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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Broadway tower.jpg|thumbnail|[[Broadway Tower, Worcestershire|Broadway Tower]], [[Worcestershire]], England]]
[[File:Broadway tower.jpg|thumbnail|[[Broadway Tower, Worcestershire|Broadway Tower]], [[Worcestershire]], England]]
[[File:Dunmore pineapple.jpg|thumb|The [[Dunmore Pineapple]] in Scotland]]
[[File:Dunmore pineapple.jpg|thumb|The [[Dunmore Pineapple]] in Scotland (attributed to [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]])]]
[[File:"Ластівчине гніздо", на 40-метровій скелі Ай-Тодорського мису в смт Гаспра, біля Ялти, Крим, Україна.jpg|thumb|Built in 1912, the [[Swallow's Nest]] is one of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] ''châteaux fantastiques'' in [[Crimea]].]]
[[File:"Ластівчине гніздо", на 40-метровій скелі Ай-Тодорського мису в смт Гаспра, біля Ялти, Крим, Україна.jpg|thumb|Built in 1912, the [[Swallow's Nest]] is one of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] ''châteaux fantastiques'' in [[Crimea]].]]
[[File:Painshill-TurkishTent.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of the Turkish Tent, a permanent structure at [[Painshill]], [[Surrey]]]]
[[File:Painshill-TurkishTent.jpg|thumb|Modern reconstruction of the Turkish Tent, a permanent structure at [[Painshill]], [[Surrey]]]]
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In [[architecture]], a '''folly''' is a [[building]] constructed primarily for decoration, but suggesting through its appearance some other purpose, or of such extravagant appearance that it transcends the range of usual garden buildings.
In [[architecture]], a '''folly''' is a [[building]] constructed primarily for decoration, but suggesting through its appearance some other purpose, or of such extravagant appearance that it transcends the range of usual garden buildings.


Eighteenth-century [[English landscape garden]]ing and [[French landscape garden]]ing often featured mock [[Roman temple]]s, symbolising classical virtues. Other 18th-century garden follies represented [[Chinese temples]], [[Egyptian pyramids]], ruined [[medieval castle]]s or [[abbey]]s, or Tatar tents, to represent different continents or historical eras. Sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills, and cottages to symbolise rural virtues.<ref>Yves-Marie Allain, Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.</ref> Many follies, particularly during times of famine, such as the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] in Ireland, were built as a form of [[poor relief]], to provide employment for peasants and unemployed artisans.
Eighteenth-century [[English landscape garden]]ing and [[French landscape garden]]ing often featured mock [[Roman temple]]s, symbolising classical virtues. Other 18th-century garden follies imitated [[Chinese temples]], [[Egyptian pyramids]], ruined [[medieval castle]]s or [[abbey]]s, or Tatar tents, to represent different continents or historical eras. Sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills and cottages, to symbolise rural virtues.<ref>Yves-Marie Allain, Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.</ref> Many follies, particularly during times of famine, such as the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] in Ireland, were built as a form of [[poor relief]], to provide employment for peasants and unemployed artisans.


In English, the term began as "a popular name for any costly structure considered to have shown [[wikt:folly#Noun|folly]] in the builder", the [[OED|''Oxford English Dictionary'']]'s definition.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1989, vol VI, p4, "Folly, 5".</ref> Follies are often named after the individual who commissioned or designed the project. The connotations of silliness or madness in this definition is in accord with the general meaning of the French word {{Lang|fra|folie}}; however, another older meaning of this word is "delight" or "favourite abode".<ref>" ... and many French houses are still named "La Folie"" – OED.</ref> This sense included conventional, practical buildings that were thought unduly large or expensive, such as [[Beckford's Folly]], an extremely expensive early [[Gothic Revival]] country house that collapsed under the weight of its tower in 1825, 12 years after completion.
In English, the term began as "a popular name for any costly structure considered to have shown [[wikt:folly#Noun|folly]] in the builder", the [[OED|''Oxford English Dictionary'']]'s definition.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1989, vol VI, p4, "Folly, 5".</ref> Follies are often named after the individual who commissioned or designed the project. The connotations of silliness or madness in this definition is in accord with the general meaning of the French word {{Lang|fr|folie}}; however, another older meaning of this word is "delight" or "favourite abode".<ref>" ... and many French houses are still named "La Folie"" – OED.</ref> This sense included conventional, practical buildings that were thought unduly large or expensive, such as [[Beckford's Folly]], an extremely expensive early [[Gothic Revival]] country house that collapsed under the weight of its tower in 1825, 12 years after completion.


As a general term, "folly" is usually applied to a small building that appears to have no practical purpose or the purpose of which appears less important than its striking and unusual design, but the term is ultimately subjective, so a precise definition is not possible.
As a general term, "folly" is usually applied to a small building that appears to have no practical purpose or the purpose of which appears less important than its striking and unusual design, but the term is ultimately subjective, so a precise definition is not possible.
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===Follies in 18th-century French and English gardens===
===Follies in 18th-century French and English gardens===
{{See also|Artificial ruins}}
{{See also|Artificial ruins}}
[[File:Erm11.JPG|thumb|left|The Temple of Philosophy at [[Ermenonville]] in [[Oise]], France]]
[[File:Le Temple de la Philosophie moderne.jpg|thumb|left|The Temple of Philosophy at [[Ermenonville]] in [[Oise]], France]]
Follies ({{lang-fr|fabriques}}) were an important feature of the [[English garden]] and [[French landscape garden]] in the 18th century, such as [[Stowe Landscape Garden|Stowe]] and [[Stourhead]] in England and [[Ermenonville]] and the [[gardens of Versailles]] in France. They were usually in the form of Roman temples, ruined Gothic abbeys, or Egyptian pyramids. [[Painshill Park]] in [[Surrey]] contained almost a full set, with a large Gothic tower and various other Gothic buildings, a Roman temple, a [[Garden hermit|hermit's retreat with resident hermit]], a Turkish tent, a shell-encrusted water grotto and other features. In France they sometimes took the form of romantic farmhouses, mills and cottages, as in [[Marie Antoinette]]'s [[Hameau de la Reine]] at Versailles. Sometimes they were copied from landscape paintings by painters such as [[Claude Lorrain]] and [[Hubert Robert]]. Often, they had symbolic importance, illustrating the virtues of ancient Rome, or the virtues of country life. The temple of philosophy at Ermenonville, left unfinished,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Césari|first1=Dominique|title=Ermenonville|url=http://parcsafabriques.org/erm/dErm1e.htm|website=Parcs à fabriques|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> symbolised that knowledge would never be complete, while the temple of modern virtues at Stowe was deliberately ruined, to show the decay of contemporary morals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/article/the-royal-oak-foundation-looks-to-stowes-1730s-temple-of-modern-virtue-as-its-latest-beneficiary | title=The Royal Oak Foundation looks to Stowe's 1730s Temple of Modern Virtue as its latest beneficiary | date=17 October 2018 }}</ref>
Follies ({{langx|fr|fabriques}}) were an important feature of the [[English garden]] and [[French landscape garden]] in the 18th century, such as [[Stowe Landscape Garden|Stowe]] and [[Stourhead]] in England and [[Ermenonville]] and the [[gardens of Versailles]] in France. They were usually in the form of Roman temples, ruined Gothic abbeys, or Egyptian pyramids. [[Painshill Park]] in [[Surrey]] contained almost a full set, with a large Gothic tower and various other Gothic buildings, a Roman temple, a [[Garden hermit|hermit's retreat with resident hermit]], a Turkish tent, a shell-encrusted water grotto and other features. In France they sometimes took the form of romantic farmhouses, mills and cottages, as in [[Marie Antoinette]]'s [[Hameau de la Reine]] at Versailles. Sometimes they were copied from landscape paintings by painters such as [[Claude Lorrain]] and [[Hubert Robert]]. Often, they had symbolic importance, illustrating the virtues of ancient Rome, or the virtues of country life. The temple of philosophy at Ermenonville, left unfinished,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Césari|first1=Dominique|title=Ermenonville|url=http://parcsafabriques.org/erm/dErm1e.htm|website=Parcs à fabriques|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> symbolised that knowledge would never be complete, while the temple of modern virtues at Stowe was deliberately ruined, to show the decay of contemporary morals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/article/the-royal-oak-foundation-looks-to-stowes-1730s-temple-of-modern-virtue-as-its-latest-beneficiary | title=The Royal Oak Foundation looks to Stowe's 1730s Temple of Modern Virtue as its latest beneficiary | date=17 October 2018 }}</ref>


Later in the 18th century, the follies became more exotic, representing other parts of the world, including Chinese [[pagoda]]s, Japanese bridges, and [[Tatars|Tatar]] tents.<ref>Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, ''L'art des jardins en Europe'', Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.</ref>
Later in the 18th century, the follies became more exotic, representing other parts of the world, including Chinese [[pagoda]]s, Japanese bridges, and [[Tatars|Tatar]] tents.<ref>Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, ''L'art des jardins en Europe'', Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.</ref>
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===Austria===
===Austria===
* Roman ruin and [[gloriette]]s, in the park of [[Schönbrunn Palace]], [[Vienna]]
* Roman ruin and [[gloriette]]s, in the park of [[Schönbrunn Palace]], [[Vienna]]

===Belgium===

* Hassenspark toren<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Heemkring hakt voor eens en voor altijd knoop door over 'toren van middeleeuwse stadsomwalling': "Ziet er authentiek uit maar het is absoluut fake" |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20220824_94556952 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Het Nieuwsblad Mobile |language=nl-BE}}</ref> in the Hassenspark in [[Vilvoorde]], [[Flemish Brabant]] {{cn|reason=not described as a folly in source|date=September 2023}}


===Canada===
===Canada===
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===Czech Republic===
===Czech Republic===
[[File:Minaret in Lednice - se stromy.JPG|thumb| The [[minaret]] in the ([[Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape|Lednice–Valtice Complex]], Czech Republic) was built by the [[House of Liechtenstein]] during 1797–1804.]]
[[File:Minaret in Lednice - se stromy.JPG|thumb| The [[minaret]] in the [[Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape|Lednice–Valtice Complex]], Czech Republic, was built by the [[House of Liechtenstein]] between 1797 and 1804.]]
* Series of buildings in [[Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape]] (UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]])
* Series of buildings in [[Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape]] (UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]])
* Chinese Pavilions in chateau gardens in [[Vlašim]], [[Děčín]] [[Krásný Dvůr]]{{cn|date=August 2021}}
* Chinese Pavilions in chateau gardens in [[Vlašim]], [[Děčín]] [[Krásný Dvůr]]{{cn|date=August 2021}}
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* [[Désert de Retz]], folly garden in [[Chambourcy]] near [[Paris]], [[France]] (18th century)
* [[Désert de Retz]], folly garden in [[Chambourcy]] near [[Paris]], [[France]] (18th century)
* [[Parc de la Villette]] in [[Paris]] has a number of modern follies by architect [[Bernard Tschumi]].
* [[Parc de la Villette]] in [[Paris]] has a number of modern follies by architect [[Bernard Tschumi]].
* [[Ferdinand Cheval]] in Châteauneuf-de-Galaure, built what he called an Ideal Palace, seen as an example of naive architecture.
* The Ideal Palace of [[Ferdinand Cheval]] in [[Hauterives]], seen as an example of naive architecture.
* [[Hameau de la Reine]], in the park of the [[Château de Versailles]]
* [[Hameau de la Reine]], in the park of the [[Château de Versailles]]
* The [[Grottoes of Ferrand]], in [[Saint-Hippolyte, Gironde|Saint-Hippolyte]], [[Gironde]]
* The [[Grottoes of Ferrand]], in [[Saint-Hippolyte, Gironde|Saint-Hippolyte]], [[Gironde]]
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* [[Saint Anne's Park]], which contains a number of follies
* [[Saint Anne's Park]], which contains a number of follies
* [[Saint Enda's Park]], former school of [[Patrick Pearse]], contains several follies
* [[Saint Enda's Park]], former school of [[Patrick Pearse]], contains several follies
* [[The Jealous Wall]] at [[Belvedere House and Gardens|Belvedere House]] near Mullingar, Co. Westmeath
* [[The Jealous Wall]] at [[Belvedere House and Gardens|Belvedere House]] near Mullingar, County Westmeath
* [[Waterloo Round Tower]] near Blarney, County Cork


===Italy===
===Italy===
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* The [[Park of the Monsters]] (Bomarzo Gardens)
* The [[Park of the Monsters]] (Bomarzo Gardens)
* [[Giardino dei Tarocchi|Il Giardino dei Tarocchi]] near [[Capalbio]]
* [[Giardino dei Tarocchi|Il Giardino dei Tarocchi]] near [[Capalbio]]
* [[Borgo Medioevale]], [[Turin]]


===Jamaica===
===Jamaica===
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* [[Wainhouse Tower]], the tallest folly in the world, [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[West Yorkshire]]
* [[Wainhouse Tower]], the tallest folly in the world, [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[West Yorkshire]]
* [[Wentworth Woodhouse#Follies and garden buildings|Wentworth Woodhouse]], [[Wentworth, South Yorkshire|Wentworth]], [[South Yorkshire]]
* [[Wentworth Woodhouse#Follies and garden buildings|Wentworth Woodhouse]], [[Wentworth, South Yorkshire|Wentworth]], [[South Yorkshire]]
⚫
* [[Williamson Tunnels]], probably the largest underground folly in the world, [[Liverpool]]
* [[Wilder's Folly]], [[Sulham]], [[Berkshire]]
* [[Wilder's Folly]], [[Sulham]], [[Berkshire]]
⚫
* [[Williamson Tunnels]], probably the largest underground folly in the world, [[Liverpool]]
* [[Wimpole's Folly|Wimpole’s Folly]], [[Cambridgeshire]]
}}
}}


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* [[Folly Tower, Pontypool|Folly Tower]] at [[Pontypool]]
* [[Folly Tower, Pontypool|Folly Tower]] at [[Pontypool]]
* [[Paxton's Tower]], [[Carmarthenshire]]
* [[Paxton's Tower]], [[Carmarthenshire]]
* [[Portmeirion]], known as the setting for several television productions including ''[[The Prisoner]]'' series{{cn|reason=not described as a folly in article|date=September 2023}}
* [[Portmeirion]]
* [[Gwrych Castle]], [[Conwy County Borough]]
* [[Gwrych Castle]], [[Conwy County Borough]]


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* [[Belvedere Castle]], [[New York City]]
* [[Belvedere Castle]], [[New York City]]
* [[Bishop Castle]], outside of [[Pueblo, Colorado]]
* [[Bishop Castle]], outside of [[Pueblo, Colorado]]
* [[Chateau Laroche]], [[Loveland, Ohio]]
* [[Coral Castle]], [[Homestead, Florida]]
* Italian Barge, [[Villa Vizcaya]], [[Miami, Florida]]
* [[Hofmann Tower]] in [[Lyons, Illinois]]
* [[Kingfisher Tower]], [[Otsego Lake (New York)]]
* [[Kingfisher Tower]], [[Otsego Lake (New York)]]
⚫
* [[Korner's Folly|Körner’s Folly]], [[Kernersville, North Carolina]]
* [[Lawson Tower]], [[Scituate, Massachusetts]]
* [[Lawson Tower]], [[Scituate, Massachusetts]]
* [[Coral Castle]], [[Homestead, Florida]]
* Summersville Lake Lighthouse, [[Mount Nebo, Nicholas County, West Virginia|Mount Nebo, West Virginia]]
* [[Parthenon (Nashville)|The Parthenon]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]
* [[Parthenon (Nashville)|The Parthenon]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]
* [[Hofmann Tower]] in [[Lyons, Illinois]]
* [[Vessel (structure)|Vessel]], [[New York, New York]]
* [[Vessel (structure)|Vessel]], [[New York, New York]]
* [[Watts Towers]], [[Watts, Los Angeles]]
* [[Watts Towers]], [[Watts, Los Angeles]]
⚫
* [[Korner's Folly|Körner’s Folly]], [[Kernersville, North Carolina]]


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[Goat tower]]
*[[Goat tower]]
*[[Grotto]]
*[[Grotto]]
*[[Lustschloss]]
*[[Novelty architecture]]
*[[Novelty architecture]]
*[[Ruin value]]
*[[Ruin value]]

Latest revision as of 15:16, 28 October 2024

For other uses, see Folly (disambiguation).

Broadway Tower, Worcestershire, England
The Dunmore Pineapple in Scotland (attributed to William Chambers)
Built in 1912, the Swallow's Nest is one of the Neo-Gothic châteaux fantastiques in Crimea.
Modern reconstruction of the Turkish Tent, a permanent structure at Painshill, Surrey

In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but suggesting through its appearance some other purpose, or of such extravagant appearance that it transcends the range of usual garden buildings.

Eighteenth-century English landscape gardening and French landscape gardening often featured mock Roman temples, symbolising classical virtues. Other 18th-century garden follies imitated Chinese temples, Egyptian pyramids, ruined medieval castles or abbeys, or Tatar tents, to represent different continents or historical eras. Sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills and cottages, to symbolise rural virtues.[1] Many follies, particularly during times of famine, such as the Great Famine in Ireland, were built as a form of poor relief, to provide employment for peasants and unemployed artisans.

In English, the term began as "a popular name for any costly structure considered to have shown folly in the builder", the Oxford English Dictionary's definition.[2] Follies are often named after the individual who commissioned or designed the project. The connotations of silliness or madness in this definition is in accord with the general meaning of the French word folie; however, another older meaning of this word is "delight" or "favourite abode".[3] This sense included conventional, practical buildings that were thought unduly large or expensive, such as Beckford's Folly, an extremely expensive early Gothic Revival country house that collapsed under the weight of its tower in 1825, 12 years after completion.

As a general term, "folly" is usually applied to a small building that appears to have no practical purpose or the purpose of which appears less important than its striking and unusual design, but the term is ultimately subjective, so a precise definition is not possible.

Characteristics

[edit]
Hagley Castle is in the grounds of Hagley Hall. It was built by Sanderson Miller for George, Lord Lyttelton in the middle of the 18th century to look like a small ruined medieval castle.[4]

The concept of the folly is subjective and it has been suggested that the definition of a folly "lies in the eyes of the beholder".[5] Typical characteristics include:

  • They have no purpose other than as an ornament.[6] Often they have some of the appearance of a building constructed for a particular purpose, such as a castle or tower, but this appearance is a sham. Equally, if they have a purpose, it may be disguised.
  • They are buildings, or parts of buildings.[6] Thus they are distinguished from other garden ornaments such as sculpture.
  • They are purpose-built. Follies are deliberately built as ornaments.
  • They are often eccentric in design or construction. This is not strictly necessary; however, it is common for these structures to call attention to themselves through unusual details or form.
  • There is often an element of fakery in their construction. The canonical example of this is the sham ruin: a folly which pretends to be the remains of an old building but which was in fact constructed in that state.
  • They were built or commissioned for pleasure.[6]

History

[edit]
The Pantheon at Stourhead estate

Follies began as decorative accents on the great estates of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but they flourished especially in the two centuries which followed. Many estates had ruins of monastic houses and (in Italy) Roman villas; others, lacking such buildings, constructed their own sham versions of these romantic structures.

However, very few follies are completely without a practical purpose. Apart from their decorative aspect, many originally had a use which was lost later, such as hunting towers. Follies are misunderstood structures, according to The Folly Fellowship, a charity that exists to celebrate the history and splendour of these often neglected buildings.[citation needed]

Follies in 18th-century French and English gardens

[edit]
See also: Artificial ruins
The Temple of Philosophy at Ermenonville in Oise, France

Follies (French: fabriques) were an important feature of the English garden and French landscape garden in the 18th century, such as Stowe and Stourhead in England and Ermenonville and the gardens of Versailles in France. They were usually in the form of Roman temples, ruined Gothic abbeys, or Egyptian pyramids. Painshill Park in Surrey contained almost a full set, with a large Gothic tower and various other Gothic buildings, a Roman temple, a hermit's retreat with resident hermit, a Turkish tent, a shell-encrusted water grotto and other features. In France they sometimes took the form of romantic farmhouses, mills and cottages, as in Marie Antoinette's Hameau de la Reine at Versailles. Sometimes they were copied from landscape paintings by painters such as Claude Lorrain and Hubert Robert. Often, they had symbolic importance, illustrating the virtues of ancient Rome, or the virtues of country life. The temple of philosophy at Ermenonville, left unfinished,[7] symbolised that knowledge would never be complete, while the temple of modern virtues at Stowe was deliberately ruined, to show the decay of contemporary morals.[8]

Later in the 18th century, the follies became more exotic, representing other parts of the world, including Chinese pagodas, Japanese bridges, and Tatar tents.[9]

Famine follies

[edit]

The Great Famine of Ireland of 1845–1849 led to the building of several follies in order to provide relief to the poor without issuing unconditional handouts. However, to hire the needy for work on useful projects would deprive existing workers of their jobs. Thus, construction projects termed "famine follies" came to be built. These included roads in the middle of nowhere, between two seemingly random points, screen and estate walls, piers in the middle of bogs, etc.[10]

Examples

[edit]
See also: Category:Folly buildings
Roman ruin, Schönbrunn, Austria
Small Gloriette of Schönbrunn Palace

Follies are found worldwide, but they are particularly abundant in Great Britain.[11]

Australia

[edit]

Austria

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

Czech Republic

[edit]
The minaret in the Lednice–Valtice Complex, Czech Republic, was built by the House of Liechtenstein between 1797 and 1804.

France

[edit]

Germany

[edit]

Hungary

[edit]

India

[edit]

Ireland

[edit]
Conolly's Folly, County Kildare, Ireland, built to provide employment in the Irish famine of 1740–41

Italy

[edit]

Jamaica

[edit]

Malta

[edit]
Lija Belvedere Tower in Malta

Poland

[edit]
Temple of the Sibyl in the grounds of the Czartoryski Palace in Puławy, Poland

Romania

[edit]

Russia

[edit]

Spain

[edit]
El Capricho, in Comillas, Spain

Ukraine

[edit]
Classical ruins in Oleksandriia Park in Bila Tserkva, Ukraine

United Kingdom

[edit]
Rushton Triangular Lodge, Northamptonshire, England, built in the late 16th century to symbolise the Holy Trinity
Wimpole's Folly, Cambridgeshire, England, built in the 1700s to resemble Gothic-era ruins
The Beacon: One of the remaining follies at Staunton Country Park originally commissioned by George Thomas Staunton and designed by Lewis Vulliamy

England

[edit]

Scotland

[edit]

Wales

[edit]
Paxton's Tower, Carmarthenshire

United States

[edit]
Chateau Laroche, just north of Loveland, Ohio

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Yves-Marie Allain, Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1989, vol VI, p4, "Folly, 5".
  3. ^ " ... and many French houses are still named "La Folie"" – OED.
  4. ^ "The Castle About 3/4 Mile East of Hagley Hall". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  5. ^ Headley, Gwyn; Meulenkamp, Win (1986). Follies a National Trust Guide. Jonathan Cape. p. xxi. ISBN 0-224-02105-2.
  6. ^ a b c Jones, Barbara (1974). Follies & Grottoes. Constable & Co. p. 1. ISBN 0-09-459350-7.
  7. ^ Césari, Dominique. "Ermenonville". Parcs à fabriques. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  8. ^ "The Royal Oak Foundation looks to Stowe's 1730s Temple of Modern Virtue as its latest beneficiary". 17 October 2018.
  9. ^ Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.
  10. ^ Howley, James. 1993. The Follies and Garden Buildings of Ireland. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05577-3
  11. ^ Menzies, Dean. "Folly". Hansagarten24. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  12. ^ "Heemkring hakt voor eens en voor altijd knoop door over 'toren van middeleeuwse stadsomwalling': "Ziet er authentiek uit maar het is absoluut fake"". Het Nieuwsblad Mobile (in Flemish). 25 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  13. ^ "Paradise Lost | Casino Marino".
  14. ^ http://images.library.wisc.edu/DLDecArts/EFacs/HomeDesign/hdv09n01/reference/dldecarts.hdv09n01.i0022.pdf See photos: "A Seat Shaded from the Tropic Sun" (and water tank), "A Summer House on the Hill" (with no walls), "The Bridge and Pavilion".
  15. ^ Follies Magazine #108, "My Folly Folly Folly: a Jamaican Journey"
  16. ^ "Sham Castle". Bath in Time. 8 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Barlow, Nick et al. Follies of Europe, Garden Art Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-870673-56-3
  • Barton, Stuart Monumental Follies Lyle Publications, 1972
  • Folly Fellowship, The Follies Magazine, published quarterly
  • Folly Fellowship, The Follies Journal, published annually
  • Folly Fellowship, The Foll-e, an electronic bulletin published monthly and available free to all
  • Hatt, E. M. Follies National Benzole, London 1963
  • Headley, Gwyn Architectural Follies in America, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1996
  • Headley, Gwyn & Meulenkamp, Wim, Follies — A Guide to Rogue Architecture, Jonathan Cape, London 1990
  • Headley, Gwyn & Meulenkamp, Wim, Follies — A National Trust Guide, Jonathan Cape, London 1986
  • Headley, Gwyn & Meulenkamp, Wim, Follies Grottoes & Garden Buildings, Aurum Press, London 1999
  • Howley, James The Follies and Garden Buildings of Ireland Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1993
  • Jackson, Hazelle Shellhouses and Grottoes, Shire Books, England, 2001
  • Jones, Barbara Follies & Grottoes Constable, London 1953 & 1974
  • Meulenkamp, Wim Follies — Bizarre Bouwwerken in Nederland en België, Arbeiderpers, Amsterdam, 1995
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