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{{Infobox Saint
{{Infobox saint
|name=Epiphanius of Pavia
|name=Epiphanius of Pavia
|birth_date=438
|birth_date=438
|death_date={{death date and age|496|01|21|438|00|00}}
|death_date={{death date and age|496|01|21|438}}
|feast_day=21 January
|feast_day=21 January
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]]<br>[[Roman Catholic Church]]
[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
|image=Hildesheim_StGodehard_Tympanon.jpg
|image=Hildesheim_StGodehard_Tympanon.jpg
|imagesize=
|imagesize=
Line 25: Line 24:
}}
}}


'''Epiphanius of Pavia''' (438–496), later known as '''Saint Epiphanius of Pavia''', was [[Bishop of Pavia]]<ref name="Gib">{{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |title=The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire |year=1862 |publisher=E. Claxton & co. |location= |oclc=| pages=291}}</ref> from 466 until his death in 496. Epiphanius additionally held the offices of [[lector]], [[subdeacon]] and [[deacon]].<ref name="Gil"/>
'''Epiphanius of Pavia''' (438–496), later venerated as '''Saint Epiphanius of Pavia''', was [[Bishop of Pavia]] from 466 until his death in 496. Epiphanius additionally held the offices of [[lector]], [[subdeacon]] and [[deacon]].<ref name="Gil">{{cite book |last=Gillett |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Gillett |title=Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-81349-2| pages=285}}</ref>

⚫
During his lifetime, Epiphanius undertook several [[Christian Church|church]]-related missions and exploits. Two of the most significant of these were his journey, as an [[Ambassador|emissary]] for the emperor [[Julius Nepos]], to the Visigothic king [[Euric]]; and his journey to [[Ravenna]], where he confronted [[Theodoric the Great]] shortly after his defeat of [[Odoacer]], and pleaded for the restoration of the [[civic rights]] of Roman aristocrats who had supported Odoacer.<ref name="Alb">{{cite book |last=Ferreiro |first=Alberto |title=The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society |year=1999 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-11206-5| pages=29}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Our primary source for Epiphanius' life is the ''Vita Epifanius'' written by [[Magnus Felix Ennodius]], who knew him personally, travelling with the bishop on his mission to king [[Gundobad]] of the [[Burgundians]] in 494–6. According to Ennodius, Epiphanius' father was Maurus and his mother Focaria, who was related to [[Mirocles (bishop of Milan)|Mirocles bishop of Milan]] (304-326).<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 7; translated by Genevieve Marie Cook, ''The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius: A translation with an introduction and commentary'' (Washington: Catholic University of America, 1942), p. 35</ref> He joined the household of bishop Crispinus at the age of eight and became a lector, learning to read and write, as well as [[stenography]]. At the age of 18 he was consecrated subdeacon,<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 18; translated by Cook, p. 39</ref> and deacon at 20.<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 26; translated by Cook, p. 43</ref> Then Bishop Crispinus, as he lay dying, appointed Epiphanius as his successor in the presence of the ex-[[consul]] [[Flavius Rusticus]]. Although he resisted the ordination, Epiphanius was made bishop in Milan in his 28th year.<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 36-42; translated by Cook, pp. 47f</ref>
⚫
During his lifetime, Epiphanius undertook several [[Christian Church|church]]-related missions and exploits. Some of the most significant of these was his expedition to [[Ravenna]], where he confronted [[Theodoric the Great]], shortly after his defeat of Odoacer, on the issue of [[civic rights]], and where he pleaded for the restoration of these civic rights, as well as his journey, as an [[Ambassador|emissary]] for the emperor ([[Julius Nepos]]), to [[Euric]] at [[Toulouse]].<ref name="Alb">{{cite book |last=Ferreiro |first=Alberto |title=The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society |year=1999 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-11206-5| pages=29}}</ref>


Shortly after becoming bishop, Epiphanius was asked to intervene between [[Anthemius]] and the barbarian leader [[Ricimer]], appealing to both parties for peace.<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 51-71; translated by Cook, pp. 53-71</ref> However, history shows that Epiphanius' efforts were in vain, for violence broke out between Ricimer and Anthemius; Anthemius was besieged in the part of Rome he controlled until his supporters deserted him, and he was caught attempting to flee the city disguised as a supplicant at the church of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]], where he was beheaded.<ref>John of Antioch, fragment 209, translated by C.D Gordon, ''The Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), pp. 122f</ref>
Epiphanius, however, also many a time represented his [[Christian]] [[Constituency]] to important figures of the period, such as the [[Arianism|Arian]] kings, among others. These confrontations and speakings to high-ranking figures proved, most of the time, to be successful endeavors; religious dignitaries such as Epiphanius had wide-ranging influence on the rulers and [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]]s during this period.<ref name="Arm"/>


Most of these confrontations and speakings to high-ranking figures proved to be successful endeavors; religious dignitaries such as Epiphanius had wide-ranging influence on the rulers and [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]]s during this period.<ref name="Arm">{{cite book |last=Amory |first=Patrick |author-link = Patrick Amory |title=People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554 |year=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-52635-3| pages=201–202}}</ref> In the eighth year of his episcopate (spring 475),<ref>Following the chronology Cook worked out in her edition of ''Vita Epifanius'', at p. 9 n. 6</ref> the emperor Julius Nepos sent him on a diplomatic mission to Euric about Visigothic incursions. A peace was concluded, although Nepos was deposed by [[Orestes]] shortly after.<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 81-100; translated by Cook, pp. 65-73</ref>
Such success is evidenced in Epiphanius' negotiations with Euric, [[Gundobad]], [[Odoacer]] and Theoderic over the [[ransom]] of the Italian captives they each had taken, and in his further discussions with Odoacer and Theoderic about the lessening of Ligurian [[taxes]].<ref name="Arm"/>


Cook notes that of "the thirteen years of Odoacer's matery in Italy, from the defeat of Orestes in A.D. 476 to the coming of Thodoric, A.D. 489 -- a period which embraced nearly half of the episcopate of Epiphanius -- Ennodius devotes but eight sections of the ''vita'' (101 - 107), five of which are taken up with the account of the restoration of churches."<ref>Cook, ''The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius'', p. 12</ref> The only other incident Ennodius recorded during these 13 years was his successful petition to Odoacer to alleviate the rapacious demands of the [[praetorian prefect]] Pelagius.<ref>''Vita Epifanius'', 106-108; translated by Cook, pp. 75-77</ref>
However, Epiphanius did not limit himself to dialogue with only aristocrats, emperors etc. of what was considered to be the "civilised" world; often he went to speak with barbarian rulers in times of trouble. An example of this is seen during a war between [[Anthemius]] and the barbarian leader [[Ricimer]], when Epiphanius appealed to both sides for peace.<ref name="Arm">{{cite book |last=Amory |first=Patrick |title=People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554 |year=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridgee |isbn=0-521-52635-3| pages=201–202}}</ref>


Another success was Epiphanius' successful negotiations over the [[ransom]] of his sister Honorata,<ref>Epiphanius's sisters Honorata and Liberata are both venerated as saints.</ref> who had been abducted from the monastery of St. Vincent in Pavia, during the war between [[Theodoric the Great]] and Odoacer.<ref name="Arm"/> After Theodoric had prevailed, one of his acts was to punish the Romans who had supported Odoacer by depriving them of their [[civic rights]]; Epiphanius went to the Ostragothic king and pleaded for their restoration. Theodoric granted the bishop's petition, on condition that Epiphanius act on his behalf and negotiate with the Burgundians to ransom the captives they took when they raided [[Liguria]] during the war between Theodoric and Odoacer in 489.<ref name="Wolfram-281">{{Cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009918 |title=History of the Goths |date=1988 |others=Herwig Translation of: Wolfram |isbn=0-520-05259-5 |edition=1st |location=Berkeley |pages=281 |oclc=13009918 |author-link=Herwig Wolfram}}</ref>
Epiphanius died of unknown causes on 21 January, 496, at the age of fifty-eight. That particular year marked 30 years of his service to the church.<ref name="Gil">{{cite book |last=Gillett |first=Andrew |title=Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-81349-2| pages=285}}</ref>

Epiphanius died following the rigors of his winter journey to Burgundy, on 21 January 496, in his fifty-eighth year.<ref>[[August Neander]], [http://christianbookshelf.org/neander/light_in_the_dark_places/epiphanius_of_pavia.htm ''Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche)'': ''Epiphanius of Pavia'']</ref> That particular year marked thirty years of his service to the church.<ref name="Gil"/>


==Veneration==
==Veneration==
Sometime after Epiphanius' death, [[Ennodius of Arles]] (d.521) wrote a biography of Epiphanius, entitled ''Biography of Bishop Epiphanius of Pavia''.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Albrecht |first=Michael |title=A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius |year=1997 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=<!--original ISBN is incorrect. Also, which volume?-->| pages=1287}}</ref> His relics were [[translation (relics)|translated]] to [[Hildesheim]] in 963<ref>* Bernhard Gallistl, ''Epiphanius von Pavia, Schutzheiliger des Bistums Hildesheim'', Hildesheim 2000 {{citeweb|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0121.htm|title=saintpatrickdc.org|accessdate=9 November 2007}}</ref>
Following Epiphanius' death, Ennodius, his successor as bishop of Pavia, wrote a ''[[Hagiography|Vita]]'' or "Life" of Epiphanius; based on internal evidence dates its composition between 501 and 504.<ref>Cook, ''The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius'', p. 6</ref> Epiphanius' relics were [[translation (relics)|translated]] to [[Hildesheim]] in 963,<ref>Bernhard Gallistl, ''Epiphanius von Pavia, Schutzheiliger des Bistums Hildesheim'', Hildesheim 2000 {{cite web|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0121.shtml |title=saintpatrickdc.org |accessdate=9 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024021333/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0121.shtml |archivedate=24 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where they are conserved in a grand reliquary [[chasse]] in the Dom.<ref>[http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienE/Epiphanius_von_Pavia.html ''Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon'']</ref> Despite the extensive evidence for the removal of his remains, there was in Pavia a persistent belief in possessing Epiphanius' remains. So strong was this belief that in the 18th century they reinterred what they considered the bishop's corpse in the church of San Francesco da Paola; later these relics were translated to the church of San Francesco Grande. In 1834, Bishop Tosi of Pavia formally recognized the authenticity of these remains.<ref>Cook, ''Life of Saint Epiphanius'', p. 243</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


{{Authority control}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

{{Persondata
|NAME=Epiphanius of Pavia
{{DEFAULTSORT:Epiphanius Of Pavia}}
⚫
[[Category:Medieval Italian saints]]
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Saint Epiphanius of Pavia
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Bishop of Pavia, saint
|DATE OF BIRTH=438
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Pavia
|DATE OF DEATH=496-01-21
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
⚫
[[Category:Italian saints]]
[[Category:Bishops of Pavia]]
[[Category:Bishops of Pavia]]
[[Category:5th-century bishops]]
[[Category:5th-century Italian bishops]]
[[Category:438 births]]
[[Category:438 births]]
[[Category:496 deaths]]
[[Category:496 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Saint Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim (Lower Saxony)]]
[[Category:Burials at Hildesheim Cathedral]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]

[[de:Epiphanius von Pavia]]
[[fr:Épiphane de Pavie]]
[[it:Epifanio di Pavia]]

Latest revision as of 13:42, 9 October 2024

Epiphanius of Pavia
Tympanon depicting Christ, Saint Godehard and Epiphanius, on the St. Godehard Basilica in Hildesheim, Germany.
Born438
Pavia
DiedJanuary 21, 496(496-01-21) (aged 57–58)
Venerated inOrthodox Church
Roman Catholic Church
Feast21 January

Epiphanius of Pavia (438–496), later venerated as Saint Epiphanius of Pavia, was Bishop of Pavia from 466 until his death in 496. Epiphanius additionally held the offices of lector, subdeacon and deacon.[1]

During his lifetime, Epiphanius undertook several church-related missions and exploits. Two of the most significant of these were his journey, as an emissary for the emperor Julius Nepos, to the Visigothic king Euric; and his journey to Ravenna, where he confronted Theodoric the Great shortly after his defeat of Odoacer, and pleaded for the restoration of the civic rights of Roman aristocrats who had supported Odoacer.[2]

Biography

[edit]

Our primary source for Epiphanius' life is the Vita Epifanius written by Magnus Felix Ennodius, who knew him personally, travelling with the bishop on his mission to king Gundobad of the Burgundians in 494–6. According to Ennodius, Epiphanius' father was Maurus and his mother Focaria, who was related to Mirocles bishop of Milan (304-326).[3] He joined the household of bishop Crispinus at the age of eight and became a lector, learning to read and write, as well as stenography. At the age of 18 he was consecrated subdeacon,[4] and deacon at 20.[5] Then Bishop Crispinus, as he lay dying, appointed Epiphanius as his successor in the presence of the ex-consul Flavius Rusticus. Although he resisted the ordination, Epiphanius was made bishop in Milan in his 28th year.[6]

Shortly after becoming bishop, Epiphanius was asked to intervene between Anthemius and the barbarian leader Ricimer, appealing to both parties for peace.[7] However, history shows that Epiphanius' efforts were in vain, for violence broke out between Ricimer and Anthemius; Anthemius was besieged in the part of Rome he controlled until his supporters deserted him, and he was caught attempting to flee the city disguised as a supplicant at the church of Santa Maria in Trastevere, where he was beheaded.[8]

Most of these confrontations and speakings to high-ranking figures proved to be successful endeavors; religious dignitaries such as Epiphanius had wide-ranging influence on the rulers and aristocrats during this period.[9] In the eighth year of his episcopate (spring 475),[10] the emperor Julius Nepos sent him on a diplomatic mission to Euric about Visigothic incursions. A peace was concluded, although Nepos was deposed by Orestes shortly after.[11]

Cook notes that of "the thirteen years of Odoacer's matery in Italy, from the defeat of Orestes in A.D. 476 to the coming of Thodoric, A.D. 489 -- a period which embraced nearly half of the episcopate of Epiphanius -- Ennodius devotes but eight sections of the vita (101 - 107), five of which are taken up with the account of the restoration of churches."[12] The only other incident Ennodius recorded during these 13 years was his successful petition to Odoacer to alleviate the rapacious demands of the praetorian prefect Pelagius.[13]

Another success was Epiphanius' successful negotiations over the ransom of his sister Honorata,[14] who had been abducted from the monastery of St. Vincent in Pavia, during the war between Theodoric the Great and Odoacer.[9] After Theodoric had prevailed, one of his acts was to punish the Romans who had supported Odoacer by depriving them of their civic rights; Epiphanius went to the Ostragothic king and pleaded for their restoration. Theodoric granted the bishop's petition, on condition that Epiphanius act on his behalf and negotiate with the Burgundians to ransom the captives they took when they raided Liguria during the war between Theodoric and Odoacer in 489.[15]

Epiphanius died following the rigors of his winter journey to Burgundy, on 21 January 496, in his fifty-eighth year.[16] That particular year marked thirty years of his service to the church.[1]

Veneration

[edit]

Following Epiphanius' death, Ennodius, his successor as bishop of Pavia, wrote a Vita or "Life" of Epiphanius; based on internal evidence dates its composition between 501 and 504.[17] Epiphanius' relics were translated to Hildesheim in 963,[18] where they are conserved in a grand reliquary chasse in the Dom.[19] Despite the extensive evidence for the removal of his remains, there was in Pavia a persistent belief in possessing Epiphanius' remains. So strong was this belief that in the 18th century they reinterred what they considered the bishop's corpse in the church of San Francesco da Paola; later these relics were translated to the church of San Francesco Grande. In 1834, Bishop Tosi of Pavia formally recognized the authenticity of these remains.[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gillett, Andrew (2003). Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-521-81349-2.
  2. ^ Ferreiro, Alberto (1999). The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society. Leiden: Brill. p. 29. ISBN 90-04-11206-5.
  3. ^ Vita Epifanius, 7; translated by Genevieve Marie Cook, The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius: A translation with an introduction and commentary (Washington: Catholic University of America, 1942), p. 35
  4. ^ Vita Epifanius, 18; translated by Cook, p. 39
  5. ^ Vita Epifanius, 26; translated by Cook, p. 43
  6. ^ Vita Epifanius, 36-42; translated by Cook, pp. 47f
  7. ^ Vita Epifanius, 51-71; translated by Cook, pp. 53-71
  8. ^ John of Antioch, fragment 209, translated by C.D Gordon, The Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), pp. 122f
  9. ^ a b Amory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0-521-52635-3.
  10. ^ Following the chronology Cook worked out in her edition of Vita Epifanius, at p. 9 n. 6
  11. ^ Vita Epifanius, 81-100; translated by Cook, pp. 65-73
  12. ^ Cook, The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius, p. 12
  13. ^ Vita Epifanius, 106-108; translated by Cook, pp. 75-77
  14. ^ Epiphanius's sisters Honorata and Liberata are both venerated as saints.
  15. ^ Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Herwig Translation of: Wolfram (1st ed.). Berkeley. p. 281. ISBN 0-520-05259-5. OCLC 13009918.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ August Neander, Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche): Epiphanius of Pavia
  17. ^ Cook, The Life of Saint Epiphanius by Ennodius, p. 6
  18. ^ Bernhard Gallistl, Epiphanius von Pavia, Schutzheiliger des Bistums Hildesheim, Hildesheim 2000 "saintpatrickdc.org". Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
  19. ^ Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
  20. ^ Cook, Life of Saint Epiphanius, p. 243
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