Paliperidone: Difference between revisions

Paliperidone
Clinical data
Trade names	Invega, Xeplion, Trevicta, others
Other names	9-hydroxyrisperidone; PP; PP1M; PP3M; PP6M; JNS-010; RO-92670; RO92670
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a607005
License data	US DailyMed: Paliperidone;
Pregnancy; category	AU: B3; ;
Routes of; administration	By mouth, intramuscular
Drug class	Atypical antipsychotic
ATC code	N05AX13 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances); CA: ℞-only; US: WARNINGRx-only; EU: Rx-only;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	28% (oral)
Elimination half-life	23 hours (by mouth)
Excretion	1% unchanged in urine 18% unchanged in feces
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (RS)-3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one;
CAS Number	144598-75-4 ; as palmitate: 199739-10-1;
PubChem CID	115237; as palmitate: 9852746;
DrugBank	DB01267 ; as palmitate: DBSALT001464;
ChemSpider	7978307 ; as palmitate: 8028457;
UNII	838F01T721; as palmitate: R8P8USM8FR;
KEGG	D05339 ; as palmitate: D05340;
ChEBI	CHEBI:82978 ; as palmitate: CHEBI:83807;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1621 ; as palmitate: ChEMBL2107360;
ECHA InfoCard	100.117.604
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C23H27FN4O3
Molar mass	426.492 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=C/1N5/C(=N\C(=C\1CCN4CCC(c3noc2cc(F)ccc23)CC4)C)[C@H](O)CCC5;
	InChI InChI=1S/C23H27FN4O3/c1-14-17(23(30)28-9-2-3-19(29)22(28)25-14)8-12-27-10-6-15(7-11-27)21-18-5-4-16(24)13-20(18)31-26-21/h4-5,13,15,19,29H,2-3,6-12H2,1H3/t19-/m1/s1 ; Key:PMXMIIMHBWHSKN-LJQANCHMSA-N ; ; as palmitate: InChI=1S/C39H57FN4O4/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-18-36(45)47-34-17-16-24-44-38(34)41-29(2)32(39(44)46)23-27-43-25-21-30(22-26-43)37-33-20-19-31(40)28-35(33)48-42-37/h19-20,28,30,34H,3-18,21-27H2,1-2H3; Key:VOMKSBFLAZZBOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
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Paliperidone, sold under the brand name Invega among others, is an atypical antipsychotic.^[14] It is mainly used to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.^[14] It is marketed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.^[4] Paliperidone worsens verbal learning and memory compared to placebo when used to treat psychosis.^[15]

Paliperidone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia in December 2006,^[4] and in the European Union in June 2007.^[8] Paliperidone palmitate is a long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone palmitoyl ester.^[14]^[16] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[17] Paliperidone is available as a generic medication.^[13]

Medical use

In the US, paliperidone is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder as monotherapy and as an adjunct to mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants.^[4]

In the EU, paliperidone is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and in adolescents fifteen years of age and older and for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder in adults.^[8]

Paliperidone is used for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.^[18]

Adverse effects

The most frequent side effects include headache, insomnia (difficulty sleeping), sleepiness, parkinsonism (effects similar to Parkinson's disease such as shaking, muscle stiffness and slow movement), dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions), tremor (shaking), dizziness, akathisia (restlessness), agitation, anxiety, depression, increased weight, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dyspepsia (heartburn), diarrhea, dry mouth, tiredness, toothache, muscle and bone pain, back pain, asthenia (weakness), tachycardia (increased heart rate), high blood pressure, prolonged QT interval (an alteration of the electrical activity of the heart), upper respiratory tract infection (nose and throat infections) and cough.^[8]

Discontinuation

The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.^[19] Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.^[20] Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.^[20] Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.^[20] Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.^[20]

Deaths

In April 2014, it was reported that 21 Japanese people who had received shots of the long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate had died, out of 10,700 individuals prescribed the drug.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

Pharmacology

Paliperidone^[28]
Site	K_i (nM)
5-HT_1A	617
5-HT_2A	1.1
5-HT_2C	48
5-HT_5A	278
5-HT₆	2414
5-HT₇	2.7
α_1A	2.5
α_2A	3.9
α_2C	2.7
D₁	41
D₂	1.6
D₃	3.5
D₄	54^[29]
D₅	29
H₁	19
H₂	121
mACh	>10,000
Values are K_i (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.

Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone.^[30]^{[unreliable medical source?]} While its specific mechanism of action is unknown, it is believed paliperidone and risperidone act via similar, if not identical, pathways.^[28] Its efficacy is believed to result from central dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonism except Paliperidone like its parent compound functions as an inverse agonist at 5-HT2A 15. Paliperidone is also active by acting as an antagonist of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors as well as the H1 histaminergic receptors.^[30] Food is known to increase the absorption of Invega type ER OROS prolonged-release tablets. Food increased exposure of paliperidone by up to 50-60%, however, half-life was not significantly affected. The effect was probably due to a delay in the transit of the ER OROS formulation in the upper part of the GI channel, resulting in increased absorption.^[31]

The half-life is 23 hours.^[31]

Risperidone and its metabolite paliperidone are reduced in efficacy by P-glycoprotein inducers such as St John's wort^[32]^[33]

v
t
e
Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics
Medication	Brand name	Class	Vehicle	Dosage	T_max	t_1/2 single	t_1/2 multiple	logP^c	Ref
Aripiprazole lauroxil	Aristada	Atypical	Water^a	441–1064 mg/4–8 weeks	24–35 days	?	54–57 days	7.9–10.0
Aripiprazole monohydrate	Abilify Maintena	Atypical	Water^a	300–400 mg/4 weeks	7 days	?	30–47 days	4.9–5.2
Bromperidol decanoate	Impromen Decanoas	Typical	Sesame oil	40–300 mg/4 weeks	3–9 days	?	21–25 days	7.9	^[34]
Clopentixol decanoate	Sordinol Depot	Typical	Viscoleo^b	50–600 mg/1–4 weeks	4–7 days	?	19 days	9.0	^[35]
Flupentixol decanoate	Depixol	Typical	Viscoleo^b	10–200 mg/2–4 weeks	4–10 days	8 days	17 days	7.2–9.2	^[35]^[36]
Fluphenazine decanoate	Prolixin Decanoate	Typical	Sesame oil	12.5–100 mg/2–5 weeks	1–2 days	1–10 days	14–100 days	7.2–9.0	^[37]^[38]^[39]
Fluphenazine enanthate	Prolixin Enanthate	Typical	Sesame oil	12.5–100 mg/1–4 weeks	2–3 days	4 days	?	6.4–7.4	^[38]
Fluspirilene	Imap, Redeptin	Typical	Water^a	2–12 mg/1 week	1–8 days	7 days	?	5.2–5.8	^[40]
Haloperidol decanoate	Haldol Decanoate	Typical	Sesame oil	20–400 mg/2–4 weeks	3–9 days	18–21 days		7.2–7.9	^[41]^[42]
Olanzapine pamoate	Zyprexa Relprevv	Atypical	Water^a	150–405 mg/2–4 weeks	7 days	?	30 days	–
Oxyprothepin decanoate	Meclopin	Typical	?	?	?	?	?	8.5–8.7
Paliperidone palmitate	Invega Sustenna	Atypical	Water^a	39–819 mg/4–12 weeks	13–33 days	25–139 days	?	8.1–10.1
Perphenazine decanoate	Trilafon Dekanoat	Typical	Sesame oil	50–200 mg/2–4 weeks	?	?	27 days	8.9
Perphenazine enanthate	Trilafon Enanthate	Typical	Sesame oil	25–200 mg/2 weeks	2–3 days	?	4–7 days	6.4–7.2	^[43]
Pipotiazine palmitate	Piportil Longum	Typical	Viscoleo^b	25–400 mg/4 weeks	9–10 days	?	14–21 days	8.5–11.6	^[36]
Pipotiazine undecylenate	Piportil Medium	Typical	Sesame oil	100–200 mg/2 weeks	?	?	?	8.4
Risperidone	Risperdal Consta	Atypical	Microspheres	12.5–75 mg/2 weeks	21 days	?	3–6 days	–
Zuclopentixol acetate	Clopixol Acuphase	Typical	Viscoleo^b	50–200 mg/1–3 days	1–2 days	1–2 days		4.7–4.9
Zuclopentixol decanoate	Clopixol Depot	Typical	Viscoleo^b	50–800 mg/2–4 weeks	4–9 days	?	11–21 days	7.5–9.0
Note: All by intramuscular injection. Footnotes: ^a = Microcrystalline or nanocrystalline aqueous suspension. ^b = Low-viscosity vegetable oil (specifically fractionated coconut oil with medium-chain triglycerides). ^c = Predicted, from PubChem and DrugBank. Sources: Main: See template.

History

Paliperidone (as Invega) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia in 2006. Paliperidone was approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder in 2009. The long-acting injectable form of paliperidone, marketed as Invega Sustenna in the US,^[6] and Xeplion in the EU,^[12] was approved by the FDA in July 2009.

It was initially approved in the European Union in 2007, for schizophrenia, the extended release form and use for schizoaffective disorder were approved in the EU in 2010, and extension to use in adolescents older than 15 years old was approved in 2014.^[44]

Society and culture

Brand names

In May 2015, a formulation of paliperidone palmitate was approved by the FDA under the brand name Invega Trinza.^[45]^[7] A similar prolonged release suspension was approved in 2016 by the European Medicines Agency originally under the brand name Paliperidone Janssen, later renamed to Trevicta.^[46] On September 1, 2021, a newer formulation of paliperidone palmitate, Invega Hafyera, was approved by the US FDA.^[5]

References

^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Anvisa (March 31, 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published April 4, 2023). Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
^ "Product monograph brand safety updates". Health Canada. July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Invega- paliperidone tablet, extended release". DailyMed. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Invega Hafyera- paliperidone palmitate injection, suspension, extended release". DailyMed. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Invega Sustenna- paliperidone palmitate injection". DailyMed. January 31, 2019. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Invega Trinza- paliperidone palmitate injection, suspension, extended release". DailyMed. January 31, 2019. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Invega EPAR". European Medicines Agency. June 25, 2007. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2024. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^ "Byannli EPAR". European Medicines Agency. April 28, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ "Byannli Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
^ "Trevicta EPAR". European Medicines Agency. December 5, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Xeplion EPAR". European Medicines Agency. March 4, 2011. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Niapelf EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). March 21, 2024. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chue P, Chue J (December 2012). "A review of paliperidone palmitate". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 12 (12): 1383–1397. doi:10.1586/ern.12.137. PMID 23237346. S2CID 36437470.
^ Allott K, Yuen HP, Baldwin L, O'Donoghue B, Fornito A, Chopra S, et al. (June 2023). "Effects of risperidone/paliperidone versus placebo on cognitive functioning over the first 6 months of treatment for psychotic disorder: secondary analysis of a triple-blind randomised clinical trial". Translational Psychiatry. 13 (1): 199. doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02501-7. PMID 37301832.
^ Edinoff AN, Doppalapudi PK, Orellana C, Ochoa C, Patti S, Ghaffar Y, et al. (2021). "Paliperidone 3-Month Injection for Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 699748. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699748. PMC 8490677. PMID 34621193.
^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
^ Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–962. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID 23810019. S2CID 32085212.
^ BMJ Joint Formulary Committee, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1". British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-85369-845-6. Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Haddad PM, Dursun S, Deakin B (2004). Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide. OUP Oxford. pp. 207–216. ISBN 9780198527480. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
^ "21 users of schizophrenia drug dead". The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. April 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
^ "Schizophrénie: controverse autour d'un médicament au Japon". Médecine. April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
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^ "21 Dead in Japan From New Johnson & Johnson Antipsychotic". Mad In America. April 18, 2014. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
^ "Schizophrenia drug blamed for 17 deaths". Sky News Australia. June 29, 2023. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Corena-McLeod M (June 2015). "Comparative Pharmacology of Risperidone and Paliperidone". Drugs in R&D. 15 (2): 163–174. doi:10.1007/s40268-015-0092-x. PMC 4488186. PMID 25943458.
^ Gray JA, Roth BL (October 2007). "The pipeline and future of drug development in schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 12 (10): 904–922. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002062. PMID 17667958. S2CID 1672835. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Paliperidone". DrugBank. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Paliperidone extended release: Scientific Discussion" (PDF). EMA. July 16, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ Wang JS, Ruan Y, Taylor RM, Donovan JL, Markowitz JS, DeVane CL (December 2004). "The brain entry of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone is greatly limited by P-glycoprotein". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 7 (4): 415–419. doi:10.1017/S1461145704004390. PMID 15683552.
^ Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, Barone G, Battu SK (July 2008). "Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions: comparative effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea, clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 52 (7): 772–779. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700081. PMC 2562898. PMID 18214850.
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^ Beresford R, Ward A (January 1987). "Haloperidol decanoate. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in psychosis". Drugs. 33 (1): 31–49. doi:10.2165/00003495-198733010-00002. PMID 3545764.
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^ "Procedural steps taken and scientific information after the authorisation" (PDF). EMA. July 16, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "Invega Trinza (paliperidone palmitate) NDA approval letter" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ "Trevicta (previously Paliperidone Janssen)". Summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Trevicta. EMC. September 17, 2018. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2017.

External links

"Paliperidone Injection". MedlinePlus.

[FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-1] "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved October 22, 2023.

[2] Anvisa (March 31, 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published April 4, 2023). Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.

[3] "Product monograph brand safety updates". Health Canada. July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.

[Invega_FDA_label-4] "Invega- paliperidone tablet, extended release". DailyMed. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2020.

[Invega_Hafyera_FDA_label-5] "Invega Hafyera- paliperidone palmitate injection, suspension, extended release". DailyMed. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.

[Invega_Sustenna_FDA_label-6] "Invega Sustenna- paliperidone palmitate injection". DailyMed. January 31, 2019. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.

[Invega_Trinza_FDA_label-7] "Invega Trinza- paliperidone palmitate injection, suspension, extended release". DailyMed. January 31, 2019. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2020.

[Invega_EPAR-8] "Invega EPAR". European Medicines Agency. June 25, 2007. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2024. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

[Byannli_EPAR-9] "Byannli EPAR". European Medicines Agency. April 28, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.

[10] "Byannli Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.

[11] "Trevicta EPAR". European Medicines Agency. December 5, 2014. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.

[Xeplion_EPAR-12] "Xeplion EPAR". European Medicines Agency. March 4, 2011. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.

[Niapelf_EPAR-13] "Niapelf EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). March 21, 2024. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[pmid23237346-14] Chue P, Chue J (December 2012). "A review of paliperidone palmitate". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 12 (12): 1383–1397. doi:10.1586/ern.12.137. PMID 23237346. S2CID 36437470.

[15] Allott K, Yuen HP, Baldwin L, O'Donoghue B, Fornito A, Chopra S, et al. (June 2023). "Effects of risperidone/paliperidone versus placebo on cognitive functioning over the first 6 months of treatment for psychotic disorder: secondary analysis of a triple-blind randomised clinical trial". Translational Psychiatry. 13 (1): 199. doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02501-7. PMID 37301832.

[pmid34621193-16] Edinoff AN, Doppalapudi PK, Orellana C, Ochoa C, Patti S, Ghaffar Y, et al. (2021). "Paliperidone 3-Month Injection for Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 699748. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699748. PMC 8490677. PMID 34621193.

[WHO23rd-17] World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.

[Leucht_2013-18] Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–962. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID 23810019. S2CID 32085212.

[Group_2009_192-19] BMJ Joint Formulary Committee, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1". British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-85369-845-6. Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.

[Had2004-20] Haddad PM, Dursun S, Deakin B (2004). Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide. OUP Oxford. pp. 207–216. ISBN 9780198527480. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2020.

[21] "21 users of schizophrenia drug dead". The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. April 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

[22] "Schizophrénie: controverse autour d'un médicament au Japon". Médecine. April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

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v t e Antipsychotics (N05A)
Typical	Butyrophenones: Benperidol Bromperidol Bromperidol decanoate Droperidol Haloperidol^# Haloperidol decanoate Moperone Pipamperone Spiperone Timiperone Trifluperidol Diphenylbutylpiperidines: Fluspirilene Penfluridol Pimozide Phenothiazines: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Butaperazine Carphenazine (carfenazine)^‡ Chlorpromazine Cyamemazine Dixyrazine Fluphenazine Fluphenazine decanoate Fluphenazine enanthate Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Mesoridazine Perazine Periciazine Perphenazine BL-1020 Perphenazine decanoate Perphenazine enanthate Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Pipotiazine palmitate Pipotiazine undecylenate Prochlorperazine Promazine Sulforidazine Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Thioxanthenes: Chlorprothixene Clopenthixol Clopenthixol decanoate Flupentixol Flupentixol decanoate Tiotixene (thiothixene) Zuclopenthixol Zuclopenthixol acetate Zuclopenthixol decanoate
Disputed	Benzamides: Amisulpride Levosulpiride Nemonapride Remoxipride^‡ Sulpiride Sultopride Tiapride Veralipride^‡ Butyrophenones: Melperone Tricyclics: Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine Loxapine Mosapramine Oxyprothepin decanoate Others: Molindone
Atypical	Benzisoxazole/benzisothiazoles: Iloperidone Lurasidone Paliperidone Paliperidone palmitate Perospirone Risperidone^# Ziprasidone Butyrophenones: Lumateperone Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones: Aripiprazole Aripiprazole lauroxil Brilaroxazine^† Brexpiprazole Cariprazine Tricyclics: Asenapine Clozapine^# Olanzapine (+samidorphan) Quetiapine Zotepine Others: Blonanserin Pimavanserin Sertindole
Others	Monoamine-depleting agents: Oxypertine Reserpine Tetrabenazine Others/unknown: Azacyclonol
^#WHO-EM ^‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: ^†Phase III ^§Never to phase III

v t e Mood stabilizers
Anticonvulsants	Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valpromide
Atypical antipsychotics	Aripiprazole Asenapine Cariprazine Clozapine Lurasidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Ziprasidone
Others	Ketamine Lithium (lithium acetate, lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium citrate, lithium hydroxide, lithium orotate) Omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid)