Lesser vasa parrot: Difference between revisions

Lesser vasa parrot
	Coracopsis nigra in Anjajavy Forest, Madagascar
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittaculidae
Genus:	Coracopsis
Species:	C. nigra
Binomial name
	Coracopsis nigra; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Psittacus niger Linnaeus, 1758;

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The lesser vasa parrot or black parrot (Coracopsis nigra) is a black coloured parrot endemic to most of Madagascar.^[1] It is one of four species of vasa parrots, the others being the greater vasa parrot (C. vasa), the Seychelles black parrot (C. barklyi), and the Comoros black parrot (C. sibilans). The latter two were formerly considered conspecific with the lesser vasa parrot.^[2]

Lesser vasa parrots inhabit the mangrove swamps and evergreen forests of Madagascar. They eat seeds, blossoms and fruit - especially berries and mangos.

They build their nests in tree hollows and go through courtship in February. During this time, the female may shed the feathers on her head giving it a yellowish tone. The male's beak may also turn white during this time.

Feeding at the National Aviary, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Taxonomy

In 1743, the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the lesser vasa parrot in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "Black Parrot from Madagascar". His drawing was made from a live bird owned by the Duke of Richmond.^[3] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the lesser vasa parrot with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Psittacus niger and cited Edwards's work.^[4] The specific epithet niger is Latin meaning "black".^[5] The lesser vasa parrot is now placed in the genus Coracopsis that was introduced in 1832 by the German ornithologist Johann Georg Wagler.^[6]^[7]

Two subspecies are recognised:^[7]

Coracopsis nigra libs Bangs 1927 – west, south Madagascar^[8]^[9]
Coracopsis nigra nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) – east Madagascar^[8]^[9]

The Seychelles black parrot (C. barklyi) and Comoros black parrot (C. sibilans) were formerly considered subspecies, but were later split as distinct species.^[10]^[11]^[12]

A 2011 genetic study found the Mascarene parrot from Réunion to be nested among the subspecies of the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands, and therefore not related to the Psittacula parrots. It also found that the Mascarene parrot line diverged 4.6 to 9 million years ago, prior to the formation of Réunion, indicating this must have happened elsewhere. The cladogram accompanying the study is shown below:^[13]

	Coracopsis vasa drouhardii – west Madagascar

	Coracopsis vasa vasa – east Madagascar

Coragopsis nigra barklyi – Praslin (Seychelles)

Mascarinus mascarinus – Réunion (Mascarene Islands)

Coracopsis nigra siblans – Comoros

	Coracopsis nigra nigra – east Madagascar

	Coracopsis nigra libs – west Madagascar

Another group of scientists later acknowledged the finding, but pointed out that the sample might have been damaged, and that further testing was needed before the issue could be fully resolved. They also noted that if Mascarinus was confirmed to be embedded within the genus Coracopsis, the latter would become a junior synonym, since the former name is older.^[14] Hume has expressed surprise by these findings, due to the anatomical similarities between the Mascarene parrot and other parrots from the islands that are believed to be psittaculines.^[15] However, a later study found that the placement of Mascarinus within Coracopsis was likely a result of cross-contamination of genetic material from the lesser vasa parrot during the study, debunking this placement, and supporting them as being two distinct, unrelated genera within different subfamilies.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Coracopsis nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727885A94964612. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727885A94964612.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Foudia sechellarum Seychelles Fody Foudi des Seychelles", The Birds of Africa: The Malagasy Region, Christopher Helm, 2013, doi:10.5040/9781472927040.0484, ISBN 978-0-7136-6532-1
^ Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 1. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 5.
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 99.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Monographia Psittacorum". Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe, Königlich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1: 463–750 [501].
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.020)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-03-01.
^ ^a ^b Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07453-6.
^ "Coracopsis nigra sibilans (Black Parrot (sibilans)) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
^ "Coracopsis barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
^ "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-06-18.
^ Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones, R. P.; Groombridge, J. J. (2011). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025. PMID 22019932.
^ Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Wright, T. F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)". Zootaxa. 3205. 3205: 26–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2.
^ Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: A & C Black. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-4081-5725-1.
^ Podsiadlowski, Lars; Gamauf, Anita; Töpfer, Till (February 2017). "Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot Mascarinus mascarin (Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 499–502. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022. ISSN 1095-9513. PMID 28017858.

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Coracopsis nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727885A94964612. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727885A94964612.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] "Foudia sechellarum Seychelles Fody Foudi des Seychelles", The Birds of Africa: The Malagasy Region, Christopher Helm, 2013, doi:10.5040/9781472927040.0484, ISBN 978-0-7136-6532-1

[3] Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 1. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 5.

[4] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 99.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[6] Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Monographia Psittacorum". Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe, Königlich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1: 463–750 [501].

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

[zoonomen-8] "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.020)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-03-01.

[juniper-9] Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07453-6.

[10] "Coracopsis nigra sibilans (Black Parrot (sibilans)) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-18.

[11] "Coracopsis barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-18.

[12] "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-06-18.

[13] Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones, R. P.; Groombridge, J. J. (2011). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025. PMID 22019932.

[14] Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Wright, T. F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)". Zootaxa. 3205. 3205: 26–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2.

[Extinct_Birds-15] Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: A & C Black. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-4081-5725-1.

[16] Podsiadlowski, Lars; Gamauf, Anita; Töpfer, Till (February 2017). "Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot Mascarinus mascarin (Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 499–502. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022. ISSN 1095-9513. PMID 28017858.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{speciesbox
+{{Speciesbox
+| image = Lesser vasa parrot coracopsis nigra.jpg
+| image_caption = ''Coracopsis nigra'' in [[Anjajavy Forest]], [[Madagascar]]
+| image_upright = 1.2
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22685266 |title=''Coracopsis nigra'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Coracopsis nigra'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22727885A94964612 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727885A94964612.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
-| image = Lesser vasa parrot coracopsis nigra.jpg
-| image_caption  = Coracopsis nigra in [[Anjajavy Forest]], [[Madagascar]]
-| image_width = 300px
 | genus = Coracopsis
 | species = nigra
 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
+| synonyms = *''Psittacus niger'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
 }}
-The '''lesser vasa parrot''' or '''black parrot''' (''Coracopsis nigra'') is a black coloured parrot native to [[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mayotte]], and [[Seychelles]].<ref name=IUCN/> It is one of two species of [[vasa parrot]]s, the other being the [[greater vasa parrot]] ''C. vasa''; although, the subspecies ''C. n. barklyi'', of the [[Seychelles]], is sometimes split as a third [[species]], the [[Seychelles black parrot]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
+The '''lesser vasa parrot''' or '''black parrot''' ('''''Coracopsis nigra''''') is a black coloured parrot [[Endemism|endemic]] to most of [[Madagascar]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> It is one of four species of [[vasa parrot]]s, the others being the [[greater vasa parrot]] (''C. vasa''), the [[Seychelles black parrot]] (''C. barklyi''), and the [[Comoros black parrot]] (''C. sibilans''). The latter two were formerly considered [[conspecific]] with the lesser vasa parrot.<ref>{{Citation|title=Foudia sechellarum Seychelles Fody Foudi des Seychelles|work=The Birds of Africa: The Malagasy Region|year=2013|publisher=Christopher Helm|doi=10.5040/9781472927040.0484|isbn=978-0-7136-6532-1}}</ref>
+Lesser vasa parrots inhabit the [[mangrove]] swamps and [[evergreen]] forests of Madagascar. They eat seeds, blossoms and fruit - especially berries and [[mango]]s.
+They build their [[bird nest|nest]]s in [[tree hollow]]s and go through [[courtship display|courtship]] in February.  During this time, the female may shed the feathers on her head giving it a yellowish tone.  The male's [[beak]] may also turn white during this time.
-Lesser vasa parrots inhabit the [[mangrove]] swamps and [[evergreen]] forests of [[Madagascar]] and the [[Seychelles Islands]].  They eat [[seeds]], blossoms and [[fruit]] - especially [[berries]] and [[mango]]s.
+[[File:George Edwards, Birds I Singapore Plate 5.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Hand coloured etching by [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] published in 1743]]
-They build their [[bird nest|nest]]s in [[tree hollow]]s and go through [[courtship]] in February.  During this time, the [[female]] may shed the [[feathers]] on her head giving it a [[yellow]]ish tone.  The [[male]]'s [[beak]] may also turn [[white]] during this time.
-[[File:Black-parrot.jpg|upright|thumb|left|At the [[National Aviary]] feeding.]]
+[[File:Black-parrot.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Feeding at the [[National Aviary]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]]]
 == Taxonomy ==
-The lesser vasa parrot was one of the many species originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his 18th century work, ''[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae]]''; it was given the name of ''Psittacus niger'',<ref>{{la icon}} {{cite book|last=Linnaeus |first=C |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. |publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). |year=1758 |url=http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100 |page=824 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319115418/http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |df= }}</ref> meaning "black parrot". It was later transferred to the new genus ''[[Coracopsis]]'' in 1826.
+In 1743, the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included a picture and a description of the lesser vasa parrot in his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "Black Parrot from Madagascar". His drawing was made from a live bird owned by the [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Duke of Richmond]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1743 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part 1 | page=5 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240553 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the lesser vasa parrot with all the other parrots in the [[genus]] ''[[Psittacus]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Psittacus niger'' and cited Edwards's work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=99 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727006 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''niger'' is [[Latin]] meaning "black".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=270 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n270/mode/1up }}</ref>  The lesser vasa parrot is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Coracopsis]]'' that was introduced in 1832 by the German ornithologist [[Johann Georg Wagler]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Wagler | first=Johann Georg | author-link=Johann Georg Wagler | year=1832 | title=Monographia Psittacorum | journal=Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe, Königlich-Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften | volume=1 | pages=463–750 [501] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11355761 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=31 July 2021 }}</ref>
-There are three or four subspecies depending on classification systems:
+Two subspecies are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
-*''Coracopsis nigra'', <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
-**''Coracopsis nigra libs'', <small>Bangs 1927</small><ref name = zoonomen>{{cite web | url =http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html |title = Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.020) |date =2009-03-01|publisher = www.zoonomen.net }}</ref><ref name=juniper/>
+*''Coracopsis nigra libs'' <small>Bangs 1927</small> – west, south Madagascar<ref name = zoonomen>{{cite web | url =http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html |title = Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.020) |date =2009-03-01|publisher = www.zoonomen.net}}</ref><ref name=juniper>{{cite book|last=Juniper|first=Tony|author2=Mike Parr |title=Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-300-07453-6}}</ref>
-**''Coracopsis nigra nigra'', <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small><ref name = zoonomen/><ref name=juniper/>
+*''Coracopsis nigra nigra'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small> – east Madagascar<ref name = zoonomen/><ref name=juniper/>
+The [[Seychelles black parrot]] (''C. barklyi'') and Comoros black parrot (''C. sibilans'') were formerly considered subspecies, but were later split as distinct species.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coracopsis nigra sibilans (Black Parrot (sibilans)) - Avibase|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=873200F0F83CC884|access-date=2021-06-18|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coracopsis barklyi (Seychelles Black Parrot) - Avibase|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=EB97C0F2675AD210|access-date=2021-06-18|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Species Updates – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/|access-date=2021-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref>
-**''Coracopsis nigra sibilans'', <small>Milne-Edwards & Oustalet 1885</small><ref name = zoonomen/><ref name=juniper/>
-**''Coracopsis nigra barklyi'', <small>Newton 1867</small><ref name=juniper>{{cite book|last=Juniper|first=Tony|author2=Mike Parr |title=Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-300-07453-6}}</ref>
-''Coracopsis nigra sibilans'' and ''Coracopsis nigra barklyi'' are considered a single subspecies by some authors.
-A 2011 genetic study found the [[Mascarene parrot]] from [[Réunion]] to be nested among the subspecies of the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands, and therefore not related to the ''Psittacula'' parrots. It also found that the Mascarene parrot line diverged 4.6 to 9 million years ago, prior to the formation of Réunion, indicating this must have happened elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kundu | first1 = S. | last2 = Jones | first2 = C. G. | last3 = Prys-Jones | first3 = R. P. | last4 = Groombridge | first4 = J. J. | title = The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 296–305 | year = 2011| pmid =  22019932| pmc = }}</ref> The [[cladogram]] accompanying the study is shown below:
+A 2011 genetic study found the [[Mascarene parrot]] from [[Réunion]] to be nested among the subspecies of the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands, and therefore not related to the ''Psittacula'' parrots. It also found that the Mascarene parrot line diverged 4.6 to 9 million years ago, prior to the formation of Réunion, indicating this must have happened elsewhere. The [[cladogram]] accompanying the study is shown below:<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kundu | first1 = S. | last2 = Jones | first2 = C. G. | last3 = Prys-Jones | first3 = R. P. | last4 = Groombridge | first4 = J. J. | title = The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 296–305 | year = 2011| pmid =  22019932}}</ref>
 {{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
-    |label1= <span style="color:white;">E</span>
              |1={{clade
                  |label1=
                  |1={{clade
-                     |1=''Coracopsis vasa drouhardii'' (W Madagascar)
+                     |1=''Coracopsis vasa drouhardii'' – west Madagascar
-                     |2=''Coracopsis vasa vasa'' (E Madagascar) }}
+                     |2=''Coracopsis vasa vasa'' – east Madagascar }}
                  |label2=
                  |2={{clade
-                     |1=''Coragopsis nigra barklyi'' (Praslin Island (Seychelles))
+                     |1=''Coragopsis nigra barklyi'' – [[Praslin]] ([[Seychelles]])
                      |label2=
                      |2={{clade
-                         |1=''Mascarinus mascarinus'' (Reunion (Mascarenes))
+                         |1=''Mascarinus mascarinus'' – [[Réunion]] ([[Mascarene Islands]])
                          |label2=
                          |2={{clade
-                             |1=''Coracopsis nigra siblans'' (Comoros)
+                             |1=''Coracopsis nigra siblans'' – [[Comoros]]
                              |label2=
                              |2={{clade
-                                 |1=''Coracopsis nigra nigra'' (E Madagascar)
+                                 |1=''Coracopsis nigra nigra'' – east Madagascar
-                                 |2=''Coracopsis nigra libs'' (W Madagascar) }} }} }} }} }} }}
+                                 |2=''Coracopsis nigra libs'' – west Madagascar }} }} }} }} }} }}
-Another group of scientists later acknowledged the finding, but pointed out that the sample might have been damaged, and that further testing was needed before the issue could be fully resolved. They also noted that if ''Mascarinus'' was confirmed to be embedded within the ''Coracopsis'' genus, the latter would become a junior synonym, since the former name is older.<ref>{{cite journal  | last = Joseph | first = L.  | last2 = Toon | first2 = A. | last3 = Schirtzinger | first3 = E. E. | last4 = Wright | first4 = T. F. | last5 = Schodde | first5 = R. | title = A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)  | journal = [[Zootaxa]]  | series = 3205  | volume =  | edition =  | year =  2012  | pages = 26–40  | doi =   | isbn = }}</ref> Hume has expressed surprise by these findings, due to the anatomical similarities between the Mascarene parrot and other parrots from the islands that are believed to be psittaculines.<ref name="Extinct Birds">{{cite book
+Another group of scientists later acknowledged the finding, but pointed out that the sample might have been damaged, and that further testing was needed before the issue could be fully resolved. They also noted that if ''Mascarinus'' was confirmed to be embedded within the genus ''Coracopsis'', the latter would become a junior synonym, since the former name is older.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Joseph | first1 = L. | last2 = Toon | first2 = A. | last3 = Schirtzinger | first3 = E. E. | last4 = Wright | first4 = T. F. | last5 = Schodde | first5 = R. | title = A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal = [[Zootaxa]] | series = 3205 | volume = 3205| year = 2012 | pages = 26–40 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2}}</ref> Hume has expressed surprise by these findings, due to the anatomical similarities between the Mascarene parrot and other parrots from the islands that are believed to be psittaculines.<ref name="Extinct Birds">{{cite book |last1=Hume |first1=J. P. |first2=M. |last2=Walters |pages=177–178 |year= 2012 |location=London |title=Extinct Birds |publisher=A & C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-5725-1}}</ref> However, a later study found that the placement of ''Mascarinus'' within ''Coracopsis'' was likely a result of cross-contamination of genetic material from the lesser vasa parrot during the study, debunking this placement, and supporting them as being two distinct, unrelated genera within different subfamilies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Podsiadlowski|first1=Lars|last2=Gamauf|first2=Anita|last3=Töpfer|first3=Till|date=February 2017|title=Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot Mascarinus mascarin (Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28017858/|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=107|pages=499–502|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022|issn=1095-9513|pmid=28017858}}</ref>
-| last1 = Hume
-| first1 = J. P.
-| first2 = M.
-| last2 = Walters
-|pages= 177–178
-|year= 2012
-|location= London
-|title= Extinct Birds
-|publisher= A & C Black
-|isbn=1-4081-5725-X}}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+{{Taxonbar |from=Q1746715}}
-{{taxonbar}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:parrot, vasa, lesser}}
 [[Category:Coracopsis|lesser vasa parrot]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Comoros]]
 [[Category:Birds of Madagascar]]
-[[Category:Birds of Seychelles]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1758|lesser vasa parrot]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|lesser vasa parrot]]

Taxon identifiers
Coracopsis nigra	Wikidata: Q1746715 Wikispecies: Coracopsis nigra ADW: Coracopsis_nigra Avibase: 2A0340486BFFF00A BirdLife: 22727885 BOW: blapar1 CoL: Y9CQ eBird: blapar1 GBIF: 2479301 iNaturalist: 725838 IRMNG: 10188433 ITIS: 177605 IUCN: 22727885 NCBI: 281914 Observation.org: 71484 Open Tree of Life: 963221 Paleobiology Database: 415944 Species+: 5203 TSA: 4844 Xeno-canto: Coracopsis-nigra
Psittacus niger	Wikidata: Q125100249 GBIF: 8743385 ZooBank: 5E1994B2-7A83-4D0E-B1DA-A55F5661F387