canadian English''
****************''[[British Columbia English]]''
**************''[[Aboriginal English in Canada|First Nations English]] / [[Aboriginal English in Canada]]''
**************''[[Aboriginal English in Canada|First Nations English]] / [[Aboriginal English in Canada]]''
*************''[[American English]] ([[United States|USA]] English)''
*************''[[American English]]''
**************''[[General American English]]''
**************''[[General American English]]''
**************''North and West''
***************''[[Eastern New England English]]''
***************''Northern New England''
****************''[[Eastern New England English]]''
*****************''Northeastern New England (includes Boston and Maine)''
*****************''Southeastern New England (includes Rhode Island)''
****************''[[Western New England English]]''
****************''[[Western New England English]]''
*****************''Northwestern New England (includes Vermont)''
***************''[[Northern American English]]''
***************''[[Northern American English]] (a specific dialect and not synonym of [[North American English]])''
****************''[[Inland Northern American English]]''
****************''Southwestern New England (Eastern Northern American English)''
***************''[[North Central American English]]''
****************''[[Inland Northern American English]] (Great Lakes)''
***************''[[New York City English]]''
****************''Western Northern American English (not confuse with [[Western American English]] dialect)''
***************''[[Midland American English]]''
***************''[[North Central American English]] (Upper Midwest)''
****************''[[Mid-Atlantic American English]]''
***************''[[New York City English]]'' (''[[New York City English|Metropolitan New York English]]''/''Greater New York City English'')
*****************''[[Philadelphia English]]''
***************''[[Midland American English]] ([[General American]] has many features of Midland American but is not identical)''
*****************''[[Western Pennsylvania English]]''
****************''East Midland''
***************''[[Western American English]]''
*****************''[[Mid-Atlantic American English]] (includes [[Philadelphia]] and [[Baltimore]]) (Philadelphia American English is used as synonymous)''
******************''[[Philadelphia English]] (in a narrow sense, spoken in [[Philadelphia]] and [[Delaware Valley]], Philadelphia's metropolitan area)''
*****************''[[Western Pennsylvania English]] (includes [[Pittsburgh]])''
****************''Central Midland (Lower Midwest)''
****************''West Midland''
*****************''Central Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma''
****************''Galveston, Texas''
***************''[[Western American English]] (spoken in a vast land area in the [[Western United States]])''
****************''[[Pacific Northwest English|Pacific Northwest American English]]''
****************''[[Pacific Northwest English|Pacific Northwest American English]]''
****************''Alaska North American English''
****************''[[California English]]''
****************''[[California English]]''
**************''[[Southern American English]] ([[English language|English]] of [[Southern United States]])''
**************''[[Southern American English]]''
***************''Lowland South''
***************''[[Older Southern American English]]''
****************''[[Older Southern American English]] ([[Older Southern American English|Classical Southerner]])''
****************''[[African American English]]'' / ''[[Black American English]]''
*****************''General Older South''
*****************[[African-American Vernacular English|''African-American Vernacular English'']]
*****************''Piedmont and Tidewater Virginia''
*****************''[[Cajun English]]''
*****************''Plantation Southern American English''
****************''[[Appalachian English]]''
**************''[[Chicano English]]''
******************''[[African American English]]'' / ''[[Black American English]] (several common features with Southern American English) (divergent dialect)''
*****************''Florida Southerner (many former speakers shifted to a Midland dialect)''
*****************''Southern Louisiana''
******************''[[Cajun English]] ([[Cajun French]] substrate and influence)''
****************''East and South Texas''
***************''General [[Texan English]] (features of both Lower South/Lowland South and Upland South/Inland South) (West Texan)''
***************''Upper South/Upland South (Inland Southern American English)''
****************''[[Appalachian English]] (in [[Southern Appalachia]]) (divergent dialect)''
****************''Ozark Mountains (North Arkansas and South Missouri)''
****************''Southeast and South Oklahoma, North and West Texas, Southeast New Mexico''
***************''Peripheral Southerner (Archaic Southerner dialects)''
****************''Chesapeake Islands''
****************''Down East and Outer Banks''
****************''Lowcountry (Charleston-Savannah)''
**************''[[Chicano English]] (English of many [[Mexican-Americans]])''
************''[[Caribbean English]]''
************''[[Caribbean English]]''
*************''[[Bermudian English]]''
*************''[[Bermudian English]]''
*************''[[Bahamian English]]''
*************''[[Bahamian English]]''
*************''[[Turks and Caicos Creole]]''
*************''[[Turks and Caicos Creole]]''
*************''[[Belizean English]] (not to be confused with [[Belizean Creole]])''
*************''[[Belizean English]]''
*************''[[Cayman Islands English]]''
*************''[[Cayman Islands English]]''
**************''[[Bay Islands English|Bay Islands English (Caracol)]]''
**************''[[Bay Islands English|Bay Islands English ]]''
*************''[[Jamaican English]] (not to be confused with [[Jamaican creole|Jamaican Creole]] or Jamaican Patois)''
*************''[[Jamaican English]]''
*************''[[Samaná English]]''
*************''[[Samaná English]]''
*************''[[English language in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican English]]''
*************''[[English language in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican English]]''
*************''[[Barbadian English|Barbadian English (Bajan English)]]''
*************''[[Barbadian English|Barbadian English ]]''
*************''[[Trinidadian English|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]]''
*************''[[Trinidadian English|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]]''
*************''[[Languages of Guyana|Guyanese English]] (not to be confused with [[Guyanese Creole]])''
*************''[[Languages of Guyana|Guyanese English]]''
************''[[South Atlantic English]] (in [[Tristan da Cunha]], [[Ascension Island]], and [[Saint Helena]])''
************''[[South Atlantic English]]''
************''[[Falkland Islands English]] (in the [[Falkland Islands]])''
************''[[Falkland Islands English]]''
************''Australian-New Zealand English''
************''[[Australian English]]''
*************''[[Australian English]]''
*************[[Strine|''Broad Country Australian English '']]
**************[[Strine|''Broad Country Australian English (Strine)'']]
*************[[Variation in Australian English|''Cultivated Australian English'']]
**************[[Variation in Australian English|''Cultivated Australian English'']]
*************[[Variation in Australian English|''General Australian English'']]
**************[[Variation in Australian English|''General Australian English'']]
**************''[[Queensland Kanaka English]]''
**************''Southeast Coast Australian English''
*************''[[South Australian English]]''
***************''New South Wales Australian English''
*************''[[Western Australian English]]''
***************''Victoria Australian English''
*************''[[Australian Aboriginal English]]''
**************''Queensland Australian English''
*************''[[Torres Strait English]]''
***************''[[Queensland Kanaka English]]''
************''[[New Zealand English]]''
**************''Tasmanian Australian English''
*************''[[Māori English]]''
**************''[[South Australian English]]''
**************''[[Western Australian English]]''
**************''Northern Territories Australian English''
**************''[[Australian Aboriginal English]]''
**************''[[Torres Strait English]]''
*************''[[New Zealand English]]''
**************''Southland Dialect''
**************''[[Māori English]]''
************''[[Solomon Islands English]]''
************''[[Solomon Islands English]]''
************''[[Fiji English]]''
************''[[Fiji English]]''
Line 2,262: Line 951:
*************[[South African English#Black South African English|''Black South African English'']]
*************[[South African English#Black South African English|''Black South African English'']]
*************[[South African English#Indian South African English|''Indian South African English'']]
*************[[South African English#Indian South African English|''Indian South African English'']]
************''[[Namlish|Namlish (Namibian English)]]''
************''[[Namlish|Namlish ]]''
************'''English spoken as second language'''
************''[[Gibraltarian English]]''
*************''English spoken as second language in Europe''
************''[[Yeshivish]]''
**************''[[Gibraltarian English]]''
************''[[Pakistani English]]''
**************''[[Languages of Malta#English|Malta English]]''
*************''[[Urdish|Urdish/Urglish]]''
***************''[[Maltenglish]]''
************''[[Nepalese English]]''
**************''[[Franglais|French English (Franglais)]]''
************''[[Indian English|General Indian English]]''
**************''[[Dunglish|Dutch English (Dunglish)]]''
*************''[[Butler English]]''
**************''[[Porglish|Portuguese English (Porglish/Portuglish)]]''
************[[Bangladeshi English|''Bangladeshi English '']]
**************''[[Itanglese|Italian English (Itanglese)]]''
************
**************''[[Siculish|Sicillian English (Siculish)]]''
************''[[Burmese English|Burmese / Myanmar English]]''
**************''[[Greeklish|Greek English (Greeklish)]]''
************''[[Tinglish|Thai English]]''
**************''[[Denglisch|German English (Denglisch)]]''
************''[[Malaysian English]]''
**************''[[Yinglish|Yiddish English (Yinglish)]]''
************''[[Manglish]]''
***************''[[Yeshivish]]''
************''[[Singapore English]]''
**************''[[Czenglish|Czech English (Czenglish)]]''
************''[[Singlish]]''
**************''[[Danglish|Danish English (Danglish)]]''
************''[[Brunei English]]''
**************''[[Swenglish|Swedish English (Swenglish)]]''
************''[[Philippine English]]''
**************''[[Finglish|Finnish English (Finglish)]]''
*************''[[Taglish]]''
**************''[[Poglish|Polish English (Poglish)]]''
**************[[Taglish#Coño English|''Coño English'']]
**************''[[Runglish|Russian English (Runglish)]]''
**************[[Taglish#Swardspeak|''Swardspeak'']]
**************''European English (see [[English language in Europe]] and [[Euro English]])''
*************''[[Bislish]]''
*************''English spoken as second language in Southwest Asia''
************''[[Palauan English]]''
**************''[[Arablish|Arabic English ''(Arablish)'']]''
************''[[Hong Kong English]]''
**************''[[Heblish|Hebrew English ''(Heblish)'']]''
*************''[[Chinglish]]''
**************''[[Turklish|Turkish English ''(Turklish)'']]''
************''[[Gambian English]]''
*************''English spoken as second language in South Asia''
************''[[Liberian English]]''
**************''[[Pakistani English|Pakistani English (Paklish/Pinglish)]]''
************''[[Ghanaian English]]''
***************''[[Urdish|Urdish/Urglish]]''
************''[[Nigerian English]]''
**************''[[Nepalese English]]''
************''[[Cameroonian English]]''
**************''[[Indian English|General Indian English]]''
************''[[Malawian English]]''
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Babu English|''Babu English'']]
************[[Ugandan English|''Ugandan English '']]
***************''[[Butler English]]''
************''[[Kenyan English]]''
***************''[[Hinglish]]''
*******[[Frisian languages]]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Assamese English|''Assamese English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Bengali English|''Bengali English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#West Indian English|''West Indian English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Cultivated Indian English|''Cultivated Indian English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Southern Indian English|''Southern Indian English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Malayali English|''Malayali English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Tamilian English|''Tamilian English'']]
***************''[[Tanglish]]''
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Punjabi English|''Punjabi English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Rajasthani English|''Rajasthani English'']]
***************[[Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Telugu English|''Telugu English'']]
***************''[[Tenglish]]''
***************''[[Kanglish]]''
***************[[Sri Lankan English|''Sri Lankan English (Ceylonese English)'']]
***************[[Bangladeshi English|''Bangladeshi English (Benglish/Banglish)'']]
*************''English spoken as second language in Southeast Asia''
**************''[[Burmese English|Burmese / Myanmar English]]''
**************''[[Tinglish|Thai English (Tinglish)]]''
**************[[Vinish|''Vietnamese English'' (''Vinish)'']]
**************''[[Malaysian English]]''
**************''[[Manglish]]''
**************''[[Singapore English]]''
**************''[[Singlish]]''
**************''[[Brunei English]]''
**************''[[Philippine English]]''
***************''[[Taglish]]''
****************[[Taglish#Coño English|''Coño English'']]
****************[[Taglish#Swardspeak|''Swardspeak'']]
***************''[[Bislish]]''
***************''[[Palauan English]]''
*************''English spoken as second language in East Asia''
**************''[[Hong Kong English]]''
***************''[[Chinglish]]''
**************[[Konglish|''Korean English'' (''Konglish)'']]
**************''[[Engrish|Japanese English (Engrish)]]''
***************''[[Wasei-eigo]]''
*************''English spoken as second language in Sub-Saharan Africa''
**************''[[Gambian English]]''
**************''[[Liberian English]]''
**************''[[Ghanaian English]]''
**************''[[Nigerian English]]''
**************''[[Cameroonian English]]''
**************''[[Malawian English]]''
**************[[Ugandan English|''Ugandan English (Uglish)'']]
**************''[[Kenyan English]]''
*******[[Frisian languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
********[[Old Frisian]]
********[[Old Frisian]]
*********[[Middle Frisian]]
*********[[Middle Frisian]]
**********'''[[North Frisian language|North Frisian]]''' ('''''Frasch''''' / '''''Fresk''''' / '''''Freesk''''' / '''''Friisk''''')
**********'''[[North Frisian language|North Frisian]]'''
***********''Island North Frisian''
***********''[[Heligolandic dialect|Haligolandic Frisian]]''
************''[[Heligolandic dialect|Haligolandic Frisian]]''
***********''[[Sylt Frisian]]''
************''Föhr-Amrum Frisian''
***********''[[Strand Frisian]] (extinct)''
************''[[Sylt Frisian]]''
***********''[[Wiedingharde Frisian]]''
************''[[Strand Frisian]] (extinct)''
***********''[[Bökingharde Frisian]]''
***********''Mainland North Frisian''
***********''[[Goesharde Frisian]]''
************''[[Wiedingharde Frisian]]''
***********''[[Halligen Frisian]]''
************''[[Bökingharde Frisian]] (Mooring)''
***********''[[Eiderstedt Frisian]] (extinct)''
************''[[Goesharde Frisian]]''
************''[[Halligen Frisian]]''
************''[[Eiderstedt Frisian]] (extinct)''
**********'''[[East Frisian Language|East Frisian]]'''
**********'''[[East Frisian Language|East Frisian]]'''
***********''Ems Frisian''
***********'''[[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]'''
************'''[[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]''' ('''''Seeltersk''''')
***********''Weser Frisian''
************''[[Wangerooge Frisian]] (extinct)''
************''[[Wangerooge Frisian]] (extinct)''
************''[[Wursten Frisian]] (extinct)''
************''[[Wursten Frisian]] (extinct)''
**********'''[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]''' ('''''Frysk''''')
**********'''[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]'''
***********''Mainland West Frisian''
***********''[[Hindeloopen Frisian]]''
************''[[Hindeloopen Frisian]]''
***********''[[Clay Frisian]]''
************''[[Clay Frisian]]''
***********''[[Wood Frisian]]''
**[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]
************''[[Wood Frisian]]''
************''Northern West Frisian''
************''Southwestern Western Frisian''
***********''Island West Frisian''
************''Schiermonnikoog''
************''Aastersk (in [[Terschelling]] / Skylge Island)''
************''Westersk (in [[Terschelling]] / Skylge Island)''
**[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] ([[dialect continuum]])
***[[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse/Proto-Scandinavian]] (extinct)
***[[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse/Proto-Scandinavian]] (extinct)
****[[Old Norse]] (''norrǿnt mál'' / ''norrǿna'' / ''dansk tunga'' / ''dǫnsk tunga'') (extinct)
****[[Old Norse]] (extinct)
*****[[Old Gutnish]] (extinct)
*****[[Old Gutnish]] (extinct)
*****[[East Scandinavian]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*****[[East Scandinavian]]
******[[Old East Norse]] (extinct)
******[[Old East Norse]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Swedish]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Swedish]] (extinct)
Line 2,383: Line 1,014:
*********[[Early Modern Swedish]]
*********[[Early Modern Swedish]]
**********[[Late Modern Swedish]]
**********[[Late Modern Swedish]]
***********'''[[Swedish language|Swedish]]''' ([[Contemporary Swedish]]) ('''''Svenska''''')
***********'''[[Swedish language|Swedish]]'''
************[[Standard Swedish]] (Rikssvenska / Högsvenska)
************[[Standard Swedish]]
************''[[Svealand Swedish|Svealandic]]''
************''[[Svealand Swedish|Svealandic]]''
*************''Mälaren dialect''
*************''[[Stockholm dialects]]''
**************''[[Stockholm dialects]] (Stockholmska) ([[Stockholm]]-[[Uppsala]] dialect) (basis of Modern [[Standard Swedish]] but not identical)''
*************''[[Uppländska dialect]]''
*************''[[Uppländska dialect]]''
*************''Gästrikland dialect''
************''[[North Swedish]]''
*************''[[Gnällbältet]] dialects''
**************''[[Västmanland]] dialect''
**************''[[Närke]] dialect''
**************''Western [[Södermanland]] dialect''
*************''South Dalecarlian Swedish dialect (not confuse with [[Dalecarlian]])''
************''[[North Swedish]] ([[Norrland dialects|Norrlandic]])''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Hälsing dialects]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Medelpad]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Hogdal]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Ångermanland dialects]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Transitional dialects between Ångermanland and Västerbotten]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|South Westrobothnian]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|North Westrobothnian]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Piteå dialects]]''
*************''[[Luleå dialects]]''
*************''[[Luleå dialects]]''
*************''[[Kalix dialect|Kalix]]''
*************''[[Kalix dialect|Kalix]]''
*************''[[Kiruna dialect]]''
*************''[[Norrland dialects|Settler dialects]] (a large land area, roughly in [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]] Province, where [[Saami languages]] were traditionally spoken but now mainly with [[Swedish language|Swedish]] speakers)''
**************''[[Kiruna dialect]]''
************''[[East Swedish]]''
************''[[East Swedish]] ([[Finland Swedish]])''
*************''[[Åland Swedish]]''
*************''Southern''
*************''[[Estonian Swedish]]''
**************''[[Åland Swedish]] (in [[Åland]] islands, Southwest [[Finland]])''
*************''[[Ostrobothnian]]''
**************''South Finland Coast Swedish''
**************''[[Estonian Swedish]] (in [[Aiboland]], the Swedish-speaking areas and towns of northern and western [[Estonia]]) (nearly extinct)''
*************''Northern''
**************''[[Ostrobothnian]] (in [[Ostrobothnia (region)|Ostrobothnia]], parts of Western [[Finland]] coast) (most divergent East Swedish dialect)''
************''[[Götamål dialect|Götalandic]]''
************''[[Götamål dialect|Götalandic]]''
*************''[[Småländska|Northern Smålandic]] (in Northern [[Småland]])''
*************''[[Småländska|Northern Smålandic]]''
*************''Ölandic (in [[Öland]])''
************''[[Gutnish]]''
*************''Östergötlandic (in [[Östergötland]])''
************''[[Rinkeby Swedish]]''
*************''Västergötlandic (in [[Västergötland]])''
********''[[Scanian dialect|Scanian]]''
*************''Dalslandic (in [[Dalsland]])''
*************''Värmlandic (in [[Värmland]])''
*************''Northern Hallandic (in Northern [[Halland]])''
************''[[Gutnish]] ([[Gutnish|New Gutnish]]/[[Gotlandic]]) ([[Gotland Island]])''
*************''Mainland Gotlandic''
*************''Faroymal''
************''Immigrant variants (more [[sociolects]] than [[dialects]])''
*************''[[Rinkeby Swedish]]''
*******Transitional Danish-Swedish (also called [[South Swedish]]) (under pressure from [[Swedification]] and [[Standard Swedish]]) ([[Danish language|Danish]] substrate) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from Swedish and Danish although closely related and sharing features with both languages) (in [[Scania]], [[Blekinge]], South [[Halland]] and South [[Småland]])
********''South [[Småländska]] dialect'' (Småländska)
********''[[Scanian dialect|Scanian]] (New Scanian)'' (''Skånska'')
*******[[Old Danish]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Danish]] (extinct)
********[[Middle Danish]] (extinct)
********[[Middle Danish]] (extinct)
*********'''[[Danish language|Danish]]''' ('''''Dansk''''')
*********'''[[Danish language|Danish]]'''
**********''[[Eastern Danish]]''
**********''[[Eastern Danish]]''
***********''[[Scanian dialect|Old Scanian]] (was part of [[Eastern Danish]] until Swedish conquest at the 17th century that was later followed by [[Swedification]]) (in [[Scania]], [[Blekinge]] and South [[Halland]])''
***********''[[Scanian dialect|Old Scanian]]''
***********''[[Bornholmsk dialect|Bornholmsk]]''
***********''[[Bornholmsk dialect|Bornholmsk]]''
**********''[[Insular Danish]] (basis of Modern Standard Danish but not identical)''
**********''[[Insular Danish]]''
***********''[[Zealand]] Island dialect''
**********''[[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]]''
************''Eastern Zealand''
***********''[[Eastern Jutlandic]]''
*************''[[Copenhagen]] dialect''
***********''[[Western Jutlandic]]''
***********''Southern Islands dialect ([[Møn]], and [[Lolland]]-[[Falster]])''
***********''[[Southern Jutlandic]]''
***********''Funen Islands dialect''
*********[[Dano-Norwegian]]
**********[[Riksmål|Norwegian Riksmål]]
**********''[[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]] (language of the [[Jutes]] substrate, was a [[West Germanic]] language and not a [[North Germanic]]/[[Scandinavian language|Scandinavian]] one)''
***********''Northern Jutlandic''
***********[[Norwegian Bokmål]]
************''[[Eastern Jutlandic]]''
************''[[Western Jutlandic]]''
***********''[[Southern Jutlandic]] (language of the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] substrate, was a [[West Germanic]] language and not a [[North Germanic]]/[[Scandinavian language|Scandinavian]] one)''
*********[[Dano-Norwegian]] (''[[Dano-Norwegian|Dansk-Norsk]]'')
**********[[Riksmål|Norwegian Riksmål]] (written)
***********[[Norwegian Bokmål]] (written) ([[Bokmål]])
************''[[Urban East Norwegian]]''
************''[[Urban East Norwegian]]''
******[[Dalecarlian]] / [[Dalecarlian dialects|Dalarna dialect]]
*****Transitional East-West Scandinavian
*******''[[Elfdalian]]''
******[[Dalecarlian]] / [[Dalecarlian dialects|Dalarna dialect]] ('''''Dalmål''''') (spoken in Central and Northern [[Dalecarlia]] / [[Dalarna]])
******[[Jamtlandic dialects|Jamtlandic]]
*******''Lower Siljan''
*******''Upper Siljan''
*****[[West Scandinavian]]
********''[[Elfdalian]] (Älvdalsmål)''
*******''Western Dalarna''
********''Lower Western Dalarna''
********''Upper Western Dalarna''
******[[Jamtlandic dialects|Jamtlandic]] (New Jamtlandic) (''Jamska'')
*******''Eastern Jamtlandic''
*******''Western Jamtlandic''
*****[[West Scandinavian]] ([[dialect continuum]])
******[[Old West Norse]] (extinct)
******[[Old West Norse]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Norwegian]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Norwegian]] (extinct)
********[[Middle Norwegian]] (extinct)
********[[Middle Norwegian]] (extinct)
*********'''[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]''' ([[Modern Norwegian]]) ('''''Norsk''''')
*********'''[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]'''
**********[[Høgnorsk|Norwegian Høgnorsk]] (written)
**********[[Høgnorsk|Norwegian Høgnorsk]]
***********[[Nynorsk|Norwegian Nynorsk]] (written) (''Nynorsk'')
***********[[Nynorsk|Norwegian Nynorsk]]
**********''[[Østnorsk]]'' ([[Eastern Norway]])
**********''[[Østnorsk]]''
***********''Flatbygdmål'' (Lowland districts)
***********''[[Vikværsk]]''
************''[[Vikværsk]]'' ([[Viken, Scandinavia|Viken]])
***********[[Urban East Norwegian]]
*************''Bohuslänska'' ([[Bohuslän]])
************[[Oslo dialect]]
*************[[Østfold]] dialects
***********''[[Dølamål]]''
*************[[Follo, Norway|Follo]] dialect
***********''[[Hallingmål-Valdris]]''
*************[[Drammen]] dialect
*********** [[Gudbrandsdalsmål]]
*************[[Vestfold]] dialects
**********''[[Vestlandsk|Vestnorsk]]''
*************[[Grenland]] dialect
***********''[[Arendalsk|Arendal dialect]]''
***********''[[Sandnes-mål|Sandnes dialect]]''
************[[Urban East Norwegian]] (Heavily influenced by written [[Bokmål]])
************''Midtøstlandsmål'' (Mid-east districts)
***********''[[Stavangersk|Stavanger dialect]]''
*************[[Oslo dialect]]
***********''[[Bergensk]]''
*************[[Romerike]] dialect
***********''[[Sognamål]]''
*************[[Ringerike (traditional district)|Ringerike]] dialects
**********''[[Trøndersk]]''
************''Opplandsmål'' ([[Opplandene]])
***********[[Jamtlandic]]
*************[[Hadeland]] dialect
***********[[Meldal dialect|Medalsk]]
*************[[Toten]] dialect
*********** [[Trondheimsk]]
*************[[Hedmark]] dialects
**********''[[Nordnorsk]]''
*************'Solung ([[Solør]])
***********[[Brønnøy dialect]]
************''Østerdalsmål'' ([[Østerdalen]])
********** [[Kebabnorsk]]
*************''[[Särna-Idremål]]'' ([[Särna]] and [[Idre]])
********** [[American Norwegian]]
*************Inner Troms dialect (A [[koiné dialect]] of settlers from [[Østerdalen]] and [[Gudbrandsdalen]] in [[Bardu Municipality]] and [[Målselv Municipality]], [[Troms]])
***********''Midlandsmål'' (Midland districts)
************''[[Dølamål]]'' ([[Gudbrandsdalen]] and Upper [[Folldal Municipality]])
************[[Hallingdal]]-[[Valdres]] dialects
*************''[[Hallingmål-Valdris|Hallingmål]]'' ([[Hallingdal]])
*************''[[Valdris]]'' ([[Valdres]])
************[[Telemark]]-[[Numedal]] dialects
*************''Bøhering'' ([[Bø Municipality (Telemark)|Bø Municipality, Telemark]])
************''Setesdalsk'' ([[Setesdal]])
**********''[[Vestlandsk|Vestnorsk]]'' ([[Western Norway|Western]] and [[Southern Norway]])
***********''Sørlandsk'' ([[Sørlandet]])
************''[[Arendalsk|Arendal dialect]]'' ([[Arendal Municipality]])
************[[Kristiansand (city)|Kristiansand]] dialect
************[[Lister Region|Lister]] dialects
***********''Sørvestlandsk'' (Southwest Norwegian)
************''Jærsk'' ([[Jæren]])
*************''[[Sandnes-mål|Sandnes dialect]]'' ([[Sandnes Municipality]])
*************''[[Stavangersk|Stavanger dialect]]'' ([[Stavanger Municipality]])
************[[Haugaland]]-[[Sunnhordland]] dialects
*************[[Karmøy Municipality|Karmøy]] dialect
*************[[Haugesund Municipality|Haugesund]] dialect
*************[[Stord Municipality|Stord]] dialect
*************[[Sauda Municipality|Sauda]] dialect
************''[[Bergensk]]'' ([[Bergen Municipality]])
************[[Nordhordland]] dialects
*************''Strilamål'' ([[Midhordland]])
************Inner West Norwegian dialects
*************''Hardingmål'' ([[Hardanger]])
*************''Vossamål'' ([[Voss Municipality]])
*************''[[Sognamål]]'' ([[Sogn]])
***********''Nordvestlandsk'' (Northwest Norwegian)
************Outer [[Sogn]] dialects
************[[Sunnfjord]] dialects
************[[Nordfjord]] dialects
************[[Sunnmøre]] dialects
************[[Romsdal]] dialects
**********''[[Trøndersk]]'' ([[Trøndelag]])
***********''Uttrøndersk'' (Coastal Trøndersk)
************[[Nordmøre]] dialects
*************[[Kristiansund (town)|Kristiansund]] dialect
*************[[Sunndalsøra]] dialect
************[[Fosen]] dialect
************[[Trondheim (city)|Trondheim]] dialect
***********''Inntrøndersk'' (Inland Trøndersk)
************[[Meldal dialect]] ([[Meldal Municipality]])
************[[Tydal Municipality|Tydal]] dialect
***********''Namdalsmål'' ([[Namdalen]])
***********''Härjedalska'' ([[Härjedalen]])
***********[[Jamtlandic|Old Jamtlandic]] (extinct) (Old dialect of [[Jämtland|Jämtland province]] before Swedish conquest at the 17th century, people shifted to a language with features from both [[Nynorsk]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]])
**********''[[Nordnorsk]]'' ([[Northern Norway]])
***********[[Helgeland]] dialects
************[[Brønnøy dialect]] (Southern Helgeland)
************''Vefsn-mål'' (Central Helgeland)
************''Ranværingsmål'' (Northern Helgeland)
***********[[Nordland]] dialects
************[[Salten]] dialects
*************[[Bodø (town)|Bodø]] dialect
************[[Ofoten]] dialects
************[[Vesterålen]] dialects
************[[Lofoten]] dialects
***********Northern Norwegian
********Insular
*********[[Faroese language|Early Faroese]]
*********[[Faroese language|Early Faroese]]
**********[[Faroese language|Old Faroese]]
**********[[Faroese language|Old Faroese]]
***********'''[[Faroese language|Faroese]]''' (New Faroese) ('''''Føroyskt mál''''' / '''''Færøsk sprog''''')
***********'''[[Faroese language|Faroese]]'''
************''North Faroese''
*********[[Norn language|Norn]] (extinct)
************''South Faroese''
*********[[Old Icelandic]]
*********[[Norn language|Old Norn]] (extinct)
**********'''[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]'''
**********[[Norn language|Norn]] ([[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]]) (extinct)
**********[[Greenlandic Norse]] (extinct)
***********''Shetland Norn'' (extinct)
***********''Orkney Norn'' (extinct)
***********''Caithness Norn (in some areas of coastal [[Caithness]])'' (extinct)
*********[[Old Icelandic]] (was a dialect of [[Old Norse]])
**********'''[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]''' ('''''Íslenska''''')
**********[[Greenlandic Norse]] (in [[Norse Greenland]], three main areas of settlement in southwestern coast of [[Greenland]]: [[Eastern Settlement]], [[Middle Settlement]] and [[Western Settlement]]) (extinct)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Balto-Slavic languages]]==
==[[Balto-Slavic languages]]==
[[File:Balto-Slavic lng.png|thumb|right|Area of '''Balto-Slavic dialect continuum''' (''purple'') with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age (''white''). ''Red'' dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.]]
[[File:Balto-Slavic lng.png|thumb|right|Area of '''Balto-Slavic dialect continuum''' with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . ''Red'' dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.]]
[[File:Balto Slavic countries.svg|thumb|Political map of Europe with countries where a '''[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]''' language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a '''[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]''' language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents '''[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]''' languages, pale green represents '''[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]''' languages, and sea green represents '''[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]''' languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: '''[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]]''']]
[[File:Balto Slavic countries.svg|thumb|Political map of Europe with countries where a '''[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]''' language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a '''[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]''' language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents '''[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]''' languages, pale green represents '''[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]''' languages, and sea green represents '''[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]''' languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: '''[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]]''']]
[[File:Baltic languages.png|thumb|'''Baltic languages''' (extinct languages shown in stripes).]]
[[File:Baltic languages.png|thumb|'''Baltic languages''' (extinct languages shown in stripes).]]
[[File:Slavic languages map en.svg|thumb|'''Slavic languages''' in Europe (2008). Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]
[[File:Slavic languages map en.svg|thumb|'''Slavic languages''' in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]
[[File:Idioma ruso.PNG|thumb|'''Russian Language''' – Map of all the areas where the [[Russian language]] is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] language both in number of [[first language]] speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken (a vast land area of [[Eastern Europe]] and [[North Asia]] – [[Siberia]], i.e. most of Northern [[Eurasia]]).]]
[[File:Idioma ruso.PNG|thumb|'''Russian Language''' – Map of all the areas where the [[Russian language]] is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] language both in number of [[first language]] speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .]]
*[[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]] (extinct)

===[[Baltic languages]]===
===[[Baltic languages]]===
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Baltic]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Baltic]] (extinct)
**[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]] (Dnieper Basin Baltic) ([[dialect continuum]])
**[[Eastern Baltic languages|Eastern Baltic]]
***[[Galindian language|East Galindian]] (extinct)
***Dnieper Baltic (spoken by the [[Dnieper Balts]])
****[[Galindian language|East Galindian]] (extinct)
***[[Latvian language|Old Latvian]] (extinct)
***[[Latvian language|Old Latvian]] (extinct)
****'''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]''' (Modern Latvian) ('''''Latviešu''''')
****'''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]'''
*****'''[[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]'''
*****'''[[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]''' (Upper Latgalian) (Upper Latvian) ('''''Latgalīšu''''') (''Augšzemnieku dialekts'') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from Latvian but closely related to it) (initially Latvian developed from the language of the [[Latgalians]])
*****'''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]'''
******''Latgalian Proper'' / ''Upper Latgalian Latvian''
*******''Southern''
******''[[Kursenieki language|Kursenieki]]''
*******''Central''
*******''Northern''
******''Selonian Latgalian'' (''Sēliskās Izloksnes'') ''([[Selonian language|Selonian]] substrate) (not confuse with [[Selonian language]])''
*****'''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]''' (Low Latvian) ('''''Latviešu''''' / '''''Latviešu Valoda''''')
******''Middle Latvian''/''Central-Southwestern Latvian'' (''Vidus dialekts'') ''(Midus > Vidus) (basis of [[Standard Latvian]] but not identical)''
*******''Vidzeme-Semigallian''
********''Vidzeme Latvian (Low Latgalian)'' (''Videzemes Izloksnes'') ''(initially [[Latvian language|Latvian]] developed from the language of the [[Latgalians]])''
********''Semigallian Latvian'' (''Zemgaliskās Izloksnes'') ''([[Semigallian language|Semigallian]] substrate) (not to be confused with [[Semigallian language]])''
*******''Curonian (Latvian Curonian)'' (''Kursiskās Izloksnes'') ''([[Curonian language|Curonian]] substrate) (not to be confused with [[Curonian language]])''
********''[[Kursenieki language|Kursenieki]]'' ({{lang|mis|kursisk valuod}}) ''(Curonian substrate) (not to be confused with [[Curonian language]]) (dialect or language spoken by the [[Kursenieki]])''
******''Livonian Latvian'' (''Lībiskais dialekts'') ''([[Livonian language|Livonian]] substrate) (not to be confused with [[Livonian language|Livonian]])''
*******''Vidzeme Livonian Latvian'' (''Vidzemes Izloksnes'') ''(not to be confused with [[Livonian language|Livonian]])''
*******''Courland Livonian Latvian'' (''Kurzemes Izloksnes'') ''(not to be confused with [[Curonian language|Curonian]])''
***Transitional Latvian-Lithuanian
****[[Selonian language|Selonian]] (extinct)
****[[Selonian language|Selonian]] (extinct)
****[[Semigallian language|Semigallian]] (extinct)
****[[Semigallian language|Semigallian]] (extinct)
***[[Old Lithuanian]] (extinct)
***[[Old Lithuanian]] (extinct)
****'''[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]''' (Modern Lithuanian) ('''''Lietuvių Kalba''''')
****'''[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]'''
*****'''[[Aukštaitian dialect|Highland Lithuanian]]''' / '''Aukštaitian''' ('''''Aukštaičių''''') (basis of [[Standard Lithuanian]] but not identical)
*****'''[[Aukštaitian dialect|Highland Lithuanian]]''' / '''Aukštaitian'''
*****'''[[Samogitian dialect|Lowland Lithuanian]]''' / '''Samogitian'''
******''Eastern Aukštaitian''
***[[Curonian language|Curonian]] (extinct)
******''Southern Aukštaitian ([[Dzūkian]])''
******''Western Aukštaitian''
**[[Western Baltic language|Western Baltic]]
***[[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] / [[Baltic Prussian]] (extinct)
*****'''[[Samogitian dialect|Lowland Lithuanian]]''' / '''Samogitian''' ('''''Žemaičių / Žemaitiu''''') ([[Curonian language|Curonian]] substrate)
****[[Old Prussian language#Revitalization|New Prussian]]
******''Southern Samogitian''
******''Western Samogitian''
******''Northern Samogitian''
**Transitional East-West Baltic
***[[Curonian language|Curonian]] (disputed; see [[Curonian language#Origin|Origin of Curonian]]) (extinct)
**[[Western Baltic language|Western Baltic]] (Baltic Sea Coast Baltic) ([[dialect continuum]])
***[[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] / [[Baltic Prussian]] (''Prūsiskan / Prūsiska Billā'') (extinct)
****[[Old Prussian language#Revitalization|New Prussian]] (Neo-Prussian, Revived Prussian) (''Prūsiskan / Prūsiska Billā'') ([[revived language]]) (not to be confused with Germanic Prussian – [[Low Prussian]] and [[High Prussian]])
***[[Skalvians|Skalvian]] (extinct)
***[[Skalvians|Skalvian]] (extinct)
***[[Galindian language|West Galindian]] (extinct)
***[[Galindian language|West Galindian]] (extinct)
***[[Sudovian language|Sudovian]] (Yotvingian) (extinct)
***[[Sudovian language|Sudovian]] (extinct)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

===[[Slavic languages]]===
===[[Slavic languages]]===
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Proto-Slavic]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Slavic]] (extinct)
**[[North Slavic languages|North Slavic]] ([[dialect continuum]])
**[[East Slavic languages]]
***[[Old Novgorod dialect|Old Novgorodian]] (extinct)
***[[East Slavic languages]]/Northeast Slavic ([[dialect continuum]])
****Old Novgorodian-Pskovian (Archaic East Slavic/Northwest Old Slavic or a North Slavic proper group)? (extinct)
****[[Old East Slavic]] (extinct)
*****[[Old Novgorod dialect|Old Novgorodian]] (extinct)
*****[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] (extinct)
******'''[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]''' / '''Carpathian Rusyn'''
****Innovative East Slavic
*******''[[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]]'' / ''Bačka Rusyn''
*****[[Old East Slavic]] ([[Old Russian]], [[Ruthenian language|Old Rusyn]], [[Old Ukrainian]] and [[Old Belarusian]]) (extinct)
******[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] (Old Rusyn, [[Old Ukrainian]] and [[Old Belarusian]]) (extinct)
******'''[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]'''
*******''Southwest Old East Slavic ([[Ruthenian language|Old Rusyn]])''
*******''[[Canadian Ukrainian]]''
*******''[[Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect|Pokuttia–Bukovina]]''
********'''[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]''' / '''Carpathian Rusyn''' (also known as Ruthenian, Rusinian) ('''Pусиньскый язык / Pуски язи''' – '''''Rusîn'skyj Jazyk / Ruski Jazik''''' / '''Pуснацькый язык – Rusnac'kyj jazyk / Πо-Hашому – Po Nashomu''') (spoken by the [[Rusyns]] mainly in [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], most in [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]], far southeastern Poland and far northeastern Slovakia and also in enclaves in [[Bačka]], [[Vojvodina]], northern Serbia; [[Slavonia]], eastern Croatia; the [[Banat]], southwestern Romania; and northern [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]) (divergent enough to be considered its own language, not a simple [[Ukrainian dialects|Ukrainian dialect]], although it has some [[mutual intelligibility]] with Ukrainian)
*******''[[Balachka]]''
*********''Hutsulian'' / ''Gutsulian (dialect spoken by the [[Hutsuls]] or [[Hutsuls|Gutsuls]])''
*******'''[[Polesian language|Polesian]]''' / '''[[Polesian language|Polisian]]'''
*********''Boykian (dialect spoken by the [[Boykos]])''
*********''Dolinyan'' / ''Sub-Carpathian''
********''[[West Polesian microlanguage|West Polesian]]''
*********''Lemkian (dialect spoken by the [[Lemkos]])''
*********''[[Motolian dialect|Motolian]]''
*********''Rusyn diaspora dialects''
******'''[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]'''
**********''[[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]]'' / ''Bačka Rusyn'' (''Ruski jazik'')
******'''[[Russian language|Russian]]'''
*******''[[Southern Russian]]''
**********''[[Canadian Ukrainian]]'' (''Kанадсько-українська мова'' – ''Kanadsko-Ukraїnska Mova'') ''(more closely related to [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]])''
*******''Southern Old East Slavic ([[Old Ukrainian]])''
*******''[[Central Russian]]'' / ''Middle Russian''
********''[[Lake Peipus dialect]]''
********'''[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]''' ('''Українська мова''' – '''''Ukrayins'ka Mova''''') (an older name was Little Russian – Малоросійський - ''Malorosiys'kyy'' or Малорусский - ''Malorusskyy'')
*********''[[Ukrainian dialects|Southern]]''
********''[[Astrakhan Russian]]''
**********''[[Ukrainian dialects|South-Western]] (Western South)''
*******''[[Northern Russian]]''
***********''Volynian''/''Volhylian''
********''[[Pomor dialects]]''
***********''Podilian''/''Podolian''
********''[[Alaskan Russian]]''
***********''Upper Dniestrian''
*******
*******''[[Russian language in Belarus|Belarusian Russian]]''
***********''Sjanian''/''Sanian''/''Upper Sanian''
*******''[[Russian language in Ukraine|Ukrainian Russian]]''
***********''Pokuttyan-Bukovynian''
**********''[[Ukrainian dialects|South-Eastern]] (Eastern South)''
*******''[[Russian language in Latvia|Latvian Russian]]''
*******''[[Doukhobor Russian|Doukhobor]]''
***********''Middle Dnieprian (includes [[Kyiv]], [[Cherkasy]], [[Poltava]])'' (basis of [[Ukrainian language|Modern Standard Ukrainian]] but not identical)
************''Kyiv dialect (in [[Kyiv]])''
*******''[[Dagestani Russian]]''
*******''[[Russian language in Israel|Israeli Russian]]''
***********''Slobozhan'' / ''Slodozian'' / ''Slododzian (in [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhan]] or [[Sloboda Ukraine]] region) (in most regions it overlapps with Orlovskiy Russian dialect in a complex language situation)''
*******''[[Goryun language|Goryun]] / [[Goryun language|Horyun]]''
***********''Steppe Ukrainian (in most regions it overlapps with Orlovskiy Russian, [[Surzhyk]], [[Ukrainian language|Standard Ukrainian]] and [[Russian language|Standard Russian]] in a complex language situation)''
**[[West Slavic languages]]
************''[[Don Cossack]]''
***[[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]
*************''[[Balachka]]''
****[[Old Polish language|Old Polish]] (extinct)
**************''Black Sea-[[Kuban Cossack]] (mixed and overlapped with Orlovskiy Russian) (roughly in [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Kray]] including the [[Kuban (river)]] valley)''
*****[[Middle Polish]] (extinct)
**************''Mountain Cossack (North Caucasus Cossack) (mixed and overlapped with Orlovskiy Russian) (roughly in [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Kray]])''
******'''[[Polish language|Polish]]'''
********Transitional Ukrainian-Belarusian ([[Ukrainian dialects|Northern Ukrainian dialects]])
*******''[[Lesser Polish dialect|Lesser Polish]]''
*********'''[[Polesian language|Polesian]]''' / '''[[Polesian language|Polisian]]'''
**********''Eastern Polesian''
*******''[[Southern Borderlands dialect]]''
**********''Central Polesian''
*******''[[Gorals|Goralian]]''
**********''[[West Polesian microlanguage|West Polesian]]''
********''[[Podhale dialect|Podhale]]''
***********''[[Motolian dialect|Motolian]]''
*******''[[Masovian dialect|Masovian]]'' / ''Mazovian''
*******''Central Old East Slavic ([[Old Belarusian]])''
********''[[Warsaw dialect]]''
*******''[[Northern Borderlands dialect]]''
********'''[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]''' ('''Беларуская мова''' – '''''Biełaruskaja Mova''''')
*********''[[Belarusian dialects|South-Western]]''
*******''[[New mixed dialects|New Mixed Dialects]]''
*******[[Masurian dialects|Masurian]]
**********''Slutskian''
****[[Pomeranian language|Pomeranian]]
**********''Mazyrskian''
*****'''[[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]'''
**********''Hrodzean-Baranavian (Hrodna-Baranavichy)''
*****[[Slovincian language|Slovincian]] (extinct)
*********''[[Belarusian dialects|Middle]]'' (basis of [[Belarusian language|Modern Standard Belarusian]] but not identical)
****[[Polabian language|Polabian]] (extinct)
**********''Minskian (Menskian) (in [[Minsk|Mensk]] / [[Minsk]])''
****[[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]]
*********''[[Belarusian dialects|North-Eastern]]''
*****'''[[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]'''
**********''Polatskian''
*****'''[[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]'''
**********''Vitsebskian''
****'''[[Silesian language|Silesian]]'''
**********''East-Mahilioŭian (East-Mogilevian)''
*****''[[Cieszyn Silesian dialect|Cieszyn Silesian]]''
*******Transitional Belarusian-Russian (also included in the western group of [[Southern Russian dialects]])
*****''[[Sulkovian dialect|Sulkovian]]''
********''Smolenskian (Smolenskiy) (includes [[Smolensk]], [[Nevel (town)|Nevel]], [[Klintsy]])''
******''Northeast Old East Slavic ([[Old Russian]])''
*****''[[Prudnik dialect|Prudnik]]''
*****''[[Niemodlin dialect|Niemodlin]]''
*******'''[[Russian language|Russian]]''' ('''Pусский язык''' – '''''Russkij / Russkiy Yazyk''''') (an older name was великорусский - ''Velikorusskiy'' - [[Great Russian language|Great Russian]] or Great Russian language) (distinction between russian dialects of primary formation and russian dialects of second formation is mainly chronological and geographical not genealogical) (dialects of primary formation correspond to Old Russia, mainly settled before 16th century, the Russian Core dialects in the central area of [[European Russia]]) (dialects of secondary formation correspond to the new territories where [[Russians]] expanded, mainly and especially after the [[Territorial evolution of Russia|Russian expansion]] and conquests from the 16th century until 19th centuries and the formation of a [[Russian diaspora]] outside Russia proper)
********''[[Southern Russian]]''
*****''[[Lach dialects|Lachian]]''
***[[Czech-Slovak languages|Czech-Slovak]]
*********''Western Southern Russian''
****'''[[Czech language|Czech]]'''
**********''Upper Dnieper (includes [[Vyazma]])''
**********''Upper Desna (includes [[Bryansk]])''
*****''[[Czech language|Standard Czech]]''
*****''[[Common Czech]]''
*********''Transitional Group A (between Western Southern Russian and Central Southern Russian) (includes [[Mosalsk|Mosal'sk]], [[Zhizdra]], [[Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast|Sevsk]])''
*****''[[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]''
*********''Central Southern Russian'' / ''Oryol-Don'' / ''Kursk-Oryol (Orlovskiy – Orelian; Broad Orlovskiy) (includes [[Oryol]] or [[Oryol|Orel]], [[Kursk]], [[Belgorod]], [[Kozelsk|Kozel'sk]])''
******''[[Moravian Wallachian dialect|Moravian Wallachian]]''
**********''Orlovskiy Proper (origin in [[Oryol]] region) (spoken in east central and southern [[European Russia]], including [[Russians]] in [[North Caucasus]], and by many Russians in [[Eastern Ukraine]] and [[Southern Ukraine]])''
****'''[[Slovak language|Slovak]]'''/'''[[Slovakian language|Slovakian]]'''
*********''Transitional Group B (Tul'skiy – Broad Tulian) (between Central Southern Russian or Orlovskiy, and Eastern Southern Russian or Ryazan'skiy)''
*****''[[Eastern Slovak dialects|Eastern Slova]]<nowiki/>k''
**********''Tul'skiy – Tulian'' / ''Tulian Proper (includes [[Kaluga]], [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], [[Serpukhov]], [[Kolomna]])''
****[[Knaanic language|Knaanic]] (extinct)
**********''Yeletsian (includes [[Yelets]])''
**[[South Slavic languages]]
**********''Oskolian (includes [[Stary Oskol]])''
***[[Western South Slavic]]
*********''Eastern Southern Russian (Ryazan'skiy – Ryazanian; Broad Ryazanian) (origin in [[Ryazan]] region) (east of the [[Don (river)]] and south of the [[Oka (river)]]) (includes [[Ryazan]], [[Lipetsk]], [[Voronezh]], [[Tambov]]) (spoken in east central and southeast [[European Russia]], in part of the Middle Volga and in the Lower Volga, Volga Delta and [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]] region, and along the border with western [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Ural (river)|Ural river]] region) (in some regions it overlapps with [[Central Russian dialects]])''
****'''[[Slovene language|Slovene]]'''
********''Central-Northern Russian / Middle-Northern Russian''
*****''[[Pannonian dialect group|Pannonian]]''
*********''[[Central Russian]]'' / ''Middle Russian (Transitional Northern-Southern Russian, has characteristics with both southern and northern dialects) (this dialectal area forms a big arc strip or bow-shaped strip, from northwest towards southeast, between southern and northern dialects, including both dialects of primary and second formation, from [[Saint Petersburg]], passing by [[Veliky Novgorod]], [[Tver]], [[Moscow]], [[Penza]], [[Saratov]] and [[Volgograd]], to [[Astrakhan]])''
******''[[Prekmurje Slovene]]''
**********''West Central Russian'' / ''West Middle Russian (Novgorodskiy – Novgorodian) (Old Novgorodian substrate)''
***********''Groups with [[okanye]]''
*****''[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]]''
*****''[[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian]]''
************''Gdov dialectal group (in [[Gdov]] city and [[Gdovsky District|region]])''
************''Novgorod dialectal Group (in [[Luga, Leningrad Oblast|Luga]], [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]], [[Valdaysky District|Valday]])''
************''Saint Petersburg dialect (in [[Saint Petersburg]] city and [[Northwestern Federal District|region]])''
***********''Mixed Pskov-Gdov dialect''
************''[[Lake Peipus dialect]]'' (''[[Lake Peipus dialect|Prichudskiy Govor]]'')
***********''Groups with [[akanye]]''
************''Pskov dialectal group (Pskovskiy – Pskovian) (in [[Pskov]], [[Velikiye Luki]], [[Toropets]]) (some features, but less, are transitional to Smolensk dialect and [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]])''
************''Seligerian-Torzhokian dialectal group (includes [[Lake Seliger|Seliger Lake]] region in the [[Volga]] river high course) (in [[Ostashkov]], [[Rzhev]], [[Torzhok]])''
**********''East Central Russian'' / ''East Middle Russian (Moskovskiy – Broad Moskovian, dialects closer to Moscovian)''
***********''Groups with [[okanye]] (Vladimirsko-Povolzhskaya – Vladimirian-Volgian) (some characteristics are transitional and common to [[Northern Russian dialects]])''
************''Tverian'' or ''Western (in [[Tver]] and [[Klin, Klinsky District, Moscow Oblast|Klin]])''
************''Central (mainly between [[Volga]] and [[Oka (river)|Oka]] rivers) (in [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]], [[Suzdal]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]] in the [[Volga]], [[Ivanovo]])''
************''Nizhny Novgorodian'' or ''Eastern (in [[Murom]] and [[Nizhny Novgorod]])''
***********''Groups with [[akanye]] (includes [[Moscow]], [[Yegoryevsk]], [[Kasimov]], [[Temnikov]] and [[Nizhny Lomov]])''
************''Group A'' – ''[[Moscow dialect|Moscovian]] Proper / [[Moscow dialect]] (in [[Moscow|Moscow city]] and [[Central Federal District|region]]) (basis of [[Standard Russian|Modern Standard Russian]] but not identical)''
************''Group B'' – ''Yegoryevsk-Kasimovian (in [[Yegoryevsk]])''
************''Group V (C)'' – ''Temnikov-Nizhny Lomov (in [[Temnikov]] and [[Nizhny Lomov]])''
***********''Chukhloma dialect (in [[Chukhloma]] region) (a central Russian dialectal island)''
***********''Samara dialect (in [[Samara]] city and region) (forms a dialectal island)''
***********''[[Astrakhan Russian]] (in [[Astrakhan]] city and region)''
*********''[[Northern Russian]]''
**********''Western''
***********''Ladoga-Tikhvin (in [[Novaya Ladoga]] and [[Tikhvin]])''
**********''Eastern''
***********''Vologda-Vyatka'' / ''Vologda-Kirov (Vologodsko-Vyatskiy – Vologdian-Vyatian) (in [[Vologda]], [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]] or [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]] and [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] city and [[Perm Krai|region]])''
***********''Kostroma-Yaroslavl (in [[Yaroslavl]] and [[Kostroma]])''
**********''Transitional groups''
***********''Onegian'' / ''Olonetsian Russian'' (Olonetskiy) ''(in south [[Lake Onega]] region) (includes [[Vytegra]]) (not to be confused with [[Olonets language|Olonets]] or [[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]], a [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language) ([[Livvi-Karelian language|Olonets]] / [[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi Karelian]] [[Stratum (linguistics)|substrate]] and influence)''
***********''Lachian (eastern region of [[Lake Lacha]])''
***********''Belozersk-Bezhetsk (in [[Belozersk]], [[Bezhetsk]], [[Cherepovets]])''
**********''[[Pomor dialects]] (traditionally they were spoken by the [[Pomors]] in the northern coastal regions of the [[White Sea]] and [[Barents Sea]], and also more inland, in the arctic regions of [[European Russia]]) (includes [[Arkhangelsk]] and [[Murmansk]])''
**********''Siberian Russian dialects (a group of dialects in a very big landmass language area, in [[Siberia]], in the broadsense also including the [[Russian Far East]]) (the dialects of the [[Siberians|Siberian]] Russians and other [[Starozhily]] Russians were formed mainly on the basis of [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern Russian]] dialects<ref>Vakhtin, Nikolai; Golovko, Eugeniy; Schweitzer, Peter (2004).</ref> although there was also contribution from the dialects of Russian settlers speaking dialects of [[Central Russian dialects|Middle]] and [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern]] groups)''
***********''[[Alaskan Russian]] (still spoken in some scattered villages in [[Alaska]], in [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak island]] and [[Ninilchik, Alaska|Ninilchik]], by the [[Alaskan Creole people|Alaskan Creoles]], they are distinct from the [[Russian Americans]])''
*********''[[Russian diaspora]] dialects (spoken by ethnic [[Russians]] [[Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states|outside Russia]], they have several dialectal group affiliations, a geographical grouping of dialects)''
**********''[[Eastern Europe]]''
***********''[[Russian language in Belarus|Belarusian Russian]] (spoken by a significant number of [[Belarusians]] throughout Belarus) ([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] influence and substrate)''
***********''[[Russian language in Ukraine|Ukrainian Russian]] (spoken by a significant number of [[Ukrainians]], mainly in [[Eastern Ukraine|Eastern]] and [[Southern Ukraine|Southern]] Ukraine) ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] influence and substrate)''
************''Odesan Russian (in [[Odessa|Odesa]], southwestern Ukraine)''
***********''Transdnistrian Russian (spoken in [[Transnistria|Transdnistria]], a [[List of states with limited recognition|self-proclaimed state]], to the east of [[Dniester]] river, far eastern [[Moldova]] and between Ukraine and Moldova by [[Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states|Ethnic Russians]] and others)''
***********''East Baltic Region''
************''Estonian Russian (spoken by [[Russians in Estonia]])''
************''[[Russian language in Latvia|Latvian Russian]] (spoken by [[Russians in Latvia]])''
************''Lithuanian Russian (spoken by [[Russians in Lithuania]])''
**********''[[Central Asia]]''
***********''Kazakhstan Russian (spoken by [[Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states|ethnic Russians]] mainly in the northern regions of [[Kazakhstan]] by [[Russians in Kazakhstan]])''
**********''[[Northern America]]''
***********''[[Doukhobor Russian|Doukhobor]]'' ([[Doukhobor Russian|Диалект духоборов Канады]] – ''Dialekt Duchoborov Kanady'') ''(traditionally it was spoken by the [[Doukhobors]], later, at the end of the 19th century, they migrated to the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]] of [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]], western [[Canada]]) (heterogeneous dialectal origin, has features both with [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern Russian]] dialects as well as with Central or [[Central Russian dialects|Middle Russian]] ones)''
*********''Russian spoken as first or second language by Non-Ethnic Russians (higher influence from native languages and substrates)''
**********''Caucasus''
***********''Abkhaz Russian (Russian spoken by the [[Abkhazians]])''
***********''Chechen Russian (Russian spoken by the [[Chechens]])''
***********''[[Dagestani Russian]] (Russian spoken by the many ethnic groups of [[Dagestan]])''
***********''Armenian Russian (Russian spoken by [[Armenians]])''
**********''Central Asia''
***********Kazakhstani Russian ''(Russian spoken by the [[Kazakhs]]) (not the same as Russian of the Ethnic [[Russians in Kazakhstan]])''
***********Kyrgyzstani Russian ''(Russian spoken by the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]])''
**********''Israel''
***********''[[Russian language in Israel|Israeli Russian]] (Russian spoken by [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian Empire Jews]] and Ethnic [[Jews]] that came from former [[Soviet Union]] Republics to Israel before but mainly after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]])''
*******Transitional Russian-Ukrainian
********'''[[Goryun language|Goryun]]''' / '''[[Goryun language|Horyun]]'''
*******''Mixed Russian-Ukrainian dialectal area''
********''Mixed Orlovskiy Russian and Steppe Ukrainian dialectal area (roughly in [[Krasnodar Krai]], including the [[Kuban (river)|Kuban river]] valley)''
***[[West Slavic languages]] / Northwest Slavic ([[dialect continuum]])
****[[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]
*****[[Old Polish language|Old Polish]] (extinct)
******[[Middle Polish]] (extinct)
*******'''[[Polish language|Polish]]''' ('''''Polski / Język Polski / Polszczyzna''''')
********''[[Lesser Polish dialect|Lesser Polish]]'' (''Dialekt Małopolski'') (derived from the language of the [[Vistulans]])
*********''[[Holy Cross Mountains]] dialects'' (''gwary świętokrzyskie''), often associated with the ancient tribe of the [[Lendians]] (''Lędzianie'')
*********''[[Lasovians|Lasowian]] dialect'' (''gwara Lasowska'')
*********''[[Łowicz]] dialect'' (''gwara łowicka'')
********''[[Southern Borderlands dialect]]'' (''Southern Kresy'') / ''Podolian-Volhynian Polish (has affinities with [[Lesser Polish dialect|Lesser Polish]]) (spoken in isolated pockets or enclaves in Ukraine in the southern [[Kresy]], the Borderland regions) (Eastern Polish dialect in the former East Poland territories lost to the [[Soviet Union]] in 1945)''
*********''Lwów dialect'' (''gwara Lwowska'') (in today's [[Lviv]], western Ukraine)
********''[[Gorals|Goralian]]'' (''Highlander Polish dialects'') ''(has several affinities with [[Lesser Polish dialect]] but it's not a simple subdialect of it)''
*********''[[Podhale dialect|Podhale]]'' (''gwara podhalańska'')
*********''[[Żywiec]] dialect'' (''gwary żywieckie'')
********''Transitional Lesser Polish-Greater Polish-Mazovian (also included as subdialects of [[Lesser Polish]] or of Greater Polish) (Central Polish)''
*********''[[Sieradz]]-[[Łęczyca]] dialect'' (''gwara sieradzko-łęczycka'')
**********''Sieradzanian''
**********''Łęczytsanian (includes [[Łódź]])''
********''Greater Polish'' / ''Greater Poland'' (''dialekt Wielkopolski'') (derived from the Western Slavic language spoken by the [[Polans (western)]]) (in [[Greater Poland]])
*********''Srodkowa (includes [[Poznań]] and [[Gniezno]])''
*********''[[Chojnów|Chojno]] (Southern Greater Poland) dialect'' (''gwara Chazacka'')
*********''Kujawy / Cuyavian dialect'' (''gwara kujawska'') ''(in [[Kuyavia]])''
*********''[[Krajna]] dialect'' (''gwara krajniacka'')
*********''[[Tuchola]] / Bory dialect'' (''gwara tucholska'')
*********''[[Kociewie]] dialect'' (''gwara kociewska'')
*********''[[Chełmno]]-[[Dobrzyń nad Wisłą|Dobrzyń]]'' (''gwara chełmińsko-dobrzyńska'')
********''[[Masovian dialect|Masovian]]'' / ''Mazovian (basis of [[Polish language|Modern Standard Polish]] but not identical)'' (derived from the language of the [[Masovians|Mazovians]])
*********''Near Mazovian dialect'' (''gwara mazowsze bliższe'')
**********''[[Warsaw dialect]] (Old Warsaw dialect) (nearly extinct) (modern Warsaw dialect is close to standard Polish)''
*********''Far Mazovian dialect (gwara mazowsze dalsze'')
*********''Kurpie dialect'' (''gwara kurpiowska'')
*********''Malbork-Lubawa dialect'' (''gwara malborsko-lubawska'')
*********''Ostróda dialect'' (''gwara ostródzka'')
*********''Warmia dialect'' (''gwara warmińska'')
*********''Podlachia dialect (in [[Podlachia]] - Podlasie)''
**********''Białystok dialect'' (''gwara białostocka'')
*********''Suwałki dialect'' (''gwara suwalska'') (''Suwalszczyzna'')
********''[[Northern Borderlands dialect]]'' (''Northern Kresy'') / ''Northern Borderlands dialect (Belarusian Polish) (has affinities with [[Mazovian dialect|Mazovian]]) (spoken along the border between [[Lithuania]] and [[Belarus]], in the Northern [[Kresy]], the Borderland regions) (spoken mainly by the [[Polish minority in lithuania|Polish minorities in Lithuania]] and [[Polish minority in Belarus|in Belarus]]) (Eastern Polish dialect in the former East Poland territories lost to the [[Soviet Union]] in 1945)''
*********''Wilno dialect'' (''gwara Wileńska'') ''(in [[Vilnius]] city and region, [[Lithuania]]'s capital, southeastern Lithuania, and overlapping with [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]])''
********''[[New mixed dialects|New Mixed Dialects]] (in what is called [[Recovered Territories]] of western and far northern Poland, former ethnic and linguistic German majority territories of [[Silesia]], [[Pomerania]], [[East Brandenburg]] and most of [[East Prussia]] annexed in 1945 to Poland; several speakers of eastern Polish dialects settled in these regions and mixed with other polish dialect speakers)''
*********''Northern New Mixed Dialects''
*********''Northwestern new Mixed Dialects''
*********''Southern New Mixed Dialects''
*******'''[[Masurian dialects|Masurian]]''' / '''Mazurian''' ('''''Mazurská gádkä''''') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from [[Polish language|Polish]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} although closely related to it)
*****[[Pomeranian language|Pomeranian]]
******'''[[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]''' ('''''Kaszëbsczi jãzëk / Kaszëbsczi''''')
*******''Northern Kashubian''
*******''Middle Kashubian''
*******''Southern Kashubian''
******[[Slovincian language|Slovincian]] (''Słowińskô Mòwa'') (extinct)
*****[[Polabian language|Polabian]] (extinct)
*****[[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] (Lusatian) (in [[Lusatia]])
******'''[[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]''' ('''''Dolnoserbšćina / Dolnoserbski''''')
******'''[[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]''' ('''''Hornjoserbšćina / Hornjoserbsce''''')
****Transitional Polish-Czech
*****'''[[Silesian language|Upper Silesian]]''' ('''Slavic Silesian''') ('''''Ślōnskŏ gŏdka / Ślůnsko godka''''') (disputed as separate language from [[Polish language|Polish]])
******''Southern Silesian''
*******''[[Cieszyn Silesian dialect|Cieszyn Silesian]] (Teschin Silesian)'' (''[[Cieszyn Silesian dialect|Po Naszymu]]'')
******''Central Silesian''
*******''[[Sulkovian dialect|Sulkovian]]''
*******''[[Prudnik dialect|Prudnik]]''
******''Northern Silesian''
*******''[[Niemodlin dialect|Niemodlin]]''
******''[[Lach dialects|Lachian]] (in parts of [[Moravian Silesia]])''
****[[Czech-Slovak languages|Czech-Slovak]]
*****'''[[Czech language|Czech]]''' (Slavic Bohemian-Moravian) (Czech-Moravian) ('''''Čeština''''' / '''''Český jazyk''''')
******''[[Czech language|Czech proper]]'' (''Čeština'' / ''Český jazyk'')
*******''[[Czech language|Standard Czech]]''
*******''[[Common Czech]] (spoken primarily in and around [[Prague]])''
*******''Slavic Bohemian'' / ''Bohemian''
********''Northeastern Bohemian dialects (Severovýchodočeská nářeční oblast)''
*********''[[Giant Mountains]] subgroup''
********''Central Bohemian dialects (Středočeská nářeční oblast)''
*********''Bohemian Praguian (includes [[Prague]])''
********''Southwestern Bohemian dialects''
*********''South Bohemian (Jihočeská nářeční oblast)''
**********''[[Doudleby]] subgroup''
*********''West Bohemian (Západočeská nářeční oblast)''
**********''[[Chod dialect|Chod]] subgroup''
******''Transitional Bohemian (Czech)-Moravian''
*******''Bohemian–Moravian dialects (Nářečí českomoravská)''
******''[[Moravian dialects|Moravian]]'' (''Moravská nářečí/Moravština'')
*******''Central Moravian dialects (Nářečí středomoravská)''
********''Central Central Moravian (Centrální středomoravská (hanácká) podskupina)''
********''South Central Moravian (Jižní středomoravská podskupina)''
*********''[[Tišnov]] subgroup (Podskupina tišnovská)''
********''Western Central Moravian (Západní středomoravská okrajová podskupina)''
********''Eastern Central Moravian (Východní středomoravská podskupina)''
******''New Mixed dialects'' / ''Peripheral Czech dialects (in former ethnic and linguistic German majority territories of the [[Sudeten Germans]], [[Sudetenland]], that where annexed to [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1945, border region of what is today the Czech Republic with Germany, Austria and Poland)''
*****Transitional Moravian-Slovak ([[Moravian dialects|Eastern Moravian]] dialects) ''(Nářečí východomoravská)''
******''[[Moravian Slovakia|Moravian-Slovak]] (Podskupina slovácká)''
******''[[Moravian Wallachian dialect|Moravian Wallachian]] (Podskupina valašská) (dialect of the [[Moravian Vlachs]] – at first a [[Romance languages|Romance-speaking]] and [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox Christian]] transhumant [[pastoral farming|pastoralist]] people, they were originally [[Vlachs]], i.e. [[Romanians]], originating in [[Transylvania]], central Romania, and migrated along the [[Carpathian Mountains]] towards northwest, they were [[Slavicized]] over time) ([[Romanian language|Romanian]] substrate)''
*****'''[[Slovak language|Slovak]]'''/'''[[Slovakian language|Slovakian]]''' ('''''Slovenčina''''' / '''''Slovenský jazyk''''')
******''Western Slovak (in [[Trenčín]], [[Trnava]], [[Nitra]], [[Záhorie]] and [[Bratislava]])''
*******''Southwest''
********''Zahorie''
********''Trnava''
********''Bratislava''
*******''Southeast''
*******''Northern''
******''Central Slovak (in [[Liptov]], [[Orava (region)|Orava]], [[Turiec]], [[Tekov]], [[Hont County|Hont]], [[Nógrád County (former)|Novohrad]], [[Gemer]] and around [[Zvolen]])''
*******''Northern''
*******''Southern''
********''Lowland Slovak (Dolnozemské) (outside Slovakia in the [[Pannonian Plain]] in [[Serbian Vojvodina]], and in southeastern [[Hungary]], western Romania, and the Croatian part of [[Syrmia]])''
******''[[Eastern Slovak dialects|Eastern Slovak]] (in [[Spiš]], Šariš, [[Zemplín (region)|Zemplín]] and [[Abov]])''
*******''Southwest''
*******''Central''
*******''Eastern''
*****[[Knaanic language|Knaanic]] ([[Judaeo-Czech]]) (from ''Knaan'' – Canaan, "language of Canaan") (extinct)
**[[South Slavic languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
***[[Western South Slavic]] / Southwest South Slavic ([[dialect continuum]])
****'''[[Slovene language|Slovene]]''' ('''''Slovenski jezik / Slovenščina''''')
*****''[[Pannonian dialect group|Pannonian]] (Pannonian Slovene)''
******''[[Prekmurje Slovene]] (Wendisch)''
*****''[[Styrian dialect group|Styrian]] (Styrian Slovene) (includes [[Maribor]])''
*****''[[Carinthian dialect group|Carinthian]] (Carinthian Slovene)''
*****''[[Resian dialect|Resian]]''
*****''[[Resian dialect|Resian]]''
*****''[[Littoral dialect group|Littoral]] (includes [[Koper]] and [[Piran]])''
*****''[[Littoral dialect group|Littoral]]''
*****''[[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan]] (includes [[Ljubljana]])''
*****''[[Upper Carniolan dialect group|Upper Carniolan]]''
*****''[[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan]]''
*****''[[Lower Carniolan dialect group|Lower Carniolan]]''
*****''[[Rovte dialect group|Rovte]]''
*****''[[Rovte dialect group|Rovte]]''
****'''[[Serbo-Croatian]]'''
****Transitional Slovene-Serbo-Croatian / Transitional Slovene-Kajkavian-Chakavian-Shtokavian (dialects do not follow a border defined by ethnic groups, people from the same ethnic group could speak different dialects with different dialect group affiliation)
*****'''[[Kajkavian]]'''
*****'''[[Kajkavian dialect|Kajkavian]]''' ('''''Kajkavica / Kajkavština''''') (divergent enough from [[Standard Croatian]], which is Shtokavian based, to be considered its own language)
*****'''[[Chakavian]]'''
******''Northwestern Kajkavian (Closed Ekavian) (several similarities with Slovene)''
******''[[Central Chakavian]]'' / ''[[Middle Chakavian]]''
******''Southwestern Kajkavian (Closed Ekavian, transitional to [[Shtokavian]])''
*******''[[Burgenland Croatian]]''
*******''Zagreb dialect (the traditional [[Kajkavian]] and Standard [[Shtokavian]] based Croatian overlap and coexist, [[Standard Croatian]] is not based on its capital dialect)''
******''[[Southern Chakavian]]''
******''Eastern Kajkavian (Closed Ekavian, transitional to Shtokavian)''
******''Border dialects (Transitional to Chakavian)''
******''[[Southeastern Chakavian]]''
******''[[Southwestern Istrian]]''
*******''Lower Sutla (Ikavian, Kajkavised Chakavian speakers)''
*******''Prigorje (Closed Ekavian, Kajkavised Chakavian and Shtokavian speakers)''
******''[[Northern Chakavian]]''
******''[[Buzet dialect|Buzet]]''
*******''Gorski Kotar (Ikavian, transitional to Slovenian as well)''
******''Kajkavian diaspora dialects''
*****'''[[Shtokavian]]'''
******''[[Šokac dialect|Šokac]]''
*******''[[Burgenland Croatian|Kajkavian Burgenland Croatian]] (Gradišćanskohrvatski jezik) ("Burgenland Croatian" is an umbrella word for different dialects with different group affiliation) (spoken in [[Burgenland]] state, far eastern Austria, west of Hungary, between Slovenia to the south and Slovakia to the north, it does not border Croatia directly) (spoken by the [[Burgenland Croats]], which originally came from the river [[Una River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Una]] valley)''
******''[[Zeta–Raška dialect|Zeta–Raška]]''
********''Kajkavian Croatian Neusiedl dialect (some Croats speak a Kajkavian dialect near [[Lake Neusiedl]])''
******''[[Smederevo–Vršac dialect|Smederevo-Vršac]]''
********''Grob dialect (a Kajkavian dialect, spoken in [[Chorvátsky Grob]] in Slovakia)''
******[[Dubrovnik subdialect|''Dubrovnik subdialect'']]
*****'''[[Chakavian dialect|Chakavian]]''' ('''''Čakavica / Čakavština''''') (divergent enough from Standard Croatian, which is Shtokavian based, to be considered its language)
******''[[Younger Ikavian dialect|Younger Ikavian]]''
******''Central''
*******''[[Slavomolisano dialect|Slavomolisano]]''
*******''[[Central Chakavian]]'' / ''[[Middle Chakavian]] (Ikavian-Ekavian)''
********''Central Chakavian diaspora dialects''
*******''[[Bunjevac dialect|Bunjevac]]''
******''[[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Eastern Herzegovinian]]''
*********''[[Burgenland Croatian|Chakavian Burgenland Croatian]] Gradišćanskohrvatski jezik ("Burgenland Croatian" is an umbrella word for different dialects with different group affiliation) (spoken in [[Burgenland]] state, far eastern Austria, west of Hungary, between Slovenia to the south and Slovakia to the north, it does not border [[Croatia]] directly) (spoken by the [[Burgenland Croats]], which originally came from the river [[Una River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Una]] valley)''
*******''[[Užican dialect|Užice]]'' / ''[[Užican dialect|Užican]]'' / ''[[Užican dialect|Zlatibor]]''
**********''Dolinci dialect (dialect of the Dolinci in Unterpullendorf, [[Frankenau-Unterpullendorf|Frankenau]], Kleinmutschen, etc. is a (middle) Chakavian dialect)''
********''[[Dubrovnik subdialect]]''
**********''Poljan dialect (dialect of the Poljanci near Lake [[Lake Neusiedl|Neusiedl]], is a (middle) Chakavian dialect)''
*******[[Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian standards]]
**********''Hac dialect (Chakavian dialect of Haci near [[Lake Neusiedl|Neusiedl]])''
********''[[Serbian language|Serbian]]''
*********''Moravian Croat dialect (traditionally spoken by the [[Moravian Croats]] in [[Jevišovka]], [[Dobré Pole]] and [[Nový Přerov]] in the [[South Moravian Region]] of the Czech Republic; historically it formed a slavic language [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] in a majority [[Central Bavarian]] of the [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] or [[Austro-Bavarian]] language area, which was included in the regions with [[Germans|ethnic German]] majority) (almost extinct)''
******''Southern''
********''[[Croatian language|Croatian]]''
********''[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]''
*******''[[Southern Chakavian]] (Ikavian) (includes the traditional [[Split, Croatia|Split]] dialect)''
********''[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]''
*******''[[Southeastern Chakavian]]'' / ''Lastovian (Ijekavian) (in [[Lastovo|Lastovo island]])''
******''[[Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect|Šumadija–Vojvodina]]''
*******''[[Southwestern Istrian]] (Ikavian, Transitional to Shtokavian) (in Southwest [[Istria]] Peninsula)''
****'''[[Torlakian dialects|Torlakian]]'''
******''Northern''
*****''[[Prizren–Timok dialect|Timok-Prizren]]''
*******''[[Northern Chakavian]] (Ekavian) (includes the traditional [[Rijeka]] dialect)''
*******''[[Buzet dialect|Buzet]] (Closed Ekavian)''
*****''[[Gora dialect]]''
*****''[[Transitional Bulgarian dialects]]''
****'''Shtokavian–(south) Chakavian mixed'''
******''[[Tran dialect]]''
*****''[[Burgenland Croatian|Shtokavian–(south)Chakavian Burgenland Croatian]]'' (''Gradišćanskohrvatski jezik'') ''("Burgenland Croatian" is an umbrella word for different dialects with different group affiliation) (spoken in [[Burgenland]] state, [[Burgenland|Gradišće]] in Croatian, far eastern Austria, west of Hungary, between Slovenia to the south and Slovakia to the north, it does not border Croatia directly) (spoken by the [[Burgenland Croats]], which originally came from the river [[Una River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Una]] valley)''
******''[[Breznik dialect]]''
******''Štoj dialect (dialect of the Croatian group Štoji – [[Güttenbach]], [[Stinatz]], [[Neuberg im Burgenland|Neuberg]], is a Shtokavian–(south)Chakavian mixed dialect)''
******''[[Belogradchik dialect]]''
****'''[[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]]''' ('''''Štokavski''''') (basis of [[Serbo-Croatian Language|Serbo-Croatian]] but not identical) (dialects do not follow a border defined by ethnic groups, people from the same ethnic group could speak different dialects with different dialect group affiliation)
***[[Eastern South Slavic]] /
*****'''[[Serbo-Croatian]]''' ('''''Srpskohrvatski / Hrvatskosrpski''''' – '''Cрпскохрватски / Xрватскосрпски''') ([[standard language]] mainly based on [[Shtokavian]], in modern time it has different standardization for [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] as [[national language]]s, however they belong to the same [[dialect continuum]] and are mostly [[Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligible]])
****''[[Old Church Slavonic]]'' (extinct)
*****''[[Old-Shtokavian]] (older group of Shtokavian dialects, they are divided in west and east dialectal groups)''
******''Old Western Shtokavian''
*****'''[[Church Slavonic]]'''
****[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]-[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
*******''Slavonian / Archaic Šćakavian (mixed [[yat]] reflexes) (in northern and southern [[Slavonia]] but not the central part, East part of [[Croatia]])''
*****'''[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]'''
********''Podravina (generally Closed Ekavian) (by the [[Drava]] river, in northern [[Slavonia]])''
*********''[[Šokac dialect|Šokac]] ([[Šokac dialect|Šokački jezik]])''
******''[[Bulgarian dialects|Western Bulgarian]]''
*******''[[Northwestern Bulgarian dialects|Northwestern]]''
********''Posavina (generally Ikavian) (by the [[Sava]] river, in southern [[Slavonia]])''
********''Baranja-Bačka (generally Ikavian) (in parts of [[Bačka]])''
********''[[Vidin-Lom dialect]]''
********''[[Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect]]''
*******''[[East-Bosnian dialect|East Bosnian]]'' / ''Jekavian-Šćakavian (Ijekavian-Ikavian) (spoken by many [[Bosniaks]]) (includes most part of [[Sarajevo]] and [[Tuzla]])''
******''Old Eastern Shtokavian''
*******''[[Southwestern Bulgarian dialects|Southwestern]]''
********''[[Vratsa dialect]]''
*******''[[Zeta–Raška dialect|Zeta–Raška]]'' / ''[[Zeta–Raška dialect|Đekavian-Ijekavian]] (Zeta–South Sandžak) (East Montenegro and a corner of Southwest Serbia)''
********''[[Botevgrad dialect]]''
********''Zeta (Ijekavian) (in eastern part of [[Montenegro]], including [[Podgorica]])''
********''[[Ihtiman dialect]]''
********''Raška (in [[Raška (region)|Raška]]) (Ijekavian) (spoken by many [[Kosovo Serbs]] of [[North Kosovo]])''
********''[[Samokov dialect]]''
********''Sandžak Bosniak (Ijekavian) (in the [[Sandžak]]) (spoken by the [[Bosniaks of Serbia]])''
*******''Resava-Kosovo'' / ''Older Ekavian (Ekavian)''
********''[[Elin Pelin dialect]]''
********''Resava (Ekavian) (in [[Central Serbia|East Central]] [[Serbia]])''
********''[[Sofia dialect]]''
********''[[Dupnitsa dialect]]''
********''Kosovo (Ekavian) (spoken by several [[Kosovo Serbs]] of [[North Kosovo]])''
*******''[[Smederevo–Vršac dialect|Smederevo-Vršac]] (Ekavian) (mainly in [[Smederevo]] region)''
********''[[Kyustendil dialect]]''
******''[[Bulgarian dialects|Eastern Bulgarian]]''
*****''[[Neo-Shtokavian|New Shtokavian]] / [[Neo-Shtokavian]] (younger group of Shtokavian dialects, they are divided in west, south and east dialectal groups)''
******''New Western Shtokavian''
*******''[[Moesian dialects|Moesian]]''
********''[[Shumen dialect]]''
*******''[[Younger Ikavian dialect|Bosnian-Dalmatian]]'' / ''[[Younger Ikavian dialect|Western Ikavian]]'' / ''[[Younger Ikavian dialect|Younger Ikavian]]''
*******''[[Balkan dialects of Bulgarian|Balkan]]''
********''Western Herzegovinian-Bosnian (Schakavian, Ikavian) (originated roughly in Western [[Herzegovina]], has spread over a large area out of its initial home region) (spoken by many [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina]])''
********''[[Central Balkan dialect]]''
*********''Narrow Western Herzegovinian'' / ''Western Herzegovinian Proper (includes west part of [[Mostar]])''
********''[[Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect]]''
*********''[[Bosnian dialects|Bosnian]] (a specific dialect of [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] river valley, not to be confused with [[Bosnian language|Standard Bosnian]]) (includes [[Zenica]])''
********''[[Panagyurishte dialect]]''
*********''[[Burgenland Croatian|Schakavian Burgenland Croatian]] (Gradišćanskohrvatski jezik) ("Burgenland Croatian" is an umbrella word for different dialects with different group affiliation) (spoken in [[Burgenland]] state, [[Burgenland|Gradišće]] in Croatian, far eastern Austria, west of Hungary, between Slovenia to the south and Slovakia to the north, it does not border Croatia directly) (spoken by the [[Burgenland Croats]], which originally came from the river [[Una River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Una]] valley)''
********''[[Pirdop dialect]]''
**********''Vlah dialect (dialect of the Vlahi, is a Shtokavian dialect in [[Weiden bei Rechnitz]], Zuberbach, Althodis, [[Schandorf]], Dürnbach, Allersdorf, etc., is Shtokavian (schacavian) ikavian dialect similar to Slavonian)''
********''[[Teteven dialect]]''
********''Dalmatian'' / ''Shtokavian Dalmatian (Shtakavian, Ikavian) (Croatian Dalmatian) (not to be confused with the extinct Romance [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] language)''
*********''Shtokavian Dalmatian dialect diaspora''
********''[[Erkech dialect]]''
********''[[Subbalkan dialect]]''
**********''[[Slavomolisano dialect|Slavomolisano]] ([[Molise Croatian]])'' (''[[Slavomolisano dialect|Na-Našu]]'' / ''[[Slavomolisano dialect|Na-Našo]]'') ''(spoken by the [[Molise Croats]] in enclaves in the [[Molise]] region of [[Southern Italy]]) (the southernmost old [[Croatian diaspora]] in Europe)''
*******''[[Rup dialects|Rup]]''
********''[[Bunjevac dialect|Bunjevac]] (Shtakavian, Ikavian) (in far northwestern [[Vojvodina]]) (an enclave of New Western Shtokavian)''
******''New Southern Shtokavian''
********''[[Strandzha dialect]]''
*******''Southeastern''
********''[[Thracian dialect]]''
********''[[Hvoyna dialect]]''
********''[[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Eastern Herzegovinian]]'' (''[[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Istočnohercegovački]]'' / [[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|источнохерцеговачки]]) ''(in a broad sense) (Ijekavian) (it is the most widespread subdialect of the [[Shtokavian]] dialect of [[Serbo-Croatian]], both by territory and the number of speakers) (it is the dialectal basis for all modern literary '''Serbo-Croatian standards''': '''Bosnian''', '''Croatian''', '''Serbian''', and '''Montenegrin''', the latter only partially codified) (originated roughly in Eastern [[Herzegovina]], has spread over a large area out of its initial home region)''
********''[[Smolyan dialect]]''
*********''Narrow Eastern Herzegovian'' / ''Eastern Herzegovian Proper (original area of Eastern Herzegovian in Western [[Montenegro]] and Eastern [[Herzegovina]], Southeastern region of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])''
*********''[[Pomak language|Pomak dialect]]''
*********''[[Užican dialect|Užice]]'' / ''[[Užican dialect|Užican]]'' / ''[[Užican dialect|Zlatibor]] (Ijekavian, transitional to [[Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect]]) (in southwestern Serbia, [[Zlatibor]] Mountains, includes [[Čačak]])''
*********''Southwestern''
********''[[Chepino dialect]]''
********''[[Paulician dialect]]''
**********''[[Dubrovnik subdialect]] (Ijekavian-Ikavian, transitional to Chakavian)''
*********''[[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat Bulgarian]]''
**********''Boka-Peroj (Ijekavian-Ikavian, transitional to Zeta-Raška) (in the [[Bay of Kotor]] region)''
*********''Northwestern''
********''[[Zlatograd dialect]]''
********''[[Babyak dialect]]''
**********''Krajina (Ijekavian) (Krajina - "Borderland", is a slavic [[cognate]] with the name Ukraïna - [[Ukraine]], with the same meaning) (spoken by many [[Bosnian Serbs]] and [[Croatian Serbs]] and also by many [[Croats]] in central [[Slavonia]], includes most part of [[Banja Luka]] and [[Osijek]])''
*********[[Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian standards]]
********''[[Razlog dialect]]''
******'''[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]'''
**********''[[Serbian language|Serbian]] (official language of [[Serbia]] called '''[[Serbian language|Serbian]]''', accurately it is a [[Shtokavian]] standardised dialect part of its [[dialect continuum]])''
**********''[[Croatian language|Croatian]] (official language of [[Croatia]] called '''[[Croatian language|Croatian]]''', except for [[Kajkavian]] and [[Chakavian]], accurately it is a standardised [[Shtokavian]] dialect part of its [[dialect continuum]])''
**********''[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] (official language of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] called '''[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]''', accurately it is a Standardised [[Shtokavian]] dialect part of its [[dialect continuum]])''
**********''[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] (official language of [[Montenegro]] called '''[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]''', accurately it is a Standardised [[Shtokavian]] dialect part of its [[dialect continuum]])''
******''New Eastern Shtokavian''
*******''[[Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect|Šumadija–Vojvodina]] / Younger Ekavian (Ekavian) (in Northern [[Serbia]]) (includes most part of [[Belgrade]], Serbia's capital, [[Novi Sad]] and [[Kragujevac]]) ([[Standard Serbian]] is not based on its capital dialect)''
***Transitional West-East South Slavic
****'''[[Torlakian dialect|Torlakian]]''' (also belong to [[Old Shtokavian]]) ('''Торлачки''' / '''Торлашки''' – '''''Torlački''''' / '''''Torlashki''''')
*****''Serbian Torlakian (spoken in [[Southern Serbia (geographical region)|Southern Serbia]], including [[Niš]])''
******''[[Prizren–Timok dialect|Timok-Prizren]]''
*******''South Morava-Prizren''
********''West South Morava group''
*********''West South Morava proper''
*********''Janjevo-Letnica (traditionally in the southeastern part of [[Kosovo]]) (spoken by the [[Kosovo Croats]] that form Slavic language enclaves in Kosovo the same way as [[Serbian enclaves in Kosovo|Kosovo Serbians]])''
**********''Janjevo dialect (was spoken in [[Janjevo]] by the [[Janjevci]], Kosovo Croats, a [[Croats|Croatian]] subgroup that speaks a Torlakian dialect)''
**********''Letnica dialect (spoken in several settlements historically inhabited by the [[Letničani]], Kosovo Croats; they were [[Laramans]], that is, [[crypto-Christians]], specifically crypto-Catholics in their case, in the municipality of [[Viti, Kosovo]]; a [[Croats|Croatian]] subgroup that speaks a Torlakian dialect)''
*********''Prizren (spoken by many [[Kosovo Serbs]] of South [[Kosovo]], including the Serbs of [[Prizren]])''
*********''West South Morava dialect diaspora''
**********''Karashevski (spoken by the [[Krashovani]], a [[Croats|Croatian]] subgroup that speaks a Torlakian dialect, in [[Banat]], southwest [[Romania]], a Slavic language enclave)''
*******''Svriljig-Zaplanje''
*******''[[Timok-Lužnica dialect|Timok-Lužnica]]'' / ''[[Timok-Luznica dialect|Eastern Torlakian]]''
*****''[[Macedonian dialects|Macedonian Torlakian]]'' / ''[[Macedonian dialects|Northern Slavic Macedonian dialects]] (in [[Kumanovo]], [[Kratovo, North Macedonia|Kratovo]], [[Kriva Palanka]]) (are closer to [[Torlakian]] and not to [[Standard Macedonian|Standard Slavic Macedonian]])''
******''Eastern group''
*******''[[Kumanovo dialect]]''
*******''[[Kumanovo dialect]]''
*******''Kratovo dialect''
*******''[[Kriva Palanka dialect]]''
*******''[[Kriva Palanka dialect]]''
*******''Ovče Pole dialect''
******''Western group''
*******''[[Skopska Crna Gora dialect]]''
*******''[[Skopska Crna Gora dialect]]''
*******''[[Tetovo dialect]] (Lower Polog) (overlaps with [[Albanian language|Albanian]] language area)''
*******''[[Tetovo dialect]]''
*******''[[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]]''
*******''[[Gora dialect]] ([[Gora dialect|Našinski jezik]]) (spoken by the [[Gorani people]] in [[Gora (region)|Gora]] region, an ethnic and linguistic Slavic majority region in far southern [[Kosovo]])''
*******''[[Štip-Kočani dialect]]''
*****''[[Transitional Bulgarian dialects]] (transitional between Torlakian and Slavic Bulgarian but are considered closer to Torlakian) (in [[Belogradchik]]; [[Dimitrovgrad, Serbia]]; [[Godech]]; [[Tran, Bulgaria|Tran]]; [[Bosilegrad]])''
******''[[Tran dialect]]''
*******''[[Strumica dialect]]''
******''[[Breznik dialect]]''
*******''[[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect]]''
******''[[Belogradchik dialect]]''
*******''[[Solun-Voden dialect]]''
******''Bosilegrad dialect''
*******''[[Kostur dialect]]''
******''Tsaribrod dialect'' / ''Dimitrovgrad dialect (of Bulgaria)''
*******''[[Nestram-Kostenar dialect]]''
*******''[[Prilep-Bitola dialect]]''
***[[Eastern South Slavic]] / Southeast South Slavic ([[dialect continuum]])
*******''[[Kičevo-Poreče dialect]]''
****[[Old Church Slavonic|Old Eastern South Slavic]] / Old Slavonic / Old Slavic / [[Old Bulgarian]] (ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰧⰈⰟⰊⰍⰟ]] – Cловѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ – ''Slověnĭskŭ Językŭ'') (extinct) (the language that is inaccurately called [[Church Slavonic]] was not only or not exclusively a [[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]] as it was the Old Eastern South Slavic language, common ancestor of [[Bulgarian language|Slavic Bulgarian]] and [[Slavic Macedonian]] languages) (it was the neighbouring Slavic language of Greek to the North and was chosen by the [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Christian Orthodox]] brothers from [[Thessaloniki]], [[apostles]] [[Cyril and Methodius]], to be the [[liturgical language]] used in their [[Christianity|Christian]] [[preaching]] to the [[Christianization of Slavs|Slavs]])
*******''[[Skopje-Veles dialect]]''
*****''[[Old Church Slavonic]]'' (''Црькъвьнословѣньскъ ѩзыкъ'' – ''Tsrĭkŭvĭnoslověnĭskŭ Językŭ'') ''(the specific liturgical variant of [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Eastern South Slavic]], it had several [[Greek language|Greek]] [[Borrowing (linguistics)|language borrowings]] for several theological [[Christianity|Christian]] concepts and ideas that were passed to other [[Slavic languages]], especially those [[Slavic languages]] that were spoken by [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Christian Orthodox]] [[Slavs]])'' (extinct)
*******''[[Lower Prespa dialect]]''
******'''[[Church Slavonic]]''' ('''Црькъвьнословѣньскъ ѩзыкъ''' – '''''Tsrĭkŭvĭnoslověnĭskŭ Językŭ''''') ([[Conservative (language)|conservative]] [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] [[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]] used by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in several [[Slavic countries]] that descends from [[Old Church Slavonic]]) (contrary to the language called inaccurately [[Old Church Slavonic]], accurately it is Old Eastern South Slavic, it is a specific [[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]])
*******''[[Upper Prespa dialect]]''
*****[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]-[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (Bulgarian and Macedonian belong to the same [[Eastern South Slavic]] [[dialect continuum]] with the difference that they are [[standardized language]]s based on specific dialects of the continuum, they are not simple dialects of one or the other)
*******''[[Ohrid dialect]]''
******'''[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]''' ('''Slavic Bulgarian''' / '''Seven Tribes Slavic''') ('''български''' – '''''Bălgarski''''' / '''языкъ словяньскъ''' – '''''Jazykŭ Slovyanĭskŭ''''') (old east south Slavic people, the [[Seven Slavic tribes]] and other Slavic tribes, who called their own language simply as "Slavic", later adopted the adjective "Bulgarian" for the language based on the name of most of their [[ruling elite]] – the [[Bulgars]], which were of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] non-[[Indo-European peoples|Indo-European]] origin and founded the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]])
*******''[[Bulgarian dialects|Western Bulgarian]]''
*******''[[Struga dialect]]''
********''[[Northwestern Bulgarian dialects|Northwestern]]''
*******''[[Vevčani-Radožda dialect]]''
*********''[[Vidin-Lom dialect]]''
*******''[[Debar dialect]]''
*********''[[Byala Slatina-Pleven dialect]]''
*******''[[Galičnik dialect]]''
********''[[Southwestern Bulgarian dialects|Southwestern]]''
*******''[[Reka dialect]]''
*********''[[Vratsa dialect]]''
*******''[[Gostivar dialect]]''
*********''[[Botevgrad dialect]]''
*******''[[Spoken Macedonian]]''
*********''[[Ihtiman dialect]]''
********''[[Standard Macedonian]]''
*********''[[Samokov dialect]]''
*********''[[Elin Pelin dialect]]''
*********''[[Sofia dialect]] (in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]'s capital)''
*********''[[Dupnitsa dialect]]''
*********''[[Kyustendil dialect]]''
********'''[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]''' ('''Slavic Macedonian''' / '''Vardar Slavic''') ('''македонски''' / '''македонски Jазик''' – '''''Makedonski''''' / '''''Makedonski Jazik''''') (often included in the Western Bulgarian dialects of the [[Eastern South Slavic]] [[dialect continuum]]) (old east south Slavic people, composed of several Slavic tribes, who called their own language simply as "Slavic", later adopted the adjective "Macedonian" for the language based on the name of the former [[East Roman Empire]] Province called [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] that had this name by reference of the ancient Hellenic people – the [[Macedonians (ancient people)|Macedonians]], although most of the territory of Modern [[North Macedonia]] was [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]]) (not to be confused with the Macedonian Greek dialect spoken by the [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Macedonian]] Greeks)
*********''[[Macedonian dialects|Eastern and Southern dialects]]''
**********''Eastern group''
***********''[[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]]'' / ''[[Maleševo-Pirin dialect|Pirin-Maleševo dialect]]'' / ''[[Maleševo-Pirin dialect|Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect]] (Maleševo is in far eastern [[North Macedonia]], [[Pirin]] is in far southwestern Bulgaria and corresponds to [[Blagoevgrad]] and [[Petrich]] areas)''
************''Pirin (in the [[Pirin|Pirin mountains]])''
*************''Blagoevgrad dialect''
*************''Petrich dialect''
*************''Pianec-Kamenitsa-Kraishte dialect''
************''Maleševo dialect''
***********''[[Štip-Kočani dialect]]''
***********''[[Strumica dialect]]''
***********''Tikveš-Mariovo dialect''
**********''Southern group (part of the [[Slavic dialects of Greece]])''
***********''South-eastern group''
************''[[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect]] (includes Slavic speakers in [[Serres]], [[Drama, Greece|Drama]], [[Lagkadas|Langada]] and [[Gotse Delchev, Blagoevgrad Province|Gotse Delchev]])''
************''[[Solun-Voden dialect]]'' / ''[[Solun-Voden dialect|Kukush-Voden dialect]]'' / ''[[Solun-Voden dialect|Lower Vardar dialect]] (includes Slavic speakers in [[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]] / Voden and [[Thessaloniki]] / Solun, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]]'s capital) (lower [[Vardar]] or [[Vardar|Axios]] river region)''
*************''Doyran dialect''
***********''South-western group''
************''[[Kostur dialect]] (in [[Kastoria]] region, far northwestern [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]])''
************''[[Nestram-Kostenar dialect]] (in [[Nestorio]] area, far northwestern [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]])''
************''Korča (Gorica) dialect (in and around [[Korçë]], southeastern [[Albania]])''
*********''[[Macedonian dialects|Western dialects]]''
**********''Central group''
***********''[[Prilep-Bitola dialect]]''
************''Lerin dialect (in [[Florina|Florína]] / Lerin region)''
***********''[[Kičevo-Poreče dialect]]''
***********''[[Skopje-Veles dialect]] (includes [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia]]'s capital)''
**********''Western proper and north western group''
***********''Western proper group''
************''[[Lower Prespa dialect]]''
************''[[Upper Prespa dialect]]''
************''[[Ohrid dialect]]''
************''[[Struga dialect]]''
************''[[Vevčani-Radožda dialect]] (overlaps with Albanian language area)''
************''Drimkol-Golo Brdo dialect (partially overlaps with Albanian in western areas)''
***********''North Western group''
************''[[Debar dialect]] (partially overlaps with Albanian in northwestern areas)''
************''[[Galičnik dialect|Galičnik (Mala Reka) dialect]] (overlaps with Albanian language area)''
************''[[Reka dialect]] (overlaps with Albanian language area)''
************''[[Gostivar dialect]]'' / ''[[Upper Polog dialect|Upper Polog]] (overlaps with Albanian language area)''
**********''[[Spoken Macedonian|Macedonian Interdialect variety]]'' / ''[[Spoken Macedonian]] (based on the Western Slavic Macedonian dialects)''
***********''[[Standard Macedonian]] ([[Standard Macedonian|Standard Slavic Macedonian]]) (based on the Western Slavic Macedonian dialects)''
*******''[[Bulgarian dialects|Eastern Bulgarian]]''
********''[[Moesian dialects|Moesian]] (Northern / Northwestern) (in some areas it overlaps with [[Turkish language|Turkish]] language enclaves)''
*********''[[Shumen dialect]]''
********''[[Balkan dialects of Bulgarian|Balkan (Stara Planina)]] (Central)''
*********''[[Central Balkan dialect]]''
*********''[[Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo dialect]]''
*********''[[Panagyurishte dialect]]''
*********''[[Pirdop dialect]]''
*********''[[Teteven dialect]]''
*********''[[Erkech dialect]]''
*********''[[Subbalkan dialect]]''
*********Transitional Balkan dialects
********''[[Rup dialects|Rup]] (Southern / Southeastern) (in some areas it overlaps with [[Turkish language|Turkish]] language enclaves)''
*********''[[Strandzha dialect]]''
*********''[[Thracian dialect]]''
*********''[[Hvoyna dialect]]''
*********''[[Smolyan dialect]]'' / ''Central Rhodope dialect''
**********''[[Pomak language|Pomak dialect]] (spoken by most [[Pomaks]])''
*********''[[Chepino dialect]]''
*********''[[Paulician dialect]] (in the region of [[Rakovski (town)|Rakovski]] in southern Bulgaria and [[Svishtov]] in northern Bulgaria) (speakers of this dialect are mainly Catholic Christian Bulgarians)''
**********''Paulician dialect diaspora''
***********''[[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat Bulgarian]] (a Slavic Bulgarian language enclave in the [[Banat]], a region of southwestern [[Romania]])''
*********''[[Zlatograd dialect]]''
*********''[[Babyak dialect]]''
*********''[[Razlog dialect]]''
*******''Other Traditional Bulgarian Diaspora dialects''
********''Wallachian Bulgarian dialects (in enclaves in [[Wallachia]] / Muntenia)''
********''Transylvanian Bulgarian dialects (in enclaves in [[Transylvania]] / Ardeal)''
********''Anatolian Bulgarian dialect (in enclaves in northwestern [[Anatolia]]) (it was spoken by the [[Anatolian Bulgarians]]) (almost extinct)''
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

==[[Indo-Iranian languages]]==
==[[Indo-Iranian languages]]==
[[File:Lenguas indoiranias.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of modern '''[[Indo-Iranian languages]]'''. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: '''Iranic languages'''. Dark pink: '''Nuristani languages'''. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: '''Indo-Aryan languages'''. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]
[[File:Lenguas indoiranias.PNG|thumb|Geographic distribution of modern '''[[Indo-Iranian languages]]'''. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: '''Iranic languages'''. Dark pink: '''Nuristani languages'''. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: '''Indo-Aryan languages'''. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] (extinct)

===[[Iranian languages]]===
===[[Iranian languages]]===
[[File:Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects.png|thumb|'''Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects'''. [[Indo-Iranian languages]] descend from the language spoken by the [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta Culture]] people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast [[Ural Mountains]], between the upper [[Ural |Ural]] and [[Tobol]] rivers basins. [[Old Iranian languages]] , were spoken in a large [[Eurasia]]n [[landmass]] area that included most of south [[Eastern Europe]], south west [[Siberia]], [[Central Asia]], including parts of western China, and the [[Iranian Plateau]]. The [[Scythian languages]] , that belonged to the Northern [[Eastern Iranian languages]] subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the [[steppe]] and [[desert]] areas of [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]], matching most of the western half of the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppe]], which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west [[Siberia]] and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east [[Pannonian Basin]], in modern [[Hungary]], all of modern [[Kazakhstan]], parts of modern [[Xinjiang]], in [[Western China]], modern [[Kyrgyzstan]], and parts of modern [[Uzbekistan]] and modern [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern [[Kazakhstan]], as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."</ref> Later [[Scythian languages]] were also present in northern [[India]] by migration of part of the ancient [[Iranian peoples]] forming the [[Indo-Scythians]]. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct. ]]

[[File:Distribution of Iranian Languages.png|thumb|'''Distribution of modern [[Iranian languages|Iranian Languages]]''']]
[[File:Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects.png|thumb|'''Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects'''. [[Indo-Iranian languages]] descend from the language spoken by the [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta Culture]] people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast [[Ural Mountains]], between the upper [[Ural (river)|Ural]] and [[Tobol]] rivers basins. [[Old Iranian languages]] (shown in green), were spoken in a large [[Eurasia]]n [[landmass]] area that included most of south [[Eastern Europe]], south west [[Siberia]], [[Central Asia]], including parts of western China, and the [[Iranian Plateau]]. The [[Scythian languages]] (including [[Saka language|Saka]]), that belonged to the Northern [[Eastern Iranian languages]] subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the [[steppe]] and [[desert]] areas of [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]], matching most of the western half of the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppe]], which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west [[Siberia]] and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east [[Pannonian Basin]], in modern [[Hungary]], all of modern [[Kazakhstan]], parts of modern [[Xinjiang]], in [[Western China]], modern [[Kyrgyzstan]], and parts of modern [[Uzbekistan]] and modern [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern [[Kazakhstan]], as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."</ref> Later [[Scythian languages]] were also present in northern [[India]] by migration of part of the ancient [[Iranian peoples]] forming the [[Indo-Scythians]]. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct. ]]
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
[[File:Assimilation of Baltic and Aryan Peoples by Uralic Speakers in the Middle and Upper Volga Basin (Shaded Relief BG).png|thumb|Approximate distribution of Iranic peoples in Central Asia during the [[Iron Age]].]]
[[File:Distribution of Iranian Languages.png|thumb|'''Distribution of modern [[Iranian languages|Iranian Languages]]''' ('''detailed map''' showing genealogical relations between languages in a table) (grey areas, in the deserts of central Iran and in eastern [[Tajikistan]]'s [[Pamir Mountains]], are uninhabited; white areas do not have a majority of Iranian languages speakers, although some areas have significant minorities of Iranian languages speakers as first language or as a second language, especially in [[Iran]] and in [[Afghanistan]] but also in [[Pakistan]] and [[Turkey]]). ([[Pamir languages]] is an areal group not a genealogical one).]]

{{tree list}}
*[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]]
*[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]]
**Old-Iranian (extinct)
**[[Eastern Iranian languages]]
***[[Eastern Iranian languages]]
***[[Northeastern Iranian languages]]
****Old East Iranian (extinct) (Old Eastern Iranian languages formed a [[dialect continuum]])
****[[Northeastern Iranian|Old Northeast Iranian]]
*****[[Scytho-Sarmatian language|Scytho-Sarmatian]]
*****[[Northeastern Iranian languages]]
******[[Scythian languages|Scythian]] (extinct)
******[[Northeastern Iranian|Old Northeast Iranian]]
*******[[Scytho-Sarmatian language|Scytho-Sarmatian]] (spoken by the [[Scythians]], [[Sarmatians]] and [[Saka|Sakas]])
******[[Sarmatian languages|Sarmatian]] (extinct)
********[[Scythian languages|Scythian]] (extinct)
*******[[Alanic language|Alanic]] (extinct)
********[[Sarmatian languages|Sarmatian]] (extinct)
********'''[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]'''
*********[[Alanic language|Alanic]] (extinct)
*********'''[[Iron Ossetian]]'''
*********'''[[Digor language|Digor Ossetian]]'''
**********'''[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]''' ([[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] and [[Digor language|Digor]] are divergent enough to be considered two separate although closely related languages)
**********''[[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct)''
***********'''[[Iron Ossetian]]''' ('''Ирон''' – '''''Iron''''' or '''Ирон ӕвзаг''' – '''''Iron ævzag''''')
******[[Saka languages|Scytho-Khotanese]] (extinct)
************''Ir''
************''Tagaur''
*******''[[Tumshuqese]] (extinct)''
************''Alagir''
*******''[[Saka languages|Kanchaki]] (extinct)''
*******''[[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]'' ''(extinct)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script | title="Unknown Kushan Script" Partially Deciphered - Archaeology Magazine | access-date=2023-09-26 | archive-date=2023-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160005/https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script | url-status=live }}</ref>
************''Kurtat''
******[[Khwarazmian language|Khwarazmian]] / Chorasmian<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2023-10-05 | archive-date=2020-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021945/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii | url-status=live }}</ref> (extinct)
***********'''[[Digor language|Digor Ossetian]]''' ('''дигорон''' – '''''Digoron''''')
******[[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] (extinct)
************''Digor Proper''
************''Tual''
*******'''[[Yaghnobi language]]'''
****[[List of Southeastern Iranian languages|Southeastern Iranian languages]]
************''[[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) ([[Ossetian language|Ossetic]] variant, more closely related to [[Digor language|Digor]], of a nomadic tribe, the [[Jassic people]], settled in [[Hungary]] at the 13th century, in [[Jaszsag]]) (not to be confused with the language of the [[Iazyges]], a related but separate language)''
*****[[Southeastern Iranian|Old Southeast Iranian]]
********[[Saka languages|Scytho-Khotanese]] ([[Saka language|Saka]]) (extinct)
*********''[[Tumshuqese]] (extinct) (was spoken in the Tumxuk Kingdom)''
******[[Avestan language|Avestan]] (extinct)
*******[[Old Avestan]] / "Gathic Avestan"<ref>"The Avestan texts contain no historical allusions and can therefore not be dated exactly, but Old Avestan is a language closely akin to the oldest Indic language, used in the oldest parts of the [[Rigveda]], and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time. This date is also somewhat debated, though within a relatively small time span, and it seems probable that the oldest Vedic poems were composed over several centuries around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Witzel, 1995)", quoted in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref> (extinct)
*********''[[Saka languages|Kanchaki]] (extinct) (was spoken in the [[Shule Kingdom|Kashgar Kingdom]] / Shule Kingdom)''
****[[Young Avestan]] / Younger Avestan (extinct)<ref>"Young Avestan is grammatically close to Old Persian, which ceased being spoken in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. These two languages were therefore probably spoken throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 2003-04, with further references)." in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref><ref>The Young Avesta contains a few geographical names, all belonging to roughly the area between Chorasmia and the Helmand, that is, the modern Central Asian republics and Afghanistan (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 1995; Witzel, 2000). We are therefore entitled to conclude that Young Avestan reflects the language spoken primarily by tribes from that area. The dialect position of the language also indicates that the language of the Avesta must have belonged to, or at least have been transmitted by, tribes from northeastern Iran (the change of proto-Iranian *-āḭā/ă- > *-ayā/ă- and *ǰīwa- > *ǰuwa- “live,” for instance, is typical of Sogdian, Khotanese, Pashto, etc. in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}).</ref> (extinct)
*********''[[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]'' ( ''Khotanai'' / ''Hvatanai'' / ''Gaustanai'' / ''Gostanai'' / ''Kustanai'' / ''Yūttinai'') ''(extinct) (was spoken in the [[Kingdom of Khotan]])''
*****[[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] (extinct)<ref>It was long thought that Avestan represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century", in Gershevitch, Ilya (1983), "Bactrian Literature", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), ''Cambridge History of Iran'', vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 1250–1258, ISBN 0-511-46773-7.</ref>
********[[Eteo-Tocharian]] (True Tocharian, Iranian Tocharian) (an extinct [[Iranian languages|Middle Iranian]] language written in the [[Kushan script]], which was spoken in [[Tokharistan]], possibly the same as [[Tushara]], in today's southwestern [[Tajikistan]], southeastern [[Uzbekistan]] and far northern [[Afghanistan]], including [[Takhar Province|Takhar province]], Tokharistan was the successor region of [[Bactria]] and overlapped with it, originally may have been the language of a neighbouring region to the north or northeast of Bactria; possibly [[Eteo-Tocharian]] was intermediate between [[Scytho-Sarmatian]] languages and [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]], part of the Old [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian]] [[dialect continuum]])<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/104507618 | title=A Partial Decipherment of the Unknown Kushan Script | journal=Transactions of the Philological Society | date=January 2023 | volume=121 | issue=2 | page=293 | last1=Bonmann | first1=Svenja | last2=Halfmann | first2=Jakob | last3=Korobzow | first3=Natalie | last4=Bobomulloev | first4=Bobomullo | doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12269 | s2cid=259851498 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/universitaet/aktuell/press-releases/single-news/research-group-deciphers-enigmatic-ancient-script | title=Research group deciphers enigmatic ancient script | date=13 July 2023 | access-date=26 September 2023 | archive-date=26 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160007/https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/universitaet/aktuell/press-releases/single-news/research-group-deciphers-enigmatic-ancient-script | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.classicult.it/en/the-so-called-unknown-kushan-script-partially-deciphered-language-named-eteo-tocharian/ | title=The so-called Unknown Kushan Script partially deciphered, language named Eteo-Tocharian | date=13 July 2023 | access-date=26 September 2023 | archive-date=26 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926161508/https://www.classicult.it/en/the-so-called-unknown-kushan-script-partially-deciphered-language-named-eteo-tocharian/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script | title="Unknown Kushan Script" Partially Deciphered - Archaeology Magazine | access-date=2023-09-26 | archive-date=2023-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160005/https://www.archaeology.org/news/11600-230719-unknown-kushan-script | url-status=live }}</ref>
******'''[[Munji language|Munji]]'''
********[[Khwarazmian language|Khwarazmian]] / Chorasmian<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2023-10-05 | archive-date=2020-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021945/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii | url-status=live }}</ref> (زڨاک‌ای خوارزم, zβ'k 'y xw'rzm) (extinct) (was spoken in [[Khwarazm]] – ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'', Xvairizem, Huwarazmish, from ''Kh(w)ar'' "Low" and ''Zam'' "Land") (closely related to [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]])
*******''[[Munji language|Northern Munji]]''
*********Old Khwarazmian / Old Chorasmian
*******''[[Munji language|Southern Munji]]''
*********Late Khwarazmian / Late Chorasmian
******'''[[Yidgha language|Yidgha]]'''
********[[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] (was spoken in [[Sogdiana]] and was the [[Silk Road]]'s [[lingua franca]] in [[Central Asia]]) (extinct) (closely related to [[Khwarazmian language|Khwarazmian]])
*********Old Sogdian
******[[Sarghulami]] (extinct)
*******[[Vanji language|Vanji]] / [[Old Wanji]] (extinct)
**********Classical Sogdian
***********''North Sogdian''
*******'''[[Yazghulami language|Yazgulyam]]'''
***********''South Sogdian''
******'''[[Rushani]]'''
******'''[[Oroshori language|Oroshori]]'''
************''Osrushana Sogdian (was spoken in [[Osrushana]])''
******'''[[Shughni language|Shughni]]''' / '''Khughni'''
*************'''[[Yaghnobi language]]''' ('''йағнобӣ зивок''' – '''''Yaɣnobī́ zivók''''') (Neo-Sogdian, New Sogdian, Modern Sogdian) (spoken in the upper valley of the [[Yaghnob River]] in the [[Zarafshan]] area of [[Tajikistan]] by the [[Yaghnobi people]])
**************''[[Western Yaghnobi]]''
******'''[[Khufi language|Khufi]]'''
**************''[[Eastern Yaghnobi]]''
******'''[[Bartangi]]'''
******'''[[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]]''' / '''[[Tashkorghani language|Tashkorghani]]'''
******[[List of Southeastern Iranian languages|Southeastern Iranian languages]]
*****[[Sanglechi-Ishkashimi]] / [[Zebaki]] <ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009" />
*******[[Southeastern Iranian|Old Southeast Iranian]]
******'''[[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi]]'''
********[[Avestan language|Avestan]] (namesake for the old Iranian language in which [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] religion sacred book, the [[Avesta]], is written, sometimes the language was incorrectly known by the name [[Zend]], which is the [[exegesis]] of the [[Avesta]], also an umbrella word for two different languages called Old Avestan and Young Avestan) (language selfname or native name is presently unknown) ([[Classical language|Classical]] and [[sacred language]] of [[ancient Iran]]) ([[Conservative (language)|archaic]] [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]] that was originally spoken in ancient [[Margiana]], [[Aria (region)|Aria]], [[Bactria]] and [[Arachosia]], roughly corresponding with a large part of today's [[Afghanistan]], especially the northwest and north, and also eastern [[Turkmenistan]] and western [[Tajikistan]]) (extinct)
******'''[[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]]'''
*********[[Old Avestan]] / "Gathic Avestan" (the language of the [[Gatha (Zoroaster)|Gathas]], the oldest part of the [[Avesta]], composed by [[Zarathustra]]/[[Zoroaster]]) (not a direct ancestor of Young Avestan which evolved from a different dialect of a common language) (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE)<ref>"The Avestan texts contain no historical allusions and can therefore not be dated exactly, but Old Avestan is a language closely akin to the oldest Indic language, used in the oldest parts of the [[Rigveda]], and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time. This date is also somewhat debated, though within a relatively small time span, and it seems probable that the oldest Vedic poems were composed over several centuries around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Witzel, 1995)", quoted in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref> (extinct)
*****'''[[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]''' <ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009" />
*********[[Young Avestan]] / Younger Avestan (not a direct descendant from Old Avestan, it evolved from a different dialect of a common language) (extinct) (spoken in the 1st millennium CE)<ref>"Young Avestan is grammatically close to Old Persian, which ceased being spoken in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. These two languages were therefore probably spoken throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 2003-04, with further references)." in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref> (may have been identical with the ancestor of Margian and Aryan of Aria languages)<ref>The Young Avesta contains a few geographical names, all belonging to roughly the area between Chorasmia and the Helmand, that is, the modern Central Asian republics and Afghanistan (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 1995; Witzel, 2000). We are therefore entitled to conclude that Young Avestan reflects the language spoken primarily by tribes from that area. The dialect position of the language also indicates that the language of the Avesta must have belonged to, or at least have been transmitted by, tribes from northeastern Iran (the change of proto-Iranian *-āḭā/ă- > *-ayā/ă- and *ǰīwa- > *ǰuwa- “live,” for instance, is typical of Sogdian, Khotanese, Pashto, etc. in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152517/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence |date=2023-09-21 }}).</ref> (extinct)
*****[[Ormuri-Parachi]]
**********[[Margian language|Margian]] (was spoken in [[Margiana]], roughly corresponding with most of today's [[Turkmenistan]]) (extinct)
******'''[[Ormuri]]'''
**********[[Aryan of Aria language|Aryan of Aria]] (was spoken in [[Aria (region)|Aria]], roughly corresponding with today's northwest Afghanistan, including [[Herat Province]]) (extinct)
******'''[[Parachi]]'''
********[[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] (Αριαο – ''Aryao'' = ''Aryā''; αο = ao = ā) (extinct) (was spoken in [[Bactria]] – βαχλο – ''Bakhlo'') (related to [[Avestan]] but not identical or descendant from it)<ref>It was long thought that Avestan represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century", in Gershevitch, Ilya (1983), "Bactrian Literature", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), ''Cambridge History of Iran'', vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 1250–1258, ISBN 0-511-46773-7.</ref>
******[[Pakhto|Old Pakhto]]
********Munji-Yidgha (could descend from [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] or was part of an [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] [[dialect chain]] intermediate between Bactrian and other Iranian languages such as [[Pashto|Old Pashto]])<ref>Henning (1960), p. 47. Bactrian thus "occupies an intermediary position between Pashto and Yidgha-Munji on the one hand, Sogdian, Choresmian, and Parthian on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria".</ref><ref>Waghmar, Burzine K. (2001) 'Bactrian History and Language: An Overview.' Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 64. pp. 45.</ref> (classified as [[Pamir languages]] because of geographical position not genealogical)<ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009">Antje Wendtland (2009), The position of the Pamir languages within East Iranian, Orientalia Suecana LVIII "The Pamir languages are a group of East Iranian languages which are linguistically quite diverse and cannot be traced back to a common ancestor. The term Pamir languages is based on their geographical position rather than on their genetic closeness. Exclusive features by which the Pamir languages can be distinguished from all other East Iranian languages cannot be found either."</ref>
*********'''[[Munji language|Munji]]''' ('''مونجى''' – '''''Munji''''')
*******'''[[Pakhto language|Pakhto]]''' / '''[[Pashto Language|Pashto]]''' / '''Pathan'''
**********''[[Munji language|Northern Munji]] (Mamalghan)''
********'''[[Northern Pashto]]'''
**********''[[Munji language|Southern Munji]] (Munjan)''
*********''[[Northern Pashto|Northern]] dialect''
*********'''[[Yidgha language|Yidgha]]''' ('''یدغہ''' – '''''Yidgha''''')
*********''[[Yusufzai dialect]]''
*********[[Sarghulami]] (extinct)
**********'''[[Central Pashto]]'''
********'''[[Southern Pashto]]'''
********Shughni-Yazgulami (classified as [[Pamir languages]] because of geographical position not genealogical)<ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009"/>
*********''[[Southern Pashto|Durrani]] dialect''
*********Vanji-Yazgulami
**********''[[Bannuchi dialect]] '' [[Wanetsi|Tsalga]]
**********[[Vanji language|Vanji]] / [[Old Wanji]] (extinct) (it was spoken in the [[Vanj River]] valley in what is now the [[Gorno-Badakhshan]])
**********'''[[Yazghulami language|Yazgulyam]]''' ('''''Yuzdami zevég''''')
**********''[[Wazirwola]] dialect''
***********''Lower Yazgulami''
**********''[[Masidwola dialect]]''
***********''Upper Yazgulami''
*******'''[[Wanetsi]]'''
**[[Western Iranian languages]]
*********'''[[Rushani]]'''
***[[List of Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian languages]] / [[Northwestern Iranian|Northern Western Iranian]]
*********'''[[Oroshori language|Oroshori]]''' ('''Roshorvi''')
****[[Median language|Median]] / [[Median language|Medic]] (extinct)
*********'''[[Shughni language|Shughni]]''' / '''Khughni''' ('''Shughni Proper''') ('''хуг̌ну̊н зив''' – '''''Xuǧnůn ziv''''')
*****[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
*********'''[[Khufi language|Khufi]]''' (divergent enough from [[Shughni language|Shughni]] to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
******'''[[Laki language|Laki]]'''
*********'''[[Bartangi]]''' (divergent enough from [[Shughni language|Shughni]] to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
******'''[[Southern Kurdish]]'''
*********'''[[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]]''' / '''[[Tashkorghani language|Tashkorghani]]''' ('''Tоҷик зив''' – '''''Tujik ziv''''' / '''''Sariqöli Ziv''''') (although the language is also called Tajik, as the people who speak it, in [[Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County]], Far Southwest [[Xinjiang]], West China, it's not [[Tajik language|Tajik]] and is more closely related to the [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] ones) (it is a remnant of the [[Iranian languages]] once spoken in [[Xinjiang]] or [[East Turkistan]]) (spoken by the [[Tajiks of Xinjiang|Sarikol]] – [[Tajiks of Xinjiang]])
*******''[[Kordali language|Kordali]]''
********[[Sanglechi-Ishkashimi]] / [[Zebaki]] (classified as [[Pamir languages]] because of geographical position not genealogical)<ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009"/>
******'''[[Sorani]]'''
*********'''[[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi]]''' ([[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi-Warduji]])
******'''[[Kurmanji]]'''
*********'''[[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]]''' ('''''Škošmī zəvuk''''' / '''''Rənīzəvuk''''')
*****[[Zaza-Gorani]]
**********''Afghanistan Ishkashimi''
**********''Tajikistan Ishkashimi''
******'''[[Zaza language|Zaza]]'''
*******'''[[Zaza language|Northern Zaza]]'''
********'''[[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]''' ('''وخی''' – '''''x̌ik zik''''') (it is spoken mainly in the [[Wakhan Corridor]]) (classified as [[Pamir languages]] because of geographical position not genealogical)<ref name="Antje Wendtland 2009"/> (seem to have [[Saka language|Saka]] influence)
********[[Ormuri-Parachi]]
*******'''[[Zaza language|Southern Zaza]]'''
******'''[[Gorani language |Gorani]]'''
*********'''[[Ormuri]]''' (زبان ارموری – Oormuri, Urmuri, Bargista, Baraks, and Baraki)
*******''[[Hawrami]]''
**********''Kaniguram (in [[Kaniguram]] Valley, [[South Waziristan]], [[F.A.T.A.]], Northwest [[Pakistan]])''
*******'''[[Bajelani]]'''
**********''Baraki-Barak'' (in [[Baraki Barak]] town, [[Baraki Barak District]], [[Logar Province]], Southeastern [[Afghanistan]])
*******'''[[Sarli dialect|Sarli]]'''
*********'''[[Parachi]]''' (mainly in the upper part of [[Nijrab District]], northeast of [[Kabul]])
*******'''[[Shabaki dialect|Shabaki]]'''
********Drangian (was spoken in [[Drangiana]]) (extinct)
********Arachosian (was spoken in [[Arachosia]]) (extinct)
*****[[Old Azeri]] (extinct)
*********[[Pakhto|Old Pakhto]]
******'''[[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]]'''
*******''[[Takestani]]''
**********'''[[Pakhto language|Pakhto]]''' / '''[[Pashto Language|Pashto]]''' / '''Pathan''' (پښتو – '''''Pax̌tō''''' / '''''Pashtō''''') ([[dialect continuum]])
*******''[[Eshtehardi language|Eshtehardi]]''
***********'''[[Northern Pashto]]''' ([[Pakhto language|Pakhto]]) (Northern variety) ([[Northern Pashto|Northern-Central Pakhto]]) (Yusufzai) ( '''یوسفزئی پښتو''' – '''''Pax̌tō''''') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other [[Pakhto]] or [[Pashto]] languages)
*******''[[Kilit dialect|Kiliti]] (extinct)''
************''[[Northern Pashto|Northern]] dialect (or Eastern dialect) (Northern Proper/Eastern Proper)''
************''[[Yusufzai dialect]] (or Northeastern dialect)''
*******''[[Khalkhal language|Khalkhal]]''
************''Northern Karlani group''
******'''[[Harzandi dialect|Harzandi]]'''
*************''Taniwola dialect''
******'''[[Karingani language|Karingani]]'''
*************''Khosti dialect''
******'''[[Kho'ini dialect|Kho'ini]]'''
******'''[[Upper Taromi language|Upper Taromi]]'''
*************''Zadran dialect''
*************''Bangash dialect (spoken by the [[Bangash]])''
******'''[[Kabatei]]'''
******'''[[Gilaki language|Rudbari]]'''
*************''Afridi dialect (spoken by the [[Afridi]])''
*************''Khogyani dialect''
******'''[[Taromi language|Taromi]]'''
*************''Wardak dialect''
*****'''[[Talysh language|Talysh]]'''
*****'''[[Gozarkhani language|Gozarkhani]]'''
************Transitional Northern-Southern Pashto
*****'''[[Kajali language|Kajali]]'''
*************'''[[Central Pashto]]''' ([[Ghilji]] [[Pakhto]]) (or Northwestern dialect) ('''منځنۍ پښتو''' – '''''Manźanəi Pax̌to''''') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other [[Pakhto]] or [[Pashto]] languages) (Basis of Standard [[Pakhto]]/[[Pashto]] but not identical)
*****'''[[Koresh-e Rostam language|Koresh-e Rostam]]'''
***********'''[[Southern Pashto]]''' (Pashto) (Southern variety) (Southwestern Pashto) ([[Kandahari Pashto]]) ('''کندهارۍ پښتو''' – '''''[[Kandahari Pashto]]''''')
*****'''[[Maraghei language|Maraghei]]'''
************''[[Southern Pashto|Durrani]] dialect (or Southern dialect) (Southern Proper)''
*****'''[[Razajerdi language|Razajerdi]]'''
************''Kakar dialect (or Southeastern dialect)''
************''Shirani dialect''
*****'''[[Shahrudi language|Shahrudi]]'''
*****'''[[Ashtiani language|Ashtiani]]'''
************''Marwat-Bettani dialect (spoken by the [[Marwat]] and the [[Bettani]])''
************''Southern Karlani group''
*****'''[[Vafsi language|Vafsi]]'''
*****'''[[Alviri-Vidari language|Alviri-Vidari]]'''
*************''Dawarwola dialect''
*****'''[[Judeo-Hamadani language|Judeo-Hamadani]]'''
*************''Khattak dialect''
*****'''[[Khunsari language|Khunsari]]'''
*************''[[Bannuchi dialect]] (spoken by the [[Bannuchi]])'' [[Wanetsi|Tsalga]]
*************''[[Wazirwola]] dialect (in [[Waziristan]])''
*****'''[[Judeo-Golpaygani]]''' (extinct)
*****'''[[Gazi language|Gazi]]'''
*************''[[Masidwola dialect]] (spoken by the Mehsuds / Masid)''
*****'''[[Jarquya’i]]'''
**********'''[[Wanetsi (Pashto dialect)|Wanetsi]]''' (Tarīnō / Chalgarī) (وڼېڅي – Waṇētsī; ترينو – Tarīnō; څلګري – Tsalgarī) (an archaic and divergent Pakhto/Pashto variety) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other [[Pakhto]] or [[Pashto]] languages)
*****'''[[Abuzaydabadi language|Abuzaydabadi]]'''
*********Gedrosian (was spoken in [[Gedrosia]] / Gwadar / Maka?, roughly corresponding with today's [[Makran]], [[Balochistan]]) (extinct)
*****'''[[Soi language|Soi]]''' / '''Sohi'''
***[[Western Iranian languages]]
*****'''[[Natanzi language|Natanzi]]'''
****Old West Iranian (extinct) (Old Western Iranian languages formed a [[dialect continuum]])
******''[[Natanzi language|Natanzi Proper]]''
*****[[List of Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian languages]] / [[Northwestern Iranian|Northern Western Iranian]]
*****'''[[Judeo-Kashani]]'''
******[[Median language|Median]] / [[Median language|Medic]] (was the language of the [[Medes]]) (extinct)
*****'''[[Zoroastrian Dari language|Zoroastrian Dari]]'''
*******Northwestern I
******''[[Yazdi language|Yazdi]]''
********[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*********'''[[Laki language|Laki]]''' ('''لکي''' – '''''Lekî''''')
*****'''[[Nayini language|Nayini]]''' / '''Na'ini''' / '''Biyabanak'''
**********''Pish-e Kuh Laki''
*****'''[[Khuri language|Khuri]]'''
**********''Posht-e Kuh Laki''
*****'''[[Balochi language|Balochi]]'''
******'''[[Western balochi|Northern Baloch]]'''
*********'''[[Southern Kurdish]]''' ([[Southern Kurdish|Pehlewani]], [[Palewani]], Xwarig / Xwarîn) ('''کوردی خوارین''' – '''''Kurdîy Xwarîn''''')
**********''Bayray''
*******'''[[Balochi language|Western Baloch]]'''
********''[[Rakhshani language|Rakhshani]]''
**********''[[Feyli (Kurdish dialect)|Feyli]]'' (spoken by the [[Feyli (Kurdish tribe)|Feyli]] tribe)
**********''Garrusi (Bijari) (Gerrûsî) (Bîcarî)''
********''[[Sarhadi]]'' / ''Sarhaddi''
**********''[[Kermanshahi]]''
*******'''[[Balochi language|Eastern Baloch]]'''
******'''[[Balochi language|Southern Baloch]]'''
**********''Kolyai''
**********''[[Kordali language|Kordali]]''
*******''[[Lashari]]''
**********''Malekshahi (Melikşayî)''
********''[[Makrani dialect|Makrani]]''
******'''[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]]''' / '''[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi Balochi]]'''
**********''[[Sanjabi]] (Sanjâbi / Sincawî)'' (spoken by the [[Sanjâbi]])
****[[Parthian language|Parthian]] (extinct)
**********''[[Kalhori]] (Kelhûrî) (spoken by the [[Kalhor Kurds|Kalhor]])''
**********''[[Zangana]]''
*****[[Caspian languages|Caspian]]
******[[Semnani languages|Semnani]]
*********'''[[Central Kurdish]]''' ('''[[Sorani]]''') ('''کوردیی ناوەندی''' – '''''Kurdîy Nawendî''''') ('''سۆرانی''' – '''''Soranî''''')
*******'''[[Semnani language|Semnani proper]]'''
**********''[[Mukriyani]]''/''Mokriyani (spoken south of [[Lake Urmia]] with [[Mahabad]] as its centre)''
********''[[Biyabanaki language|Biyabunaki]]''
**********''Hawleri (spoken in and around the city of [[Hawler]] ([[Erbil]]) in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], in Hawler (Erbil) Governorate and [[Oshnavieh]] in [[Iran]])''
*******'''[[Sangsari language|Sangsari]]''' / '''Sangisari'''
**********''Ardalani (spoken in the cities of [[Sanandaj]], [[Saqqez]], [[Marivan]], [[Kamyaran]], [[Divandarreh]] and [[Dehgolan]] in [[Kordestan]] province and the Kurdish speaking mores of [[Tekab]] and [[Shahindej]] in [[West Azerbaijan]] province) (in [[Ardalan]] region)''
*******[[Lasgerdi language|Lasgerdi]]-[[Sorkhei language|Sorkhei]]
**********''Wermawi''
**********''Garmiani'' / ''Germiyani''
********'''[[Lasgerdi language|Lasgerdi]]'''
********'''[[Sorkhei language|Sorkhei]]'''
**********''[[Jafi language|Jafi]] (spoken in the towns of [[Javanroud]], [[Ravansar]], [[Salas-e Babajani]] and some villages around [[Paveh]], [[Sarpole Zahab]] and the parts of [[Kermanshah]] City)''
*********''[[Aftari language|Aftari]]''
**********''[[Babani]] (spoken in [[Sulaymaniyah]] and around this city, in [[Iraq]], and the city of [[Baneh]], in [[Iran]]) (in [[Baban]])''
******'''[[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]''' / '''[[Tabari language|Tabari]]'''
*********'''[[Northern Kurdish]]''' ('''[[Kurmanji]]''') ('''''Kurmancî''''' – '''کورمانجی''' / '''Кӧрманщи''' – '''''Kӧrmanshchi''''' / '''''Kurdiya Jorîn''''' – '''کوردیا ژۆرین''' / '''''Êzdîkî''''')
*******''[[Gorgani dialect|Gorgani]] (extinct)''
**********''Southeastern Kurmanji (Badînî / Botani / Boti) (spoken in the [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]] province of Turkey and [[Dohuk Governorate]] of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]])''
******'''[[Daylami language|Daylami]]''' / Daylami (extinct)
***********''Hekari''
******'''[[Gilaki language|Gilaki]]'''
***********''Shemdinani (in [[Şemdinli|Shamdinli]] / [[Şemdinli]])''
*******''[[Western Gilaki]]''
**********''[[Southern Kurmanji]] (spoken in the [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]] in Syria, the [[Sinjar]] district in [[Iraq]], and in several adjacent parts of Turkey centering on the [[Mardin Province|Mardin]] and [[Batman Province|Batman]] provinces) (includes [[Hewler]]/[[Diyarbakır]])''
*******''[[Eastern Gilaki]]''
**********''Southwestern Kurmanji (spoken in the [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]]/[[Semsûr]], [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]]/Entab and [[Şanlıurfa]] provinces of Turkey and the [[Aleppo Governorate]] of Syria)''
***[[List of Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian languages]]/[[Southwestern Iranian|Southern Western Iranian]]
**********''Northwestern Kurmanji (spoken in the [[Kahramanmaraş Province|Kahramanmaraş]], in Kurmanji: Meraş, [[Malatya Province|Malatya]] – Meletî, and [[Sivas Province|Sivas]] – Sêwaz provinces of Turkey)''
****[[Old Persian]] (𐎠𐎼𐎹 – ''Ariya'') (extinct)
***********''[[Marashi]]''
*****[[Middle Persian]] (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – ''Pārsīk'' or ''Pārsīg'') (extinct)
**********''[[Northern Kurmanji]]'' / ''Serhed Kurdish (spoken mainly in the [[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]] (Agirî), [[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]] (Erzerom) and [[Muş Province|Muş]] (Mûş) provinces of Turkey, as well as adjacent areas)''
***********''Shikakî''
******'''[[Persian language|Persian]]'''
***********''Bayezidi''
*******'''[[Iranian Persian]]'''
********''[[Abadani dialect|Abadani]]''
**********''Anatolian Kurmanji (spoken in [[Central Anatolia]], especially in [[Konya Province|Konya]], [[Ankara Province|Ankara]], [[Aksaray Province|Aksaray]], by the [[Kurds of Central Anatolia]])''
**********''Ashiti''
********''[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]''
**********''Silivî''
********''[[Dzhidi]]''
*******'''[[Dari language|Afghanistan Persian]]''' / '''Dari Persian'''
**********''Mihemedî''
********[[Zaza-Gorani]]
********'''[[Dari language|Afghanistan Persian]]'''
*********''[[Sistani dialect|Sistani]]''
*********'''[[Zaza language|Zaza]]''' ('''''Dimlî''''') ('''''Zazaki''''' / '''''[[Kirmanjki]]''''')
**********'''[[Zaza language|Northern Zaza]]''' ('''Northern Dimlî''') (''Northern Zazaki'' / ''Northern Kirmanjki'')
********[[Pahlavni language|Pahlavni]] / [[Pahlavani]] (extinct)
********'''[[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]]''' / '''Aimaqi''' / '''Aimaq Persian'''
***********''West-Dersim''
********'''[[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]]''' / '''Hazaragi Persian'''
***********''East-Dersim''
********'''[[Tajik language|Tajik]]''' / '''[[Tajiki Persian]]'''
***********''Varto''
***********''Sarız''
*********''[[Bukhori dialect|Bukhori]]''
******'''[[Tat language |Tat]]''' / '''[[Tat language |Caucasus Tat]]''' / '''[[Tat language |Persian Tat]]'''
***********''Koçgiri''
**********'''[[Zaza language|Southern Zaza]]''' ('''Southern Dimlî''') (''Southern Zazaki'' / ''Southern Kirmanjki'')
*******'''[[Tat language |Muslim/Christian Tat]]'''
*******'''[[Judeo-Tat]]''' / '''Judeo-Persian Tat''''''
***********''Sivereki''
***********''Kori''
********'''[[Northwestern Fars]]'''
***********''Hazzu''
********'''[[Sivandi language|Sivandi]]'''
***********''Motki''
*******'''[[Kuhmareyi language|Kuhmareyi]]'''
***********''Dumbuli''
********''[[Davani dialect]]''
***********''Eastern / Central Zazaki''
*******'''[[Luri language|Luri]]'''
***********''Dersimki''
********'''[[Southern Luri]]'''
*********''[[Mamasani dialect|Mamasani]]''
*********'''[[Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)|Gorani]]''' ('''گۆرانی''' – '''''Goranî''''') (spoken in the [[Hawraman]] region, western [[Iran]], [[Iranian Kurdistan]], and northeastern [[Iraq]], [[Iraqi Kurdistan]])
**********''[[Hawrami]] ([[Avromani]])''
********'''[[Northern Luri]]''' / '''Central Luri'''
**********'''[[Bajelani]]'''
********'''[[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]]'''
**********'''[[Sarli dialect|Sarli]]'''
*******'''[[Khuzestani Persian]]'''
**********'''[[Shabaki dialect|Shabaki]]''' (شەبەکی – '''''Shabaki''''')
********''[[Dezfuli dialect|Dezfuli]]''
********''[[Shushtari dialect|Shushtari]]''
*******Northwestern II
*******'''[[Lari language |Lari]]'''
********Tatic
*********Tati-Azari/Tati/Azari
********''[[Judeo-Shirazi]]''
**********[[Old Azeri language|Old Azeri]] / [[Azari Language|Azari]] (آذری – ''Āḏarī'') (extinct)
*******'''[[Garmsiri language|Garmsiri]]'''
***********'''[[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]]''' ( '''اتی زبون''' – '''''Tâti Zobun''''')
*******'''[[Bashkardi language|Bashkardi]]''' / '''Bashagerdi''' / '''Bashaka'''
************''South Qazvin province''
*******'''[[Kumzari language|Kumzari]]'''
*************''[[Takestani]] (Qazvin)''
*************''[[Eshtehardi language|Eshtehardi]]''
*************''Chāli''
*************''Dānesfāni''
*************''Esfarvarini''
*************''Ebrāhim-Ābādi''
*************''Sagz-Ābādi''
*************''Ziārāni Tāti''
*************''[[Kilit dialect|Kiliti]] (extinct)''
*************''Ziārāni Tāti''
*************''Tikhuri Tāti''/Tikhvur Tati (in [[Tikhor]] / [[Tikhvor]])
************''Ardabil province''
*************''Ardabilaki Tāti''
*************''[[Khalkhal language|Khalkhal]]''
************''Alborz mountains range''
*************''Damāvandi (in [[Damavand, Iran]])''
*************''Old Tehrani (modern [[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]] is a [[Persian dialect]])''
************''North Khorasan province''
*************''Khorāsāni''
***********'''[[Ramandi language|Southern Tati]]''' / '''Ramandi''' ( '''اتی زبون''' – '''''Tâti Zobun''''')
***********'''[[Harzandi dialect|Harzandi]]''' / '''Harzani''' ('''هرزندی، هرزنی''' – '''''Harzani''''')
***********'''[[Karingani language|Karingani]]'''
***********'''[[Kho'ini dialect|Kho'ini]]''' / [[Xo'ini]] ('''دیه زواَن''' – '''''Die Zuan''''')
***********'''[[Upper Taromi language|Upper Taromi]]'''
***********'''[[Kabatei]]'''
***********'''[[Gilaki language|Rudbari]]'''
***********'''[[Taromi language|Taromi]]'''
*********'''[[Talysh languages|Talysh]]'''
**********'''[[Talysh language|Talysh]]''' ('''''Talışi''''' – '''Толыши''' – '''تالشه زَوُن''')
***********''Southern-Central Talyshi''
************''South Talyshi''
************''Central Talyshi''
***********''Northern Talyshi''
**********'''[[Gozarkhani language|Gozarkhani]]'''
**********'''[[Kajali language|Kajali]]''' (nearly extinct)
**********'''[[Koresh-e Rostam language|Koresh-e Rostam]]''' (nearly extinct)
**********'''[[Maraghei language|Maraghei]]''' ('''مراغی، مراقی''' – '''''Maraghei''''')
***********''Dikini''
**********'''[[Razajerdi language|Razajerdi]]''' (nearly extinct)
**********'''[[Shahrudi language|Shahrudi]]''' (nearly extinct)
*********Transitional Tati-Talysh-Central Iran
**********Tafresh
***********Tafresh-Ashtiani
************'''Tafresh'''
************'''[[Ashtiani language|Ashtiani]]''' ('''آشتیانی''' – '''''Ashtianī''''')
***********'''[[Vafsi language|Vafsi]]''' ('''ووسی''' – '''''Vowsī''''')
***********'''[[Alviri-Vidari language|Alviri-Vidari]]'''
************''Alviri (in [[Alvir]])''
************''Vidari (in [[Vidar, Markazi|Vidar]])''
***********'''[[Judeo-Hamadani language|Judeo-Hamadani]]''' (Judeo-Median of Hamadan) (traditionally spoken in [[Hamadan]], old [[Ecbatana]]) (nearly extinct)
*********Central Iran / Central Plateau (Kermanic)
**********Northwestern Central Iran / Northwest Central Plateau
***********'''[[Khunsari language|Khunsari]]''' ('''''Khusaari''''')
***********'''Mahallati'''
***********'''Vanishani'''
***********'''[[Judeo-Golpaygani]]''' (Judeo-Median of [[Golpayegan]]) (extinct)
**********Southwestern Central Iran / Southwestern Central Plateau
***********'''[[Gazi language|Gazi]]'''
***********'''Sedehi'''
***********'''Ardestani'''
***********'''Nohuji'''
***********'''Sajzi'''
***********'''[[Jarquya’i]]'''
***********'''Rudashti'''
***********'''Kafrudi'''
***********'''Kafruni'''
***********'''Judeo-Esfahani''' (Judeo-Median of Esfahan) (traditionally spoken in [[Esfahan]] / [[Ispahan]])
**********Northeastern Central Iran / Northeast Central Plateau
***********'''Arani'''
***********'''Bidgoli'''
***********'''Delijani'''
***********'''Nashalji'''
***********'''[[Abuzaydabadi language|Abuzaydabadi]]''' ('''''Bizovoy''''' / '''''Bizovoyja''''')
***********'''Qohrudi'''
***********'''Badrudi'''
***********'''Kamu’i'''
***********'''Jowshaqani'''
***********'''Meyma’i'''
***********'''Abyana’i'''
***********'''[[Soi language|Soi]]''' / '''Sohi'''
***********'''Badi'''
***********'''[[Natanzi language|Natanzi]]''' (spoken in [[Natanz]], [[Natanz County]], [[Isfahan Province]], Central [[Iran]])
************''[[Natanzi language|Natanzi Proper]]''
************''Farizandi''
************''Yarandi / Yarani''
***********'''Kasha’i'''
***********'''Tari'''
***********'''Tarqi'''
***********'''[[Judeo-Kashani]]''' (Judeo-Median of Kashan)
**********Southeastern Central Iran / Southeastern Central Plateau
***********'''[[Zoroastrian Dari language|Zoroastrian Dari]]''' ('''گویش بهدینان''' / '''دری زرتشتی''' – '''''Behdīnānī''''')
************''[[Yazdi language|Yazdi]]''
************''Kermani''
***********'''[[Nayini language|Nayini]]''' / '''Na'ini''' / '''Biyabanak'''
************''Anaraki''
***********'''Zefra’i'''
***********'''Varzenei'''
***********'''Tudeshki'''
***********'''Keyjani'''
***********'''Abchuya’i'''
********Kavir
*********'''[[Khuri language|Khuri]]'''
********'''[[Balochi language|Balochi]]''' ('''بلۏچی''' – '''''Balòči''''' / '''''Balòci''''') ([[dialect continuum]]) ([[Southeastern Iranian languages|Southeast Iranian]] [[East Iranian languages|East Iranian]] substrate)
*********'''[[Western balochi|Northern Baloch]]''' ([[Mandwani]])
**********'''[[Balochi language|Western Baloch]]'''
***********''[[Rakhshani language|Rakhshani]] (Raxshani)''
***********''Sarawani'' / ''Saravani''
***********''[[Sarhadi]]'' / ''Sarhaddi''
***********''Panjguri''
***********''Kalati''
**********'''[[Balochi language|Eastern Baloch]]'''
***********''Sulaimani''
*********'''[[Balochi language|Southern Baloch]]''' ([[Dombki]] / [[Domki]])
**********''[[Lashari]]''
**********''Coastal Balochi''
***********''[[Makrani dialect|Makrani]] (Lotuni)''
***********''Las Bela (in [[Lasbela District]])''
**********''Kachi'' / ''Kechi (Keci)''
*********'''[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]]''' / '''[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi Balochi]]''' ('''کوروشی''' – '''''Koroshi''''')
******[[Parthian language|Parthian]] ([[Parthian language|Arsacid Pahlavi]]) (''Pahlawānīg'') (extinct)
*******Northwestern III
********[[Caspian languages|Caspian]] ([[dialect continuum]]) (possible [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] / [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian]] influence or substrate)
*********[[Semnani languages|Semnani]]
**********'''[[Semnani language|Semnani proper]]''' ('''''Semani zefön''''')
***********''[[Biyabanaki language|Biyabunaki]]''
**********'''[[Sangsari language|Sangsari]]''' / '''Sangisari'''
**********[[Lasgerdi language|Lasgerdi]]-[[Sorkhei language|Sorkhei]]
***********'''[[Lasgerdi language|Lasgerdi]]'''
***********'''[[Sorkhei language|Sorkhei]]'''
************''[[Aftari language|Aftari]]''
*********Old Tabari (extinct) (a separate language from Mazanderani / Amardian that was assimilated) (it was spoken by the [[Tapuri]])
*********'''[[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]''' ([[Amardian]]) / '''[[Tabari language|Tabari]]''' (Tapuri) ('''مازندرانی''' – '''''Mazandarani''''' / '''طبری''' – '''''Tabari''''') ([[Mazanderani people]] traditionally also call their language Gilaki as the [[Gilaks]] also call their language)
**********''[[Gorgani dialect|Gorgani]] (extinct)''
**********''Main Mazandarani''
***********''Baboli''
***********''Amoli''
***********''Nuri''
***********''Chaloosi''
***********''Saravi''
***********''Ghaemshahri''
***********''Ghasrani''
***********''Damavandi''
***********''Firoozkoohi''
***********''Astarabadi''
***********''Katouli''
***********''Shahsavari''
**********''Shahmirzadi''
**********''Royan Mazanderani''
**********''Mazandarani-Gilaki'' / ''Gilani''
*********'''[[Daylami language|Daylami]]''' / Daylami (Galechi) ('''دیلمی''' – '''''Deilami''''') (extinct)
*********'''[[Gilaki language|Gilaki]]''' ('''گیلکی''' – '''''Giləki''''')
**********''[[Western Gilaki]]''
**********''[[Eastern Gilaki]]''
**********''Galeshi''
*****[[List of Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian languages]]/[[Southwestern Iranian|Southern Western Iranian]] ([[dialect continuum]])
******[[Old Persian]] (𐎠𐎼𐎹 – ''Ariya'') (extinct)
*******[[Middle Persian]] (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – ''Pārsīk'' or ''Pārsīg'') (extinct)
********'''[[Persian language|Persian]]''' ([[New Persian]]) ('''فارسی''' – '''''[[Fārsi]]''''' / '''پارسی''' – '''''Pārsi''''' / '''форсӣ''' – '''''Forsī''''')
*********'''[[Iranian Persian]]''' ('''[[Western Persian]]''') ('''فارسی''' – '''''Fārsi''''' / '''پارسی''' – '''''Pārsi''''')
**********''Southwest Western Persian (in [[Fars Province|Fars]] / [[Pars Province|Pars]], [[Bushehr Province|Bushehr]] and far western [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] provinces, where [[Persian language]], [[Farsi-language|Farsi]] / [[Persian language|Parsi]], had its origin)''
***********''Shirazi''
***********''Bushehri''
***********''Bandari Persian (not to be confused with Bandari)''
**********''West Western Persian'' / ''Mesopotamian Persian''
***********''Ahvazi''
***********''[[Abadani dialect|Abadani]]''
***********''Khorramshahri''
***********''Karbalai''
**********''Central Western Persian ([[Median language|Median]] substrate)''
***********''Esfahani'' / ''Ispahani''
***********''Araki''
***********''Kashani''
***********''Yazdi''
***********''Kermani''
**********''North Western Persian ([[Median language|Median]] substrate)''
***********''[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]] ([[Tehrani accent|Modern Tehrani]]) (basis of Standard [[Iranian Persian]] in [[Iran]])''
***********''Qazvini''
**********''Northeast Western Persian'' / ''Khorasani Persian ([[Parthian language|Parthian]] substrate)''
***********''Mashhadi''
**********''[[Dzhidi]] ([[Judeo-Persian]])''
*********'''[[Dari language|Afghanistan Persian]]''' / '''Dari Persian''' ('''Eastern Persian''') ([[Southeastern Iranian languages|Southeast Iranian]] [[East Iranian languages|East Iranian]] substrate)
**********'''[[Dari language|Afghanistan Persian]]''' ('''Dari Proper''') ('''''دری''''' – '''''Darī''''' / '''فارسی دری''' – '''''Fārsī-ye Darī''''')
***********''[[Sistani dialect|Sistani]] (in [[Sistan]])''
***********''Herati (in [[Herat]])''
***********''Mazari (in [[Mazar-i-Sharif|Mazar]] / [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Balkh Province]])''
***********''Badakhshi (in [[Badakhshan]])''
***********''Panjshiri (in [[Panjshir Valley]])''
***********''Kaboli (in [[Cabul]]) (basis for [[Dari language|Standard Dari]] in [[Afghanistan]])''
***********''Laghmani (in [[Laghman Province]])''
**********[[Pahlavni language|Pahlavni]] / [[Pahlavani]] (extinct)
**********'''[[Aimaq dialect|Aimaq]]''' / '''Aimaqi''' / '''Aimaq Persian''' ('''ایماقی''' – '''''Aimaq''''') (several borrowings from [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] but much less significant than [[Hazaragi]])
***********''Firozkohi''
***********''Jamshidi (Jamshedi, Djamchidi, Yemchidi, or Dzhemshid)''
***********''Maliki''
***********''Mizmast''
***********''Taimani Aimaq''
***********''Zainal''
***********''Zohri / Zuri''
***********''Changezi''
***********''Taimuri (Teimuri, Timuri, or Taimouri)''
**********'''[[Hazaragi dialect|Hazaragi]]''' / '''Hazaragi Persian''' (Hazāragī) ('''آزرگی''' – '''''Azaragi''''') (significant borrowings from [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]) (spoken by the [[Hazara people|Hazara]], their origin is in [[Persianized]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Mongolian peoples]] mixed with native [[Iranian peoples]] of Central [[Afghanistan]])
**********'''[[Tajik language|Tajik]]''' / '''[[Tajiki Persian]]''' ('''Northeast Persian''') ('''забо́ни тоҷикӣ́''' – '''''Zabóni Tojikī''''' / '''форси́и тоҷикӣ́''' – '''''Forsíi Tojikī''''') ([[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] substrate)
***********''Southern dialects (South and East of [[Dushanbe]], [[Kulob]] / [[Kulyab]], and the [[Rasht]] region of [[Tajikistan]]) (today tends to be the basis of Standard Tajiki but not identical)''
***********''Southeastern dialects (dialects of the [[Darvaz (region)|Darvoz]] region and the [[Amu Darya]] near [[Rushon]])''
***********''Central dialects (dialects of the upper [[Zarafshan]] Valley)''
***********''Northern dialects ([[Sughd Region|Sughd]], Northern [[Tajikistan]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and the [[Varzob]] valley region of [[Dushanbe]]) (once was the basis of Standard Tajiki)''
************''[[Bukhori dialect|Bukhori]] ([[Judeo-Bukharic]], Judeo-Persian of Bukhara)'' (''בוכארי'' – ''бухорӣ'' – ''Buxorī'' / ''Bukhori'') (traditionally spoken by [[Bukharian Jews]] in [[Bukhara]], now mainly in [[Israel]])
********'''[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]''' / '''[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Caucasus Tat]]''' / '''[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Persian Tat]]''' ('''''Zuhun Tati''''')
*********'''[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Muslim/Christian Tat]]''' ('''''Zuhun Tati''''')
**********''Aruskush-Daqqushchu''
**********''Lahyj''
**********''Balakhani''
**********''Devechi''
**********''Qyzyl Qazma''
**********''Qonaqkend''
**********''Absheron''
**********''Surakhani''
**********''Northern Tats''
**********''Malham''
**********''Quba''
**********''Armeno-Tati (spoken by the [[Armeno-Tats]])''
*********'''[[Judeo-Tat]]''' / '''Judeo-Persian Tat''' ('''[[Juhuri]]''' / '''Juvuri''') ('''''Çuhuri''''' – '''жугьури''' – '''ז׳אוּהאוּראִ)''' (traditional language of the [[Mountain Jews]])
********Persid / Southern Zagros
*********Northwestern Fars-Sivandi
**********'''[[Northwestern Fars]]'''
**********'''[[Sivandi language|Sivandi]]''' ('''زووآن ئ سیوندی''' – '''''Sivandi''''')
*********'''[[Kuhmareyi language|Kuhmareyi]]'''
**********''[[Davani dialect]] (Devani)'' (''دوانی'' – ''Davāni'')
*********'''[[Luri language|Luri]]''' ('''لۊری''' – '''''Lurī''''')
**********'''[[Southern Luri]]'''
***********''[[Mamasani dialect|Mamasani]]''
***********''Kohkiluyeh'' / ''Kohgīlūya''
***********''Boir-Aḥmadī''
**********'''[[Northern Luri]]''' / '''Central Luri''' (Minjai)
**********'''[[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]]''' ('''بختیاری''' – '''''Bakhtiarī''''')
*********'''[[Khuzestani Persian]]'''
**********''Southern Khuzestani Persian''
***********''Behbahani''
***********''Ramhormozi''
***********''Hendijani''
***********''Mahshahri''
***********''Qanavati''
***********''Larki''
***********''Bahmeei''
**********''Northern Khuzestani Persian ([[Dezfuli]] / [[Shushtari dialect|Shushtari]])''
***********''[[Dezfuli dialect|Dezfuli]]''
***********''[[Shushtari dialect|Shushtari]]''
***********''Gotvandi''
*******Larestani–Gulf (Larestani-Persian Gulf)
********Larestani
*********'''[[Lari language (Iran)|Lari]]''' ('''[[Larestani]]''' / '''[[Achomi language|Achomi]]''' / '''[[Ajami language|Ajami]]''') ('''اَچُمی''' – '''''Achomi''''' / '''خودمونی''' – '''''Khodmoni''''')
**********''[[Judeo-Shirazi]] (Judeo-Persian of Shiraz)''
********Gulf (Persian Gulf)
*********'''[[Garmsiri language|Garmsiri]]'''
*********'''Minabi'''
*********'''[[Bashkardi language|Bashkardi]]''' / '''Bashagerdi''' / '''Bashaka'''
**********''North Bashkardi''
**********''South Bashkardi''
*********'''[[Kumzari language|Kumzari]]''' (in the [[Straits of Hormuz]])
**********''Laraki (in [[Larak Island]], [[Iran]])''
**********''Shihuhi (in [[Kumzar]] village, [[Musandam Peninsula]], Far Northern [[Oman]])''
******Sagartian (was spoken in Sagartia) (extinct)
******Carmanian (was spoken in [[Carmania (region)|Carmania]], roughly corresponding with the modern province of [[Kerman Province|Kerman]]) (extinct)
******Utian (was spoken in Utia, roughly corresponding with today's southeastern [[Iran]]) (extinct)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}
===[[Nuristani languages]] ===

===[[Nuristani languages]] ([[Nuristani languages|Kamozian]])===
[[File:Nuristan in Afghanistan.svg|thumb|[[Nuristan Province]] in [[Afghanistan]], where most speakers live.]]
[[File:Nuristan in Afghanistan.svg|thumb|[[Nuristan Province]] in [[Afghanistan]], where most speakers live.]]
Transitional Iranian-Indo-Aryan<ref>"There are three possible hypotheses, each of which has found supporters: (i) the Nuristani languages are part of the Iranian family, but separated at a very early stage from the main stream of Iranian languages; (ii) they are part of the Indo-Aryan family, but separated from Indo-Aryan in pre-Vedic times; and (iii) they are neither Indian nor Iranian but represent a third branch of the Aryan family" in Almuth Degener – Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples (pp.103–117).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristân|url=https://nuristan.info/Nuristani/nuristanis.html|access-date=2021-04-23|website=nuristan.info|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806010059/https://nuristan.info/Nuristani/nuristanis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (older name: [[Nuristani languages|Kafiri]]) (according to some scholars<ref name="Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278">See also: Ancient Kamboja, People & the Country, 1981, p 278, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119–20, K. S. Dardi etc.</ref><ref name="Sir Thomas H p 102-03">Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the Aspasians (Aspasioi) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (Kamoz/Camoje, Kamtoz) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.</ref> there is the possibility that the older name "[[Kapisi]]" that was synonymal of [[Kambojas]], related to the ancient [[Kingdom of Kapisa]], in modern-day [[Kapisa Province]], changed to "Kafiri" and came to be confused and assimilated with "kafiri", meaning "infidel" in Arabic and used in Islam)
[[File:MAPNuristani.png|thumb|[[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] languages.]]
[[File:MAPNuristani.png|thumb|[[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] languages.]]
{{tree list}}
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>
*[[Nuristani languages|Proto-Nuristani]] (extinct) (identical with Proto-Kamboja? – [[Kambojas]] or [[Komedes]] language?)<ref name="Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278"/><ref name="Sir Thomas H p 102-03"/>
*[[Nuristani languages|Proto-Nuristani]] (extinct) <ref name="Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278"/><ref name="Sir Thomas H p 102-03"/>
**'''[[Askunu language|Askunu]]'''
**Southern (Kalasha)
***'''[[Askunu language|Askunu]]''' ('''''Âṣkuňu-veːri''''')
***'''[[Kalasha-ala language|Kalasha-ala]]''' / [[Waigali language|Waigali]]
****''Ashuruveri'' / ''Askunu Proper (Âṣkuňu-veːri) (Kolata, Titin, Bajaygul, Askugal, Majegal)''
****''[[Waigali]]'' / ''Waigali Proper''
***'''[[Tregami language|Tregami]]'''
*****''Bâźâigal''
***'''[[Zemiaki language|Zemiaki]]'''
*****''Kolatâ˜''
**'''[[Kamkata-vari language|Kamkata-vari]]'''
*****''Titin''
***''[[Kata-vari]]''
****''Gramsukraviri (Grâmsaňâ-viːri) (Gramsaragram, Acanu)''
****''[[Kata-vari dialect|Western Kata-vari]]''
****''Suruviri (Saňu-viːri) (Wamai, Wama)''
*****''[[Kata-vari dialect|Kt'ivřâ·i vari]]''
***Waigali ''(Kalaṣa-alâ)''
****''[[Kata-vari dialect|Eastern Kata-vari]]''
****'''[[Kalasha-ala language|Kalasha-ala]]''' / [[Waigali language|Waigali]] ('''''Kalaṣa-alâ''''')
***''[[Kamviri]]''
*****''[[Waigali]]'' / ''Waigali Proper (Varǰan-alâ)''
******''Vä-alâ (Vai-alâ)''
***''[[Mumviri]]''
******''Ameš-alâ''
****''[[Shekhani]]''
**'''[[Vasi-vari language|Vasi-vari]]''' / [[Wasi-wari]]
******''J̌âmameš-alâ''
*****''Ẓö˜č-alâ''
******''Čima-Nišei (Čimi-alâ – Nišei-alâ)''
*****''Nišei-alâ''
****''Čimi-alâ''
***Tregami-Zemiaki
****'''[[Tregami language|Tregami]]''' ('''''Tregâmi''''') (in the Tregâm Valley of the lower [[Pech River]], in the [[Watapur District]] of [[Kunar Province]] in [[Afghanistan]])
*****''Katar''
*****''Gambir''
****'''[[Zemiaki language|Zemiaki]]''' ('''''J̌amlám-am bašá''''') (in Zemyaki village)
**Northern (Kamkata-Vasi)
***'''[[Kamkata-vari language|Kamkata-vari]]''' (Kati) ('''''Kâmvʹiri''''', '''''Kâtʹa-vari''''', '''''Mum-viri''''', '''''Kṣtʹa-vari''''')
****''[[Kata-vari]] (Kât'a-vari)''
*****''[[Kata-vari dialect|Western Kata-vari]] (Kât'a-vari)''
******''[[Kata-vari dialect|Kt'ivřâ·i vari]]''
*****''[[Kata-vari dialect|Eastern Kata-vari]] (Kât'a-vari)''
****''[[Kamviri]] (Kâmv'iri)''
****''[[Mumviri]] (Mumv'iri)''
*****''[[Shekhani]]''
***'''[[Vasi-vari language|Vasi-vari]]''' / [[Wasi-wari]] ([[Prasuni]]) ('''''Vâsi-vari''''') (in the [[Parun|Pârun Valley]])
****''Uṣ'üt-var'e''
****''Üš'üt-üć'ü-zum'u-vari''
****''Ṣup'u-var'i''
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}

===[[Indo-Aryan languages]]===
===[[Indo-Aryan languages]]===
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Present-day geographical distribution of the major '''Indo-Aryan language groups'''. [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], [[Kholosi language|Kholosi]] and [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is '''Eastern''', purple is '''Dardic''', blue is '''Northwestern''', red is '''Southern''', green is '''Western''', brown is '''Northern''' and orange is '''Central'''. Data is from [https://medium.com/@ArainGang/the-indo-aryan-languages-b249d5ece305 "The Indo Aryan Languages"] as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.'''[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]'''
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Present-day geographical distribution of the major '''Indo-Aryan language groups'''. [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], [[Kholosi language|Kholosi]] and [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is '''Eastern''', purple is '''Dardic''', blue is '''Northwestern''', red is '''Southern''', green is '''Western''', brown is '''Northern''' and orange is '''Central'''. Data is from [https://medium.com/@ArainGang/the-indo-aryan-languages-b249d5ece305 "The Indo Aryan Languages"] as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.'''[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]'''
{{legend|#FFD6F6|[[Pashai languages|Pashai]] (Dardic)}}
{{legend|#FFD6F6|[[Pashai languages|Pashai]] }}
{{legend|#FFACEF|[[Chitral languages|Chitrali]] (Dardic)}}
{{legend|#FFACEF|[[Chitral languages|Chitrali]] }}
{{legend|#FF81E6|[[Shina languages|Shina]] (Dardic)}}
{{legend|#FF81E6|[[Shina languages|Shina]] }}
{{legend|#FF25D5|[[Kohistani languages|Kohistani]] (Dardic)}}
{{legend|#FF25D5|[[Kohistani languages|Kohistani]] }}
{{legend|#FF00CD|[[Kashmiri languages|Kashmiri]] (Dardic)}}
{{legend|#FF00CD|[[Kashmiri languages|Kashmiri]] }} '''[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]'''
'''[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]'''
{{legend|#7164FF|[[Punjabi languages|Punjabi]] }}
{{legend|#7164FF|[[Punjabi languages|Punjabi]] (Northwestern)}}
{{legend|#0066FF|[[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]] }} '''[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]'''
{{legend|#0066FF|[[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]] (Northwestern)}}
{{legend|#6BCD00|[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] }}
'''[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]'''
{{legend|#00CF4A|[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] }}
{{legend|#6BCD00|[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] (Western)}}
{{legend|#09AD02|[[Bhil languages|Bhili]] }}
{{legend|#2FFF2F|[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] }} '''[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]'''
{{legend|#00CF4A|[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] (Western)}}
{{legend|#09AD02|[[Bhil languages|Bhili]] (Western)}}
{{legend|#B94E16|[[Western Pahari languages|Himachali-Dogri]] }}
{{legend|#2FFF2F|[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] (Western)}}
{{legend|#9E521B|[[Central Pahari languages|Garhwali-Kumaoni]] }}
'''[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]'''
{{legend|#79421B|[[Nepali languages|Nepali]] }} '''[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]'''
{{legend|#B94E16|[[Western Pahari languages|Himachali-Dogri]] ({{=}} W. Pahari, Northern)}}
{{legend|#FF6600|[[Western Hindi]] }}
{{legend|#FF9A54|[[Eastern Hindi]] }} '''[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]'''
{{legend|#9E521B|[[Central Pahari languages|Garhwali-Kumaoni]] ({{=}} C. Pahari, Northern)}}
{{legend|#79421B|[[Nepali languages|Nepali]] ({{=}} E. Pahari, Northern)}}
{{legend|#FFCD00|[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] }}
'''[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]'''
{{legend|#FFDE54|[[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]] }}
{{legend|#FF6600|[[Western Hindi]] (Central)}}
{{legend|#D5AB00|[[Odia languages|Odia]] }}
{{legend|#AB8900|[[Halbi languages|Halbi]] }} '''[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]'''
{{legend|#FF9A54|[[Eastern Hindi]] (Central)}}
'''[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]'''
{{legend|#D50000|[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]] }}
{{legend|#FFCD00|[[Bihari languages|Bihari]] (Eastern)}}
{{legend|#AC0000|[[Sinhala-Maldivian languages|Sinhala-Maldivian]] }}
.]]
{{legend|#FFDE54|[[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]] (Eastern)}}
{{legend|#D5AB00|[[Odia languages|Odia]] (Eastern)}}
{{legend|#AB8900|[[Halbi languages|Halbi]] (Eastern)}}
'''[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]'''
{{legend|#D50000|[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]] (Southern)}}
{{legend|#AC0000|[[Sinhala-Maldivian languages|Sinhala-Maldivian]] (Southern)}}
(not shown: [[Kunar languages|Kunar]] (Dardic), [[Chinali-Lahul languages|Chinali-Lahuli]]).]]
[[File:Indo-Aryan languages grouped.png|thumb|250px|Distribution of major [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] languages. [[w:Urdu|Urdu]] is included under [[Hindi]]. [[w:Romani language|Romani]], [[w:Domari language|Domari]], and [[w:Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where [[w:multilingualism|multilingualism]] is common.
[[File:Indo-Aryan languages grouped.png|thumb|250px|Distribution of major [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] languages. [[w:Urdu|Urdu]] is included under [[Hindi]]. [[w:Romani language|Romani]], [[w:Domari language|Domari]], and [[w:Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where [[w:multilingualism|multilingualism]] is common.
{{legend|#fd15ac|[[w:Dardic languages|Dardic]]}}
{{legend|#fd15ac|[[w:Dardic languages|Dardic]]}}
Line 3,619: Line 1,535:
{{legend|#effe27|[[w:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]}}
{{legend|#effe27|[[w:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]}}
{{legend|#3bed69|[[w:Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]}}]]
{{legend|#3bed69|[[w:Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]}}]]
[[File:Romany dialects Europe.svg|thumb|[[Romani language|Romani]] languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] branch of [[Indo-European languages]] but are spoken out of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. They are related to the [[Domari language|Domari]] languages (spoken by the [[Dom people|Doma]] or [[Dom people|Dom]]) and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from [[Southwest Asia]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because [[Domari language|Domari]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] speakers, the [[Dom people|Doma]] and the [[Romani people|Roma]], were traditionally [[Nomad|nomadic peoples]].]]
[[File:Romany dialects Europe.svg|thumb|[[Romani language|Romani]] languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] branch of [[Indo-European languages]] but are spoken out of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. They are related to the [[Domari language|Domari]] languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from [[Southwest Asia]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because [[Domari language|Domari]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] speakers, the [[Dom people|Doma]] and the [[Romani people|Roma]], were traditionally [[Nomad|nomadic peoples]].]]
<nowiki>{{tree list}}</nowiki>

{{tree list}}
*[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] (extinct)
*[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] (extinct)
**[[Old Indo-Aryan]] (extinct)
**[[Old Indo-Aryan]] (extinct)
***[[Mitanni#Indo-Aryanlinguisticinfluences|Mitanni-Aryan]] (a far western [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken in [[Mitanni]], Northern [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Levant]], along with [[Hurrian]], that was a non Indo-European language)
***[[Mitanni#Indo-Aryanlinguisticinfluences|Mitanni-Aryan]]
***[[Old Indo-Aryan|Early Old Indo-Aryan]] – [[Vedic Sanskrit]] / [[Rigvedic Sanskrit]]
***[[Old Indo-Aryan|Early Old Indo-Aryan]] – [[Vedic Sanskrit]] / [[Rigvedic Sanskrit]]
****[[Old Indo-Aryan|Late Old Indo-Aryan]] – '''[[Sanskrit]]'''
****[[Old Indo-Aryan|Late Old Indo-Aryan]] – '''[[Sanskrit]]''' ('''संस्कृतम्''' – '''''Saṃskṛtam''''') ([[Classical Sanskrit]]) ([[Classical language in India|Classical]] and [[High culture]] language of [[South Asia]], mainly of [[Hinduism]], [[Hindu philosophy]] and also of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]) (includes [[Epic Sanskrit]]) ([[revived language]] with 26 490 first language (L1) or mother tongue speakers and increasing) (living language and not extinct)
*****[[Middle Indo-Aryan]] ([[Prakrits]]) (extinct)
*****[[Middle Indo-Aryan]] (extinct)
******[[Dardic languages|Dardic]] (a more geographical rather than linguistic genealogical group)
******[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]
*******[[Gandhari language|Gandhari Prakrit]] (extinct)
*******[[Gandhari language|Gandhari Prakrit]] (extinct)
********[[Niya Prakrit]]<ref name="cordis.europa.eu"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit|jstor = 608051|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|last1 = Burrow|first1 = T.|journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|year = 1936|volume = 8|issue = 2/3|pages = 419–435|doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00141060|s2cid = 170991822|access-date = 2021-04-25|archive-date = 2023-07-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230719144520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|url-status = live}}</ref> / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (administrative language of the [[Shanshan]] or [[Loulan Kingdom|Kroraina]] or [[Loulan Kingdom|Loulan kingdom]], on the southern route of the [[Silk Road]], in the southern rim of the [[Tarim Basin]], in today's southern and southeastern [[Xinjiang]]) (it used the [[Kharosthi|Kharoshthī script]]) (it has a possible [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] language, Tocharian C, as substrate) (extinct)
********[[Niya Prakrit]]<ref name="cordis.europa.eu"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit|jstor = 608051|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|last1 = Burrow|first1 = T.|journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|year = 1936|volume = 8|issue = 2/3|pages = 419–435|doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00141060|s2cid = 170991822|access-date = 2021-04-25|archive-date = 2023-07-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230719144520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|url-status = live}}</ref> / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (extinct)
********[[Chitral languages]]
*********'''[[Kalasha-mun language|Kalasha-mun]]'''
********[[Chitral languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*********'''[[Khowar language|Khowar]]'''
*********'''[[Kalasha-mun language|Kalasha-mun]]''' ('''''[[Kalashamondr]]''''') (has no close connection to [[Waigali]] or [[Kalasha-ala]], that although related, belongs to another branch – [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]])
*********'''[[Khowar language|Khowar]]''' ([[Chitrali language|Chitrali]]) ('''کهووار''' – '''''Khō-wār''''')
********'''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]''' / '''Koshur'''
**********''Standard Khowar''
*********''[[Kashtawari]] / [[Kishtwari]]''
**********''Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)''
**********''Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley / Gramchashma Valley)''
**********''Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)''
**********''Gilgiti Khowar ([[Gilgit-Baltistan]]) (spoken by a few families in [[Gilgit|Gilgit city]])''
********'''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]''' / '''Koshur''' ('''कॉशुर''' – '''كٲشُر''' – '''''Kashmiri''''')
*********''[[Kashtawari]] / [[Kishtwari]] (Kashmiri standard)''
*********''[[Poguli]]''
*********''[[Poguli]]''
*********''[[Rambani dialect|Rambani]]''
*********''[[Rambani dialect|Rambani]]''
********[[Kohistani languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
********[[Kohistani languages]]
*********'''[[Bateri language|Bateri]]''' ('''बटेरी''' – '''''Bateri''''')
*********'''[[Bateri language|Bateri]]'''
*********'''[[Chilisso language|Chilisso]]'''
*********'''[[Chilisso language|Chilisso]]'''
*********'''[[Gowro language|Gowro]]''' / '''[[Gowro language|Gabaro]]'''
*********'''[[Gowro language|Gowro]]''' / '''[[Gowro language|Gabaro]]'''
*********'''[[Indus Kohistani]]''' ([[Maiya language|Maiya]], [[Indus Kohistani|Shutun]], [[Abasin Kohistani]])
*********'''[[Indus Kohistani]]'''
**********''Indus Kohistani dialect (Jijal, Mani, Pattan, Seo)''
*********'''[[Kalami language|Kalami]]''' / '''[[Gawri language|Gawri]]'''
**********''Duber-Kandia (Khili, Manzari)''
*********'''[[Tirahi language|Tirahi]]''' / '''Dardù'''
*********''Kanyawali''
*********'''[[Torwali language|Torwali]]'''
*********'''[[Kalami language|Kalami]]''' / '''[[Gawri language|Gawri]]''' (Garwi, Bashkarik) ('''کالامي''' – '''''Kalami''''' / '''ګاوری''' – '''''Gawri''''')
*********'''[[Tirahi language|Tirahi]]''' / '''Dardù''' (nearly extinct)
*********'''[[Torwali language|Torwali]]''' ('''توروالی''' – '''''Torwali''''')
**********''Bahrain''
**********''Chail''
*********[[Wotapuri-Katarqalai language|Wotapuri-Katargalai]] (extinct)
*********[[Wotapuri-Katarqalai language|Wotapuri-Katargalai]] (extinct)
**********''[[Wotapuri]]''
**********''[[Wotapuri]]''
********'''[[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]''' / '''Pashai'''
**********''Katarqalai''
********'''[[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]''' / '''Pashai''' (a small group of four separate but closely related languages, not only a single language) ([[dialect continuum]])
*********'''[[Southwest Pashayi]]'''
*********'''[[Southwest Pashayi]]'''
**********''Ishpi''
**********''Isken''
**********''Tagau dialects''
*********'''[[Southeast Pashayi]]'''
*********'''[[Southeast Pashayi]]'''
**********''Damench''
**********''[[Laghmani]]''
**********''[[Laghmani]]''
**********''Sum''
**********''Upper and Lower Darai Nur''
**********''Wegali dialects''
*********'''[[Northwest Pashayi]]'''
*********'''[[Northwest Pashayi]]'''
**********''Alasai''
**********''Bolaghain''
**********''[[Gulbahar]]''
**********''[[Gulbahar]]''
**********''Kohnadeh''
**********''Laurowan''
**********''Najil''
**********''Nangarach''
**********''Pachagan''
**********''Pandau''
**********''Parazhghan''
**********''Pashagar''
**********''Sanjan''
**********''Shamakot''
**********''Shutul''
**********''Uzbin''
**********''Wadau dialects''
*********'''[[Northeast Pashayi]]'''
*********'''[[Northeast Pashayi]]'''
**********''Aret''
**********''Chalas (Chilas)''
**********''Kandak''
**********''[[Korangal Valley|Korangal]]''
**********''[[Korangal Valley|Korangal]]''
**********''Kurdar dialects''
********[[Kunar languages]]
********[[Kunar languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*********'''[[Dameli language|Dameli]]'''
*********'''[[Dameli language|Dameli]]'''
*********'''[[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]]''' / '''Narsati''' / '''Aranduyiwar'''
*********'''[[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]]''' / '''Narsati''' / '''Aranduyiwar'''
*********'''[[Nangalami]]''' / '''Grangali''' ('''[[Nangalami]]-[[Grangali]]''')
*********'''[[Nangalami]]''' / '''Grangali'''
**********''Grangali''
**********''Nangalami (Ningalami)'' (extinct)
*********'''[[Shumashti language|Shumashti]]'''
*********'''[[Shumashti language|Shumashti]]'''
********[[Shina languages]] ([[dialect continuum]])
********[[Shina languages]]
*********'''[[Palula language|Palula]]''' / '''[[Phalura language|Phalura]]''' / '''Ashreti''' ('''پالولہ''' – '''''Palula''''')
*********'''[[Palula language|Palula]]''' / '''[[Phalura language|Phalura]]''' / '''Ashreti'''
*********'''[[Sawi language (Dardic)|Sawi]]''' / '''[[Sawi language (Dardic)|Savi]]''' / '''[[Sawi language (Dardic)|Sauji]]'''
*********'''[[Sawi language |Sawi]]''' / '''[[Sawi language |Savi]]''' / '''[[Sawi language |Sauji]]'''
*********'''[[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]]''' / '''Goedijaa'''
*********'''[[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]]''' / '''Goedijaa'''
*********'''[[Ushoji language|Ushoji]]''' / '''[[Ushojo]]'''
*********'''[[Ushoji language|Ushoji]]''' / '''[[Ushojo]]'''
*********'''[[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]]''' ('''کنڈل شاہی''' – '''''Kundal Shahi''''')
*********'''[[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]]'''
*********'''[[Shina language|Shina]]''' ('''ݜݨیاٗ''' – '''''Šiṇyaá''''')
*********'''[[Shina language|Shina]]'''
**********''[[Gilgiti]] (the prestige dialect)''
**********''[[Gilgiti]]''
**********''[[Astori]]''
**********''[[Astori]]''
**********''Chilasi Kohistani''
**********''[[Drasi]]''
**********''[[Drasi]]''
**********''Gurezi''
*********'''[[Kohistani Shina language|Kohistani Shina]]'''
**********''[[Palasi]]''
*********'''[[Kohistani Shina language|Kohistani Shina]]''' ('''ݜݨیاٗ''' – '''''Šiṇyaá''''') (a divergent variety of Shina, divergent enough to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
**********''[[Palasi]] (Palas)''
**********''[[Kolai]]''
*********'''[[Brokskat language|Brokskat]]''' / '''[[Brokskat|Dah-Hanu]]'''
**********''Jalkoti (Jalkot)''
**********''[[Kolai]] (Koli)''
*********'''[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]''' / '''Dumaki'''
******[[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western Indo-Aryan]]
*********'''[[Brokskat language|Brokskat]]''' / '''[[Brokskat|Dah-Hanu]]''' ([[Shina languages|Shina]] of [[Baltistan]], [[Dras]] and [[Ladakh]])
*******'''[[Punjabi languages]]'''
*********'''[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]''' / '''Dumaki''' (in Nager and [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]], among the [[Burushaski]], [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] and [[Shina language|Shina]] speakers) (historically it was a language of the North Indian plains, affiliated to the Central Group of New [[Indo-Aryan languages]] whose speakers migrated towards north) ([[Central Indo-Aryan]] substrate that is a distant relative of the languages spoken by the [[Dom people|Doma]]/[[Romani people|Roma]])
**********''Nager-Domaaki''
**********''Hunza-Domaaki''
******[[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western Indo-Aryan]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******'''[[Punjabi languages]]''' (spoken in the [[Punjab]] – [[Punjab|Panj-āb]] / [[Punjab|Panchnada]], [[Punjab|Pañca-áp]] – "[[Punjab|Five Waters]]" i.e. [[Punjab|Five Rivers]], [[Punjab|Land of Five Rivers]])
********[[Lahnda]] / [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]]
********[[Lahnda]] / [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]]
*********'''[[Pahari-Pothwari]]''' / '''[[Pothohari]]'''
*********'''[[Pahari-Pothwari]]''' / '''[[Pothohari]]'''
**********''[[Pothwari]]'' / ''[[Pothohari]]''''''
**********''[[Pothwari]]'' / ''[[Pothohari]]'' (''پوٹھواری'' – ''Pothwari'' / ''پوٹھوہاری'' – ''[[Pothohari]]'') ''(spoken in [[Pothohar Plateau]], parts of the districts of [[Rawalpindi]], [[Jhelum]], [[Chakwal]] and [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Mirpur District]])''
***********''[[Mirpuri language|Mirpuri]] (in [[Mirpur District]])''
***********''[[Mirpuri language|Mirpuri]]''
**********''[[Pahari language|Pahari]]'' / ''[[Dhundi-Kairali]]''
**********''[[Pahari language|Pahari]]'' / ''[[Dhundi-Kairali]]''
***********''Pahari Proper'' (''پہاڑی'' – ''[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]]'')
***********''[[Poonchi dialect|Poonchi]]'' / ''Punchhi''
***********''Chibhālī''
*********'''[[Hindko]]'''
***********''[[Poonchi dialect|Poonchi]]'' / ''Punchhi'' (''پونچھی'' – ''Poonchi'')
***********''Baghi''
***********''Muzaffarabadi''
***********''Parmi''
*********'''[[Hindko]]''' ('''[[Panjistani]]''') ('''ہندکو''' – '''''Hindko''''')
**********'''[[Northern Hindko]]'''
**********'''[[Northern Hindko]]'''
***********[[Hazara Hindko]] / [[Kaghani language|Kaghani]] (not to be confused with the Hazara language and people which have a different origin)
***********[[Hazara Hindko]] / [[Kaghani language|Kaghani]]
**********'''[[Southern Hindko]]'''
**********'''[[Southern Hindko]]'''
***********''[[Hindko|Peshawari]]''
***********''[[Hindko|Peshawari]]''
***********''Central Hindko''
************''[[Chhachi dialect|Chhachi]]'' / ''[[Chacchi]]'' / ''Chachi''
************''[[Chhachi dialect|Chhachi]]'' / ''[[Chacchi]]'' / ''Chachi''
************''[[Kohati]]''
************''[[Kohati]]''
************''[[Awankari dialect|Awankari]]''
************''[[Awankari dialect|Awankari]]''
************''[[Ghebi]]''
************''[[Ghebi]]''
*********'''[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]''' ('''سرائیکی''' – '''''Sarā'īkī''''')
*********'''[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]'''
**********''[[Derawali]] (spoken in [[Derajat]] region, in central [[Pakistan]], [[Dera Ismail Khan District]])''
**********''[[Derawali]]''
**********''[[Thali dialect|Thali]]'' (Northern Saraiki) ''(spoken in the district of [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and the northern parts of the Thal region, including [[Mianwali District]])''
**********''[[Thali dialect|Thali]]'''''
**********''Central Saraiki (including [[Multani dialect|Multani]]: spoken in the districts of [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Muzaffargarh]], [[Leiah]], [[Multan]] and [[Bahawalpur]])''
***********''[[Multani dialect|Multani]]''
***********''[[Multani dialect|Multani]]''
***********''[[Riasti dialect|Riasti]]''/''[[Riasti dialect|Bhawalpuri]]''/''[[Riasti dialect|Choolistani]]''
***********''[[Riasti dialect|Riasti]]''/''[[Riasti dialect|Bhawalpuri]]''/''[[Riasti dialect|Choolistani]]''
********'''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]'''
**********''Southern Saraiki'' (prevalent in the districts of [[Rajanpur]] and [[Rahimyar Khan]])
**********''Sindhi Saraiki (dispersed throughout the province of [[Sindh]])''
********'''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''' (Punjabi Proper) ('''پنجابی''' – '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ''' – '''''Pañjābī''''')
*********''[[Standard Punjabi]]''
*********''[[Standard Punjabi]]''
**********'''[[Punjabi dialects|Western Punjabi]]'''/[[Saraiki language|Eastern Saraiki]]
*********Transitional Saraiki-Punjabi or part of Western Punjabi
**********'''[[Punjabi dialects|Western Punjabi]]'''/[[Saraiki language|Eastern Saraiki]] (transitional to [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and spoken in the [[Bar region]] along the boundary with the eastern [[Majhi dialect]], this group includes the dialects of [[Jhangi]] and [[Shahpuri]])
***********''[[Dhani dialect|Dhani]]''
***********''[[Dhani dialect|Dhani]]''
***********''[[Shahpuri]]''
***********''[[Shahpuri]]''
Line 3,760: Line 1,621:
***********''[[Jhangvi dialect|Jangli]]''
***********''[[Jhangvi dialect|Jangli]]''
***********''[[Chenavari]]''
***********''[[Chenavari]]''
************''[[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]''
***********Transitional Western-Eastern Punjabi (but has more similarities with Western Punjabi)
************''[[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (basis of [[Standard Punjabi]] but not identical)''
**********'''[[Eastern Punjabi language|Eastern Punjabi]]'''
**********'''[[Eastern Punjabi language|Eastern Punjabi]]'''
***********''[[Doabi]]''
***********''[[Doabi]]''
***********''[[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]'' / ''Pawadhi'' / [[Poadhi]]
***********''[[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]'' / ''Pawadhi'' / [[Poadhi]]
***********''[[Malwai dialect|Malwai]]'' / ''Malwi''
***********''[[Malwai dialect|Malwai]]'' / ''Malwi''
***********''Bathi''
***********''Bhatiani''
********[[Lubanki dialect|Lubanki]] / [[Labanki]] (extinct) (it was spoken by the [[Labana]] tribe
********[[Lubanki dialect|Lubanki]] / [[Labanki]] (extinct) (it was spoken by the [[Labana]] tribe
********[[Jakati language|Jakati]] / Jataki (extinct) (it was spoken by several small, supposedly [[Romani people|Roma]] ethnic groups, [[Jat people|Jāt]], in [[Afghanistan]])
********[[Jakati language|Jakati]] / Jataki (extinct)
********'''[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]]''' / [[Jafri]] (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] language)
*******Transitional Punjabi-Sindhi
********'''[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]]''' / [[Jafri]] ('''''Khetrānī''''') (it is spoken by the majority of the [[Khetrans]], an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin people assimilated by the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] and considered a [[Baloch tribe]]) (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] language)
*******[[Sindhi languages]]
*******[[Sindhi languages]]
********'''[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]''' (Sindhi Proper) ('''سنڌي''' – '''सिन्धी''' – '''ਸਿੰਧੀ''' – '''''Sindhī''''')
********'''[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]'''
*********''[[Siroli]]'' / ''Northern Sindhi'' / ''"Siraiki"''
*********''[[Siroli]]'' / ''Northern Sindhi'' / ''"Siraiki"''
*********''Vicholi''
*********''Lari''
*********''[[Thareli]]''
*********''[[Thareli]]''
*********''Macharia''
********'''[[Lasi language|Lasi]]'''
*********''Dukslinu''
********'''[[Jadgali language|Jadgali]]'''
*********''Kathiawari Katchi''
********'''[[Sindhi Bhil language|Sindhi Bhil]]'''
********'''[[Memoni language|Memoni]]''' / '''[[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawadi]]'''
*********''Muslim Sindhi''
********'''[[Lasi language|Lasi]]''' (part of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] proper or a separate language although closely related)
********'''[[Kachchi language|Kachchi]]''' / '''Kutchi'''
********'''[[Luwati language|Luwati]]''' / '''[[Luwati language|Lawati]]''' /
********'''[[Jadgali language|Jadgali]]''' ('''''Nummaṛī''''' / '''''Nummaṛikī''''') (close to [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]) (an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] origin people assimilated by the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] and considered a [[Baloch tribe]] or an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] people speaking an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language) (spoken on the [[Iranian plateau]])
******[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan]]
********'''[[Sindhi Bhil language|Sindhi Bhil]]''' (part of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] proper or a separate language although closely related)
*******[[Western Pahari]]
********'''[[Memoni language|Memoni]]''' / '''[[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawadi]]''' (spoken by the [[Memon people]])
********'''[[Dogri language|Dogri]]'''
********'''[[Kachchi language|Kachchi]]''' / '''Kutchi''' ('''કચ્છી''' – '''ڪڇي''' – '''کچھی''' – '''''Kachhi''''') (in the [[Kutch District]], Northwest [[Gujarat]], West [[India]])
*********''Mithi boli''
********'''[[Kangri dialect|Kangri]]'''
*********''Khadi boli (Kutch)''
*********''Jamnagari boli''
*********''Maliya boli''
*********''Ahir boli''
*********''Chirai boli''
*********''Jain boli''
********'''[[Luwati language|Luwati]]''' / '''[[Luwati language|Lawati]]''' / ('''''[[Khojki language|Khojki]]''''') (in coastal [[Oman]], eastern [[Arabian Peninsula]])
******[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******[[Western Pahari]] (Dogri-Kangri) ([[Himachali language|Himachali]])
********Dogri-Kangri
*********'''[[Dogri language|Dogri]]''' ('''डोगरी''' – '''ڈوگرى''' – '''''ḍogrī''''') (spoken in [[Jammu]])
*********'''[[Kangri dialect|Kangri]]''' ('''कांगड़ी''' – '''''Kangri''''')
********'''[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]]''' / '''[[Chambeali]]'''
********'''[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]]''' / '''[[Chambeali]]'''
*********''Standard Mandeali''
********'''[[Kullu language|Kullu]]''' / '''[[Kullu|Kulvi]]'''
*********''Sarkaghat''
********'''[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]'''
*********''Mandeali Pahari''
********'''[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]]'''
********'''[[Kullu language|Kullu]]''' / '''[[Kullu|Kulvi]]''' ('''''Kullū''''' / '''''Kuluī''''')
********'''[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]'''
********'''[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]''' ('''जौनसारी''' – '''''Jaunsari''''')
********'''[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]]''' ('''[[Harijan Kinnauri]]''' / '''[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Kinnauri Himachali]]''')
********'''[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]''' ('''Sirmauri Himachali''')
*********''Dharthi (Giriwari)''
*********''Giripari''
********'''[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]]''' / ''Handuri''
********'''[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]]''' / ''Handuri''
********'''[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]]''' ('''''Mahasui''''' / '''''Mahasuvi''''')
********'''[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]]'''
*********''Lower Mahasu Pahari''
*********''[[Baghati language|Baghati]]''
**********''[[Baghati language|Baghati]]''
*********''[[Rampuri]]''/''[[Kochi]]''
**********''Baghliani''
**********''Kiunthali''
*********''Upper Mahasu Pahari''
**********''[[Rampuri]]''/''[[Kochi]]''
**********''Rohruri'' / ''Soracholi'' / ''Sodochi''
**********''Shimla Siraji''
*******[[Central Pahari]]
*******[[Central Pahari]]
********'''[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]''' ('''गढ़वळि भाख''' – '''''Garhwali''''')
********'''[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]'''
*********[[Badhani]]'''
*********''Srinagariya (classical Garhwali spoken in erstwhile royal capital, [[Srinagar]], accepted as Standard Garhwali by most scholars)''
*********''[[Nagpuriya dialect |Nagpuriya]]''
*********Chandpuriya ''(spoken in Chandpur region, area in [[Chamoli district]])''
*********''Tihriyali'' / ''Gangapariya (spoken in [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]])''
*********''[[Salani dialect|Salani]]''
*********[[Badhani]] ''(spoken in Chamoli Garhwal)''
*********[[Bangani]]'''
*********''Dessaulya''
*********''[[Jaunpuri dialect |Jaunpuri]]''
*********''Lohabbya''
*********''[[Gangadi]]''
********'''[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]'''
*********''Majh-Kumaiya (spoken at the border of Garhwal and Kumaon)''
********'''[[Doteli]]''' / '''[[Dotyali]]'''
*********''[[Nagpuriya dialect (Garhwal)|Nagpuriya]] (spoken in Rudraprayag district)''
*********Rathi ''(spoken in Rath area of [[Pauri Garhwal]])''
*********''[[Salani dialect|Salani]] (spoken in Talla Salan, Malla Salan and Ganga Salan parganas of [[Pauri]])''
*********''Ranwalti (spoken in Ranwain, the [[Yamuna|Yamuna valley]] of [[Uttarkashi]])''
*********[[Bangani]] ''(spoken in Bangaan area of [[Uttarkashi]])''
*********''[[Jaunpuri dialect (Garhwal)|Jaunpuri]] (spoken in [[Uttarkashi]] and [[Tehri]] districts)''
*********''[[Gangadi]] (spoken in [[Uttarkashi]])''
*********''Chaundkoti (spoken in [[Pauri]])''
********'''Parvati''' (reportedly not mutually intelligible with other dialects) (could be a separate language from Garhwali, although closely related)
********'''[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]''' ('''कुमाँऊनी''' – '''''Kumaoni''''')
*********''Western Kumaoni''
*********''Central Kumaoni'' (''Kali'')
*********''North-Eastern Kumaoni''
*********''South-Eastern Kumaoni''
********'''[[Doteli]]''' / '''[[Dotyali]]''' ('''डोटेली''' – '''Dotyali''')
*********''Doteli Proper''
*********''Baitadeli''
*********''Darchuli''
*********''[[Bajhangi]]'' / ''Bajhangi Nepali''
*********''[[Bajhangi]]'' / ''Bajhangi Nepali''
*******[[Eastern Pahari]]
*******[[Eastern Pahari]]
********'''[[Jumli language|Jumli]]''' (closely related to [[Nepali language|Nepali]])
********'''[[Jumli language|Jumli]]'''
*********''Chaudhabis''
*********''[[Sinja]]'''''
********'''[[Palpa language |Palpa]]''' (extinct)
*********''[[Sinja]]'' (''Khas Bhasa'') ''(in [[Jumla District|Jumla]], Western [[Nepal]])''
********'''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]''' / '''Khas Kura''' / '''Parbatiya''' / '''Gorkhali'''
*********''Asi''
*********''Paanchsai''
********'''[[Palpa language (Indo-Aryan)|Palpa]]''' (closely related to [[Nepali language|Nepali]]) (extinct)
********'''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]''' / '''Khas Kura''' / '''Parbatiya''' / '''Gorkhali''' ('''नेपाली''' / '''खस कुरा''' – '''''Nepali''''' / '''''Khas Kurā''''') (origin in [[Gorkha Kingdom]], today's western [[Nepal]]) (spoken by the [[Khas people|Khas]] / [[Khas Arya]] people of [[Nepal]])
*********''Achhami'' / ''Acchami''
*********''Baitadeli''
*********''[[Bajhangi]]''
*********''[[Bajhangi]]''
******[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western Indo-Aryan]]
*********''Bajurali''
*******[[Old Gujarati|Gurjar apabhraṃśa]]
*********''Bheri''
********[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
*********''Dadeldhuri''
*********'''[[Marwari language|Marwari]]''' / '''Marwari Proper'''
*********''Dailekhi''
*********''Darchulali''
*********'''[[Dhatki]]''' / '''[[Thari language|Thari]]'''
*********''Darchuli''
*********'''[[Mewati]]'''
*********''Gandakeli''
**********[[Godwari language]]
*********''Humli''
*********'''[[Dhundari]]''' / '''[[Jaipuri]]'''
*********''Purbeli''
*********'''[[Mewari]]'''
*********''Soradi''
*********'''[[Shekhawati]]'''
*********''Jhapali''
*********'''[[Goaria language|Goaria]]'''
*********''Syangjali''
*********'''[[Godwari language|Godwari]]'''
**********''[[Balvi]]''
******[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western Indo-Aryan]] ([[dialect continuum]])
**********''[[Khuni]]''
*******[[Old Gujarati|Gurjar apabhraṃśa]] (or [[Old Western Rajasthani]] / [[Old Gujarati]]: common ancestor of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]])
**********''[[Sirohi]]''
********[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] ('''राजस्थानी''' - '''''Rājasthānī''''')
*********Marwari
*********'''[[Jogi language|Jogi]]'''
*********''[[Loarki language|Loarki]]''/''[[Gade Lohar]]''
**********'''[[Marwari language|Marwari]]''' / '''Marwari Proper''' ('''मारवाड़ी''' – '''''Mārwāṛī''''') (Marwadi / Marvadi) (spoken mainly in west [[Rajasthan]] state)
*********'''[[Bagri language|Bagri]]''' / '''Bagari'''
**********'''[[Dhatki]]''' / '''[[Thari language|Thari]]''' ('''धाटकी''' – '''ڍاٽڪي''' – '''''Dhatki''''') (spoken mainly in western parts of [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Barmer district|Barmer]] districts of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] and also in [[Sindh]], Pakistan)
*********'''[[Gujari language|Gujari]]''' / '''Gurjari''' / '''[[Gojri]]'''
***********''Central Dhatki''
***********''Eastern Dhatki''
*********'''[[Gurgula language|Gurgula]]'''
***********''Southern Dhatki''
*********'''[[Harauti]]'''
*********'''[[Lambadi language|Lambadi]]''' / '''Lamani''' / '''Gor-Bol''' / '''Banjari'''
***********''Barage''
*********'''[[Malvi language|Malvi]]''' / '''Malwi''' / '''Malavi'''
***********''Malhi''
**********''[[Ujjaini]]''
**********'''[[Mewati]]''' ('''मेवाती''' – '''''Mewati''''') (spoken mainly in [[Mewat]] Region)
***********''Nuh''
**********''[[Rajawadi]]''
***********[[Godwari language]]
**********''[[Rangri dialect |Rangri]]''
***********''Alwari''
*********'''[[Nimadi language|Nimadi]]''' / '''Nimari'''
**********'''[[Dhundari]]''' / '''[[Jaipuri]]''' ('''ढूण्ढाड़ी / ઢૂણ્ઢાડ઼ી''' – '''''Dhundari''''') (spoken in the [[Dhundhar]] region of northeastern [[Rajasthan]] state, [[India]])
**********'''[[Mewari]]''' (spoken in [[Rajsamand]], [[Bhilwara]], [[Udaipur]], and [[Chittorgarh]] districts of [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]])
**********'''[[Shekhawati]]''' (spoken in the districts of [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Sikar]], [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] and a part of [[Nagaur]] and [[Jaipur]], North [[Rajasthan]])
**********'''[[Goaria language|Goaria]]'''
**********'''[[Godwari language|Godwari]]''' ('''गोद्वाली''' – '''Godwari''')
***********''[[Balvi]]''
***********''[[Khuni]]''
***********''Madahaddi''
***********''[[Sirohi]]''
**********'''[[Jogi language|Jogi]]''' (spoken by the [[Jogi (caste)|Jogis]] in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]])
**********''[[Loarki language|Loarki]]''/''[[Gade Lohar]]''
*********Unclassified
**********'''[[Bagri language|Bagri]]''' / '''Bagari''' ('''बागड़ी''' – '''Bagri''') (spoken mainly in [[Bagar tract]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])
**********'''[[Gujari language|Gujari]]''' / '''Gurjari''' / '''[[Gojri]]''' ('''ગુજરી''' – '''गुजरी''' – '''گُوجَری''' – '''''Gujari''''') (spoken by the [[Gurjars]] or [[Gujjars]])
**********'''[[Gurgula language|Gurgula]]'''
**********'''[[Harauti]]''' ('''[[Harauti language|Haroti]]''' / '''[[Hadoti]]''') (spoken in the [[Hadoti]] region of southeastern [[Rajasthan]])
**********'''[[Lambadi language|Lambadi]]''' / '''Lamani''' / '''Gor-Bol''' / '''Banjari''' (spoken by the [[Banjara]])
***********''Banjari of Maharashtra''
***********''Banjari of Karnataka''
***********''Banjari of Tamil Nadu''
***********''Banjari of Telangana''
**********'''[[Malvi language|Malvi]]''' / '''Malwi''' / '''Malavi''' (spoken in the [[Malwa]] region of [[India]])
***********''[[Ujjaini]] ([[Ujjain district|Ujjain]], [[Indore district|Indore]], [[Dewas district|Dewas]], [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]], [[Sehore district|Sehore]] districts)''
***********''[[Rajawadi]] ([[Ratlam district|Ratlam]], [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]], [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]] districts)''
***********''Umathwadi ([[Rajgarh district]])''
***********''Sondhwadi ([[Jhalawar district]])''
***********''[[Rangri dialect (Malvi)|Rangri]]''
**********'''[[Nimadi language|Nimadi]]''' / '''Nimari''' (closely related to [[Malvi language|Malvi]])
********[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]
********[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]
*********[[Old Gujarati]] (extinct)
*********[[Old Gujarati]] (extinct)
**********[[Middle Gujarati]] (extinct)
**********[[Middle Gujarati]] (extinct)
***********'''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]''' (Gujarati Proper) ('''ગુજરાતી''' – '''''Gujarātī''''')
***********'''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]'''
************''Standard Gujarati''
************''Gamadia''
************''[[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawari]]''
************''[[Kathiawari dialect|Kathiawari]]''
************''Kharwa''
************''[[Parsi Gujarati]]''
************''Kakari''
************''[[Lisan ud-Dawat]]''
************''Tarimuki (Ghisadi)''
************''[[Parsi Gujarati]]'' (''[[Parsi Gujarati|Zoroastrian Gujarati]]'')
************''[[Lisan ud-Dawat]] ([[Muslim Gujarati]], spoken by the [[Sunni Bohra|Bohra]])''
*********'''[[Jandavra language|Jandavra]]''' / '''[[Jandavra|Jhandoria]]'''
*********'''[[Jandavra language|Jandavra]]''' / '''[[Jandavra|Jhandoria]]'''
*********'''[[Vaghri language|Vaghri]]''' / '''Waghri''' / '''Baghri'''
*********'''[[Vaghri language|Vaghri]]''' / '''Waghri''' / '''Baghri'''
*********'''[[Aer language|Aer]]''' (closer to Koli)
*********'''[[Aer language|Aer]]'''
**********''Jikrio Goth Aer''
**********''Jamesabad Aer''
*********'''Koli'''
**********'''[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]]'''
**********'''[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]]'''
**********'''[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]'''
**********'''[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]'''
**********'''[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wardiyara Koli]]''' / '''[[Wadiyara Koli|Tharadari]]'''
**********'''[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wardiyara Koli]]''' / '''[[Wadiyara Koli|Tharadari]]'''
*********[[Sauraseni Prakrit]] ([[Sauraseni Prākrit|Śaurasenī Prākṛt]]) (extinct)
*********[[Sauraseni Prakrit]] (extinct)
**********'''[[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]''' (spoken by the [[Saurashtra Brahmin]]s or [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]] of [[South India]] in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]])
**********'''[[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]'''
***********''Northern Saurashtra''
*********'''[[Vasavi language|Vasavi]]''' / '''[[Vasavi Bhil]]'''
***********''Southern Saurashtra''
*********'''[[Vasavi language|Vasavi]]''' / '''[[Vasavi Bhil]]''' (a [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]] language spoken by the [[Bhil people]])
**********''Ambodiya''
**********''Dhogri (Dungri)''
**********''Khataliya''
**********''Kot (Kotne)''
**********''Dehvaliya (Kolch)''
*******'''[[Bhil languages|Bhil]]'''
*******'''[[Bhil languages|Bhil]]'''
********'''[[Gamit language|Gamit]]'''
********'''[[Gamit language|Gamit]]'''
********Northern Bhil
*********'''[[Bauria language|Bauria]]'''
*********Bauria-Vaghri-Wagdi
*********'''[[Vaghri language|Vaghri]]''' / '''Bavri'''
**********'''[[Bauria language|Bauria]]'''
*********'''[[Wagdi language|Wagdi]]'''
**********'''[[Vaghri language|Vaghri]]''' / '''Bavri'''
**********'''[[Wagdi language|Wagdi]]'''
***********''Aspur''
***********''Kherwara Wagadi''
***********''Sagwara Wagadi''
***********''Adivasi Wagdi''
*********'''[[Bhilori language|Bhilori]]'''
*********'''[[Bhilori language|Bhilori]]'''
**********''[[Dungra Bhil language|Dungra]]''
**********''[[Dungra Bhil language|Dungra]]''
**********''Noiri Bhil''
*********'''[[Magari language|Magari]]'''
*********'''[[Magari language|Magari]]''' ('''''Magra ki Boli''''')
********[[Central Bhil languages|Central Bhil]]
********[[Central Bhil languages|Central Bhil]]
*********'''[[Bhili language|Bhili proper]]''' (Bhagoria, Bhilboli) ('''भीली''' – '''''Bhili''''')
*********'''[[Bhili language|Bhili proper]]'''
**********''[[Rajput Garasia]]''
**********''[[Rajput Garasia]]''
*********'''[[Bhilali]]''' ([[Rathawi language|Rathawi]])
*********'''[[Bhilali]]'''
**********''[[Bhilali language|Bhilali proper]]''
**********''[[Bhilali language|Bhilali proper]]''
**********''[[Rathawi]] ([[Rathawi|Rathwi]])''
**********''[[Rathawi]]''
**********''[[Bhilali language|Parya Bhilali]]''
**********''[[Bhilali language|Parya Bhilali]]''
*********'''[[Chodri language|Chodri]]''' / '''Chowdhary'''
*********'''[[Chodri language|Chodri]]''' / '''Chowdhary'''
*********'''[[Dhodia-Kukna language|Dhodia-Kukna]]''' (spoken by the [[Dhodia]] and the [[Kokna]])
*********'''[[Dhodia-Kukna language|Dhodia-Kukna]]'''
*********'''[[Dubli]]''' (spoken by the [[Dubla]])
*********'''[[Dubli]]'''
********'''[[Bareli language|Bareli]]'''
********'''[[Bareli language|Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Palya Bareli language|Palya Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Palya Bareli language|Palya Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Pauri Bareli language|Pauri Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Pauri Bareli language|Pauri Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwi Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwi Bareli]]'''
*********'''[[Pardhi language|Pardhi]]''' / '''Bahelia''' (spoken by the [[Phase Pardhi]])
*********'''[[Pardhi language|Pardhi]]''' / '''Bahelia'''
**********''Neelishikari''
********'''[[Kalto language|Kalto]]'''
**********''Pittala Bhasha''
*******'''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]'''
**********''Takari''
********''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]''
**********''Haran Shikari''
********''[[Ahirani Language|Ahirani]]''
********'''[[Kalto language|Kalto]]''' ("[[Nahali language (Indo-European)|Nahali]]") (not to be confused with [[Nihali]], a [[language isolate]])
*******'''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]''' ('''खान्देशी''' / '''अहिराणी''' – '''''Khandeshi''''' / '''''Ahirani''''')
********''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] (Khandeshi Proper)''
********''[[Ahirani Language|Ahirani]] (spoken by the [[Ahir]])''
*********''Chandwadi (spoken around Chandwad hills)''
*********''Nandubari (spoken around [[Nandurbar]])''
*********''Jamnerior Tawadi (spoken around Jamner tehsil)''
*********''Taptangi (spoken by the side of Tapi, [[Tapti river]])''
*********''Dongarangi (spoken by the side of forest [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajanta]] hills)''
********''[[Dhanki language|Dhanki]]'' / ''[[Dhanki language|Dangri]]''
********''[[Dhanki language|Dhanki]]'' / ''[[Dhanki language|Dangri]]''
*******[[Domari language|Domari]]-[[Romani language|Romani]]
*******[[Domari language|Domari]]-[[Romani language|Romani]]
********Proto Domari-Romani (extinct)
********'''[[Domari language|Domari]]'''
*********''[[Garachi language|Karachi]]'' / ''[[Garachi language|Garachi]]''
*********Domari
********'''[[Seb Seliyer language|Seb Seliyer]]'''
**********'''[[Domari language|Domari]]''' ("India and Middle Eastern Gypsy") ('''دٛومَرِي''' – '''דּוֺמָרִי''' – '''Dōmʋārī''' / '''Dōmʋārī ǧib''' / '''Dômarî ĵib''') (in scattered communities in [[India]], [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]])
***********''Dombari (in Northern India and Pakistan)''
********'''[[Romani language|Romani]]'''
***********''Dehari (in Haryana)''
*********'''[[Balkan Romani]]'''
***********''Orhi (in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand)''
**********''[[Rumelian Romani|Rumelian]]''
***********''Kanjari (in Northern India)''
**********''[[Zargari Romani|Zargari]]''
************''Patharkati (in Northern India and Nepal)''
*********''[[Sepečides Romani]]''
***********''Mirasi (in Northern India, Punjab)''
*********'''[[Vlax Romani]]'''
***********''Bedi (in Bangladesh)''
**********''[[Kalderash Romani language|Kalderash Romani]]''
***********''Narikurava (in Tamil Nadu)''
**********''[[Lovari]]''
***********''Lori (in Balochistan)''
***********''[[Machvano]]''
*********[[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]
***********''Mugati (Lyuli) (in Central Asian countries)''
***********''Churi-Wali (in Afghanistan)''
**********'''[[Carpathian Romani]]'''
***********''Kurbati'' / ''Ghorbati (in Afghanistan and Iran)''
***********''[[Romungro Romani|Romungro]]'' / ''Romungro Romani''
***********''[[Garachi language|Karachi]]'' / ''[[Garachi language|Garachi]] (in Northern Iran and Azerbaijan, Caucasus)''
***********''[[Roman Romani|Roman]]'' / ''Roman Romani''
***********''Marashi (in Marash, southeastern Turkey)''
***********''[[Vend Romani|Vend]]'' / ''Vend Romani''
***********''Barake (in Syria)''
***********''[[East Slovak Romani]]''
***********''Nawari (in Mesopotamia, Levant, North Africa)''
***********''[[West Slovak Romani]]''
***********''Palestinian Domari (in the old quarters of Jerusalem)''
***********''[[South Polish Romani]]''
***********'''[[Sinte Romani]]''' ('''''Sintenghero''''' / '''''Tschib(en)''''' / '''''Sintitikes''''' / '''''Manuš''''' / '''''Romanes''''')
***********''Helebi (in North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco)''
***********''Halab'' / ''Ghajar (in Sudan)''
***********[[Welsh-Romani language|Welsh-Romani]]
***********Old Persian Domari (former speakers shifted to a mixed [[Persian Romani]] language) (extinct)
************'''[[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo]]'''
**********'''[[Seb Seliyer language|Seb Seliyer]]'''
***********'''[[Baltic Romani]]'''
******[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]]
*********Transitional Domari-Romani
*******[[Sauraseni Prakrit]] (extinct)
**********Old Lomari / Old Lomavren ("Armenian Gypsy") (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Domari-Armenian language, [[Lomavren]]) (extinct)
*********Romani
********[[Western Hindi]]
*********'''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]'''
**********'''[[Romani language|Romani]]''' ("Anatolian and European Gypsy") ('''''Romani čhib''''') (see also [[Para-Romani]] languages) (in scattered communities in [[Anatolia]]/[[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], [[Europe]], [[North America|North]] and [[South America]])
**********''[[Hindi]] / Manak or Shuddh Hindi''
***********Old Persian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed [[Persian Romani]] language) (extinct)
***********'''[[Balkan Romani]]''' (Anatolia-Balkan Romani) (Balkan Gypsy)
***********''[[Standard Hindi|Modern Standard Hindi]]''''''
***********''[[Bombay Hindi|Mumbai Hindi]]''
************''Southern Balkan (includes Anatolia)'' / ''Balkan I (some speakers shifted to a mixed [[Romano-Greek language]])''
**********''[[Urdu]]'' / ''[[Lashkari language|Lashkari]]''
*************Rumelian-Zargari
**************''[[Rumelian Romani|Rumelian]]''
***********''[[Standard Urdu|Modern Standard Urdu]]''
***********''[[Dakhini]]'' / ''Dakkhani'' / ''[[Deccan language|Deccani]]''
**************''[[Zargari Romani|Zargari]]'' (spoken in Zargar region, Abyek district of the [[Qazvin Province]] in [[Iran]] by the [[Zargari tribe]])
*************''[[Sepečides Romani]] (Greek Balkan Romani)''
************''[[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni]]''
*************''Arli'' / ''Arlija''
************[[Deccani language|''Southern Dakhni'']]'''
*************''Prizren''
***********''[[Dhakaiya Urdu]]''
*************''Ursari Romani (Erli, Usari)''
***********''[[Rekhta]]''
**********'''[[Sansi language|Sansi]]''' / '''[[Sansiboli]]''' / '''Bhilki'''
*************''Sofia Erli''
*************''Crimean Romani (Kyrymitika)''
**********'''[[Kabutra language|Kabutra]]'''
************''Northern Balkan (Zis)'' / ''Balkan II (some speakers shifted to a mixed [[Romano-Serbian language]])''
**********'''[[Braj language|Braj]]'''
*************''Dzambazi''
**********'''[[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]'''
*********'''[[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]''' / '''[[Bundeli language|Bundelkhandi]]'''
*************''Bugurdži''
*********'''[[Bhaya language|Bhaya]]'''
*************''Drindari'' / ''Razgrad Drindari (East Bulgarian Romani)''
*************''Kalajdži Romani'' / ''Pazardžik Kalajdži''
*********'''[[Ghera language|Ghera]]''' / '''[[Ghera language|Bara]]'''
*************''Tinners Romani''
*********'''[[Gowli language|Gowli]]'''
*************''Ironworker Romani''
*********'''[[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]'''
*************''Paspatian''
********'''[[Parya language|Parya]]'''
***********'''[[Vlax Romani]]''' ('''''řomani čhib''''')
********[[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]] (extinct)
************''Northern Vlax'' / ''Vlax I''
*********'''[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]'''
*************''[[Kalderash Romani language|Kalderash Romani]] (Coppersmith, Kelderashícko)''
**********'''[[Fiji Hindi]]'''
*************''[[Lovari]] (Lovarícko)''
*********'''[[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]'''
*********'''[[Surgujia language|Surgujia]]''' / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi / Bhandar
**************''[[Machvano]] (Machvanmcko)''
*************''Churari (Churarícko, Sievemakers)''
*********'''[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]'''
*************''Eastern Vlax Romani (Bisa)''
******[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]]
*************''Sedentary Romania Romani''
*******[[Magadhi Prakrit]] (extinct)
*******[[Pali Language|Pali]] (extinct)
*************''Ukraine-Moldavia Romani''
********[[Abahattha|Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha]] (extinct)
************''Southern Vlax''/''Vlax II''
*************''Serbo-Bosnian Romani''
*************''North Albanian Romani''
*************''South Albanian Romani''
*************''Sedentary Bulgaria Romani''
*************''Zagundzi''
*************''Grekurja (Greco)''
*************''Ghagar''
***********[[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]
************'''[[Carpathian Romani]]''' (Central Romani)
*************''Southern Central''
**************''[[Romungro Romani|Romungro]]'' / ''Romungro Romani''
**************''[[Roman Romani|Roman]]'' / ''Roman Romani''
**************''[[Vend Romani|Vend]]'' / ''Vend Romani''
*************''Gurvari'' / ''Gurvari Romani''
*************''Northern Central''
**************''[[East Slovak Romani]]''
**************''[[West Slovak Romani]]''
**************''Old Bohemian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Czech dialect, [[Bohemian Romani]]) (both extinct)''
**************''[[South Polish Romani]]''
************Northwestern
*************'''[[Sinte Romani]]''' ('''''Sintenghero''''' / '''''Tschib(en)''''' / '''''Sintitikes''''' / '''''Manuš''''' / '''''Romanes''''')
**************''Serbian Romani dialect''
**************''Slovenian-Croatian Romani''
**************''Venetian Sinti''
**************''Piedmont Sintí''
**************''Abbruzzesi Romani''
**************''Eftawagaria''
**************''Estracharia''
**************''Kranaria''
**************''Krantiki''
**************''Lallere''
**************''Praistiki''
**************''Gadschkene''
**************''Manouche (Manuche, Manush, Manuš)''
*************[[Welsh-Romani language|Welsh-Romani]] (''Kååle'') (''Romnimus'') (probably extinct as a first language)
*************Old Scottish Romani (former speakers shifted to [[Scottish Cant]] language) (extinct)
*************Old Anglic Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed [[Anglo-Romani]] language) (extinct)
**************Old Scandinavian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed [[Scandoromani]] language) (extinct)
***************'''[[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo]]''' ('''''Kaalengo tšimb''''')
*************Old Caló (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Occitan-Ibero Romance language, Modern [[Caló language|Caló]], and to a mixed Romani-Basque language, [[Erromintxela]]) (extinct)
************Northeastern
*************'''[[Baltic Romani]]'''
**************''Polish Romani'' (''Polska Romani'')
**************''White Russian Romani''
**************''Latvian Romani (Lettish Romani)'' (''Lotfika'')
**************''Estonian Romani'' (''Čuxny Romani'')
**************''North Russian Romani'' (''Xaladitka'')
******[[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]] (Madhya / Hindi) ([[dialect continuum]])
*******[[Sauraseni Prakrit]] (extinct) (spoken mainly in the [[Madhyadesa]] region)
********[[Western Hindi]] ([[Western Hindi|Western Madhyadesi]])
*********North Western Madhyadesi
**********'''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]''' ('''हिन्दुस्तानी''' – '''ہندوستانی''')
***********''Dehlavi'', ''[[Delhi dialect]]'', ''[[Kauravi]]'' (कौरवी), ''Vernacular Hindustani'', ''Khari'', ''Khadi'', ''Khadi Boli'', ''Khari Boli'' (खड़ी बोली – کھڑی بولی), [[Rekhta]], Urdu, Hindi, Hindvi, Deccani (Dakhini) ''(natively spoken in [[Delhi State|Delhi]], Western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and parts of [[Haryana State|Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] states, introduced into the [[Deccan]], scattered and spoken in all [[India]], especially in the Northern Indian states, [[Hindi Belt]]) (basis of [[Modern Standard Hindi]] and [[Modern Standard Urdu]])''
************''[[Hindi]] / Manak or Shuddh Hindi (Sanskritised standard register of the Hindustani language)'' (''हिन्दी'' – ''Hindī'')
*************''[[Standard Hindi|Modern Standard Hindi]]'' (''[[High Hindi]]'' / ''[[Nagari Hindi]]'') ''(prestige dialect of Hindi and of [[lingua franca]] of [[Northern India]])''
*************''Delhavi (Delhi Hindi) (spoken in [[Delhi]] and outskirts)''
*************''Doab Hindi (spoken in the [[Ganges]]-[[Yamuna]] [[Doab]])''
**************''Upper Doab (spoken in [[Upper Doab]])''
**************''Middle Doab (spoken in [[Middle Doab]]) (overlaps with [[Braj Bhasha]])''
*************''Kuttahir'' / ''Rohilkhand (spoken in [[Rohilkhand|Kuttahir]] / [[Rohilkhand]]) (overlaps with [[Braj Bhasha]] and [[Kannauji]])''
*************''[[Bombay Hindi|Mumbai Hindi]] (Mumbaiya Hindi) (Bombay Hindi) ("Bombay Baat")''
************''[[Urdu]]'' / ''[[Lashkari language|Lashkari]] (Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language)'' (''اُردُو'' – ''Urdū'')
*************''[[Standard Urdu|Modern Standard Urdu]] (prestige dialect of the language spoken in Northern South Asia, especially in cities; contains more Persian and Arabic vocabulary than Dakhni but less than Rekhta; [[lingua franca]] of [[Pakistan]])''
**************''Punjabi Urdu (Lingua franca spoken in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], including [[Lahore]] and [[Islamabad]])''
**************''Sindhi Urdu (Link language of urban Sindh, including [[Karachi]] and [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]; spoken natively by [[Mahajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]])''
**************''Awadhi Urdu (Spoken in [[Lucknow]] and other parts of [[Awadh|Central Uttar Pradesh]])''
**************''Delhavi Urdu (Historically spoken in and around [[Delhi]]; still spoken today in parts of [[Old Delhi]])''
**************''Bihari Urdu (Spoken in [[Patna]] and other parts of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]])''
**************''Bhopali Urdu (Spoken in and around [[Bhopal]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]])''
*************''[[Dakhini]]'' / ''Dakkhani'' / ''[[Deccan language|Deccani]]'' (''دکنی'' – ''Dakkhani'') ''(fewer Persian and Arabic loans than other Urdu dialects) (an Urdu dialect or a derived language from it) (spoken by the [[Dakhini Muslims]] in Central and Southern India)''
**************''[[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi Urdu / Northern Dakhni]] (spoken in regions formerly part of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], including [[Telangana]], [[Marathwada]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] in [[Karnataka|Karanataka]])''
**************[[Deccani language|''Southern Dakhni'']] ''(spoken in parts of central and southern [[Andhra Pradesh]] and some communities in northern [[Tamil Nadu]])''
*************''[[Dhakaiya Urdu]] (endangered minority language historically spoken in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]])''
*************''[[Rekhta]] (is a form of Urdu used in poetry)''
***********Sansi-Kabutra
************'''[[Sansi language|Sansi]]''' / '''[[Sansiboli]]''' / '''Bhilki'''
************'''[[Kabutra language|Kabutra]]'''
*********South Western Madhyadesi
**********Braj-Kannauji
***********'''[[Braj language|Braj]]''' (Braj Bhasha) (Brij Bhasha) ('''ब्रज भाषा''' – '''''Braj Bhasha''''') (spoken in [[Braj|Vraja Bhoomi]] region)
***********'''[[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]''' ('''कन्नौजी''' – '''''Kannauji''''') (spoken in the [[Kannauj]] region)
************''Tirhari''
************''Transitional Kannauji''
**********'''[[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]''' / '''[[Bundeli language|Bundelkhandi]]''' ('''बुन्देली''' / '''बुंदेली''' – '''''Bundeli''''') (spoken in [[Bundelkhand]])
***********''Standard Bundeli''
***********''Northwest Bundeli (similar to [[Braj Bhasha]])''
***********''Northeast Bundeli (closely related to [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]])''
***********''South Bundeli''
*********Unclassified
**********'''[[Bhaya language|Bhaya]]''' (nearly extinct)
**********'''[[Ghera language|Ghera]]''' / '''[[Ghera language|Bara]]'''
**********'''[[Gowli language|Gowli]]''' (spoken by the [[Gowari]])
**********'''[[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]''' ('''हरियाणवी''' – '''''Hariyāṇvī''''' / '''हरयाणवी''' – '''''Harayāṇvī''''') (mainly spoken in [[Haryana State]])
***********''Bagdi''
***********''Bangaru Proper''
***********''Deswali'' / ''Deshwali''
***********''Khadar''
***********''Mewati (Haryanvi)''
********'''[[Parya language|Parya]]''' ('''Парья''' – '''''Par'ya''''') (nearly extinct) (an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken out of the [[Indian Subcontinent]], in the border regions between [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]])
******Transitional Central-Eastern Indo-Aryan ([[dialect continuum]])
*******East Central Indo-Aryan languages ([[Eastern Hindi language|Eastern Hindi]])
********[[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]] ([[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamāgadhī]]) (extinct)
*********'''[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]''' ([[Awadhi language|Baiswāri]] / Pūrbī / Kōsalī) (अवधी – Awadhi) (primarily spoken in the [[Awadh]] region of present-day Central [[Uttar Pradesh]], Northern [[India]])
**********''Pardesi''
**********''Mirzapuri''
**********''Gangapari''
**********''Uttari''
**********'''[[Fiji Hindi]]''' ([[Fijian Hindustani]]) ('''फ़िजी बात''' – '''''Fiji Baat''''')
*********'''[[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]''' ([[Baghelkhandi]]) ('''बघेली''' – '''''Bagheli''''' / '''बाघेली''' – '''''[[Baghelkhandi]]''''')
**********''Godwani''
**********''Kumhari''
**********''Rewa''
*********'''[[Surgujia language|Surgujia]]''' / Sargujia / Surgujia Chhattisgarhi (Northern Chhattisgarhi) / Bhandar
*********'''[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]''' (Kosali, Dakshin Kosali) ('''छत्तीसगढ़ी''' / '''छत्तिसगढ़ी''' – '''''Chhattisgarhi''''')
**********''Chhattisgarhi Proper''
***********''Kedri (Central) Chhattisgarhi''
***********''Budati'' / ''Khaltahi (Western) Chhattisgarhi''
***********''Utti (Eastern) Chhattisgarhi''
***********''Rakshahun (Southern) Chhattisgarhi''
**********''Baighani''
**********''Bhulia''
**********''Binjhwari''
**********''Kalanga''
**********''Kavardi''
**********''Khairagarhi''
**********''Sadri Korwa''
******[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] ([[dialect continuum]])
*******[[Magadhi Prakrit]] ([[Magadhi Prakrit|Māgadhī]]) (extinct) (was spoken in the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha]])
*******[[Pali Language|Pali]] (पालि – ''Pāḷi'') ([[Paishachi|Paiśācī Prakrit]]?) (extinct) ([[Liturgical language|liturgical]] or [[sacred language]] of some religious texts of [[Hinduism]] and all texts of [[Theravāda Buddhism]])
********[[Abahattha|Apabhramsa Avahatta / Abahattha]] ('''অবহট্‌ঠ''' – '''''Abahaṭ‌ṭha''''') (extinct)
*********[[Bihari languages]]
*********[[Bihari languages]]
**********Old Bihari
**********'''[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]'''
***********''[[Mauritian Bhojpuri]]''
***********'''[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]''' ('''भोजपुरी''' – '''''Bhōjpurī''''') (spoken in Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Western [[Bihar]])
************''Northern Bhojpuri (Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria, Basti, Padrauna)''
***********'''[[Caribbean Hindustani]]'''
************''Western Bhojpuri (Purbi, Benarsi)''
************''[[Caribbean Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]''
************''Southern Bhojpuri (Kharwari)''
************''[[Sarnami Hindustani]]'' / ''Sarnami Hindoestani''
************''Nagpuria Bhojpuri (Sadari)''
**********'''[[Magahi language|Magahi]]''' / '''Magadhi'''
************''Madheshi Bhojpuri''
**********'''[[Khortha dialect|Khortha]]'''
************''Domra Bhojpuri''
**********'''[[Maithili language|Maithili]]'''
************''Musahari Bhojpuri''
***********''[[Angika language|Angika]]''
************''[[Mauritian Bhojpuri]]''
***********''[[Thēthi]]''
************''South African Bhojpuri (Naitali)''
***********''[[Bajjika language|Bajjika]]''
**********'''[[Kudmali language|Kudmali]]''' / '''[[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]''' / '''[[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]''' / Tamaria ('''কুর্মালী]]''' – '''কুড়মালি]]''' – '''''Kur(a)mālī''''')
************'''[[Caribbean Hindustani]]''' (spoken by the [[Indo-Caribbeans]])
**********'''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]'''
*************''Trinidadian Hindustani'' (''Trinidadian Bhojpuri]]'' / ''Plantation Hindustani'' / ''Gaon ke Bolee'' – ''Village Speech'')
*************''[[Caribbean Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]'' ('' [[Caribbean Hindustani|Aili Gaili]]'')
**********'''[[Sadri language|Sadri]]''' / '''Sadani''' / '''Nagpuri'''
**********'''[[Oraon Sadri language|Oraon Sadri]]'''
*************''[[Sarnami Hindustani]]'' / ''Sarnami Hindoestani (Suriname Hindustani)''
*********[[Bengali-Assamese languages]]
***********'''[[Magahi language|Magahi]]''' / '''Magadhi''' ('''મગહી''' – '''मगही''' – '''''Magahī''''' / '''''Magadhī''''') (spoken in Central [[Bihar State]])
**********'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]'''
***********'''[[Khortha dialect|Khortha]]''' (Eastern Magadhi) (could be a Magadhi dialect) (spoken by the [[Sadan people|Sadan]] in [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand State]])
***********''[[Varendri dialect|Varendri]]''
***********'''[[Maithili language|Maithili]]''' ('''मैथिली''' – '''মৈথিলী''' – '''''Maithilī''''') (spoken in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], in the states of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]])
***********''[[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi ]]''
************''[[Angika language|Angika]] (a dialect of [[Maithili language|Maithili]] or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)''
************''[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabadi ]]''
************''Central Maithili'' / ''Madhubani (Sotipura) (basis of the standard form of Maithili)''
************''[[Thēthi]]''
************''[[Malda district|Maldohiyo ]]''
************''Jolaha''
*************''[[Shadhu-bhasha|Shadhubasha]]''
************''Kisan''
*************''[[Cholit Bhasha|Chôlitôbhasha]]''
************''Madhur''
***********''[[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]]''
***********''[[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Bangali]]'' / ''[[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Vangi]]''
************''[[Bajjika language|Bajjika]] (a dialect of [[Maithili language|Maithili]] or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)''
************''[[Dhakaiya Kutti|Dhakaiya Kutti ]]'' or ''Puran Dhakaiya''
***********'''[[Kudmali language|Kudmali]]''' / '''[[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]''' / '''[[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]''' / Tamaria ('''কুর্মালী]]''' – '''কুড়মালি]]''' – '''''Kur(a)mālī''''') ('''পঞ্চপরগনিয়া''' – '''''Panchpargania''''') (spoken by the [[Kudumi Mahato]])
************''Mayurbhanja Kurumali''
*************''[[Dobhashi]]''
************''Manbhum Kurmali Thar''
*************''[[Christian Bengali]]''
***********'''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]''' (spoken predominantly by the [[Musahar]])
************''[[Noakhailla]]''
***********'''[[Sadri language|Sadri]]''' / '''Sadani''' / '''Nagpuri''' (native language of the [[Sadan people|Sadan]] / Sadri)
**********'''[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]'''
**********'''[[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]''' / '''Chattal'''
***********'''[[Oraon Sadri language|Oraon Sadri]]''' (spoken by part of the [[Oraon people|Oraon]] or [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]], a [[Dravidian people]], non Indo-European substrate)
**********'''[[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]'''
*********[[Bengali-Assamese languages]] (বাংলা-অসমীয়া ভাষাসমূহ)
**********'''[[Kurmukar language|Kurmukar]]'''
**********Old Bengali-Assamese/[[Bengali language|Old Bengali]]-[[Kamarupi Prakrit]] (কামরূপী প্রাকৃত)
**********'''[[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]'''
***********Old Bengali
************'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]''' ('''বাংলা''' – '''''Bangla''''')
**********'''[[Chakma language|Chakma]]'''
**********'''[[Tangchangya language|Tangchangya]]'''
*************''Modern Standard Bengali'' (''শুদ্ধ বাংলা – Shuddho Bangla'')
*************''[[Varendri dialect|Varendri]]'' (''বরেন্দ্রী – Borendri'')
**********'''[[Hajong language|Hajong]]'''
**********'''[[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]]'''
*************''[[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi (রাঢ়ী)]] (West Bengal Standard Prestige dialect) (basis of Western Modern Standard Bengali but not identical)''
**********[[Lodhi language|Lodhi]] (?)
**************''[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabadi (মুর্শিদাবাদী)]]''
*********[[Kamarupi Prakrit]] / [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupi Apabhramsa]] (extinct)
**************''[[Malda district|Maldohiyo (মালদহীয়)]] (Jongipuri – জঙ্গিপুরী)''
**********'''[[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]''' / '''[[Surjapuri language|Surajpuri]]'''
**************''Madhya Rādhi (মধ্য রাঢ়ী)''
**********'''[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuriya]]''' / '''Rangpuri''' / '''Rajbanshi''' / '''Rajbangsi''' / '''[[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri]]''' / '''Deshi Bhasha''' / '''Uzani'''
***************''[[Shadhu-bhasha|Shadhubasha]] (সাধুভাষা – Sadhubhasha) (Old Literary Bengali)''
***********''[[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri]]''
***************''[[Cholit Bhasha|Chôlitôbhasha]] (চলিতভাষা – Chôlitôbhasha / চলতিভাষা – Choltibhasha) (Nadia standard / Shantipuri শান্তিপুরী) (Vernacular based Literary Bengali)''
**************''Kolkata dialect (spoken in [[Kolkata]] and [[Kolkata District]])''
***********''[[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi]]''
*************''[[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]]''
***********''[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]]''
**************''Birbhumi''
**********[[Old Assamese]]
**************''Kanthi ([[Contai]])''
***********'''[[Assamese language|Assamese]]'''
*************''Sundarbani''
************''[[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]]''
*************''[[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Bangali]]'' / ''[[Bangali (ethnic dialect)|Vangi]]''
************''[[Goalpariya dialect|Goalpariya]]''
**************''Jessor''/''Jessoriya (spoken in [[Jessore District]])''
************''[[Kamrupi dialect|Kamrupi]]''/''[[Kamrupi dialect|Kamarupi]]''
**************''Pabnai (spoken in the [[Pabna District]])''
*********[[Odia language]]s
**************''Dhakaiya (spoken in [[Dhaka Division]])''
**********[[Old Odia]]
***********'''[[Odia language|Odia proper]]'''
**************''Eastern Standard Bengali (use in education throughout Bangladesh)''
************''[[Singhbhumi Odia]]''
**************''[[Dhakaiya Kutti|Dhakaiya Kutti (ঢাকাইয়া কুট্টি)]]'' or ''Puran Dhakaiya (পুরান ঢাকাইয়া) (spoken in [[Old Dhaka]])''
************''[[Baleswari Odia]]''
**************''Dhakaiya (spoken in [[Dhaka Division]], basis of Eastern Modern Standard Bengali but not identical)''
***************''[[Dobhashi]] (দোভাষী) (Historical form of Bengali)''
************''[[Ganjami Odia]]''
************''[[Phulbani Odia]]''
***************''[[Christian Bengali]] (খ্রীষ্টীয় বাংলা) (Historical form of Bengali)''
**************''Mymensinghi (spoken in [[Mymensingh]] and [[Mymensingh Division]])''
************''[[Sundargadi Odia]]''
**************''Borishailla (spoken in [[Barisal Division]])''
************''[[Kalahandia Odia]]''
**************''Comillai''/''Cumillai (spoken in the [[Comilla District]])''
***********'''[[Adivasi Oriya]]''' / '''Adivasi Odia'''
**************''[[Noakhailla]] (spoken in the [[Noakhali District]])''
***********'''[[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]]''' / '''Jharia'''
************'''[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] (সিলেটি - Silôṭi)''' (spoken in the [[Sylhet region]])
***********'''[[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]''' / '''Western Odia'''
***********'''[[Reli language|Reli]]''' / '''Relli'''
************'''[[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]''' / '''Chattal''' ([[Chatgaya]] / Satgaya) ('''চাঁটগাঁইয়া]]''' – '''''Sãṭgãiya''''') (mainly spoken in [[Chittagong Division]], Southeast [[Bangladesh]])
***********'''[[Kupia language|Kupia]]'''
************'''[[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]''' ('''رُاَࣺينڠَ''' – '''''Ruáingga''''') (spoken by the [[Rohingya people]] in [[Rakhine State]], far northwest [[Myanmar]], and also in [[Chittagong Division]], far southeast Bangladesh)
************'''[[Kurmukar language|Kurmukar]]'''
************'''[[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]''' ('''ইমার ঠার''' – '''''Imar Thar''''') (originally confined to the surroundings of the [[Loktak Lake]], [[Manipur State]], Northeast [[India]])
*************''Rajar Gang ("King's village")''
*************''Madai Gang ("Queen's village")''
************'''[[Chakma language|Chakma]]''' ('''''Changmha Bhach''''') (spoken by the [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]]) (has [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] substrate from the [[Sal languages|Sal]] branch)
************'''[[Tangchangya language|Tangchangya]]''' (spoken by the [[Tanchangya people]], Pre-Indo-European substrate)
************'''[[Hajong language|Hajong]]''' ('''হৃজং ভাশা''' – '''''Hajong Bhasa''''') ([[Hajong language|New Hajong]]) (Old Hajong was a [[Tibeto-Burman]] language, New Hajong is an Indo-Aryan language with Tibeto-Burman roots and substrate)
*************''Doskine'''
*************''Korebari''
*************''Susung'ye'''
*************''Barohajarye'''
*************''Miespe'rye'''
************'''[[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]]''' (spoken by a quarter of the [[Kharia people]]) ([[Kharia language|Kharia]] substrate)
************[[Lodhi language|Lodhi]] (?) (there could be an Indo-Aryan language with the same name as [[Lodhi language|Lodhi]], a [[Munda languages|Munda]] [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language)
***********[[Kamarupi Prakrit]] / [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupi Apabhramsa]] (spoken in [[Kamarupa Kingdom]]) (extinct)
************West Kamarupa (Kamata) ([[KRNB lects]] – Kamta, Rajbanshi and Northern Bangla lects)
*************'''[[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]''' / '''[[Surjapuri language|Surajpuri]]''' (mainly spoken in the parts of [[Purnia division]], east [[Bihar]], east [[India]])
*************'''Dhekri'''
*************'''[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuriya]]''' / '''Rangpuri''' / '''Rajbanshi''' / '''Rajbangsi''' / '''[[Kamtapuri language|Kamtapuri]]''' / '''Deshi Bhasha''' / '''Uzani'''
**************''[[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri]]'' (''Western Rajbanshi'')
**************''[[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi]]'' (''Central Rajbanshi'')
**************''[[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]]'' (''Eastern Rajbanshi'')
************East Kamarupa (Asamiya)
*************[[Old Assamese]]
**************'''[[Assamese language|Assamese]]''' ('''''Asamiya''''' / ''''''[[Ôxômiya]]'''''')
***************''[[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]]''
***************''Bhakatiya''
***************''[[Goalpariya dialect|Goalpariya]]''
***************''[[Kamrupi dialect|Kamrupi]]''/''[[Kamrupi dialect|Kamarupi]]''
***************''Central group''
***************''Eastern group ([[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]] is based on the Eastern group)''
*********[[Odia language]]s (Oriya)
**********[[Old Odia]] (spoken in [[Utkala Kingdom]], located in the northern and eastern portion of the modern-day Indian state of [[Odisha]])
***********Early Middle Odia
************Middle Odia
*************Late Middle Odia
**************'''[[Odia language|Odia proper]]''' ([[Modern Odia]]) ('''ଓଡ଼ିଆ''' – '''''Oṛiā''''' / '''''Odia''''')
***************''Spoken Standard Odia''
***************''Literary standard of Odia''
***************''Midnapori Odia (spoken in the undivided Midnapore and Bankura Districts of [[West Bengal]])''
***************''[[Singhbhumi Odia]] (spoken in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district of Jharkhand)''
***************''[[Baleswari Odia]] (spoken in Baleswar, Bhadrak and Mayurbhanj district of [[Odisha]])''
***************''Cuttaki Odia (spoken in Cuttack, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara district of [[Odisha]])''
***************''Puri Odia (spoken in Puri district of [[Odisha]])''
***************''[[Ganjami Odia]] (spoken in Ganjam and Gajapati districts of [[Odisha]] and Srikakulam district of [[Andhra Pradesh]])''
***************''[[Phulbani Odia]] (spoken in Phulbani, Phulbani Town, Khajuripada block of Kandhamal, and in nearby areas bordering Boudh district)''
***************''[[Sundargadi Odia]] (variation of Odia Spoken in Sundargarh district of Odisha and in adjoining pockets of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh)''
***************''[[Kalahandia Odia]] (variation of Odia spoken in undivided Kalahandi District and neighboring districts of Chhattisgarh)''
***************''Kurmi (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal)''
***************''Sounti (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal) (spoken by the [[Sounti]])''
***************''Bathudi (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal by the [[Bathudi]])''
***************''Kondhan (a tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha)''
***************''Laria (spoken in bordering areas of Chatishgarh and Western Odisha)''
***************''Aghria'' / Agharia ''(spoken mostly by the [[Agharia]] or Aghria caste in Western [[Odisha]])''
***************''Bhulia (spoken in Western part of Odisha by [[Bhulia]] or Weaver community)''
**************'''[[Adivasi Oriya]]''' / '''Adivasi Odia'''
**************'''[[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]]''' / '''Jharia''' (tribal dialect of Odia spoken mostly in Koraput district of Southern Odisha)
**************'''Desiya Odia''' or '''Koraputia Odia''' (spoken in Koraput, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Nabarangapur and Malkangiri Districts of [[Odisha]] and in the hilly regions of Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram District of [[Andhra Pradesh]])
**************'''[[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]''' / '''Western Odia''' (Kosali) (spoken in western [[Odisha]], East [[India]], in Bargarh, Bolangir, Boudh, Debagarh, Nuapada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur districts of Odisha and in Raigarh, Mahasamund, Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh state) (it is not to be confused with "Kosali", a term sometimes also used for [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and related languages)
**************'''[[Reli language|Reli]]''' / '''Relli''' (spoken in Southern Odisha and bordering areas of Andhra Pradesh)
**************'''[[Kupia language|Kupia]]''' (spoken by the [[Valmiki caste]] people in the Indian state of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts)
******Transitional Eastern-Southern Indo-Aryan ([[dialect continuum]])
*******[[Halbic languages|Halbic]]
*******[[Halbic languages|Halbic]]
********'''[[Halbi language|Halbi]]'''
********'''[[Halbi language|Halbi]]''' (Bastari, Halba, Halvas) ('''ହଲବୀ''' – '''हलबी''' – '''Halbi''') (spoken in undivided [[Bastar district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], transitional between [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]])
*********''Mehari''
********'''[[Bhunjia language|Bhunjia]]'''
********'''[[Bhunjia language|Bhunjia]]'''
********'''[[Bhatri]]''' (spoken in South-western [[Odisha]] and eastern-south [[Chhattisgarh]])
********'''[[Bhatri]]'''
********'''[[Kamar language|Kamar]]'''
********'''[[Kamar language|Kamar]]'''
********'''[[Mirgan language|Mirgan]]'''/'''[[Mirgan language|Panika]]'''
********'''[[Mirgan language|Mirgan]]'''/'''[[Mirgan language|Panika]]'''
********'''[[Nahari language|Nahari]]''' (not to be confused with [[Kalto language|Nahali]] language)
********'''[[Nahari language|Nahari]]'''
******[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Indo-Aryan]] ([[dialect continuum]])
******[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Indo-Aryan]]
*******[[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत – ''Mahārāṣṭri Prākṛt'') (extinct)
*******[[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (extinct)
********[[Marathi–Konkani languages]]
*********'''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]''' ('''मराठी''' – '''''Marāṭhī''''')
**********''[[Marathi language|Standard Marathi]]''
**********''Zadi Boli''/''Zhadiboli (spoken in eastern [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], Eastern [[Maharashtra]])''
**********''[[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]]''/''[[Varhadi-Nagpuri]] (spoken in western [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], Eastern [[Maharashtra]])''
***********''Nagpuri''
**********''Desi (spoken in Western [[Maharashtra]])''
***********''[[East Indian language|Mumbai Marathi]]'' / ''[[East Indian language]]''
**********''Southern Indian Marathi (spoken by many descendants of [[Maharashtrians]] who migrated to [[Southern India]])''
***********''[[Thanjavur Marathi dialect|Thanjavur Marathi]]''
***********''Namadeva Shimpi Marathi''
***********''Arey Marathi''
***********''Bhavsar Marathi''
**********''[[Judeo-Marathi]] (spoken by the [[Bene Israel]] – Marathi Jews)''
*********[[Konkani languages|Konkani]] (spoken along [[Konkan Coast]] and Northern [[Malabar Coast]])
**********'''[[Kadodi language|Kadodi]]''' ([[Samvedi language|Samvedi]], [[Samvedi language|Samavedi]]) (spoken by the Samvedi Brahmin and [[Kupari]] community in Vasai, Maharashtra, India)
**********'''[[Katkari language|Katkari]]''' / '''Kathodi''' (spoken by the [[Katkari people]])
**********'''[[Varli language|Varli]]''' / '''Warli''' ('''वारली''' – '''Varli'''/'''Warli''') (spoken by the Warli / [[Varli people]])
**********'''[[Phudagi language|Phudagi]]''' / '''Vadvali''' ('''फुडगी''' – '''Phudagi''' / '''वाडवळी''' – '''Vadvali''')
**********'''[[Maharashtrian Konkani]]''' / '''Maharashtrian Kokani''' ('''महाराष्ट्रीय कोंकणी''' – '''''Maharashtri Konkani''''' / '''महाराष्ट्रीय कोकणी''' – '''''Maharashtri Kokani]]''''')
***********''Parabhi''
***********''Koli (spoken by the [[Koli people|Koli]] or fishermen community found in Mumbai, Thane, Palghar and Raigad district of Maharashtra)''
***********''Kiristanv''
***********''Kunbi''
***********''[[Agri dialect|Agri]]''/''[[Agri dialect|Agari]] (spoken by the [[Agri people]])''
***********''Dhangari''
***********''[[Thakri dialect|Thakri]]''/[[Thakri dialect|Thakuri]] ''(spoken by the Adivasi and katkari community found in Raigad district of Maharashtra) (non-Marathi substratum)''
***********''Karadhi''
***********''[[Sangameshwari]]''
***********''Bankoti''
***********''Maoli''
**********'''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]''' ('''[[Goan Konkani]]''') ('''कोंकणी''' – '''''Kōṅkaṇī''''')
***********''[[Goan Konkani|Goan Konkani Proper]]''
***********''[[Mangalorean Konkani]]''
***********''[[Chitpavani Konkani]]''
***********''[[Malvani Konkani]]''
***********''Karwari Konkani''
**********'''[[Kukna language|Kukna]]''' ('''[[Canarese Konkani]]''') ('''कॅनराचॆं कोंकणी''' – '''''Kanarachem Konkani''''')
***********''Saraswat dialects'' (''आमचीगॆलॆं'' – ''āmcigelẽ'')
***********''Travancore Konkani ([[Kerala Konkani]]) (including parts of [[Kochi]] / [[Cochin]])'' (''कॊच्चिमांय'' – ''Koccimā̃y'')
********[[Sinhalese-Maldivian languages]] (Insular Indo-Aryan)
*********[[Elu|Sinhalese Prakrit]] ([[Elu]] / [[Elu|Helu]] / [[Elu|Hela]]) (''[[Elu|Eḷu]]'' / ''[[Elu|Sīhala]]'') (extinct)
**********Proto-Sinhala (3rd–7th century CE)
***********Medieval Sinhala (7th–12th century CE)
************'''[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]''' ([[Sinhala language|Modern Sinhala]]) ('''සිංහල''' – ''''''Siṁhala'''''')
*************''Uva (Monaragala, Badulla)''
*************''Southern (Galle)''
*************''Uppland Country (Kandy)''
*************''Sabaragamu (Kegalle)''
**********'''[[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]''' ([[Dhivehi Language|Dhivehi]]) ('''ދިވެހި''' – '''Dhivehi''' / '''ދިވެހިބަސް''' – '''Dhivehi-bas''') (spoken in the [[Maldives]] and also in the [[Union Territory of Lakshadweep]], southwest [[India]] and in [[Minicoy Island]], southwest [[India]])
***********''Maliku Bas ([[Mahl dialect|Mahl]]) (spoken in [[Minicoy]])''
***********''Haddhunmathee Bas (spoken in [[Haddhunmathi]] / [[Laamu Atoll|Laamu]])''
***********''[[Malé Bas]] (basis of Standard Maldivian)''
***********''[[Mulaku Bas]] (spoken in [[Fuvahmulah]])''
***********''Madifushi Bas (spoken in [[Kolhumadulu]])''
***********''[[Huvadhu bas|Huvadhu Bas]] (spoken in [[Huvadhu]])''
***********''Addu Bas (spoken in [[Addu Atoll|Addu]])''
******Unclassified
*******'''[[Andh language|Andh]]''' / '''Andhi''' (spoken by the [[Andh]])
*******Chinali-Lahul Lohar (spoken in [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], in northern [[Himachal Pradesh]], northern [[India]])
********'''[[Chinali language|Chinali]]'''
********'''[[Lahul Lohar language|Lahul Lohar]]'''
*******'''[[Kanjari language|Kanjari]]''' (it may be one of the [[Punjabi languages]])
*******'''[[Kholosi language|Kholosi]]''' (spoken in two villages in southern [[Iran]])
*******'''[[Savji#Language|Savji language]]''' (Saoji / Souji / Sauji) ('''''Savji bhasha''''' / '''''Khatri bhasha''''')
*******'''[[Vaagri Booli language|Vaagri Booli]]''' / '''Hakkipikki'''
*******'''[[Od language|Od]]''' ('''''Oadki''''') (it has similarities to [[Marathi language|Marathi]], with features also shared with [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]) (spoken by the [[Orh]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[New Delhi]], [[Sindh]], and the south of [[Punjab]])
*******Kuswaric (spoken in [[Nepal]])
********'''[[Danwar language|Danwar]]''' / '''[[Danwar language|Danuwar]]'''
********'''[[Bote-Darai language|Bote-Darai]]'''
*********''Bote'' (spoken by [[Bote people]])
*********''Darai'' (spoken by [[Darai people]])
********'''[[Dewas Rai language|Dewas Rai]]''' (it is not related to the [[Rai languages]] of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] family)
*******'''[[Kumhali language|Kumhali]]''' / '''Kumbale''' (moribund Indic language of [[Nepal]] spoken by [[Kumal people]])
*******'''[[Majhi language|Majhi]]''' (extinct in India but still spoken in Nepal by the [[Majhi people]])
*******'''[[Tharu languages|Tharu]]''' ('''थारु''' – '''''Tharu''''') (not only one language) (pre-Indo-European, pre-Dravidian and pre-Sino-Tibetan substrate of an unknown language or languages of a possible indigenous language family) (mainly in the [[Terai]] regions of [[Nepal]] by [[Tharu people]])
********Dangaura-Rana-Buksa-Kathariya-Sonha (mutually intelligible)
*********'''[[Dangaura Tharu]]'''
*********'''[[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]]''' (spoken by [[Rana Tharu people]])
*********'''[[Kathariya Tharu]]'''
*********'''[[Sonha language|Sonha]]'''
*********'''[[Buksa language|Buksa Tharu]]'''/'''Bhoksa Tharu''' (spoken by the [[Bhoksa people]])
********'''[[Kochila Tharu]]'''
*********''Western Kochila''
*********''Central Kochila'' (Saptariya Tharu)
*********''Eastern Kochila'' (Morangiya Tharu)
********'''[[Chitwania Tharu]]'''

{{tree list/end}}


==Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)==
==Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)==
'''Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear'''
'''Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear'''
*[[Brygian language|Brygian]]
*[[Armeno-Phrygian]]?
**Brygo-Phrygian
*[[Phrygian language|Phrygian]]
*[[Moesian]]
***[[Brygian language|Brygian]] (part of or closely related to [[Phrygian language]] and possibly also related to [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] speakers that stayed in Northern [[Greece]], Southern [[Illyria]] and Southern [[Thrace]])
*[[Mysian language|Mysian]]?
***[[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] (may have been more closely related to Greek, also a possible ancestor of Armenian, East [[Phrygians]] or [[Mysians]] (Eastern [[Mushki]]) may have spoken a language that was [[Proto-Armenian]], ancestor of [[Armenian language|Armenian]])
*[[Mushki]]an
**[[Moesian]]-[[Mysian language|Mysian]]?
*[[Mygdonia]]n?
***[[Moesian]] (possibly related to [[Mysian language|Mysian]] and to [[Dacian language|Dacian]], related to [[Phrygian language|Brygian]], spoken by the [[Bryges]], and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]])
*[[Paeonian language|Paionian]]
***[[Mysian language|Mysian]]? – possibly related to [[Moesian]], an Anatolian/Asia Minor branch of Moesian, and to [[Dacian language|Dacian]], related to [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] with an [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] substrate closer to [[Lydian language|Lydian]]) (also may have been an [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] Indo-European language). [[Mysians]] may have been the same as the [[Mushki]] (western and eastern branches) and their language also, if that was the case, then their language may have been related to or an ancestor of [[Proto-Armenian]] (Eastern [[Mushki]] may have been identical with [[Proto-Armenian]]).
*[[Belgic language|Belgic]]/[[Ancient Belgian language|Ancient Belgian]]
***[[Mushki]]an
*[[Cimmerians|Cimmerian]]
****Western Mushkian (identical with [[Mysian language|Mysian]]?)
*[[Dardani]]an
****Eastern Mushkian (identical with [[Proto-Armenian]]?)
*[[Asii|Assinean]]
**[[Mygdonia]]n? (language of the Mygdonians)
*[[Jushi Kingdom|Gushiean]]
**[[Paeonian language|Paionian]] (possibly related to Phrygian, Thracian, Illyrian, or Anatolian)
*[[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]]
*[[Belgic language|Belgic]]/[[Ancient Belgian language|Ancient Belgian]] (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Italic, or part of the [[Nordwestblock]]) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch)
*[[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]]
*[[Cimmerians|Cimmerian]] (possibly related to Iranian or Thracian)
*[[Daco-Thracian]]
*[[Dardani]]an (Illyrian, Dacian, mixed Thracian-Illyrian or a transitional Thracian-Illyrian language)
**[[Dacian language|Dacian]]
*East Central Asia Indo-European (is a Geographical grouping, not necessarily genealogical) (they may have been [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] or [[Tocharian languages]])
**[[Thracian language|Thracian]]
**[[Asii|Asinean]] / [[Asii|Ossinean]]-[[Wusun]]ean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people)
*[[Illyrian language]]
***[[Asii|Assinean]] / Ossinean (Ancient language of the steppe, spoken by the [[Asii]]) (Assinean or Ossinean and Wusunean may have been two different variant names for the same language and people)
*[[Messapic language|Messapic]]
***Wusunean (it was spoken by the [[Wusun]], *ʔɑ-suən in [[Eastern Han Chinese]], an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the [[Qilian Mountains]] and [[Dunhuang]], [[Gansu]], near the [[Yuezhi]] or in [[Dunhong]], in the [[Tian Shan]]) (may have been the same people that was called by the names [[Issedones]] and [[Asii]], *ʔɑ-suən in [[Eastern Han Chinese]], and they possibly were an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]] or a [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] people)
*[[Venetic language|Venetic]]
**Gushiean-Yuezhiean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people which for some time dwelt in several regions of modern eastern [[Xinjiang]] and western [[Gansu]])
*[[Liburnian language|Liburnian]]
***[[Jushi Kingdom|Gushiean]] (Language of an obscure ancient people on the [[Turpan Basin]], known as the [[Jushi Kingdom|Gushi]] or [[Jushi Kingdom|Jushi]] of the [[Jushi Kingdom|Gushi]] or [[Jushi Kingdom]]. It eventually diverged into two dialects, as noted by diplomats from the [[Han empire]]) (it may have been an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]], which overlapped with or replaced the "[[Tocharian A]]" language, or a [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] language)
****Nearer Gushiean / Anterior Gushiean, in the [[Turpan Basin]] southern area
****Further Gushiean / Posterior Gushiean, in the [[Turpan Basin]] northern area
***Yuezhiean (it was spoken by the [[Yuezhi]], an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the western areas of the modern Chinese province of [[Gansu]], during the 1st millennium BC, or in [[Dunhong]], in the [[Tian Shan]], later they migrated westward and southward into south [[Central Asia]], in contact and conflict with the [[Sogdians]] and [[Bactrians]], and they possibly were the people called by the name "Tocharians", which was possibly a [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] or an [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] speaking people)
****Greater-Yuezhiean (Dà Yuèzhī – 大月氏) (dialect ancestral to the hypothetical Kushanite language spoken in [[Kushana]]). Possibly this language was spoken by an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] or [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] people (possibly they were the ancestors of the [[Kushans]])
*****Kushanite (language of the [[Kushans]] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 貴霜; [[pinyin]]: Guìshuāng), the people which formed the [[Kushan Empire]])
****Lesser-Yuezhiean (Xiǎo Yuèzhī – 小月氏)
*[[Ligurian language (ancient)]] (possibly related to Italic or Celtic)
*[[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]] (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Ligurian, Italic, [[Nordwestblock]], or his own branch) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch)
*[[Paleo-Balkan languages]] (is a Geographical grouping, not genealogical)
**[[Daco-Thracian]]
***[[Dacian language|Geto-Dacian]]
****[[Dacian language|Dacian]] (possibly related to Thracian)
****Getaean Language (Transitional Thracian Dacian language spoken by the Getae)
***Moesian Language (Dialect of Dacian possibly spoken by the [[Moesi]] or a language related to [[Mysian language|Mysian]])?
***[[Thracian language|Thracian]] (possibly related to Dacian)
**Illyrian-Messapian
***[[Illyrian languages]] (one is a possible ancestor of [[Albanian language|Albanian]])
***[[Messapic language|Messapic]] (possibly related to [[Illyrian languages]], spoken in today's Apulia, Italy, but possibly originated in [[Dalmatia]], Western Balkans)
*Venetic-Liburnian (either Italic or closely related to Italic)
**[[Venetic language|Venetic]] (either Italic or closely related to Italic)
**[[Liburnian language|Liburnian]] (possibly related to [[Venetic]])

==Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)==
==Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)==
'''Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families''' (?)
'''Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families''' (?)
Line 4,455: Line 1,902:
*[[Elymian language|Elymian]]
*[[Elymian language|Elymian]]
*[[Eteocypriot]]
*[[Eteocypriot]]
*Hunnic-Xiongnu language or languages (possibly the same or part of the same)
**[[Hunnic language|Hunnic]] (possibly part, related or descend from the older language of the Xiongnu) – there is a hypothesis that endorses the possibly that Hunnic belonged to the Scythian branch of Iranic language group (other hypotheses uphold Hunnic was a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] or [[Yeniseian languages|Yenisean]] language) ([[Huns]] were a tribal confederation of different peoples and tribes, not necessarily of the same origin, because of that, even if not the most, there may have been an Indo-European linguistic element)
**[[Xiongnu#Ethnolinguistic origins|Xiongnu]] (Huns may have been related, part of them or descend from them) – spoken by the [[Xiongnu]] tribes in Central [[Mongolia]] and northeast China (other hypotheses uphold Xiongnu language was a Turkic or Yenisean language) ([[Xiongnu]] were a tribal confederation of different peoples and tribes, not necessarily of the same origin, because of that, even if not the most, there may have been an Indo-European linguistic element)
*[[Minoan]]
*[[Minoan]]
**[[Eteocretan]]
**[[Eteocretan]]
*[[Paleo-Corsican language|Paleo-Corsican]] – unattested, only inferred from [[Toponymy|toponymic evidence]].
*[[Paleo-Corsican language|Paleo-Corsican]]
*[[Paleo-Sardinian language|Paleo-Sardinian]] – unattested, only inferred from toponymic evidence and a presumed substratum in [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]].
*[[Paleo-Sardinian language|Paleo-Sardinian]]
*[[Philistine language|Philistine]]
*[[Philistine language|Philistine]] – spoken by [[Philistines]] in coastal [[Canaan]], mainly in the southwest coast, it may have been an [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]], [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] or [[Illyrian language]].
*[[Tartessian language|Tartessian]] – part of Celtic, Pre-Celtic Indo-European, Anatolian, a divergent branch of Indo-European or an Indo-European related language family?
*[[Tartessian language|Tartessian]]
*[[Trojan language|Trojan]]
*[[Trojan language|Trojan]] – spoken in [[Troy]] (''[[Troy|Wilusa]]'' as the city was known by the [[Hittites]]) and the [[Troad]] (''[[Troad|Taruiša]]'' as the region was known by the [[Hittites]]), may have been [[Luwian language|Luwian]] (an [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] language) or [[Greek language|Greek]] (a [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] language), all the former languages were members of branches part of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family; or an [[Etruscan language]] (Non-Indo-European language, possibly part of the [[Tyrsenian languages|Tyrsenian]] language family).

==Hypothetical Indo-European languages (all extinct)==
*[[Proto-Euphratean language|Euphratic]] – a hypothetical ancient Indo-European language spoken in the [[Euphrates]] river course that may have been the substrate language of later Semitic languages.
*[[Ordos culture]] language – located in modern [[Inner Mongolia]] autonomous region, China.This culture may reflect the easternmost extension of an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group, possibly [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] under the form of Sakans or [[Scythians]], or [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] (One other possibility is that they were the [[Xiongnu]] people).
*Qiang language (of the ancient [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] people) – spoken by the historical [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] people in parts of the northeastern and eastern [[Tibetan Plateau]], modern China.

==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages]]
*[[List of Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed languages and Cants based on Indo-European languages]]
Line 4,487: Line 1,925:
*[[Thraco-Illyrian]]
*[[Thraco-Illyrian]]
*[[Italo-Celtic]]
*[[Italo-Celtic]]

==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16 Indo-European language tree]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2-16 Indo-European language tree]
<nowiki>
<nowiki>
{{Countries and languages lists}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}

[[Category:Indo-European languages| ]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages| ]]

Latest revision as of 14:43, 4 November 2024

Indo-European languages worldwide by country
  Official or primary language
  Secondary official language
  Recognized
  Significant
  No use
The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia:
  Albanian
  Armenian
  Balto-Slavic (Baltic)
  Balto-Slavic (Slavic)
  Celtic
  Germanic
  Hellenic (Greek)
  Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani)
  Italic (Romance)
  Non-Indo-European languages
Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
The approximate present-day distribution of Indo-European languages within the Americas by country:
Romance:
  Spanish
  Portuguese
  French
Germanic:
  English
  Dutch
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This is a list of languages in the Indo-European language family. It contains a large number of individual languages, together spoken by roughly half the world's population.

Numbers of languages and language groups

[edit]

The Indo-European languages include some 449 (SIL estimate, 2018 edition[1]) languages spoken by about 3.5 billion people or more (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups in Europe, and western and southern Asia, belong to the Indo-European language family. This is thus the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages: by this measure it is only the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the de facto world lingua franca, with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. Most of the subfamilies or linguistic branches in this list contain many subgroups and individual languages. The relationships between these branches (how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language) are a matter of further research and not yet fully known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family; they are not yet classified in a branch and could constitute a separate branch. The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition,[1] are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.

Definition of language

[edit]

The distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a dialect continuum, with transitional dialects and languages. Further, there is no agreed standard criterion for what amount of differences in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and prosody are required to constitute a separate language, as opposed to a mere dialect. Mutual intelligibility can be considered, but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility. Or there may be cases where between three dialects, A, B, and C, A and B are mutually intelligible, B and C are mutually intelligible, but A and C are not. In such circumstances grouping the three dielects becomes impossible. Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a large land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects.

Summary of historical development

[edit]

The ancestral population and language, Proto-Indo-Europeans that spoke Proto-Indo-European, are estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP). At some point in time, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP), this population expanded through migration and cultural influence. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement, acculturation and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern Eurasia.[2] This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family. By around 1000 BCE, there were many millions of Indo-European speakers, and they lived in a vast geographical area which covered most of western and southern Eurasia (including western Central Asia). In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further. Indo-European languages continued to be spoken in large land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor were lost to other language families (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (which changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary, due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, from about AD 1500 onwards, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to North Asia (Siberia), through Russian expansion, and North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.) The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of European colonization, also gave origin to the many pidgins, creoles and mixed languages that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

Proto-Indo-European

[edit]

Dating the split-offs of the main branches

[edit]
Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-European, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent proto-languages, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated. However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.[3] Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:[4]

David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence:[4]

The list below follows Donald Ringe, Tandy Warnow and Ann Taylor classification tree for Indo-European branches.[5] quoted in Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press.

Anatolian languages (all extinct)

[edit]
Anatolian languages in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwian, Yellow: Hittite, Red: Palaic.

{{tree list}}

Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)

[edit]
Tocharian languages: A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.[10] Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.

{{tree list}}

Albanian language

[edit]
See also: Albanoid
Distribution of modern Albanian dialects.

{{tree list}}

Italic languages

[edit]
Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours.
Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages[15]
Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown).
European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century
Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the La Spezia–Rimini Line; Southern Romance is represented by Sardinian as an outlier.
Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.

{{tree list}}

Celtic languages

[edit]
Diachronic distribution of Celtic language speakers:
  core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BCE
  maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BCE
  Lusitanian and Vettonian area of Iberian Peninsula where Celtic presence is uncertain, Para-Celtic?
  the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period
  areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today
A map of the modern distribution of the Celtic languages. Red: Welsh; Purple: Cornish; Black: Breton; Green: Irish; Blue: Scottish Gaelic: Yellow: Manx. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

{{tree list}}

Hellenic languages

[edit]
The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.
Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.[20]

{{tree list}}

Armenian language

[edit]
Armenian dialects, according to Adjarian (1909) (before 1st World War and Armenian Genocide). In many regions of the contiguous area shown in the map, Armenian speakers were the majority or a significant minority.
Modern geographical distribution of the Armenian language.

{{tree list}}

Germanic languages

[edit]
One proposed theory for approximate distribution of the primary Germanic dialect groups in Europe around the year 1 AD. East Germanic
  East Germanic
Northwest Germanic West Germanic
  Elbe Germanic
  Weser–Rhine Germanic
  North Sea Germanic
North Germanic
  North Germanic
Germanic languages and main dialect groups in Europe after 1945.
Germanic languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Germanic languages are spoken. Dark Red: First language; Red: Official or Co-Official language, Pink: Spoken by a significant minority as second language.

{{tree list}}

Balto-Slavic languages

[edit]
Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age . Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms.
Political map of Europe with countries where a Slavic language is a national language marked in shades of green and where a Baltic language is a national language marked in light orange. Wood green represents East Slavic languages, pale green represents West Slavic languages, and sea green represents South Slavic languages. Contemporary Baltic languages are all from the same group: Eastern Baltic
Baltic languages (extinct languages shown in stripes).
Slavic languages in Europe . Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.
Russian Language – Map of all the areas where the Russian language is the language spoken by the majority of the population. Russian is the biggest Slavic language both in number of first language speakers and in geographical area where the language is spoken .

Baltic languages

[edit]

{{tree list}}

Slavic languages

[edit]

{{tree list}}

Indo-Iranian languages

[edit]
Geographic distribution of modern Indo-Iranian languages. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

Iranian languages

[edit]
Map of Attested and Hypothetical Old Indo-Iranian Dialects. Indo-Iranian languages descend from the language spoken by the Sintashta Culture people that lived in the plains beyond the southeast Ural Mountains, between the upper Ural and Tobol rivers basins. Old Iranian languages , were spoken in a large Eurasian landmass area that included most of south Eastern Europe, south west Siberia, Central Asia, including parts of western China, and the Iranian Plateau. The Scythian languages , that belonged to the Northern Eastern Iranian languages subgroup, were the ones with the biggest geographical distribution, they were spoken in most of the steppe and desert areas of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, matching most of the western half of the Eurasian steppe, which corresponds to modern southern European Russia and south Russian west Siberia and parts of southern central Siberia, modern southern Ukraine, an enclave in the east Pannonian Basin, in modern Hungary, all of modern Kazakhstan, parts of modern Xinjiang, in Western China, modern Kyrgyzstan, and parts of modern Uzbekistan and modern Turkmenistan.[31] Later Scythian languages were also present in northern India by migration of part of the ancient Iranian peoples forming the Indo-Scythians. This was the geographical distribution until the first centuries A.D., after that time, Turkic migration and conquests along with Turkification, made many ancient Iranian languages go extinct.
Distribution of modern Iranian Languages

{{tree list}}

Nuristani languages

[edit]
Nuristan Province in Afghanistan, where most speakers live.
Nuristani languages.

{{tree list}}

Indo-Aryan languages

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Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. Colours indicate the branches – yellow is Eastern, purple is Dardic, blue is Northwestern, red is Southern, green is Western, brown is Northern and orange is Central. Data is from "The Indo Aryan Languages" as well as census data and previous linguistic maps.Dardic
  Pashai
  Chitrali
  Shina
  Kohistani
  Kashmiri
Northwestern
  Punjabi
  Sindhi
Western
  Rajasthani
  Gujarati
  Bhili
  Khandeshi
Northern
  Himachali-Dogri
  Garhwali-Kumaoni
  Nepali
Central
  Western Hindi
  Eastern Hindi
Eastern
  Bihari
  Bengali-Assamese
  Odia
  Halbi
Southern
  Marathi-Konkani
  Sinhala-Maldivian
.
Distribution of major Indo-Aryan languages. Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
  Dardic
  Northwestern
  Northern
  Western
  Central
  Eastern
  Southern
Romani languages and dialects in Europe. Romani languages are part of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European languages but are spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent. They are related to the Domari languages and are scattered and minority languages in all regions, overlapping with other peoples and their languages in Europe. The Domari and Romani languages are spoken in a vast geographical area from Southwest Asia to Europe and North Africa but are minoritary and scattered in all the regions in part because Domari and Romani speakers, the Doma and the Roma, were traditionally nomadic peoples.

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Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

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Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

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Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
  2. ^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  3. ^ KAPOVIĆ, Mate. (ed.) (2017). The Indo-European Languages. ISBN 978-0-367-86902-1
  4. ^ a b Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press
  5. ^ Ringe, Don; Warnow, Tandy.; Taylor, Ann. (2002). 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics', Transactions of the Philological Society, n.º 100/1, 59-129.
  6. ^ "New Indo-European Language Discovered". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  7. ^ "Kalasmaic, a New IE Language". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  8. ^ "A new Indo-European Language discovered in the Hittite capital Hattusa". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  9. ^ "New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  10. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 67, 68, 274, ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
  11. ^ Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. "Tocharian Online: Series Introduction". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  12. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15034-5.
  13. ^ Voynikov, Zhivko. (?). Some ancient Chinese names in East Turkestan and Central Asia and the Tocharian question.
  14. ^ a b "Niya Tocharian: language contact and prehistory on the Silk Road". cordis.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  15. ^ Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Méry Ratio. p. 63. ISBN 978-80-89286-45-4.
  16. ^ Pellegrini G., Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977
  17. ^ a b Vignuzzi 1997: 312, 317; Loporcaro & Panciani 2016: 229, 233
  18. ^ a b Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. ISBN 84-89934-11-8
  19. ^ Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ Archived 2022-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  21. ^ "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  22. ^ a b "Gothic language | Origins, History & Vocabulary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  23. ^ "East Germanic languages | History, Characteristics & Dialects | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  24. ^ MacDonald Stearns, Das Krimgotische. In: Heinrich Beck (ed.), Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen, Berlin/New York 1989, p. 175–194, here the chapter Die Dialektzugehörigkeit des Krimgotischen on p. 181–185
  25. ^ Harm, Volker , "Elbgermanisch", "Weser-Rhein-Germanisch" und die Grundlagen des Althochdeutschen, in Nielsen; Stiles (eds.), Unity and Diversity in West Germanic and the Emergence of English, German, Frisian and Dutch, North-Western European Language Evolution, vol. 66, pp. 79–99
  26. ^ C. A. M. Noble: Modern German Dialects. Peter Lang, New York / Berne / Frankfort on the Main, p. 131
  27. ^ a b Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal: De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank:
    Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal , entry VlamingI Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine;
    cp.: Oudnederlands Woordenboek , entry flāmink Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine: "Morfologie: afleiding, basiswoord : flāma ‘overstroomd gebied’; suffix: ink ‘vormt afstammingsnamen’"; Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek , entry Vlaendren Archived 2023-10-05 at the Wayback Machine: "Etymologie: Dat.pl. van flandr- 'overstroomd gebied' met het suffix -dr-.".
    Cognate to Middle English flēm 'current of a stream': Middle English Compendium → Middle English Dictionary : flēm n.(2) Archived 2023-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, "Holland, n. 1," etymology.
  29. ^ Hendricks, Frank . "The nature and context of Kaaps: a contemporary, past and future perspective".[1] Archived 2022-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery. 3 (2): 6–39. doi:10.14426/mm.v3i2.38. ISSN 2221-4216. S2CID 197552885.
  30. ^ "The medieval 'New England': A forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/medieval-new-england-black-sea.html Archived 2023-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan, as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."
  32. ^ ""Unknown Kushan Script" Partially Deciphered - Archaeology Magazine". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  33. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  34. ^ "The Avestan texts contain no historical allusions and can therefore not be dated exactly, but Old Avestan is a language closely akin to the oldest Indic language, used in the oldest parts of the Rigveda, and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time. This date is also somewhat debated, though within a relatively small time span, and it seems probable that the oldest Vedic poems were composed over several centuries around the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Witzel, 1995)", quoted in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Young Avestan is grammatically close to Old Persian, which ceased being spoken in the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E. These two languages were therefore probably spoken throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.E. (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 2003-04, with further references)." in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ The Young Avesta contains a few geographical names, all belonging to roughly the area between Chorasmia and the Helmand, that is, the modern Central Asian republics and Afghanistan (see, e.g., Skjærvø, 1995; Witzel, 2000). We are therefore entitled to conclude that Young Avestan reflects the language spoken primarily by tribes from that area. The dialect position of the language also indicates that the language of the Avesta must have belonged to, or at least have been transmitted by, tribes from northeastern Iran (the change of proto-Iranian *-āḭā/ă- > *-ayā/ă- and *ǰīwa- > *ǰuwa- “live,” for instance, is typical of Sogdian, Khotanese, Pashto, etc. in https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi1-earliest-evidence Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine).
  37. ^ It was long thought that Avestan represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century", in Gershevitch, Ilya (1983), "Bactrian Literature", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 1250–1258, ISBN 0-511-46773-7.
  38. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Antje Wendtland 2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ancient Kamboja 1981, p 278 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sir Thomas H p 102-03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ Burrow, T. (1936). "The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 8 (2/3): 419–435. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00141060. JSTOR 608051. S2CID 170991822. Archived from the original on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
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{{Countries and languages lists}} [[Category:Indo-European languages| ]] [[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages| ]] [[Category:Lists of languages|Indo-European]]

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