Erysimum collinum: Difference between revisions
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| genus = Erysimum |
| genus = Erysimum |
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| species = collinum |
| species = collinum |
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| authority = ([[Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein|M.Bieb.]]) [[ |
| authority = ([[Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein|M.Bieb.]]) [[Antoni Andrzejowski|Andrz.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] |
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}} |
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'''''Erysimum collinum''''' is a plant species in the family [[Brassicaceae]]. It is a member of the genus ''[[Erysimum]]'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite journal| |
'''''Erysimum collinum''''' is a plant species in the family [[Brassicaceae]]. It is a member of the genus ''[[Erysimum]]'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moazzeni|first1=Hamid|last2=Zarre|first2=Shahin|last3=Pfeil|first3=Bernard E.|last4=Bertrand|first4=Yann J. K.|last5=German|first5=Dmitry A.|last6=Al-Shehbaz|first6=Ihsan A.|last7=Mummenhoff|first7=Klaus|last8=Oxelman|first8=Bengt|date=2014|title=Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genusErysimum(Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=175|issue=4|pages=497–522|doi=10.1111/boj.12184|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Shehbaz|first=Ihsan A.|date=2012|title=A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)|journal=Taxon|language=en|volume=61|issue=5|pages=931–954|doi=10.1002/tax.615002|issn=1996-8175}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=German|first=D.|date=2014|title=Notes on taxonomy of Erysimum (Erysimeae, Cruciferae) of Russia and adjacent states. I. Erysimum collinum and Erysimum hajastanicum|url=http://ssbg.asu.ru/turcz/turcz_17_1_10-32.pdf.pdf|journal=Turczaninowia|volume=17|issue=1|pages=10–32|doi=10.14258/turczaninowia.17.1.3|doi-access=free}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2009|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 1: Russland, die Nachfolgestaaten der USSR (excl. Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan), China, Indien, Pakistan, Japan und Korea|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=111|pages=181–275|jstor=41767461|issn=0255-0105}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2010|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 2: Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan, Türkei, Syrien, Libanon, Israel, Jordanien, Irak, Iran, Afghanistan|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=112|pages=369–497|jstor=41767489|issn=0255-0105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2012|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 3: Amerika und Grönland|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=113|pages=139–192|jstor=41767509|issn=0255-0105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2013|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=115|pages=57–74|jstor=43922110|issn=0255-0105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2013|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=115|pages=75–218|jstor=43922111|issn=0255-0105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polatschek|first=A.|date=2014|title=Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Nachträge zu den Bearbeitungen der Iberischen Halbinsel und Makaronesiens|journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie|volume=116|pages=87–105|jstor=43922289|issn=0255-0105}}</ref> |
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== Morphology == |
== Morphology == |
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''Erysimum collinum'' is a [[Biennial plant|biennial]] species. Plants are typically branching at the base, with 1-7 stems at the time of flowering. Leaves (length |
''Erysimum collinum'' is a [[Biennial plant|biennial]] species. Plants are typically branching at the base, with 1-7 stems at the time of flowering. Leaves (length 14–50 mm, width 2–11 mm) are covered in hairs and are narrower at the base. Flowers are yellow with glabrous petals 6–11 mm long and 2–4 mm wide. There are 30-60 flowers in the main [[raceme]]. Seed pods are 56–95 mm long, 1.3–2 mm wide, square with non-obvious edges, and aligned parallel to the flower stalk. Flower stalks are rounded and 500 – 820 mm tall at the time of seed set.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moazzeni|first1=Hamid|last2=Assadi|first2=Mostafa|last3=Zare|first3=Golshan|last4=Mirtadzadini|first4=Mahshour|last5=Al-Shehbaz|first5=Ihsan A|date=2016-07-29|title=Vol 269, No 1|journal=Phytotaxa|language=en-US|volume=269|issue=1|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.269.1|issn=1179-3163}}</ref> |
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[[File:Erysimum collinum seed pods.jpg|thumb|Immature ''Erysimum collinum'' seed pods]] |
[[File:Erysimum collinum seed pods.jpg|thumb|Immature ''Erysimum collinum'' seed pods]] |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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In a 2014 taxonomic revision, ''E. aucherianum'', ''E. gayanum'', ''E. gracile'', and ''E. passgalense'' are considered to be the same species as ''E. collinum.<ref name=":0" />'' The revised species has both diploid (2n = 14) and hexaploid (2n = 42) members.<ref name=":1" /> Based on sequence comparisons of expressed genes in 48 ''[[Erysimum]]'' species, ''E. collinum'' is most closely related to ''E. crassipes'' and ''E. crassicaule''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal| |
In a 2014 taxonomic revision, ''E. aucherianum'', ''E. gayanum'', ''E. gracile'', and ''E. passgalense'' are considered to be the same species as ''E. collinum.<ref name=":0" />'' The revised species has both diploid (2n = 14) and hexaploid (2n = 42) members.<ref name=":1" /> Based on sequence comparisons of expressed genes in 48 ''[[Erysimum]]'' species, ''E. collinum'' is most closely related to ''E. crassipes'' and ''E. crassicaule''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Züst|first1=Tobias|last2=Strickler|first2=Susan R|last3=Powell|first3=Adrian F|last4=Mabry|first4=Makenzie E|last5=An|first5=Hong|last6=Mirzaei|first6=Mahdieh|last7=York|first7=Thomas|last8=Holland|first8=Cynthia K|last9=Kumar|first9=Pavan|last10=Erb|first10=Matthias|last11=Petschenka|first11=Georg|date=2020-04-07|title=Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|pages=e51712|doi=10.7554/eLife.51712|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7180059|pmid=32252891|last17=Jander|first17=Georg|first16=Lukas|last16=Mueller|first15=J Chris|last15=Pires|first14=Caroline|last14=Müller|first13=Francsco|last13=Perfectti|first12=José-María|last12=Gómez |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Chemical defenses == |
== Chemical defenses == |
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The genus ''Erysimum'' is known for containing two major classes of defensive metabolites: [[ |
The genus ''Erysimum'' is known for containing two major classes of defensive [[Metabolite|metabolites]]: [[glucosinolate]]s, which are characteristic of all [[Brassicaceae]], and [[cardiac glycoside]]s ([[cardenolide]]s), which are found only within the genus ''[[Erysimum]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Züst|first1=Tobias|last2=Mirzaei|first2=Mahdieh|last3=Jander|first3=Georg|date=2018-12-01|title=Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis|journal=Phytochemistry Reviews|language=en|volume=17|issue=6|pages=1239–1251|doi=10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4|s2cid=53857970|issn=1572-980X|url=https://boris.unibe.ch/114835/ }}</ref> However, unlike other analyzed members of the genus ''[[Erysimum]]'', ''E. collinum'' contains only trace amounts of [[cardiac glycosides]] ([[cardenolide]]s).<ref name=":2" /> Nevertheless, extracts of ''E. collinum'' showed some inhibitory activity of the mammalian [[Na+/K+-ATPase|sodium-potassium ATPase pump]] ([[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]]), the main molecular target of [[cardenolide]]s.<ref name=":2" /> |
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The most abundant [[glucosinolate]] in ''E. collinum'' is glucoerypestrin (3-methoxycarbonylpropyl glucosinolate),<ref name=":2" /> which has been reported only within the genus ''[[Erysimum]],''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal| |
The most abundant [[glucosinolate]] in ''E. collinum'' is glucoerypestrin (3-methoxycarbonylpropyl glucosinolate),<ref name=":2" /> which has been reported only within the genus ''[[Erysimum]],''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Fahey|first1=Jed W.|last2=Zalcmann|first2=Amy T.|last3=Talalay|first3=Paul|date=2001-01-01|title=The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200003162|journal=Phytochemistry|language=en|volume=56|issue=1|pages=5–51|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2|pmid=11198818|issn=0031-9422}}</ref> including also in the species ''[[Erysimum repandum|E. repandum]]'' (syn. ''E. pulchellum''), ''E. odoratum'', and ''E. ochroleucum.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chisholm|first=M. D.|date=1973-03-01|title=Biosynthesis of 3-methoxycarbonylpropylglucosinolate in an Erysimum species|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200844519|journal=Phytochemistry|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=605–608|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84451-9|issn=0031-9422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kjær|first1=Anders|last2=Gmelin|first2=Rolf|last3=Sandberg|first3=Rune|last4=Schliack|first4=J.|last5=Reio|first5=L.|date=1957|title=isoThiocyanates. XXV. Methyl 4-isoThiocyanatobutyrate, a New Mustard Oil Present as a Glucoside (Glucoerypestrin) in Erysimum Species.|journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=11|pages=577–578|doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.11-0577|issn=0904-213X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other glucosinolates found in ''E. collinum'' are indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate, 2-methylpropyl glucosinolate, and n-methylbutyl glucosinolate.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 06:07, 27 September 2024
| Erysimum collinum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Erysimum |
| Species: | E. collinum
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| Binomial name | |
| Erysimum collinum | |
Erysimum collinum is a plant species in the family Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus Erysimum, which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Morphology
[edit]Erysimum collinum is a biennial species. Plants are typically branching at the base, with 1-7 stems at the time of flowering. Leaves (length 14–50 mm, width 2–11 mm) are covered in hairs and are narrower at the base. Flowers are yellow with glabrous petals 6–11 mm long and 2–4 mm wide. There are 30-60 flowers in the main raceme. Seed pods are 56–95 mm long, 1.3–2 mm wide, square with non-obvious edges, and aligned parallel to the flower stalk. Flower stalks are rounded and 500 – 820 mm tall at the time of seed set.[3][5][10]
Occurrence
[edit]Erysimum collinum is native to southeastern Russia, Armenia, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Iran, where it grows at altitudes from 700 to 1390 m.[5] Habitats where E. collinum is found include cultivated fields, river banks, and rocky areas.
Taxonomy
[edit]In a 2014 taxonomic revision, E. aucherianum, E. gayanum, E. gracile, and E. passgalense are considered to be the same species as E. collinum.[3] The revised species has both diploid (2n = 14) and hexaploid (2n = 42) members.[5] Based on sequence comparisons of expressed genes in 48 Erysimum species, E. collinum is most closely related to E. crassipes and E. crassicaule.[11]
Chemical defenses
[edit]The genus Erysimum is known for containing two major classes of defensive metabolites: glucosinolates, which are characteristic of all Brassicaceae, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), which are found only within the genus Erysimum.[12] However, unlike other analyzed members of the genus Erysimum, E. collinum contains only trace amounts of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides).[11] Nevertheless, extracts of E. collinum showed some inhibitory activity of the mammalian sodium-potassium ATPase pump (Na+/K+-ATPase), the main molecular target of cardenolides.[11]
The most abundant glucosinolate in E. collinum is glucoerypestrin (3-methoxycarbonylpropyl glucosinolate),[11] which has been reported only within the genus Erysimum,[13] including also in the species E. repandum (syn. E. pulchellum), E. odoratum, and E. ochroleucum.[11][13][14][15] Other glucosinolates found in E. collinum are indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate, 2-methylpropyl glucosinolate, and n-methylbutyl glucosinolate.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Moazzeni, Hamid; Zarre, Shahin; Pfeil, Bernard E.; Bertrand, Yann J. K.; German, Dmitry A.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Oxelman, Bengt (2014). "Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genusErysimum(Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (4): 497–522. doi:10.1111/boj.12184. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ^ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2012). "A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)". Taxon. 61 (5): 931–954. doi:10.1002/tax.615002. ISSN 1996-8175.
- ^ a b c German, D. (2014). "Notes on taxonomy of Erysimum (Erysimeae, Cruciferae) of Russia and adjacent states. I. Erysimum collinum and Erysimum hajastanicum" (PDF). Turczaninowia. 17 (1): 10–32. doi:10.14258/turczaninowia.17.1.3.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Polatschek, A. (2009). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 1: Russland, die Nachfolgestaaten der USSR (excl. Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan), China, Indien, Pakistan, Japan und Korea". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 111: 181–275. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41767461.
- ^ a b c d Polatschek, A. (2010). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 2: Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan, Türkei, Syrien, Libanon, Israel, Jordanien, Irak, Iran, Afghanistan". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 112: 369–497. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41767489.
- ^ Polatschek, A. (2012). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 3: Amerika und Grönland". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 113: 139–192. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41767509.
- ^ Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 57–74. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922110.
- ^ Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 75–218. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922111.
- ^ Polatschek, A. (2014). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Nachträge zu den Bearbeitungen der Iberischen Halbinsel und Makaronesiens". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 116: 87–105. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922289.
- ^ Moazzeni, Hamid; Assadi, Mostafa; Zare, Golshan; Mirtadzadini, Mahshour; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A (2016-07-29). "Vol 269, No 1". Phytotaxa. 269 (1). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.269.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
- ^ a b c d e f Züst, Tobias; Strickler, Susan R; Powell, Adrian F; Mabry, Makenzie E; An, Hong; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; York, Thomas; Holland, Cynthia K; Kumar, Pavan; Erb, Matthias; Petschenka, Georg; Gómez, José-María; Perfectti, Francsco; Müller, Caroline; Pires, J Chris; Mueller, Lukas; Jander, Georg (2020-04-07). "Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)". eLife. 9: e51712. doi:10.7554/eLife.51712. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7180059. PMID 32252891.
- ^ Züst, Tobias; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Jander, Georg (2018-12-01). "Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (6): 1239–1251. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4. ISSN 1572-980X. S2CID 53857970.
- ^ a b Fahey, Jed W.; Zalcmann, Amy T.; Talalay, Paul (2001-01-01). "The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants". Phytochemistry. 56 (1): 5–51. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 11198818.
- ^ Chisholm, M. D. (1973-03-01). "Biosynthesis of 3-methoxycarbonylpropylglucosinolate in an Erysimum species". Phytochemistry. 12 (3): 605–608. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84451-9. ISSN 0031-9422.
- ^ Kjær, Anders; Gmelin, Rolf; Sandberg, Rune; Schliack, J.; Reio, L. (1957). "isoThiocyanates. XXV. Methyl 4-isoThiocyanatobutyrate, a New Mustard Oil Present as a Glucoside (Glucoerypestrin) in Erysimum Species". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 11: 577–578. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.11-0577. ISSN 0904-213X.