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{{Short description|Stone structures on Jeju Island, Korea}}
{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240707054404|u=211.43.120.242|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:13 사진 지질마을이야기 만장굴 둘러보기 밭담1.JPG|thumb|''Doldam'' walls around fields, called ''batdam'' (2014)|311x311px]]
[[File:13 사진 지질마을이야기 만장굴 둘러보기 밭담1.JPG|thumb|''Doldam'' walls around fields, called ''batdam'' (2014)|311x311px]]
'''''Doldam''''' ([[Jeju language|Jeju]]: {{Korean|hangul=돌담|labels=no}}) refers to traditional cultural practices surrounding the use of piled volcanic stones on [[Jeju Island]], Korea. ''Doldam'' structures have been present on Jeju Island for many centuries and are considered quintessential symbols of Jeju's culture and aesthetic.
'''''Doldam''''' ([[Jeju language|Jeju]]: {{Korean|hangul=돌담|labels=no}}) refers to traditional cultural practices surrounding the use of piled volcanic stones on [[Jeju Island]], Korea. ''Doldam'' structures have been present on Jeju Island for many centuries and are considered quintessential symbols of Jeju's culture and aesthetic.


''Doldam'' is applied in a wide variety of applications, and the names for various structures differ based on their application and techniques applied in their creation.
''Doldam'' is applied in a wide variety of situations, and the names for various structures differ based on their application and techniques applied in their creation.


== Description ==
== Description ==
The volcanic Jeju Island has ubiquitous black [[basalt]] stones throughout the island, including in its mountains, waters, and fields. Jeju Island is reputed for such rocks; it is nicknamed "Samdado" ({{Korean|hangul=삼다도|labels=no}}), meaning "island of the 'three haves'". These three 'haves' are wind, women, and stones.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=김 |first=희선 |date=April 1, 2021 |title=[imazine] 돌담길 따라 ① 바람이 빚은 제주 돌담 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210313050000805 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref>
The volcanic Jeju Island has ubiquitous black [[basalt]] stones throughout the island, including in its mountains, waters, and fields. Jeju Island is reputed for such rocks; it is nicknamed "Samdado" ({{Korean|hangul=삼다도|labels=no}}), meaning "island of the 'three haves'". These three 'haves' are wind, women, and stones.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=김 |first=희선 |date=April 1, 2021 |title=[imazine] 돌담길 따라 ① 바람이 빚은 제주 돌담 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210313050000805 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref>
[[File:Udo, Jeju Province, South Korea 04.jpg|thumb|225x225px|''Batdam'' on the island [[Udo (Jeju Province)|Udo]] (2023)]]
[[File:Udo, Jeju Province, South Korea 04.jpg|thumb|225x225px|''Batdam'' on the island [[Udo (Jeju Province)|Udo]] (2023)]]
Farmers who try to prepare a field reportedly inevitably find numerous stones just below the surface level of dirt, and thus it is considered a common sight in the island for there to be large piles of volcanic rock next to fields. These rocks are often used in creating walls around fields; such walls are so ubiquitous around the island, that the island is nicknamed Heungnyongmalli ({{Korean|hangul=흑룡만리|hanja=黑龍萬里|labels=no|lit=ten thousand ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'' black [[Chinese dragon|dragon]]}}), in reference to the apperance of the walls being long and winding. One of the reasons that the walls are not straight is because they incorporate large stones that farmers could not remove from the fields.<ref name=":1" />
Farmers who try to prepare a field reportedly inevitably find numerous stones just below the surface level of dirt,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-28 |title=Jeju Island's Stone Culture |url=https://www.visitjeju.net/en/themtour/view?contentsid=CNTS_200000000012527&menuId=DOM_000004000000000221 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.visitjeju.net |language=ko}}</ref> and thus it is considered a common sight in the island for there to be large piles of volcanic rock next to fields. These rocks are often used in creating walls around fields; such walls are so ubiquitous around the island, that the island is nicknamed Heungnyongmalli ({{Korean|hangul=흑룡만리|hanja=黑龍萬里|labels=no|lit=ten thousand ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'' black [[Chinese dragon|dragon]]}}), in reference to the appearance of the walls being long and winding. One of the reasons that the walls are not straight is because they incorporate large stones that farmers could not remove from the fields.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Jeju Island (145094347).jpeg|thumb|Holes visible in a ''doldam'' wall (2016) ]]
[[File:Jeju Island (145094347).jpeg|thumb|Holes visible in a ''doldam'' wall (2016) ]]
Stones are traditionally piled without adhesives; it is considered a skill to be able to create structures using gravity and the angular shapes of the rocks that can resist Jeju's typhoon winds.<ref name=":1" /> Some structures deliberately have visible holes in them; they are built this way to accommodate some wind passing through in order to avoid the structure toppling, while still breaking the wind.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=순자 |title=돌담 - 디지털서귀포문화대전 |url=https://www.grandculture.net/seogwipo/toc/GC04601602 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In recent years, some walls have used cement to fill the gaps. This phenomenon has prompted some negative reactions, with some describing the walls as less resilient to wind and not following cultural wisdoms built over generations.<ref name=":1" />
Stones are traditionally piled without adhesives; it is considered a skill to be able to create structures using gravity and the angular shapes of the rocks that can resist Jeju's typhoon winds.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Some structures deliberately have visible holes in them; they are built this way to accommodate some wind passing through in order to avoid the structure toppling, while still breaking the wind.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=순자 |title=돌담 - 디지털서귀포문화대전 |url=https://www.grandculture.net/seogwipo/toc/GC04601602 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In recent years, some walls have used cement to fill the gaps. This phenomenon has prompted some negative reactions, with some describing the walls as less resilient to wind and not following cultural wisdoms built over generations.<ref name=":1" />


Piled stone structures can be found throughout Jeju and used in a wide variety of applications, including demarcating boundaries, rituals, buildings, building walls, catching fish, and reducing the impact of wind and salt. A number of Jeju's fortresses have piled stone walls that were used for defense.<ref name=":0" />
Piled stone structures can be found throughout Jeju and are used in a wide variety of applications, including demarcating boundaries, rituals, buildings, building walls, catching fish, and reducing the impact of wind and salt. A number of Jeju's fortresses have piled stone walls that were used for defense.<ref name=":0" />


=== Names and structure types ===
=== Names and structure types ===
Piled stone structures were called by different names depending on their application. Ritual stone piles called ''{{Ill|bangsatap|ko|방사탑}}'' can be found throughout Jeju, and shrines are often surrounded by piled stone barriers. Piled stone structures used for building houses are called ''chukdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=축담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=김 |first=민범 |date=June 26, 2023 |title=['제주다움'탐구 1] “우리 주변에 흔히 보이는 제주 돌담은 과연 문화재일까?” |url=http://www.mediajeju.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=345309 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=미디어제주 |language=ko}}</ref> Piled stones for demarcating boundaries are called ''ujatdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=우잣담|labels=no}}), ''ureotdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=우럿담|labels=no}}), or ''uldam'' ({{Korean|hangul=울담|labels=no}}). The action of building a piled stone wall around a house is called ''uldam dureuda'' ({{Korean|hangul=울담 두르다|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> Stone walls used to demarcate fields are called ''batdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=밭담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A 2023 news article claimed there is one estimate that there are around {{Convert|22100|km|mi|abbr=on}} of ''batdam'' on the island.<ref name=":2" />
Piled stone structures were called by different names depending on their application. Ritual stone piles called ''[[bangsatap]]'' can be found throughout Jeju, and shrines are often surrounded by piled stone barriers. Piled stone structures used for building houses are called ''chukdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=축담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=김 |first=민범 |date=June 26, 2023 |title=['제주다움'탐구 1] "우리 주변에 흔히 보이는 제주 돌담은 과연 문화재일까?" |url=http://www.mediajeju.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=345309 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=미디어제주 |language=ko}}</ref> Piled stones for demarcating boundaries are called ''ujatdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=우잣담|labels=no}}), ''ureotdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=우럿담|labels=no}}), or ''uldam'' ({{Korean|hangul=울담|labels=no}}). The action of building a piled stone wall around a house is called ''uldam dureuda'' ({{Korean|hangul=울담 두르다|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> Stone walls used to demarcate fields are called ''batdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=밭담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A 2023 news article claimed there is one estimate that there are around {{Convert|22100|km|mi|abbr=on}} of ''batdam'' on the island.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
[[File:Jeju Island 20141128 47 (15734636819).jpg|thumb|A [[Jeju horse]] next to a ''doldam'' wall (2014)]]
[[File:Jeju Island 20141128 47 (15734636819).jpg|thumb|A [[Jeju horse]] next to a ''doldam'' wall (2014)]]
Piled stones around graves, which were often arranged in circles or squares,<ref name=":0" /> are called ''sandam'' ({{Korean|hangul=산담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Walls made of small stones are called ''jatbaek'' ({{Korean|hangul=잣벡|labels=no}}), ''jatbaekdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=잣벡담|labels=no}}), or ''jatdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=잣담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> Piled stone structures called ''wondam'' ({{Korean|hangul=원담|labels=no}}) were also used in the water for trapping fish during low tide.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Depending on what kind of fish was being captured, the ''wondam'' could be called by other names, including ''sungeowon'' ({{Korean|hangul=숭어원|labels=no}}; for catching ''[[Flathead grey mullet|sungeo]]'') or ''melwon'' ({{Korean|hangul=멜원|labels=no}}; for catching ''mel''; {{Korean|hangul=멜; 멸치|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> ''Doldam'' walls are also used for ''[[Olle (alley)|olle]]'', which are walled entrance paths to houses.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Doldam (Stone Wall) |url=https://jeju.museum.go.kr/html/en/sub03/ajax/ajax_popup_05.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=jeju.museum.go.kr |language=en}}</ref> Such walls were also used as barriers to keep and manage livestock.<ref name=":1" />
Piled stones around graves, which were often arranged in circles or squares,<ref name=":0" /> are called ''sandam'' ({{Korean|hangul=산담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Walls made of small stones are called ''jatbaek'' ({{Korean|hangul=잣벡|labels=no}}), ''jatbaekdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=잣벡담|labels=no}}), or ''jatdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=잣담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> Piled stone structures called ''wondam'' ({{Korean|hangul=원담|labels=no}}) were also used in the water for trapping fish during low tide.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Depending on what kind of fish was being captured, the ''wondam'' could be called by other names, including ''sungeowon'' ({{Korean|hangul=숭어원|labels=no}}; for catching ''[[Flathead grey mullet|sungeo]]'') or ''melwon'' ({{Korean|hangul=멜원|labels=no}}; for catching ''mel''; {{Korean|hangul=멜; 멸치|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> ''Doldam'' walls are also used for ''[[Olle (alley)|olle]]'', which are walled entrance paths to houses.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Doldam (Stone Wall) |url=https://jeju.museum.go.kr/html/en/sub03/ajax/ajax_popup_05.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=jeju.museum.go.kr |language=en}}</ref> Such walls were also used as barriers to keep and manage livestock.<ref name=":1" />


A number of names for piled stone walls exist, that differ depending on how the wall was built. Walls with multiple layers on bottom and a single layer on top are called ''baekketdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=백켓담|labels=no}}). Walls composed of a single layer are called ''oedam'' ({{Korean|hangul=외담|labels=no}}); these walls typically deliberately have large holes. Walls composed of two layers with rubble in between them are called ''jeopdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=접담; 겹담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" />
A number of names for piled stone walls exist, that differ depending on how the wall was built. Walls with multiple layers on the bottom and a single layer on top are called ''baekketdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=백켓담|labels=no}}). Walls composed of a single layer are called ''oedam'' ({{Korean|hangul=외담|labels=no}}); these walls typically deliberately have large holes. Walls composed of two layers with rubble in between them are called ''jeopdam'' ({{Korean|hangul=접담; 겹담|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" />


== History ==
== History ==
It is unclear when ''doldam'' structures first began to be used. There is a 1234 record of piled stone structures being used on Jeju to demarcate property.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
It is unclear when ''doldam'' structures first began to be used. There is a 1234 record of piled stone structures being used on Jeju to demarcate property.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />


''Doldam'' barriers were used to protect the coastline from foreign invaders; some of these structures still remain. The use of piled stone walls for defense continued even into the 20th century; they were employed during the [[Jeju uprising]].<ref name=":0" />
''Doldam'' barriers were used to protect the coastline from foreign invaders such as ''[[wokou]]'' (''waegu'' in Korean; Japanese pirates);<ref>{{Cite web |last=정 |first=광중 |title=제주의 울타리 돌담 - 디지털제주문화대전 |url=https://www.grandculture.net/jeju/index/GC00700606?category=%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EB%AA%85&depth=2&name=%ED%95%98&page=17&search=%ED%95%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%B0%20%EB%B0%B1%EB%A1%9D%EB%8B%B4 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref> some of these structures still remain. The use of piled stone walls for defense continued even into the 20th century; they were employed during the [[Jeju uprising]].<ref name=":0" />


While modern building techniques have resulted in some decline in the usage of these stone structures, there are conscious efforts to maintain and preserve them as part of the island's aesthetic and culture.<ref name=":0" /> There is reportedly an association ({{Korean|hangul=제주돌담보전회|labels=no}}) dedicated to the preservation and restoration of ''doldam'' structures on the island.<ref name=":2" />
While modern building techniques have resulted in some decline in the usage of these stone structures, there are conscious efforts to maintain and preserve them as part of the island's aesthetic and culture.<ref name=":0" /> There is reportedly an association ({{Korean|hangul=제주돌담보전회|labels=no}}) dedicated to the preservation and restoration of ''doldam'' structures on the island.<ref name=":2" />


== Culture ==
== Culture ==
''Doldam'' has featured in works of fiction and art about Jeju.<ref name=":0" /> There is a Batdam Theme Park in [[Woljeong-ri]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=태연 |date=2017-11-15 |title=어린이 시각으로 표현한 ‘제주 밭담’, 어떤 모습 담겼을까? |url=http://www.jejusori.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=197135 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=제주의소리 |language=ko}}</ref> The structures have been described as having the feeling of being ancient and in harmony with nature, giving the island a traditional appeal.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
''Doldam'' has been featured in works of fiction and art about Jeju.<ref name=":0" /> There is a Batdam Theme Park in [[Woljeong-ri]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=태연 |date=2017-11-15 |title=어린이 시각으로 표현한 '제주 밭담', 어떤 모습 담겼을까? |url=http://www.jejusori.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=197135 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=제주의소리 |language=ko}}</ref> The structures have been described as having the feeling of being ancient and in harmony with nature, giving the island a traditional appeal.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
KOCIS Jeju Island (5983275370).jpg|Bright yellow [[rapeseed]] plants and ''batdam'' are considered a quintessential sight on Jeju.<ref name=":1" /> (2011)]]
KOCIS Jeju Island (5983275370).jpg|Bright yellow [[rapeseed]] plants and ''batdam'' are considered a quintessential sight on Jeju.<ref name=":1" /> (2011)
Yeondae at Jeju.jpg|A ''doldam'' ''{{ill|yeondae|ko|연대 (제주특별자치도)}}'', used for [[smoke signal]]ing (2011)
Yeondae at Jeju.jpg|A ''doldam'' ''{{ill|yeondae|ko|연대 (제주특별자치도)}}'', used for [[smoke signal]]ing (2011)
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==

<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. -->
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Jeju}}

[[Category:Culture of Jeju Province]]
[[Category:Architecture in South Korea]]
[[Category:Stone buildings]]
[[Category:Basalt]]

Latest revision as of 21:17, 20 September 2024

Doldam walls around fields, called batdam (2014)

Doldam (Jeju: 돌담) refers to traditional cultural practices surrounding the use of piled volcanic stones on Jeju Island, Korea. Doldam structures have been present on Jeju Island for many centuries and are considered quintessential symbols of Jeju's culture and aesthetic.

Doldam is applied in a wide variety of situations, and the names for various structures differ based on their application and techniques applied in their creation.

Description

[edit]

The volcanic Jeju Island has ubiquitous black basalt stones throughout the island, including in its mountains, waters, and fields. Jeju Island is reputed for such rocks; it is nicknamed "Samdado" (삼다도), meaning "island of the 'three haves'". These three 'haves' are wind, women, and stones.[1]

Batdam on the island Udo (2023)

Farmers who try to prepare a field reportedly inevitably find numerous stones just below the surface level of dirt,[1][2] and thus it is considered a common sight in the island for there to be large piles of volcanic rock next to fields. These rocks are often used in creating walls around fields; such walls are so ubiquitous around the island, that the island is nicknamed Heungnyongmalli (흑룡만리; 黑龍萬里; lit. ten thousand li black dragon), in reference to the appearance of the walls being long and winding. One of the reasons that the walls are not straight is because they incorporate large stones that farmers could not remove from the fields.[1]

Holes visible in a doldam wall (2016)

Stones are traditionally piled without adhesives; it is considered a skill to be able to create structures using gravity and the angular shapes of the rocks that can resist Jeju's typhoon winds.[1][2] Some structures deliberately have visible holes in them; they are built this way to accommodate some wind passing through in order to avoid the structure toppling, while still breaking the wind.[3][1] In recent years, some walls have used cement to fill the gaps. This phenomenon has prompted some negative reactions, with some describing the walls as less resilient to wind and not following cultural wisdoms built over generations.[1]

Piled stone structures can be found throughout Jeju and are used in a wide variety of applications, including demarcating boundaries, rituals, buildings, building walls, catching fish, and reducing the impact of wind and salt. A number of Jeju's fortresses have piled stone walls that were used for defense.[3]

Names and structure types

[edit]

Piled stone structures were called by different names depending on their application. Ritual stone piles called bangsatap can be found throughout Jeju, and shrines are often surrounded by piled stone barriers. Piled stone structures used for building houses are called chukdam (축담).[3][4] Piled stones for demarcating boundaries are called ujatdam (우잣담), ureotdam (우럿담), or uldam (울담). The action of building a piled stone wall around a house is called uldam dureuda (울담 두르다).[3] Stone walls used to demarcate fields are called batdam (밭담).[3][1] A 2023 news article claimed there is one estimate that there are around 22,100 km (13,700 mi) of batdam on the island.[4][2]

A Jeju horse next to a doldam wall (2014)

Piled stones around graves, which were often arranged in circles or squares,[3] are called sandam (산담).[3][4] Walls made of small stones are called jatbaek (잣벡), jatbaekdam (잣벡담), or jatdam (잣담).[3] Piled stone structures called wondam (원담) were also used in the water for trapping fish during low tide.[3][1][2] Depending on what kind of fish was being captured, the wondam could be called by other names, including sungeowon (숭어원; for catching sungeo) or melwon (멜원; for catching mel; 멜; 멸치).[3] Doldam walls are also used for olle, which are walled entrance paths to houses.[1][5] Such walls were also used as barriers to keep and manage livestock.[1]

A number of names for piled stone walls exist, that differ depending on how the wall was built. Walls with multiple layers on the bottom and a single layer on top are called baekketdam (백켓담). Walls composed of a single layer are called oedam (외담); these walls typically deliberately have large holes. Walls composed of two layers with rubble in between them are called jeopdam (접담; 겹담).[3]

History

[edit]

It is unclear when doldam structures first began to be used. There is a 1234 record of piled stone structures being used on Jeju to demarcate property.[3][1][2]

Doldam barriers were used to protect the coastline from foreign invaders such as wokou (waegu in Korean; Japanese pirates);[6] some of these structures still remain. The use of piled stone walls for defense continued even into the 20th century; they were employed during the Jeju uprising.[3]

While modern building techniques have resulted in some decline in the usage of these stone structures, there are conscious efforts to maintain and preserve them as part of the island's aesthetic and culture.[3] There is reportedly an association (제주돌담보전회) dedicated to the preservation and restoration of doldam structures on the island.[4]

Culture

[edit]

Doldam has been featured in works of fiction and art about Jeju.[3] There is a Batdam Theme Park in Woljeong-ri.[1][7] The structures have been described as having the feeling of being ancient and in harmony with nature, giving the island a traditional appeal.[1][5]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 김, 희선 (April 1, 2021). "[imazine] 돌담길 따라 ① 바람이 빚은 제주 돌담". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Jeju Island's Stone Culture". www.visitjeju.net (in Korean). 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 김, 순자. "돌담 - 디지털서귀포문화대전". Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  4. ^ a b c d 김, 민범 (June 26, 2023). "['제주다움'탐구 1] "우리 주변에 흔히 보이는 제주 돌담은 과연 문화재일까?"". 미디어제주 (in Korean). Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Doldam (Stone Wall)". jeju.museum.go.kr. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  6. ^ 정, 광중. "제주의 울타리 돌담 - 디지털제주문화대전". Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  7. ^ 김, 태연 (2017-11-15). "어린이 시각으로 표현한 '제주 밭담', 어떤 모습 담겼을까?". 제주의소리 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
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