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| reign2 = 10 April 1684 – 26 August 1728
| reign2 = 10 April 1684 – 26 August 1728
| image = Louis Ferdinand Elle - Portrait of Anne Marie d'Orléans.png
| image = Louis Ferdinand Elle - Portrait of Anne Marie d'Orléans.png
| caption = Anne Marie d’Orleans by [[Louis Ferdinand Elle the Younger|Louis Ferdinand Elle the Younger]], 1683
| caption = Anne Marie d’Orleans by [[Louis Ferdinand Elle the Younger]], 1683
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1669|8|27|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1669|8|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], [[France]]
| birth_place = [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], [[France]]
Line 17: Line 17:
| death_place = [[Villa della Regina]], [[Piedmont]]
| death_place = [[Villa della Regina]], [[Piedmont]]
| burial_place = [[Basilica of Superga]]
| burial_place = [[Basilica of Superga]]
| spouse = [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Victor Amadeus II|Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia]]|10 April 1684}}
| house = [[House of Orléans|Orléans]]
| house = [[House of Orléans|Orléans]]
| father = [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]
| father = [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]
| mother = [[Henrietta of England]]
| mother = [[Henrietta of England]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue = [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|Maria Adelaide, Dauphine of France]] <br /> [[Maria Luisa of Savoy|Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain]] <br/>[[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont]]<br />[[Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel, King of Sardinia]]
| issue = {{ubli|[[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|Maria Adelaide, Dauphine of France]]|[[Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy|Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain]]|[[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont]]|[[Charles Emmanuel III|Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia]]}}
| signature = Anne D'orleans (Signature).jpg
| signature = Anne D'orleans (Signature).jpg
}}
}}


'''Anne Marie d'Orléans''' (27 August 1669 &ndash; 26 August 1728) was [[Queen of Sardinia]] by marriage to [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]]. She served as regent of Savoy during the absence of her spouse in 1686 and during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]].<ref>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 3 (1961)</ref>
'''Anne Marie d'Orléans''' (27 August 1669 &ndash; 26 August 1728) was [[Queen of Sardinia]] by marriage to [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]]. She served as regent of Savoy during the absence of her spouse in 1686 and during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]].<ref name="DBI">{{cite book |title=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |date=1961 |volume=3}}</ref>

She is also an important figure in British history (see '''Jacobite Succession''' below).
She was for a period heiress presumptive to the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, a claim which eventually went to the protestant House of Hanover.


==Youth==
==Youth==
She was the daughter of [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], younger brother of Louis XIV, and [[Henrietta of England]], the youngest daughter of [[Charles I of England]]. Her mother died at the Château de Saint-Cloud ten months after Anne Marie's birth. A year later, her father married 19-year-old [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]], who became very close to her step-daughters. Her half-brother [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], the future Regent of France, was born of her father's second marriage.
Her father was [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], younger brother of Louis XIV, and her mother was [[Henrietta of England]], the youngest daughter of [[Charles I of England]]. Her mother died at the Château de Saint-Cloud ten months after Anne Marie's birth. A year later, her father married 19-year-old [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]], who became very close to Anne, her step-daughter. Her half-brother [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], the future Regent of France, was born of her father's second marriage.


Her stepmother later described her as ''one of the most amiable and virtuous of women''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028182578/cu31924028182578_djvu.txt|title=A Rose of Savoy, Marie Adelaide of Savoy, ''Duchesse de Bourgogne'', Mother of Louis XV|access-date= 2009-12-15|last= Williams|first= H. Noel|work= InternetArchive.org}}</ref>
Her stepmother later described her as ''one of the most amiable and virtuous of women''.{{sfn|Williams|1909|p=20}}


==Marriage==
==Marriage==


To maintain French influence in the Italian states, her uncle [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] arranged her marriage, at the age of fourteen, to her third cousin [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]], then Duke of Savoy, later [[the Kingdom of Sicily|King of Sicily]] and then of [[Sardinia]]. Louis XIV was an ally of her future mother-in-law, [[Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours|Marie Jeanne]], and supported Marie Jeanne when she extended her regency even after her actual mandate as regent had come to an end in 1680: Marie Jeanne did, in fact, not surrender her position as regent until shortly before her son's wedding.<ref>Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)</ref>[[File:Anne Marie d'Orléans, Ferdinand Elle (1684).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Portrait c. 1684]]
To maintain French influence in the Italian states, her uncle [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] arranged her marriage, at the age of fourteen to [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy]], then Duke of Savoy, later [[the Kingdom of Sicily|King of Sicily]] and then of [[Sardinia]]. Both of them were great-grandchildren of [[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV of France]] and [[Marie de' Medici]] through three of [[Descendants of Henry IV of France|their children]]. Additionally, Victor Amadeus was the great-great-grandson of Henry IV via Henry's illegitimate son [[César, Duke of Vendôme|César de Bourbon]]. Louis XIV was an ally of her future mother-in-law, [[Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours|Marie Jeanne]], and supported Marie Jeanne when she extended her regency even after her actual mandate as regent had come to an end in 1680: Marie Jeanne did, in fact, not surrender her position as regent until shortly before her son's wedding.{{sfn|Oresko|2004|p=37}}[[File:Anne Marie d'Orléans, Ferdinand Elle (1684).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Portrait c. 1684]]


The [[proxy marriage]] of Anne Marie and Víctor Amadeus took place at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]] on 10 April 1684, the day after the signing of the marriage contract. Her husband-to-be was represented by her cousin, [[Louis-Auguste, Duke of Maine]]. Louis XIV gave her a dowry of 900,000 ''[[French livre|livres]]''.<ref>Williams. H. Noel, ''A Rose of Savoy, Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Duchesse de Bourgogne, Mother of Louis XV'', New York, 1909, p. 17</ref>
The [[proxy marriage]] of Anne Marie and Víctor Amadeus took place at [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]] on 10 April 1684, the day after the signing of the marriage contract. Her husband-to-be was represented by her cousin, [[Louis-Auguste, Duke of Maine]]. Louis XIV gave her a dowry of 900,000 ''[[French livre|livres]]''.{{sfn|Williams|1909|p=17}}


The Duke of Orléans accompanied his daughter as far as [[Juvisy-sur-Orge]] (18 kilometers south of Paris), and the [[François Marie, Prince of Lillebonne|comtesse de Lillebonne]] accompanied her all the way to Savoy. She met her husband Victor at [[Chambéry]] on 6 May, the nuptials being performed at the castle by the [[Archbishop]] of [[Grenoble]]. Two days later, the newlyweds made their "[[Joyous Entry]]" into Turin.
The Duke of Orléans accompanied his daughter as far as [[Juvisy-sur-Orge]] (18 kilometers south of Paris), and the [[François Marie, Prince of Lillebonne|comtesse de Lillebonne]] accompanied her all the way to Savoy. She met her husband Victor at [[Chambéry]] on 6 May, the nuptials being performed at the castle by the [[Archbishop]] of [[Grenoble]]. Two days later, the newlyweds made their "[[Joyous Entry]]" into Turin.


Anne Marie bore eight children, beginning with [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|Marie-Adélaïde]] just a few months after Anne Marie's 16th birthday. The birth nearly cost Anne Marie her life, prompting the administration of the [[viaticum]].<ref>Williams, H. Noel. ''A Rose of Savoy: Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Duchesse de Bourgogne, Mother of Louis XV'', New York, 1909, p. 34</ref> Marie-Adélaïde married [[Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy|Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], grandson of Louis XIV in 1697, and was the mother of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]].
Anne Marie bore eight children, beginning with [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|Marie-Adélaïde]] just a few months after Anne Marie's 16th birthday. The birth nearly cost Anne Marie her life, prompting the administration of the [[viaticum]].{{sfn|Williams|1909|p=34}} Marie-Adélaïde married [[Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy|Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], grandson of Louis XIV in 1697, and was the mother of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]].


This marriage was arranged with the assistance of the [[René de Froulay de Tessé|maréchal de Tessé]] and of [[Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes]], Comtesse de Verrué, who was Victor's mistress from 1689 till 1700.
This marriage was arranged with the assistance of the [[René de Froulay de Tessé|maréchal de Tessé]] and of [[Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes]], Comtesse de Verrué, who was Victor's mistress from 1689 till 1700.
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==Duchess and Queen==
==Duchess and Queen==
[[File:Full portrait painting of Anne Marie d'Orléans as Queen of Sardinia overlooking the Sardinian crown and wearing Savoyard ceremonial robes by an unknown artist (Royal Castle of Racconigi).jpg|thumb|left|220px|Queen Anne Marie]]
[[File:Full portrait painting of Anne Marie d'Orléans as Queen of Sardinia overlooking the Sardinian crown and wearing Savoyard ceremonial robes by an unknown artist (Royal Castle of Racconigi).jpg|thumb|left|220px|Queen Anne Marie]]
After her arrival in Savoy, Anne Marie came under the influence of her pro-French mother-in-law, who maintained a powerful position as a French ally at the court of Savoy. She was described as a dutiful and humble daughter-in-law, who loyally adhered to Marie Jeanne's wishes.<ref>Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)</ref> Her close relationship with her mother-in-law was not viewed favorably by her spouse, who regarded it as a political threat, as he had long been opposed to his mother's influence in politics.<ref>Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)</ref>
After her arrival in Savoy, Anne Marie came under the influence of her pro-French mother-in-law, who maintained a powerful position as a French ally at the court of Savoy. She was described as a dutiful and humble daughter-in-law, who loyally adhered to Marie Jeanne's wishes.{{sfn|Oresko|2004|p=37}} Her close relationship with her mother-in-law was not viewed favorably by her spouse, who regarded it as a political threat, as he had long been opposed to his mother's influence in politics.{{sfn|Oresko|2004|p=39}}


The personal relationship between Anne Marie and Victor Amadeus was reportedly somewhat cool during the first years of their marriage, partly due to the adultery on his part and his disappointment that she did not give birth to a son for several years.<ref>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 3 (1961)</ref> Anne Marie served as regent for the first time during the trip of Victor Amadeus in 1686, and was said to have handled the task well despite her young age.<ref>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 3 (1961)</ref>
The personal relationship between Anne Marie and Victor Amadeus was reportedly somewhat cool during the first years of their marriage, partly due to the adultery on his part and his disappointment that she did not give birth to a son for several years.<ref name="DBI"/> Anne Marie served as regent for the first time during the trip of Victor Amadeus in 1686, and was said to have handled the task well despite her young age.<ref name="DBI"/>


When Victor Amadeus severed his ties with France in 1690, Anne Marie and her children accompanied her mother-in-law when they left the capital in protest.<ref>Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)</ref>
When Victor Amadeus severed his ties with France in 1690, Anne Marie and her children accompanied her mother-in-law when they left the capital in protest.{{sfn|Oresko|2004|p=39}}


Despite his marriage ties to France, Victor Amadeus joined the anti-French side in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. Anne Marie was appointed by him to serve as regent of Savoy during his absence in the war, a task she handled with maturity and judgment.<ref>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 3 (1961)</ref>
Despite his marriage ties to France, Victor Amadeus joined the anti-French side in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. Anne Marie was appointed by him to serve as regent of Savoy during his absence in the war, a task she handled with maturity and judgment.<ref name="DBI"/>
In 1706, [[Battle of Turin|Turin was besieged]] by French forces under the command of Anne Marie's half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, and Spanish forces of her cousin and son-in-law Philip V. She and her sons [[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont|Victor Amadeus]] and Carlo Emanuele were forced to flee to [[Genoa]].{{sfn|Storrs|1999|p=3-4}}
In 1706, [[Battle of Turin|Turin was besieged]] by French forces under the command of Anne Marie's half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, and Spanish forces of her cousin and son-in-law Philip V. She and her sons [[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont|Victor Amadeus]] and Carlo Emanuele were forced to flee to [[Genoa]].{{sfn|Storrs|1999|p=3-4}}


When the war was ended in 1713 by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]], Victor Amadeus received the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], formerly a Spanish possession. Anne Marie's stepmother wrote: ''I shall neither gain nor lose by the peace, but one thing I shall enjoy is to see our Duchess of Savoy become a queen, because I love her as though she were my own child ...''<ref>Pevitt, Christine. ''Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, p.133</ref>
When the war was ended in 1713 by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]], Victor Amadeus received the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], formerly a Spanish possession. Anne Marie's stepmother wrote: ''I shall neither gain nor lose by the peace, but one thing I shall enjoy is to see our Duchess of Savoy become a queen, because I love her as though she were my own child ...''<ref>{{cite book |last=Pevitt |first=Christine |title=Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France |publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location= London |year=1997 |page=133}}</ref>
When Victor Amadeus left for his coronation in Sicily, he had originally planned to leave Anne Marie behind to function as regent in his absence, but as he feared that she would let herself be directed by his mother because of her loyalty to her, he changed his mind and took her along with him instead.<ref>Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)</ref> Anne Marie was crowned with him in Sicily.
When Victor Amadeus left for his coronation in Sicily, he had originally planned to leave Anne Marie behind to function as regent in his absence, but as he feared that she would let herself be directed by his mother because of her loyalty to her, he changed his mind and took her along with him instead.{{sfn|Oresko|2004|p=40}} Anne Marie was crowned with him in Sicily.


At the death of her eldest son in 1715, both she and Victor Amadeus fell into severe depression and left the capital to mourn, leaving Marie Jeanne to handle their official duties.<ref>Clarissa Campbell Orr: Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press (2004)</ref>
At the death of her eldest son in 1715, both she and Victor Amadeus fell into severe depression and left the capital to mourn, leaving Marie Jeanne to handle their official duties.{{sfn|Oresko|2004|p=41}}
In 1720, Victor Amadeus retained his title of King but was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important duchy of Sardinia.
In 1720, Victor Amadeus retained his title of King but was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important duchy of Sardinia.
As the Savoyard consort, Anne-Marie had the use of the Royal Palace of Turin, the vast [[Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi]] outside the capital, and the Vigna di Madama Reale.<ref>Fraser, Antonia. ''Love and Louis XIV'' Anchor Books, 2006. pp. 70–71.</ref>
As the Savoyard consort, Anne-Marie had the use of the Royal Palace of Turin, the vast [[Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi]] outside the capital, and the Vigna di Madama Reale.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Antonia |author-link=Antonia Fraser|title=Love and Louis XIV |publisher=Anchor Books |year=2006 |pages=70–71}}</ref>


Queen Anne Marie died of heart failure at her villa on 26 August 1728, the day before her 59th birthday. She is buried at the [[Basilica of Superga]] in Turin, where all her children, except Marie-Adélaïde and Maria Luisa, are also buried.
Queen Anne Marie died of heart failure at her villa on 26 August 1728, the day before her 59th birthday. She is buried at the [[Basilica of Superga]] in Turin, where all her children, except Marie-Adélaïde and Maria Luisa, are also buried.
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==Jacobite succession==
==Jacobite succession==


From 1714 to 1720, Anne Marie d'Orléans was the [[heir presumptive|heiress presumptive]] to the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. These claims were held at the time by her first cousin [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] ("the Old Pretender", son of James II). Anne Marie became heiress presumptive with the death of James II's daughter [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] in 1714 which left her and her cousin James as the only surviving grandchildren of Charles I. She was displaced as heir by the birth of the Old Pretender's son, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), on 31 December 1720. Charles Edward and his brother [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry, Cardinal Stuart]], both died without legitimate issue, so the descendants of Anne Marie d'Orléans inherited the Jacobite claim, i.e. they would have inherited the British crown had it not been for the Act of Settlement, which excluded the claims of the Catholic Stuarts and d'Orléans' and settled the throne on the nearest Protestant relatives, [[House of Hanover|the Hanoverians]].
From 1714 to 1720, Anne Marie d'Orléans was the [[heir presumptive|heiress presumptive]] to the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. These claims were held at the time by her first cousin [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] ("the Old Pretender", son of James II). Anne Marie became heiress presumptive with the death of James II's daughter [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] in 1714 which left her and her cousin James as the only surviving legitimate grandchildren of Charles I. She was displaced as heir by the birth of the Old Pretender's son, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), on 31 December 1720.
Charles Edward and his brother [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry, Cardinal Stuart]], both died without legitimate issue, so the descendants of Anne Marie d'Orléans inherited the Jacobite claim, i.e. they would have inherited the British crown had it not been for the Act of Settlement, which excluded the claims of the Catholic Stuarts and d'Orléans and settled the throne on the nearest Protestant relatives, [[House of Hanover|the Hanoverians]].


==Issue==
==Issue==
Anne Marie gave birth to eight children, of whom only three survived to adulthood, and only one outlived her:
Anne Marie gave birth to eight children, of whom only three survived to adulthood, and only one outlived her:


*Princess [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|Maria Adelaide of Savoy]] (b. Turin, 6 December 1685 – d. Versailles, 12 February 1712), married [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1682–1712)|Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], eldest son of [[Louis, Grand Dauphin]]; she was the mother of [[Louis XV of France]].
*Princess [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|Maria Adelaide of Savoy]] (b. [[Turin]], 6 December 1685 – d. [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], 12 February 1712), married [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1682–1712)|Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], eldest son of [[Louis, Grand Dauphin]]; she was the mother of [[Louis XV of France]].
*Princess Maria Anna of Savoy (b. Turin, 14 August 1687 – d. Turin, 5 August 1690), died in childhood.
*Princess Maria Anna of Savoy (b. Turin, 14 August 1687 – d. Turin, 5 August 1690), died in childhood.
*Princess [[Maria Luisa of Savoy|Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy]] (b. Turin, 17 September 1688 – d. Madrid, 14 February 1714), married King [[Philip V of Spain]], the second son of [[Louis, Grand Dauphin]].
*Princess [[Maria Luisa of Savoy|Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy]] (b. Turin, 17 September 1688 – d. [[Madrid]], 14 February 1714), married King [[Philip V of Spain]], the second son of [[Louis, Grand Dauphin]].
*Stillborn daughter (Turin, 19 July 1691).
*Stillborn daughter (Turin, 19 July 1691).
*Stillborn son (Turin, 9 November 1697).
*Stillborn son (Turin, 9 November 1697).
*[[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont|Victor Amadeus Filippo Giuseppe, Prince of Piedmont]] (b. Turin, 6 May 1699 – d. of smallpox, Turin, 22 March 1715), died aged sixteen
*[[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont|Victor Amadeus Filippo Giuseppe, Prince of Piedmont]] (b. Turin, 6 May 1699 – d. of [[smallpox]], Turin, 22 March 1715), died aged fifteen.
*[[Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy]] (b. Turin, 27 April 1701 – d. Turin, 20 February 1773), King of Sardinia.
*[[Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy]] (b. Turin, 27 April 1701 – d. Turin, 20 February 1773), [[List of monarchs of Sardinia|King of Sardinia]].
*Prince Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (b. Turin, 1 December 1705 – d. Turin, 19 December 1705), Duke of Chablais; died in childhood.
*Prince Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (b. Turin, 1 December 1705 – d. Turin, 19 December 1705), [[Duke of Chablais]]; died in childhood.


==Ancestors==
==Ancestors==
Line 114: Line 116:


==Sources==
==Sources==
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Oresko| first=Robert|editor-first=Clarissa | editor-last=Campbell Orr |encyclopedia=Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |pages=16–55 |title=Maria Giovanna Battista of Savoy-Nemours (1644–1724): daughter, consort, and Regent of Savoy |isbn=0-521-81422-7}}
*{{cite book | last=Storrs | first=Christopher | title=War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy 1690-1720 | year=1999 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0521551463}}
*{{cite book | last=Storrs | first=Christopher | title=War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy 1690-1720 | year=1999 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0521551463}}
*{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924028182578|title=A Rose of Savoy: Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Duchesse de Bourgogne, Mother of Louis XV|access-date=28 November 2023|last= Williams|first= H. Noel |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1909}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
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[[Category:Burials at Turin Cathedral]]
[[Category:Burials at Turin Cathedral]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Superga]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Superga]]
[[Category:17th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:17th-century women regents]]
[[Category:18th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:18th-century women regents]]
[[Category:Women who experienced pregnancy loss]]
[[Category:Mothers of Sardinian monarchs]]

Latest revision as of 13:08, 19 October 2024

For "La Grande Mademoiselle", the greatest heiress in Europe, see Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans.
Anne Marie d'Orléans
Anne Marie d’Orleans by Louis Ferdinand Elle the Younger, 1683
Queen consort of Sardinia
Tenure24 August 1720 – 26 August 1728
Queen consort of Sicily
Tenure11 April 1713 – 17 February 1720
Coronation24 December 1713
Duchess consort of Savoy
Tenure10 April 1684 – 26 August 1728
Born(1669-08-27)27 August 1669
Château de Saint-Cloud, France
Died26 August 1728(1728-08-26) (aged 58)
Villa della Regina, Piedmont
Burial
Basilica of Superga
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1684)​
Issue
Detail
HouseOrléans
FatherPhilippe I, Duke of Orléans
MotherHenrietta of England
SignatureAnne Marie d'Orléans's signature

Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) was Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. She served as regent of Savoy during the absence of her spouse in 1686 and during the War of the Spanish Succession.[1]

She was for a period heiress presumptive to the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, a claim which eventually went to the protestant House of Hanover.

Youth

[edit]

Her father was Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV, and her mother was Henrietta of England, the youngest daughter of Charles I of England. Her mother died at the Château de Saint-Cloud ten months after Anne Marie's birth. A year later, her father married 19-year-old Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, who became very close to Anne, her step-daughter. Her half-brother Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, the future Regent of France, was born of her father's second marriage.

Her stepmother later described her as one of the most amiable and virtuous of women.[2]

Marriage

[edit]

To maintain French influence in the Italian states, her uncle King Louis XIV arranged her marriage, at the age of fourteen to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, then Duke of Savoy, later King of Sicily and then of Sardinia. Both of them were great-grandchildren of King Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici through three of their children. Additionally, Victor Amadeus was the great-great-grandson of Henry IV via Henry's illegitimate son César de Bourbon. Louis XIV was an ally of her future mother-in-law, Marie Jeanne, and supported Marie Jeanne when she extended her regency even after her actual mandate as regent had come to an end in 1680: Marie Jeanne did, in fact, not surrender her position as regent until shortly before her son's wedding.[3]

Portrait c. 1684

The proxy marriage of Anne Marie and Víctor Amadeus took place at Versailles on 10 April 1684, the day after the signing of the marriage contract. Her husband-to-be was represented by her cousin, Louis-Auguste, Duke of Maine. Louis XIV gave her a dowry of 900,000 livres.[4]

The Duke of Orléans accompanied his daughter as far as Juvisy-sur-Orge (18 kilometers south of Paris), and the comtesse de Lillebonne accompanied her all the way to Savoy. She met her husband Victor at Chambéry on 6 May, the nuptials being performed at the castle by the Archbishop of Grenoble. Two days later, the newlyweds made their "Joyous Entry" into Turin.

Anne Marie bore eight children, beginning with Marie-Adélaïde just a few months after Anne Marie's 16th birthday. The birth nearly cost Anne Marie her life, prompting the administration of the viaticum.[5] Marie-Adélaïde married Louis, Duke of Burgundy, grandson of Louis XIV in 1697, and was the mother of Louis XV.

This marriage was arranged with the assistance of the maréchal de Tessé and of Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, Comtesse de Verrué, who was Victor's mistress from 1689 till 1700.

Duchess and Queen

[edit]
Queen Anne Marie

After her arrival in Savoy, Anne Marie came under the influence of her pro-French mother-in-law, who maintained a powerful position as a French ally at the court of Savoy. She was described as a dutiful and humble daughter-in-law, who loyally adhered to Marie Jeanne's wishes.[3] Her close relationship with her mother-in-law was not viewed favorably by her spouse, who regarded it as a political threat, as he had long been opposed to his mother's influence in politics.[6]

The personal relationship between Anne Marie and Victor Amadeus was reportedly somewhat cool during the first years of their marriage, partly due to the adultery on his part and his disappointment that she did not give birth to a son for several years.[1] Anne Marie served as regent for the first time during the trip of Victor Amadeus in 1686, and was said to have handled the task well despite her young age.[1]

When Victor Amadeus severed his ties with France in 1690, Anne Marie and her children accompanied her mother-in-law when they left the capital in protest.[6]

Despite his marriage ties to France, Victor Amadeus joined the anti-French side in the War of the Spanish Succession. Anne Marie was appointed by him to serve as regent of Savoy during his absence in the war, a task she handled with maturity and judgment.[1] In 1706, Turin was besieged by French forces under the command of Anne Marie's half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, and Spanish forces of her cousin and son-in-law Philip V. She and her sons Victor Amadeus and Carlo Emanuele were forced to flee to Genoa.[7]

When the war was ended in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, Victor Amadeus received the Kingdom of Sicily, formerly a Spanish possession. Anne Marie's stepmother wrote: I shall neither gain nor lose by the peace, but one thing I shall enjoy is to see our Duchess of Savoy become a queen, because I love her as though she were my own child ...[8] When Victor Amadeus left for his coronation in Sicily, he had originally planned to leave Anne Marie behind to function as regent in his absence, but as he feared that she would let herself be directed by his mother because of her loyalty to her, he changed his mind and took her along with him instead.[9] Anne Marie was crowned with him in Sicily.

At the death of her eldest son in 1715, both she and Victor Amadeus fell into severe depression and left the capital to mourn, leaving Marie Jeanne to handle their official duties.[10] In 1720, Victor Amadeus retained his title of King but was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important duchy of Sardinia. As the Savoyard consort, Anne-Marie had the use of the Royal Palace of Turin, the vast Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi outside the capital, and the Vigna di Madama Reale.[11]

Queen Anne Marie died of heart failure at her villa on 26 August 1728, the day before her 59th birthday. She is buried at the Basilica of Superga in Turin, where all her children, except Marie-Adélaïde and Maria Luisa, are also buried.

Jacobite succession

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From 1714 to 1720, Anne Marie d'Orléans was the heiress presumptive to the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. These claims were held at the time by her first cousin James Francis Edward Stuart ("the Old Pretender", son of James II). Anne Marie became heiress presumptive with the death of James II's daughter Queen Anne in 1714 which left her and her cousin James as the only surviving legitimate grandchildren of Charles I. She was displaced as heir by the birth of the Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), on 31 December 1720.

Charles Edward and his brother Henry, Cardinal Stuart, both died without legitimate issue, so the descendants of Anne Marie d'Orléans inherited the Jacobite claim, i.e. they would have inherited the British crown had it not been for the Act of Settlement, which excluded the claims of the Catholic Stuarts and d'Orléans and settled the throne on the nearest Protestant relatives, the Hanoverians.

Issue

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Anne Marie gave birth to eight children, of whom only three survived to adulthood, and only one outlived her:

Ancestors

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References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Marie d'Orléans.
  1. ^ a b c d Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 3. 1961.
  2. ^ Williams 1909, p. 20.
  3. ^ a b Oresko 2004, p. 37.
  4. ^ Williams 1909, p. 17.
  5. ^ Williams 1909, p. 34.
  6. ^ a b Oresko 2004, p. 39.
  7. ^ Storrs 1999, p. 3-4.
  8. ^ Pevitt, Christine (1997). Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 133.
  9. ^ Oresko 2004, p. 40.
  10. ^ Oresko 2004, p. 41.
  11. ^ Fraser, Antonia (2006). Love and Louis XIV. Anchor Books. pp. 70–71.

Sources

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Anne Marie d'Orléans
Cadet branch of the House of Bourbon
Born: 27 August 1669 Died: 26 August 1728
Italian royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Marie Jeanne of
Savoy-Nemours 		Duchess consort of Savoy
1684–1728 		Vacant
Title next held by
Polyxena Christina
of Hesse-Rotenburg
Preceded by Queen consort of Sardinia
1720–1728
Preceded by Queen consort of Sicily
1713–1720 		Succeeded by
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