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{{Short description|Bactrian nobleman}}
:''For the [[stick insect]] [[genus]], see ''[[Necrosciinae|Oxyartes (insect)]].
{{For|the stick insect|Oxyartes (insect)}}
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[[Image:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander.jpg|thumb|250px|Oxyartes was satrap of the Paropamisus after the death of Alexander.]]
[[File:Oxyartes per Castaigne.jpg|thumb|Oxyartes, by René Castaigne, 19th century.]]
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'''Oxyartes''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Oxyártēs'', in [[Persian language|Persian]]: وخش‌ارد (Vaxš-ard), from an unattested form in an [[Iranian languages#Proto-Iranian and Old Iranian languages|Old Iranian language]]: ''*Huxšaθra-''<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oxyartes</ref>) was a [[Bactria]]n, father of [[Roxana]], the wife of [[Alexander III of Macedon|Alexander of Macedon]]. He is first mentioned as one of the chiefs who accompanied [[Bessus]] on his retreat across the [[Amu Darya|Oxus river]] into [[Sogdiana]] (329 BC).{{r|arr_3.28}} After the death of Bessus, Oxyartes deposited his wife and daughters for safety in a [[Sogdian Rock|rock fortress]] in Sogdiana, which was deemed impregnable, but which nevertheless soon fell into the hands of Alexander's forces. Alexander not only treated his captives with respect and attention, but was so charmed with the beauty of Roxana as to decide that he wanted to make her his wife. Oxyartes, on learning these tidings, is said to have hastened to make his submission to Alexander, who received him with the utmost distinction. The nuptials of his daughter with the king in 327 BC were celebrated with a magnificent feast.{{r|arr_4.18-20_curt_8.4_strab_11_plut_47}}
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[[Image:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander.jpg|thumb|Oxyartes was satrap of the Paropamisus after the death of Alexander.]]
'''Oxyartes''' ([[Old Persian]]: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼, [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Ὀξυάρτης'', in {{lang-fa|وخش‌ارد}} ("Vaxš-ard"), from an unattested form in an [[Iranian languages#Proto-Iranian and Old Iranian languages|Old Iranian language]]: ''*Huxšaθra-''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oxyartes|title=OXYARTES – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org}}</ref>) was a [[Sogdia]]n<ref> Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), ''Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road'', West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.</ref><ref>Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), ''Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century'', London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87, {{ISBN|978-1-907200-02-1}}.</ref> or [[Bactrian people|Bactrian]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schmitt|first1=Rüdiger|title=OXYARTES|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oxyartes|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> nobleman of [[Bactria]], father of [[Roxana]], the wife of [[Alexander III of Macedon|Alexander of Macedon]].


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He is first mentioned as one of the chiefs who accompanied [[Bessus]] on his retreat across the [[Amu Darya|Oxus river]] into [[Sogdiana]] (329 BC).{{r|arr_3.28}} After the death of Bessus, Oxyartes deposited his wife and daughters for safety in a [[Sogdian Rock|rock fortress]] in Sogdiana, which was deemed impregnable, but nevertheless soon fell into the hands of Alexander's forces. Alexander not only treated his captives with respect and attention, but was so charmed with the beauty of Roxana as to decide that he wanted to make her his wife. Oxyartes, on learning these tidings, is said to have hastened to make his submission to Alexander, who received him with the utmost distinction. The nuptials of his daughter with the king in 327 BC were celebrated with a magnificent feast.{{r|arr_4.18-20_curt_8.4_strab_11_plut_47}}
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Shortly after this event, Oxyartes successfully persuaded Chorienes to surrender his rock fortress. Subsequently, he was appointed by Alexander as [[satrap]] of the province of [[Paropamisadae]] in [[History of India|India]].{{r|arr_4.21_6.15_curt_9.8_plut_58}} He continued to hold this position until the death of Alexander (323 BC). Oxyartes was confirmed in his position both in the first division of the provinces immediately after Alexander's death, and in the subsequent division decided at [[Treaty of Triparadisus|Triparadisus]] in 321 BC.{{r|diod_18.3_39_just_13.4_phot_82_92}}


⚫
Shortly after this event, Oxyartes successfully persuaded Chorienes to surrender his rock fortress. Subsequently, he was appointed by Alexander as [[satrap]] of the province of [[Paropamisadae]].{{r|arr_4.21_6.15_curt_9.8_plut_58}} He continued to hold this position until the death of Alexander (323 BC). Oxyartes was confirmed in his position both in the first division of the provinces immediately after Alexander's death, the [[Partition of Babylon]] (323 BC), and in the subsequent division decided at [[Treaty of Triparadisus|Triparadisus]] in 321 BC.{{r|diod_18.3_39_just_13.4_phot_82_92}}
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Later on Oxyartes sent a small force to support [[Eumenes]]; but after the death of that general in 316 BC, he seems to have come to terms with [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], who was content to take on the role of confirming Oxyartes in his position as he would have found it difficult to dispossess Oxyartes even if he had wanted to.{{r|diod_19.14_48}}


⚫
Later on Oxyartes sent a small force to support [[Eumenes]]; but after the death of that general in 316 BC after the [[Battle of Gabiene]], he seems to have come to terms with [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], who was content to take on the role of confirming Oxyartes in his position as he would have found it difficult to dispossess Oxyartes even if he had wanted to.{{r|diod_19.14_48}}
⚫
It seems probable that Oxyartes must have died before the expedition of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] against India, as Seleucus ceded Paropamisadae to [[Chandragupta Maurya]] without any mention of Oxyartes.{{r|strab_15}}


⚫
It seems probable that Oxyartes must have died before [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]]' diplomatic/military foray into South Asia, as Seleucus ceded Paropamisadae to [[Chandragupta Maurya]] without any mention of Oxyartes.{{r|strab_15}}
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==References==
⚫
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]] (editor); ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2408.html "Oxyartes (2)"], [[Boston]], (1867)


==Notes==
==Bibliography==
⚫
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]] (editor); ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109080205/http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2408.html "Oxyartes (2)"], [[Boston]], (1867)

⚫
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=arr_3.28>[[Arrian]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'', [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book3b.asp iii. 28]</ref>
<ref name=arr_3.28>[[Arrian]], ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'', [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book3b.asp iii. 28]</ref>
<ref name=arr_4.18-20_curt_8.4_strab_11_plut_47>Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book1b.asp iv. 18-20]; [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius Rufus]], ''Historiae Alexandri Magni'', [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/quintecurce/huit.htm viii. 4]; [[Strabo]], ''Geography'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=section%3D%23897&chunk=section xi. 11]; [[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', "Alexander", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Caes.+47.1 47]</ref>
<ref name=arr_4.18-20_curt_8.4_strab_11_plut_47>Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book1b.asp iv. 18-20]; [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius Rufus]], ''Historiae Alexandri Magni'', [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/quintecurce/huit.htm viii. 4]; [[Strabo]], ''Geography'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=section%3D%23897&chunk=section xi. 11]; [[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', "Alexander", [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Caes.+47.1 47]</ref>
<ref name=arr_4.21_6.15_curt_9.8_plut_58>Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book4b.asp iv. 21], [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book6a.asp vi. 15]; Curtius, [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/quintecurce/neuf.htm ix. 8]; Plutarch, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Caes.+58.1 58]</ref>
<ref name=arr_4.21_6.15_curt_9.8_plut_58>Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book4b.asp iv. 21], [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book6a.asp vi. 15]; Curtius, [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/quintecurce/neuf.htm ix. 8]; Plutarch, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plut.+Caes.+58.1 58]</ref>
<ref name=diod_18.3_39_just_13.4_phot_82_92>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Bibliotheca'', xviii. 3, 39; [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'', [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/justinus_04_books11to20.htm xiii. 4]; [[Photius I of Constantinople|Photius]], ''Bibliotheca'', [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm cod. 82], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm cod. 92]</ref>
<ref name=diod_18.3_39_just_13.4_phot_82_92>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Bibliotheca'', xviii. 3, 39; [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'', [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/justinus_04_books11to20.htm xiii. 4]; [[Photius I of Constantinople|Photius]], ''Bibliotheca'', [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm cod. 82], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm cod. 92]</ref>
<ref name=diod_19.14_48>Diodorus, xix. 14, 48</ref>
<ref name=diod_19.14_48>Diodorus, xix. 14, 48</ref>
<ref name=strab_15>Strabo, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+15.2.1 xv. 2]</ref>
<ref name=strab_15>Strabo, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+15.2.1 xv. 2]</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Oxyartes Wiki Classical Dictionary: Oxyartes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219224733/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Oxyartes Wiki Classical Dictionary: Oxyartes]
*[http://www.pothos.org Pothos.org], [http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=13&keyword_id=9&title=Oxyartes Oxyarthes, the father of Roxane]
*[http://www.pothos.org Pothos.org], [https://web.archive.org/web/20050913112804/http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=13&keyword_id=9&title=Oxyartes Oxyarthes, the father of Roxane]

{{Achaemenid rulers}}
{{Hellenistic satraps}}


----
{{SmithDGRBM|title=Oxyartes (2)}}
{{SmithDGRBM|title=Oxyartes (2)}}


[[Category:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire]]
[[Category:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Iranian people]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Iranian people]]
[[Category:Sogdian monarchs]]

Revision as of 22:46, 17 September 2024

For the stick insect, see Oxyartes (insect).
Oxyartes, by René Castaigne, 19th century.
Oxyartes was satrap of the Paropamisus after the death of Alexander.

Oxyartes (Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼, Greek: Ὀξυάρτης, in Persian: وخش‌ارد ("Vaxš-ard"), from an unattested form in an Old Iranian language: *Huxšaθra-[1]) was a Sogdian[2][3] or Bactrian[4] nobleman of Bactria, father of Roxana, the wife of Alexander of Macedon.

He is first mentioned as one of the chiefs who accompanied Bessus on his retreat across the Oxus river into Sogdiana (329 BC).[5] After the death of Bessus, Oxyartes deposited his wife and daughters for safety in a rock fortress in Sogdiana, which was deemed impregnable, but nevertheless soon fell into the hands of Alexander's forces. Alexander not only treated his captives with respect and attention, but was so charmed with the beauty of Roxana as to decide that he wanted to make her his wife. Oxyartes, on learning these tidings, is said to have hastened to make his submission to Alexander, who received him with the utmost distinction. The nuptials of his daughter with the king in 327 BC were celebrated with a magnificent feast.[6]

Shortly after this event, Oxyartes successfully persuaded Chorienes to surrender his rock fortress. Subsequently, he was appointed by Alexander as satrap of the province of Paropamisadae.[7] He continued to hold this position until the death of Alexander (323 BC). Oxyartes was confirmed in his position both in the first division of the provinces immediately after Alexander's death, the Partition of Babylon (323 BC), and in the subsequent division decided at Triparadisus in 321 BC.[8]

Later on Oxyartes sent a small force to support Eumenes; but after the death of that general in 316 BC after the Battle of Gabiene, he seems to have come to terms with Antigonus, who was content to take on the role of confirming Oxyartes in his position as he would have found it difficult to dispossess Oxyartes even if he had wanted to.[9]

It seems probable that Oxyartes must have died before Seleucus' diplomatic/military foray into South Asia, as Seleucus ceded Paropamisadae to Chandragupta Maurya without any mention of Oxyartes.[10]

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ "OXYARTES – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  2. ^ Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.
  3. ^ Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87, ISBN 978-1-907200-02-1.
  4. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger. "OXYARTES". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  5. ^ Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, iii. 28
  6. ^ Arrian, iv. 18-20; Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, viii. 4; Strabo, Geography, xi. 11; Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Alexander", 47
  7. ^ Arrian, iv. 21, vi. 15; Curtius, ix. 8; Plutarch, 58
  8. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca, xviii. 3, 39; Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus, xiii. 4; Photius, Bibliotheca, cod. 82, cod. 92
  9. ^ Diodorus, xix. 14, 48
  10. ^ Strabo, xv. 2

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Oxyartes (2)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

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