Jump to content

Ammophila (wasp): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Addbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,838,809 edits
m Bot: Migrating 5 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q175585 (Report Errors)
m →Vernacular names: "sand wasp" is used for a different group of wasps, and even redirects there in WP
 
(44 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of wasps}}
{{italic title}}
{{About-distinguish|the wasps|Ammophila (plant){{!}}''Ammophila'' (plant)}}
{{Taxobox
{{Italic title}}
| name = ''Ammophila''
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ammophila ferrugineipes Thread-waisted wasp IMG 2008s.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ammophila ferrugineipes]]''
| image = Ammophila pubescens - Kulna.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ammophila pubescens]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Ammophila
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| authority = [[William Kirby (entomologist)|W. Kirby]], 1798
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
| type_species = ''[[Ammophila sabulosa]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| familia = [[Sphecidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Ammophilinae]]
| genus = '''''Ammophila'''''
| genus_authority = [[William Kirby (entomologist)|W. Kirby]], 1798
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = many (>200 species + subspecies<ref>{{ITIS |id=154323 |taxon=''Ammophila''}}</ref>)
| subdivision = Many (>200 species + subspecies<ref name="ReferenceA">{{ITIS |id=154323 |taxon=''Ammophila''}}</ref>)
}}
}}


'''''Ammophila''''' is the [[type genus]] of the subfamily [[Ammophilinae]] of the hunting [[wasp]] family [[Sphecidae]]. They sometimes are referred to as "Thread-waisted wasps", but the name is not definitive, because many other members of the Sphecidae are thread-waisted too, and referred to as such. Sometimes Ammophiline wasps are referred to as "sand wasps"; this may be better because it is consistent with the name ''Ammophila'', which derives from the Greek for "sand lover", presumably because many species dig their nests in sand. However, as is frequent in dealing with common names, there is no definitive common name for the Ammophilinae; [[Entomology|entomologists]] usually confine themselves to the technical names for convenience and clarity.
'''''Ammophila''''' is the [[type genus]] of the subfamily [[Ammophilinae]] of the hunting [[wasp]] family [[Sphecidae]]. ''Ammophila'' is a large and cosmopolitan genus, with over 200 species, mostly occurring in the warmer regions of all continents apart from [[Antarctica]].


==Vernacular names==
Ammophila is a large and cosmopolitan genus, with over 200 species, mostly occurring in the warmer regions of all continents apart from [[Antarctica]]. As is frequent in large genera, there is considerable variation in their habits and appearance, but predominantly they are medium-sized wasps of strikingly slender build, with antennae about as long as the head plus thorax. The jaws are not large, but are strong and apart from feeding and digging, often are used for unexpected functions such as holding a pebble with which the wasp hammers down soil to seal a nest,<ref name=Peckh>Peckham, George W, Peckham, Elizabeth G.; Wasps, Social and Solitary, Pub. Constable 1905</ref> or to grip the stem of a plant at night, holding its body at right-angles to the stem, its legs folded and all the weight taken up by the mandibles. This habit is not unique to Ammophilinae &mdash; some bees, such as ''Amegilla'' also overnight in that way, and [[Jean Henri Fabre|Fabre]] documented some others.<ref name=FWOI>Fabre, Jean-Henri; The wonders of instinct; Pub: Century, New York 1918</ref>
[[File:Ammophila ferrugineipes Thread-waisted wasp IMG 2008s.jpg|thumb|''[[Ammophila ferrugineipes]]'']]
Nesting is generally by digging an unbranched tunnel in sandy soil, but provisioning can be [[Progressive provisioning|progressive]], the mother bringing prey as the larva requires it, or [[mass provisioning]], each nest being provided with a single large prey item,<ref>Barbara J. Hager and Frank E. Kurczewski; Nesting Behavior of Ammophila harti (Fernald) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae); American Midland Naturalist Vol. 116, No. 1 (Jul., 1986); Pub: University of Notre Dame</ref> or as many small prey items as should be required.<ref name=Peckh/>
''Ammophila'' species are sometimes referred to as "thread-waisted wasps", but the name is not definitive, because many other members of the family Sphecidae are thread-waisted and referred to as such. Sometimes Ammophiline wasps are referred to as "sand wasps"; this is consistent with the name ''Ammophila'', which derives from the Greek for "sand lover" (many species dig their nests in sand). However, this common name is used primarily for wasps in the family Crabronidae, in the tribe [[Bembicini]]. As is frequent in dealing with common names, no definitive common name for the Ammophilinae exists; [[Entomology|entomologists]] usually confine themselves to the technical names for convenience and clarity.


==Morphology and habits==
==See also==
As is frequent in large genera, considerable variation occurs in their habits and appearance, but predominantly they are medium-sized wasps of strikingly slender build, with antennae about as long as the head plus thorax.
*''[[Ammophila sabulosa]]''


The jaws are not large, but are strong and apart from feeding and digging, often are used for unexpected functions such as holding a pebble with which the wasp hammers down soil to seal a nest,<ref name=Peckh>Peckham, George W, Peckham, Elizabeth G.; Wasps, Social and Solitary, Pub. Constable 1905</ref> or to grip the stem of a plant at night, holding its body at right-angles to the stem, its legs folded and all the weight taken up by the mandibles. This habit is not unique to the Ammophilinae &ndash; some bees, such as ''[[Amegilla]]'', also overnight in that way, and [[Jean Henri Fabre|Fabre]] documented some others.<ref name=FWOI>Fabre, Jean-Henri; The wonders of instinct; Pub: Century, New York 1918</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}


[[File:Ammophila (wasp) 08212.JPG|thumb|''Ammophila'' with a captured caterpillar]]
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Ammophila (Sphecidae)|''Ammophila''}}


==Nesting==
[[Category:Biological pest control agents]]
Nesting is generally by digging an unbranched tunnel in sandy soil, but provisioning can be [[Progressive provisioning|progressive]], the mother bringing prey as the larva requires it, or [[mass provisioning]], where each nest is provided with a single large prey item,<ref>Barbara J. Hager and Frank E. Kurczewski; Nesting Behavior of ''Ammophila harti'' (Fernald) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae); American Midland Naturalist Vol. 116, No. 1 (Jul., 1986); Pub: University of Notre Dame</ref> or as many small prey items as should be required.<ref name=Peckh/>
[[Category:Sphecidae]]


==Species==
{{wasp-stub}}
[[File:Ammophila heydeni - 2012-10-14.webm|thumbtime=1:47|thumb|''Ammophila heydeni'']]


The genus ''Ammophila'' was created by the English [[parson-naturalist]] [[William Kirby (entomologist)|William Kirby]] in 1798.<ref name="Pulawski 2021">{{cite web |last=Pulawski |first=Wojciech J. |title=Family Group Names and Classification: and taxa excluded from Sphecidae sensu lato |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/family_group_names_and_classification.pdf |date=<!--revised-->2021 |orig-year=2014 |accessdate=14 January 2022}}</ref> It contains 243 extant species:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulawski|first=Wojciech|date=2021|title=Ammophila|url=https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Ammophila.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[California Academy of Sciences]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402115052/http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera/Ammophila.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-02 }}</ref>
[[ru:Аммофила]]
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*''[[Ammophila aberti]]'' <small>Haldeman, 1852</small>
*''[[Ammophila abnormis]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila acuta]]'' <small>(Fernald, 1934)</small>
*''[[Ammophila adelpha]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila aellos]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila afghanica]]'' <small>Balthasar, 1957</small>
*''[[Ammophila africana]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila albotomentosa]]'' <small>Morice, 1900</small>
*''[[Ammophila altigena]]'' <small>Gussakovskij, 1930</small>
*''[[Ammophila antenniferruginea]]'' <small>Yan and Q. Li, 2010</small>
*''[[Ammophila antoninae]]'' <small>Danilov, 2018</small>
*''[[Ammophila antropovi]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila aphrodite]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila apicalis]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1835</small>
*''[[Ammophila arabica]]'' <small>W.F. Kirby, 1900</small>
*''[[Ammophila ardens]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1868</small>
*''[[Ammophila areolata]]'' <small>Walker, 1871</small>
*''[[Ammophila argyrocephala]]'' <small>Arnold, 1951</small>
*''[[Ammophila arnoldi]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila arvensis]]'' <small>Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845</small>
*''[[Ammophila asiatica]]'' <small>Tsuneki, 1971</small>
*''[[Ammophila assimilis]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila atripes]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1852</small>
*''[[Ammophila aucella]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila aurifera]]'' <small>R. Turner, 1908</small>
*''[[Ammophila azteca]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila barbara]]'' <small>(Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845)</small>
*''[[Ammophila barbarorum]]'' <small>Arnold, 1951</small>
*''[[Ammophila barkalovi]]'' <small>Danilov, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila beaumonti]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila bechuana]]'' <small>(R. Turner, 1929)</small>
*''[[Ammophila bella]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila bellula]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila beniniensis]]'' <small>(Palisot de Beauvois, 1806)</small>
*''[[Ammophila bispinosa]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila boharti]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila borealis]]'' <small>Q. Li and C. Yang, 1990</small>
*''[[Ammophila braunsi]]'' <small>(R. Turner, 1919)</small>
*''[[Ammophila breviceps]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila brevipennis]]'' <small>Bingham, 1897</small>
*''[[Ammophila californica]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila calva]]'' <small>(Arnold, 1920)</small>
*''[[Ammophila campestris]]'' <small>Latreille, 1809</small>
*''[[Ammophila caprella]]'' <small>Arnold, 1951</small>
*''[[Ammophila cellularis]]'' <small>Gussakovskij, 1930</small>
*''[[Ammophila centralis]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila centroafricana]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila clavus]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small>
*''[[Ammophila cleopatra]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila clypeola]]'' <small>Q. Li and C. Yang, 1990</small>
*''[[Ammophila clypeolineata]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila coachella]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila conditor]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila confusa]]'' <small>A. Costa, 1864</small>
*''[[Ammophila conifera]]'' <small>(Arnold, 1920)</small>
*''[[Ammophila cora]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila coronata]]'' <small>A. Costa, 1864</small>
*''[[Ammophila crassifemoralis]]'' <small>(R. Turner, 1919)</small>
*''[[Ammophila cybele]]'' <small>Menke, 1970</small>
*''[[Ammophila dantoni]]'' <small>Roth in Nadig, 1933</small>
*''[[Ammophila dejecta]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila dentigera]]'' <small>Gussakovskij, 1928</small>
*''[[Ammophila deserticola]]'' <small>Tsuneki, 1971</small>
*''[[Ammophila djaouak]]'' <small>de Beaumont, 1956</small>
*''[[Ammophila dolichocephala]]'' <small>Cameron, 1910</small>
*''[[Ammophila dolichodera]]'' <small>Kohl, 1884</small>
*''[[Ammophila dubia]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila duhokensis]]'' <small>Augul, Abdoul-Rassoul, and Kaddou, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila dysmica]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila electa]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila elongata]]'' <small>Fischer de Waldheim, 1843</small>
*''[[Ammophila erminea]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila evansi]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila exsecta]]'' <small>Kohl, 1906</small>
*''[[Ammophila extremitata]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila eyrensis]]'' <small>R. Turner, 1908</small>
*''[[Ammophila femurrubra]]'' <small>W. Fox, 1894</small>
*''[[Ammophila fernaldi]]'' <small>(Murray, 1938)</small>
*''[[Ammophila ferruginosa]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila filata]]'' <small>Walker, 1871</small>
*''[[Ammophila fischeri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila formicoides]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila formosensis]]'' <small>Tsuneki, 1971</small>
*''[[Ammophila ganquana]]'' <small>Yang and Li, 1989</small>
*''[[Ammophila gaumeri]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila globifrontalis]]'' <small>Q. Li and Ch. Yang, 1995</small>
*''[[Ammophila globiverticalis]]'' <small>Ch. Wang and L. Ma, 2018</small>
*''[[Ammophila gracilis]]'' <small>Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845</small>
*''[[Ammophila gracillima]]'' <small>Taschenberg, 1869</small>
*''[[Ammophila guichardi]]'' <small>de Beaumont, 1956</small>
*''[[Ammophila gusenleitneri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila gussakovskii]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila haimatosoma]]'' <small>Kohl, 1884</small>
*''[[Ammophila haladai]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila hallelujah]]'' <small>Menke, 2020</small>
*''[[Ammophila harti]]'' <small>(Fernald, 1931)</small>
*''[[Ammophila hemilauta]]'' <small>Kohl, 1906</small>
*''[[Ammophila hermosa]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila heteroclypeola]]'' <small>Li and Xue, 1998</small>
*''[[Ammophila hevans]]'' <small>Menke, 2004</small>
*''[[Ammophila heydeni]]'' <small>Dahlbom, 1845</small>
*''[[Ammophila holosericea]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1793)</small>
*''[[Ammophila honorei]]'' <small>Alfieri, 1946</small>
*''[[Ammophila horni]]'' <small>von Schulthess, 1927</small>
*''[[Ammophila hungarica]]'' <small>Mocsáry, 1883</small>
*''[[Ammophila hurdi]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila iliensis]]'' <small>Kazenas, 2001</small>
*''[[Ammophila imitator]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila induta]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila infesta]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1873</small>
*''[[Ammophila insignis]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila insolata]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1858</small>
*''[[Ammophila instabilis]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila juncea]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila kalaharica]]'' <small>(Arnold, 1935)</small>
*''[[Ammophila karenae]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila kennedyi]]'' <small>(Murray, 1938)</small>
*''[[Ammophila kenyensis]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila kondarensis]]'' <small>Danilov, 2018</small>
*''[[Ammophila kowalczyki]]'' <small>Olszewski, 2020</small>
*''[[Ammophila laeviceps]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1873</small>
*''[[Ammophila laevicollis]]'' <small>Ed. André, 1886</small>
*''[[Ammophila laevigata]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila laminituberalis]]'' <small>Ch. Wang and Ma, 2018</small>
*''[[Ammophila lampei]]'' <small>Strand, 1910</small>
*''[[Ammophila lativalvis]]'' <small>Gussakovskij, 1928</small>
*''[[Ammophila leclercqi]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila leoparda]]'' <small>(Fernald, 1934)</small>
*''[[Ammophila linda]]'' <small>Menke, 2020</small>
*''[[Ammophila longiclypeata]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila macra]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila malickyi]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila marshi]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila mcclayi]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila mediata]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila menghaiana]]'' <small>Q. Li and C. Yang, 1989</small>
*''[[Ammophila menkei]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila meridionalis]]'' <small>Kazenas, 1980</small>
*''[[Ammophila mescalero]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila mexica]]'' <small>Menke, 2020</small>
*''[[Ammophila mimica]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila mitlaensis]]'' <small>Alfieri, 1961</small>
*''[[Ammophila modesta]]'' <small>Mocsáry, 1883</small>
*''[[Ammophila moenkopi]]'' <small>Menke, 1967</small>
*''[[Ammophila monachi]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila mongolensis]]'' <small>Tsuneki, 1971</small>
*''[[Ammophila murrayi]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila namibiensis]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila nancy]]'' <small>Menke, 2007</small>
*''[[Ammophila nasalis]]'' <small>Provancher, 1895</small>
*''[[Ammophila nasuta]]'' <small>Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845</small>
*''[[Ammophila nearctica]]'' <small>Kohl, 1889</small>
*''[[Ammophila nefertiti]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila nemkovi]]'' <small>Danilov, 2018</small>
*''[[Ammophila nigri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila nigricans]]'' <small>Dahlbom, 1843</small>
*''[[Ammophila nigrifrons]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila nigrina]]'' <small>F. Morawitz, 1889</small>
*''[[Ammophila nitida]]'' <small>Fischer de Waldheim, 1834</small>
*''[[Ammophila novita]]'' <small>(Fernald, 1934)</small>
*''[[Ammophila obliquestriolae]]'' <small>Yang and Li, 1989</small>
*''[[Ammophila occipitalis]]'' <small>F. Morawitz, 1890</small>
*''[[Ammophila ohli]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila pachythoracalis]]'' <small>Yang and Li, 1989</small>
*''[[Ammophila pakistana]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila parapolita]]'' <small>(Fernald, 1934)</small>
*''[[Ammophila parapunctaticeps]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila parkeri]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila peckhami]]'' <small>(Fernald, 1934)</small>
*''[[Ammophila peringueyi]]'' <small>(Arnold, 1928)</small>
*''[[Ammophila persica]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila pevtsovi]]'' <small>Danilov, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila picipes]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila pictipennis]]'' <small>Walsh, 1869</small>
*''[[Ammophila pilimarginata]]'' <small>Cameron, 1912</small>
*''[[Ammophila placida]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila platensis]]'' <small>Brèthes, 1909</small>
*''[[Ammophila poecilocnemis]]'' <small>Morice, 1900</small>
*''[[Ammophila polita]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila procera]]'' <small>Dahlbom, 1843</small>
*''[[Ammophila producticollis]]'' <small>Morice, 1900</small>
*''[[Ammophila proxima]]'' <small>(F. Smith, 1856)</small>
*''[[Ammophila pruinosa]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila pseudodolichodera]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila pseudoheydeni]]'' <small>Li and He, 2000</small>
*''[[Ammophila pseudokalaharica]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila pseudonasuta]]'' <small>Bytinski-Salz in de Beaumont and Bytinski-Salz, 1955</small>
*''[[Ammophila pubescens]]'' <small>Curtis, 1836</small>
*''[[Ammophila pulawskii]]'' <small>Tsuneki, 1971</small>
*''[[Ammophila punctata]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila punctaticeps]]'' <small>(Arnold, 1920)</small>
*''[[Ammophila punti]]'' <small>Guichard, 1988</small>
*''[[Ammophila quadraticollis]]'' <small>A. Costa, 1893</small>
*''[[Ammophila rauschi]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila regina]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila ressli]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila roborovskyi]]'' <small>Kohl, 1906</small>
*''[[Ammophila rubigegen]]'' <small>Q. Li and C. Yang, 1990</small>
*''[[Ammophila rubiginosa]]'' <small>Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845</small>
*''[[Ammophila rubripes]]'' <small>Spinola, 1839</small>
*''[[Ammophila ruficosta]]'' <small>Spinola, 1851</small>
*''[[Ammophila rufipes]]'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1831</small>
*''[[Ammophila sabulosa]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
*''[[Ammophila saengeri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila sarekandana]]'' <small>Balthasar, 1957</small>
*''[[Ammophila sareptana]]'' <small>Kohl, 1884</small>
*''[[Ammophila saussurei]]'' <small>([[Robert du Buysson|du Buysson]], 1897)</small>
*''[[Ammophila schalleri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila schmideggeri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
*''[[Ammophila separanda]]'' <small>F. Morawitz, 1891</small>
*''[[Ammophila sickmanni]]'' <small>Kohl, 1901</small>
*''[[Ammophila sinensis]]'' <small>Sickmann, 1894</small>
*''[[Ammophila smithii]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila snizeki]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila stangei]]'' <small>Menke, 1964</small>
*''[[Ammophila strenua]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila striata]]'' <small>Mocsáry, 1878</small>
*''[[Ammophila strumosa]]'' <small>Kohl, 1906</small>
*''[[Ammophila subassimilis]]'' <small>Strand, 1913</small>
*''[[Ammophila tekkensis]]'' <small>Gussakovskij, 1930</small>
*''[[Ammophila terminata]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila theryi]]'' <small>(Gribodo, 1894)</small>
*''[[Ammophila touareg]]'' <small>Ed. André, 1886</small>
*''[[Ammophila tsunekii]]'' <small>Menke in Bohart and Menke, 1976</small>
*''[[Ammophila tuberculiscutis]]'' <small>Turner, 1919</small>
*''[[Ammophila turneri]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila tyrannica]]'' <small>Cameron, 1890</small>
*''[[Ammophila unita]]'' <small>Menke, 1966</small>
*''[[Ammophila untumoris]]'' <small>Yang and Li, 1989</small>
*''[[Ammophila urnaria]]'' <small>Dahlbom, 1843</small>
*''[[Ammophila vagabunda]]'' <small>F. Smith, 1856</small>
*''[[Ammophila varipes]]'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
*''[[Ammophila vetuberosa]]'' <small>Q. Li and J. Yang, 1994</small>
*''[[Ammophila vulcania]]'' <small>[[Robert du Buysson|du Buysson]], 1897</small>
*''[[Ammophila wahlbergi]]'' <small>Dahlbom, 1845</small>
*''[[Ammophila wrightii]]'' <small>(Cresson, 1868)</small>
*''[[Ammophila xinjiangana]]'' <small>Q. Li and C. Yang, 1989</small>
*''[[Ammophila yaroslavi]]'' <small>Danilov, 2018</small>
*''[[Ammophila zambiensis]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila zanthoptera]]'' <small>Cameron, 1888</small>
*''[[Ammophila zapoteca]]'' <small>Menke, 2020</small>
*''[[Ammophila zetteli]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2015</small>
*''[[Ammophila zimmermannae]]'' <small>Dollfuss, 2013</small>
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Ammophila (Sphecidae)|''Ammophila''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q175585}}

[[Category:Biological pest control wasps]]
[[Category:Sphecidae]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Kirby (entomologist)]]
[[Category:Apoidea genera]]

Latest revision as of 14:41, 26 September 2024

This article is about the wasps. Not to be confused with Ammophila (plant).

Ammophila
Ammophila pubescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Sphecidae
Subfamily: Ammophilinae
Genus: Ammophila
W. Kirby, 1798
Type species
Ammophila sabulosa
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Species

Many (>200 species + subspecies[1])

Ammophila is the type genus of the subfamily Ammophilinae of the hunting wasp family Sphecidae. Ammophila is a large and cosmopolitan genus, with over 200 species, mostly occurring in the warmer regions of all continents apart from Antarctica.

Vernacular names

[edit]
Ammophila ferrugineipes

Ammophila species are sometimes referred to as "thread-waisted wasps", but the name is not definitive, because many other members of the family Sphecidae are thread-waisted and referred to as such. Sometimes Ammophiline wasps are referred to as "sand wasps"; this is consistent with the name Ammophila, which derives from the Greek for "sand lover" (many species dig their nests in sand). However, this common name is used primarily for wasps in the family Crabronidae, in the tribe Bembicini. As is frequent in dealing with common names, no definitive common name for the Ammophilinae exists; entomologists usually confine themselves to the technical names for convenience and clarity.

Morphology and habits

[edit]

As is frequent in large genera, considerable variation occurs in their habits and appearance, but predominantly they are medium-sized wasps of strikingly slender build, with antennae about as long as the head plus thorax.

The jaws are not large, but are strong and apart from feeding and digging, often are used for unexpected functions such as holding a pebble with which the wasp hammers down soil to seal a nest,[2] or to grip the stem of a plant at night, holding its body at right-angles to the stem, its legs folded and all the weight taken up by the mandibles. This habit is not unique to the Ammophilinae – some bees, such as Amegilla, also overnight in that way, and Fabre documented some others.[3]

Ammophila with a captured caterpillar

Nesting

[edit]

Nesting is generally by digging an unbranched tunnel in sandy soil, but provisioning can be progressive, the mother bringing prey as the larva requires it, or mass provisioning, where each nest is provided with a single large prey item,[4] or as many small prey items as should be required.[2]

Species

[edit]
Ammophila heydeni

The genus Ammophila was created by the English parson-naturalist William Kirby in 1798.[5] It contains 243 extant species:[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ammophila". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ^ a b Peckham, George W, Peckham, Elizabeth G.; Wasps, Social and Solitary, Pub. Constable 1905
  3. ^ Fabre, Jean-Henri; The wonders of instinct; Pub: Century, New York 1918
  4. ^ Barbara J. Hager and Frank E. Kurczewski; Nesting Behavior of Ammophila harti (Fernald) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae); American Midland Naturalist Vol. 116, No. 1 (Jul., 1986); Pub: University of Notre Dame
  5. ^ Pulawski, Wojciech J. (2021) [2014]. "Family Group Names and Classification: and taxa excluded from Sphecidae sensu lato" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  6. ^ Pulawski, Wojciech (2021). "Ammophila" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-02.
[edit]

Media related to Ammophila at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(wasp)&oldid=1247882913"