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{{Short description|First wife of Herod Antipas}}
{{Short description|First wife of Herod Antipas}}
{{about|the Nabataean princess|the brother of Herod the Great|Phasael|the village|Fasayil|other|Phasael (disambiguation)}}
{{Expand French|Phasaélis|date=February 2022}}
{{Expand French|topic=bio|Phasaélis|date=February 2022}}
{{about|the Nabataean princess|the locality|Fasayil}}
{{distinguish|Phasael}}
{{Infobox royalty}}
{{Infobox royalty}}


'''Phasael'''<ref name= JN17>{{cite journal |last= Norris |first= Jérôme |title= A woman's Hismaic inscription from the Wādī Ramm desert: AMJ 2/J.14202 (Amman Museum) |journal= Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy |volume= 28 |issue= 1 |pages= 90–109 |date= 26 April 2017 |quote= ... the Nabataean ''Pṣʾl'', to which may correspond the Greek Φασάηλος, must reflect an Aramaised spelling with a realisation of the III-y verb with a final -ā, thus, ''Faṣā-ʾel''. |doi= 10.1111/aae.12086 |url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aae.12086 |access-date= 24 April 2024}}</ref> or '''Pasiel'''<ref name= Alp>{{Cite book |last= Alpass |first= Peter |title= The Religious Life of Nabataea |year= 2013 |page= 92 |publisher= BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-21623-5 |lang=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLUEOJ-LGc0C&pg=PA92 |access-date= 17 September 2024}}</ref> (born in 5/4 BCE),<ref name= JN17/> in Greek sources '''Phasaelis''',<ref name= inscr>{{Cite book |last= Sánchez |first= Francisco del Río |title= Nabatu. The Nabataeans through their inscriptions |year= 2015 |publisher= Edicions Universitat Barcelona |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nvxSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84],[https://books.google.com/books?id=nvxSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88] |lang=en |quote= We know that his daughter Phasaelis married the tetrarch Herod Antipas. (p. 84) Aretas IV was not only married to Queen Shaqilath/Shuquaylat, ... but he was also the husband of Huldu, one of the daughters of Obodas. (p. 88) |isbn=978-84-475-3748-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvxSDAAAQBAJ |access-date= 17 September 2024}}</ref> was a princess of [[Nabataean Kingdom|Nabatea]], daughter of King [[Aretas IV Philopatris]]<ref name= JN17/><ref name= inscr/> and the first wife of [[Herod Antipas]],<ref name= inscr/> ruler of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea]].
'''Phasaelis''', also spelled Phaisael, (1st-century) was a princess of [[Nabataean Kingdom|Nabatea]], daughter of king [[Aretas IV Philopatris]] and the first wife of [[Herod Antipas]].


==Life==
==Name==
{{Main|Phasael (name)}}


==Life==
Phasaelis was born to the king of the Nabataeans, [[Aretas IV Philopatris]] and his first wife and co-ruler, [[Chuldu]], who may have been a daughter of Aretas' predecessor, Obodas III.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sánchez |first=Francisco del Río |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvxSDAAAQBAJ |title=Nabatu. The Nabataeans through their inscriptions |date=2015-12-04 |publisher=Edicions Universitat Barcelona |isbn=978-84-475-3748-8 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> Inscriptions on a limestone block near Wadi Musa in Jordan indicates that Phasaelis was the couple’s fourth child, but the eldest of their daughters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Alpass |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLUEOJ-LGc0C |title=The Religious Life of Nabataea |date=2013-06-13 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-21623-5 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> Her siblings included [[Malichus II]], Obodas, Rabbel, Shudat and Hagera.<ref name=":1" />
Phasaelis was born to the king of the Nabataeans, [[Aretas IV Philopatris]].<ref name= inscr/> The sequence in which the king's offspring is listed on an inscription found at the Obodas Chapel of Wadi Nmeir in [[Petra]] indicates that Phasaelis was the couple's fourth child, but the eldest of their daughters.<ref name= Alp/> Her siblings included Maliku ([[Malichus II]]), Obodat, Rabbel, Su'udat and Hagiru.<ref name= Alp/>


Coins have been found with the profile of her father Aretas IV on the obverse, and Phasaelis' name on the reverse,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hayajneh |first=Hani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnezEAAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Heritage: At the Intersection of the Humanities and the Sciences |date=2024-01-15 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-91252-7 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref> which could indicate her birth to be 3-5 BC.
Coins have been found with the profile of her father Aretas IV on the obverse, and Phasaelis' name on the reverse,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hayajneh |first=Hani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnezEAAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Heritage: At the Intersection of the Humanities and the Sciences |date=2024-01-15 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-91252-7 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref> which could indicate her birth to be 3-5 BC.
[[File:Silver drachm of Aretas IV with his wife Huldu.jpg|thumb|Drachma with Phasaelis parents [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] and [[Chuldu|Huldu]]]]
[[File:Silver drachm of Aretas IV with his wife Huldu.jpg|thumb|Drachma with Phasaelis parents [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] and [[Chuldu|Huldu]]]]


== Marriage ==
Going by the tentative dating of the coins inscribed with her name, her marriage to [[Herod Antipas]] took place in 7 or 6 AD, when Phasaelis would have been around 11–12 years old.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kokkinos |first=Nikos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrptAAAAMAAJ |title=The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse |date=1998 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |isbn=978-1-85075-690-3 |language=en}}</ref> There is a high likelihood that the marriage was arranged by [[Augustus]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tomasino |first=Anthony J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2dMAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22emperor+augustus%22+nabatean+marriage&pg=PA65 |title=The World of Jesus |date=2011-05-13 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-60899-137-2 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> who often married the vassals of the [[Roman Empire]] to each other to keep the peace between their kingdoms. This had been the case of Herod Antipas' paternal aunt, [[Salome I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |date=2019-02-28 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-1-4674-6046-0 |language=en}}</ref> The marriage of Phasaelis and Antipas thus ensured there would be no attacks of the eastern border [[Herodian tetrarchy|tetrarchy]] of [[Perea]] by the Nabataeans.
Going by the tentative dating of the coins inscribed with her name, her marriage to [[Herod Antipas]] took place in 7 or 6 AD, when Phasaelis would have been around 11–12 years old.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kokkinos |first=Nikos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrptAAAAMAAJ |title=The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse |date=1998 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |isbn=978-1-85075-690-3 |language=en}}</ref> There is a high likelihood that the marriage was arranged by [[Augustus]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tomasino |first=Anthony J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2dMAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22emperor+augustus%22+nabatean+marriage&pg=PA65 |title=The World of Jesus |date=2011-05-13 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-60899-137-2 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> who often married the vassals of the [[Roman Empire]] to each other to keep the peace between their kingdoms.


Phasaelis and Herod Antipas were married for over 20 years, but there were no recorded children of this marriage. During this time, Herod Antipas did not take any other wives. Some researchers have theorized that Phasaelis and Herod Antipas had a daughter named Herodias Salome,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neginsky |first=Rosina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1QBwAAQBAJ |title=Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome |date=2014-10-16 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6962-1 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> as an attempt to reconcile some dating inconsistencies and explain why [[Salome]], Herod Antipas' stepdaughter, is sometimes referred to as his daughter.
This had been the case of Herod Antipas' paternal aunt, [[Salome I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq7qDwAAQBAJ |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |date=2019-02-28 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-1-4674-6046-0 |language=en}}</ref> The marriage of Phasaelis and Antipas thus ensured there would be no attacks of the eastern border [[Herodian tetrarchy|tetrarchy]] of [[Perea]] by the Nabataeans.


Phasaelis and Herod Antipas were married for over 20 years, but there were no recorded children of this marriage. During this time, Herod Antipas did not take any other wives. Some researchers have theorized that Phasaelis and Herod Antipas had a daughter named Herodias Salome,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neginsky |first=Rosina |title=Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome |year= 2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6962-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1QBwAAQBAJ |access-date= }}</ref> as an attempt to reconcile some dating inconsistencies and explain why [[Salome]], Herod Antipas' stepdaughter, is sometimes referred to as his daughter.
⚫
In 23 AD, Herod Antipas was visiting his half-brother [[Herod II]], who was then living in Rome as a private citizen. During his stay, he became enamored with his brother’s wife [[Herodias]]. Herodias subsequently divorced Herod II under the [[Roman law]].

⚫
In 23 AD, Herod Antipas was visiting his half-brother [[Herod II]], who was then living in Rome as a [[private citizen]]. During his stay, he became enamored with his brother’s wife [[Herodias]]. Herodias subsequently divorced Herod II under the [[Roman law]].


The exact marriage date of Herod Antipas and Herodias is unknown, but in 26 AD Phasaelis found out about the relationship and discovered Herod Antipas' intention to divorce her.
The exact marriage date of Herod Antipas and Herodias is unknown, but in 26 AD Phasaelis found out about the relationship and discovered Herod Antipas' intention to divorce her.


The texts use the terms divorce and [[Repudiation (marriage)|repudiation]] interchangeably, but according to the [[Talmud]]ic law, a husband could repudiate his wife freely, but a wife could only ask for a divorce, and it was up to the husband to allow it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bo |first=Federico Dal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gLkEAAAQBAJ |title=Judaism, Philosophy, and Psychoanalysis in Heidegger's Ontology: Harrowing the Heath |date=2023-11-17 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-44056-4 |pages=98–99 |language=en}}</ref> However, the extent to which the Herodian dynasty actually practiced [[Second Temple Judaism|Judaism]] is unclear, and it is known that they were heavily influenced by Roman law and culture; thus, Herod Antipas might have been planning to divorce Phasaelis according to just the Roman law.
The texts use the terms divorce and [[Repudiation (marriage)|repudiation]] interchangeably, but according to the [[Talmud]]ic law, a husband could repudiate his wife freely, but a wife could only ask for a divorce, and it was up to the husband to allow it.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Dal Bo |first= Federico |title=Judaism, Philosophy, and Psychoanalysis in Heidegger's Ontology: Harrowing the Heath |year= 2023 |publisher= Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-44056-4 |pages=98–99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gLkEAAAQBAJ |access-date= }}</ref> However, the extent to which the Herodian dynasty actually practiced [[Second Temple Judaism|Judaism]] is unclear, and it is known that they were heavily influenced by Roman law and culture; thus, Herod Antipas might have been planning to divorce Phasaelis according to just the Roman law.


Desiring to return to her homeland, Phasaelis used the pretext of visiting the palace of [[Machaerus|Machaerus]] situated by the [[Dead Sea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewin |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDJBAAAAcAAJ |title=Fasti Sacri: Or a Key to the Chronology of the New Testament |date=1865 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Josephus |first=Flavius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pivFEAAAQBAJ |title=The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged |date=1988 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |isbn=978-1-56563-780-1 |language=en}}</ref> Phasaelis then fled across the border to her father, whom she told of her husband's intention to divorce her and marry Herodias.<ref>Josephus, [[Antiquities of the Jews]], 18.4.6, 18.5.1, and 18.5.4</ref> This caused relations between Aretas and Herod Antipas to sour. Aretas IV subsequently invaded [[Galilee]] and [[Perea]], and his armies defeated his former son-in-law in battle in 36 AD.
Desiring to return to her homeland, Phasaelis used the pretext of visiting the palace of [[Machaerus]] situated by the [[Dead Sea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewin |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDJBAAAAcAAJ |title=Fasti Sacri: Or a Key to the Chronology of the New Testament |date=1865 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Josephus |first=Flavius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pivFEAAAQBAJ |title=The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged |date=1988 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |isbn=978-1-56563-780-1 |language=en}}</ref> Phasaelis then fled across the border to her father, whom she told of her husband's intention to divorce her and marry Herodias.<ref>Josephus, [[Antiquities of the Jews]], 18.4.6, 18.5.1, and 18.5.4</ref> This caused relations between Aretas and Herod Antipas to sour. Aretas IV subsequently invaded [[Galilee]] and [[Perea]], and his armies defeated his former son-in-law in battle in 36 AD.


After this date, there is no mention of Phasaelis, and the rest of her life remains unknown.
After this date, there is no mention of Phasaelis, and the rest of her life remains unknown.
Line 30: Line 34:
==In media==
==In media==


[[Elbridge Streeter Brooks]] wrote a historical romance ''A Son of Issachar: A Romance of the Days of Messias'' (1890) where Herod's repudiated wife appears as a character named "Princess Amina"
[[Elbridge Streeter Brooks]] wrote a historical romance ''A Son of Issachar: A Romance of the Days of Messias'' (1890) where Herod's repudiated wife appears as a character named "Princess Amina".


Phasaelis appears a supporting character in ''The Book of Longings'' by [[Sue Monk Kidd]] (2020)
Phasaelis appears a supporting character in ''[[The Book of Longings]]'' by [[Sue Monk Kidd]] (2020).


In the movie "[[The Big Fisherman]]" (1959) the female protagonist is the daughter of "Princess Arnon" (played by [[Marian Seldes]]) and Herod Antipas. The daughter vows revenge on her father for his behavior towards her mother.
Phaselis appears briefly as a non-speaking character in the TV film ''Mary Magdalene'' (2000), played by an uncredited actress.

Phaselis appears briefly as a non-speaking character in the TV film ''Mary Magdalene'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0244647/ |title=Mary Magdalene (TV Movie 2000) ⭐ 6.4 {{!}} Drama, History |language=en-US |access-date=2024-09-19 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>, played by an uncredited actress.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]
* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]


[[Phasael]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Herodian dynasty]]
[[Category:Herodian dynasty]]
[[Category:1st-century women]]
[[Category:1st-century women]]
[[Category:1st-century people]]
[[Category:1st-century deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century Arab people]]
[[Category:1st-century Arab people]]

Revision as of 10:55, 19 September 2024

This article is about the Nabataean princess. For the brother of Herod the Great, see Phasael. For the village, see Fasayil. For other, see Phasael (disambiguation).
Phasaelis

Phasael[1] or Pasiel[2] (born in 5/4 BCE),[1] in Greek sources Phasaelis,[3] was a princess of Nabatea, daughter of King Aretas IV Philopatris[1][3] and the first wife of Herod Antipas,[3] ruler of Galilee and Perea.

Name

Main article: Phasael (name)

Life

Phasaelis was born to the king of the Nabataeans, Aretas IV Philopatris.[3] The sequence in which the king's offspring is listed on an inscription found at the Obodas Chapel of Wadi Nmeir in Petra indicates that Phasaelis was the couple's fourth child, but the eldest of their daughters.[2] Her siblings included Maliku (Malichus II), Obodat, Rabbel, Su'udat and Hagiru.[2]

Coins have been found with the profile of her father Aretas IV on the obverse, and Phasaelis' name on the reverse,[4] which could indicate her birth to be 3-5 BC.

Drachma with Phasaelis parents Aretas IV and Huldu

Marriage

Going by the tentative dating of the coins inscribed with her name, her marriage to Herod Antipas took place in 7 or 6 AD, when Phasaelis would have been around 11–12 years old.[4][5] There is a high likelihood that the marriage was arranged by Augustus,[6] who often married the vassals of the Roman Empire to each other to keep the peace between their kingdoms.

This had been the case of Herod Antipas' paternal aunt, Salome I.[7] The marriage of Phasaelis and Antipas thus ensured there would be no attacks of the eastern border tetrarchy of Perea by the Nabataeans.

Phasaelis and Herod Antipas were married for over 20 years, but there were no recorded children of this marriage. During this time, Herod Antipas did not take any other wives. Some researchers have theorized that Phasaelis and Herod Antipas had a daughter named Herodias Salome,[5][8] as an attempt to reconcile some dating inconsistencies and explain why Salome, Herod Antipas' stepdaughter, is sometimes referred to as his daughter.

In 23 AD, Herod Antipas was visiting his half-brother Herod II, who was then living in Rome as a private citizen. During his stay, he became enamored with his brother’s wife Herodias. Herodias subsequently divorced Herod II under the Roman law.

The exact marriage date of Herod Antipas and Herodias is unknown, but in 26 AD Phasaelis found out about the relationship and discovered Herod Antipas' intention to divorce her.

The texts use the terms divorce and repudiation interchangeably, but according to the Talmudic law, a husband could repudiate his wife freely, but a wife could only ask for a divorce, and it was up to the husband to allow it.[9] However, the extent to which the Herodian dynasty actually practiced Judaism is unclear, and it is known that they were heavily influenced by Roman law and culture; thus, Herod Antipas might have been planning to divorce Phasaelis according to just the Roman law.

Desiring to return to her homeland, Phasaelis used the pretext of visiting the palace of Machaerus situated by the Dead Sea.[10][11] Phasaelis then fled across the border to her father, whom she told of her husband's intention to divorce her and marry Herodias.[12] This caused relations between Aretas and Herod Antipas to sour. Aretas IV subsequently invaded Galilee and Perea, and his armies defeated his former son-in-law in battle in 36 AD.

After this date, there is no mention of Phasaelis, and the rest of her life remains unknown.

In media

Elbridge Streeter Brooks wrote a historical romance A Son of Issachar: A Romance of the Days of Messias (1890) where Herod's repudiated wife appears as a character named "Princess Amina".

Phasaelis appears a supporting character in The Book of Longings by Sue Monk Kidd (2020).

In the movie "The Big Fisherman" (1959) the female protagonist is the daughter of "Princess Arnon" (played by Marian Seldes) and Herod Antipas. The daughter vows revenge on her father for his behavior towards her mother.

Phaselis appears briefly as a non-speaking character in the TV film Mary Magdalene (2000)[13], played by an uncredited actress.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Norris, Jérôme (26 April 2017). "A woman's Hismaic inscription from the Wādī Ramm desert: AMJ 2/J.14202 (Amman Museum)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 28 (1): 90–109. doi:10.1111/aae.12086. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ... the Nabataean Pṣʾl, to which may correspond the Greek Φασάηλος, must reflect an Aramaised spelling with a realisation of the III-y verb with a final -ā, thus, Faṣā-ʾel.
  2. ^ a b c Alpass, Peter (2013). The Religious Life of Nabataea. BRILL. p. 92. ISBN 978-90-04-21623-5. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Sánchez, Francisco del Río (2015). Nabatu. The Nabataeans through their inscriptions. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. pp. 84, 88. ISBN 978-84-475-3748-8. Retrieved 17 September 2024. We know that his daughter Phasaelis married the tetrarch Herod Antipas. (p. 84) Aretas IV was not only married to Queen Shaqilath/Shuquaylat, ... but he was also the husband of Huldu, one of the daughters of Obodas. (p. 88)
  4. ^ a b Hayajneh, Hani (2024-01-15). Cultural Heritage: At the Intersection of the Humanities and the Sciences. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 292. ISBN 978-3-643-91252-7.
  5. ^ a b Kokkinos, Nikos (1998). The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in Society and Eclipse. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-690-3.
  6. ^ Tomasino, Anthony J. (2011-05-13). The World of Jesus. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-60899-137-2.
  7. ^ Freedman, David Noel (2019-02-28). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-6046-0.
  8. ^ Neginsky, Rosina (2014). Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4438-6962-1.
  9. ^ Dal Bo, Federico (2023). Judaism, Philosophy, and Psychoanalysis in Heidegger's Ontology: Harrowing the Heath. Springer Nature. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-3-031-44056-4.
  10. ^ Lewin, Thomas (1865). Fasti Sacri: Or a Key to the Chronology of the New Testament. Longmans, Green & Company. p. 186.
  11. ^ Josephus, Flavius (1988). The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56563-780-1.
  12. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 18.4.6, 18.5.1, and 18.5.4
  13. ^ Mary Magdalene (TV Movie 2000) ⭐ 6.4 | Drama, History. Retrieved 2024-09-19 – via m.imdb.com.
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