Somniosidae: Difference between revisions

Sleeper sharks
	Somniosus microcephalus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Squaliformes
Family:	Somniosidae; D. S. Jordan, 1888
Diversity
	6 genera, 20 species; See text.

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The Somniosidae are a family of sharks in the order Squaliformes, commonly known as sleeper sharks.^[1] The common name "sleeper shark" comes from their slow swimming, low activity level, and perceived non-aggressive nature.^[2]^[3]

Distribution and habitat

The Somniosidae can be found in:

Arctic to subantarctic waters
Shelves in cold waters
Continental and slopes
Temperate and tropical waters^[4]

Diet

Beaks recovered from the stomachs of sleeper sharks suggest they feed on colossal squid.^[5]

Genera and species

Centroscymnus Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864
- Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864 (Portuguese dogfish)
- Centroscymnus owstonii Garman, 1906 (roughskin dogfish)
Centroselachus Garman, 1913
- Centroselachus crepidater Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864 (longnose velvet dogfish)
Scymnodalatias Garrick, 1956
- Scymnodalatias albicauda Taniuchi & Garrick, 1986 (whitetail dogfish)
- Scymnodalatias garricki Kukuyev & Konovalenko, 1988 (Azores dogfish)
- Scymnodalatias oligodon Kukuyev & Konovalenko, 1988 (sparsetooth dogfish)
- Scymnodalatias sherwoodi Archey, 1921 (Sherwood dogfish)
Scymnodon Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864
- Scymnodon ichiharai Yano & S. Tanaka (II), 1984 (Japanese velvet dogfish)
- Scymnodon macracanthus Regan, 1906 (largespine velvet dogfish)
- Scymnodon plunketi Waite, 1910 (Plunket's shark)
- Scymnodon ringens Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864 (knifetooth dogfish)
Somniosus Lesueur, 1818
- Somniosus antarcticus Whitley, 1939 (southern sleeper shark)
- Somniosus cheni Hsu, Lin, & Joung, 2020 (Taiwan sleeper shark)
- Somniosus longus Tanaka, 1912 (frog shark)
- Somniosus microcephalus Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Greenland shark)
- Somniosus pacificus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944 (Pacific sleeper shark)
- Somniosus rostratus Risso, 1827 (little sleeper shark)
- Somniosus sp. A Not yet described (longnose sleeper shark)
Zameus D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1903
- Zameus squamulosus Günther, 1877 (velvet dogfish)

Hákarl

Greenland sharks of the family Somniosidae are hunted for food in Iceland. In modern times, many Greenlandic sharks used for hákarl production are purchased from fishing ships where the sharks were trapped in the fishing nets. The shark carcass is traditionally fermented in a shallow pit, with stones placed on top of the shark, allowing poisonous internal fluids, like urea and trimethylamine oxide, to be pressed and drained out of the body. The meat is then cured for several months, rendering it safe for human consumption.^[6]

References

^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Somniosidae". FishBase. February 2011 version.
^ Erin McCarthy (December 18, 2014). "7 Cool Facts About Greenland Sharks". MentalFloss.com. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ Bruce A. Wright (December 8, 2000). "Sleeper Sharks Not So Sleepy". Arctic Science Journeys, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ "Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks". Fish Base. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
^ Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2004. "Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters" (PDF).^{[permanent dead link‍]} (531 KB) Deep-Sea Research Part I 51: 17–31.
^ Wheatley, Gale (20 September 2010). "Iceland's Wild Culinary Traditions: Hákarl and Brennivín".

[1] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Somniosidae". FishBase. February 2011 version.

[2] Erin McCarthy (December 18, 2014). "7 Cool Facts About Greenland Sharks". MentalFloss.com. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

[3] Bruce A. Wright (December 8, 2000). "Sleeper Sharks Not So Sleepy". Arctic Science Journeys, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved August 17, 2016.

[Base-4] "Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks". Fish Base. Retrieved 29 December 2012.

[5] Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2004. "Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters" (PDF).^{[permanent dead link‍]} (531 KB) Deep-Sea Research Part I 51: 17–31.

[suite101-6] Wheatley, Gale (20 September 2010). "Iceland's Wild Culinary Traditions: Hákarl and Brennivín".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Family of sharks}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
 | name = Sleeper sharks
-| image = Somniosus.jpg
+| image = Somniosus microcephalus okeanos.jpg
+| image_caption = ''[[Somniosus microcephalus]]''
-| image_width = 240px
+| taxon = Somniosidae
-| image_caption = ''[[Somniosus]]'' sp.
+| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]], 1888
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
-| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
-| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
-| ordo = [[Squaliformes]]
-| familia = '''Somniosidae'''
-| familia_authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]], 1888
 | diversity = 6 genera, 20 species; ''See text''.
 }}
-'''Somniosidae''' is a family of [[shark]]s in the order [[Squaliformes]], commonly known as sleeper sharks.<ref>{{FishBase family |family=Somniosidae |month=February |year=2011}}</ref>
+The '''Somniosidae''' are a family of [[shark]]s in the order [[Squaliformes]], commonly known as '''sleeper sharks'''.<ref>{{FishBase family |family=Somniosidae |month=February |year=2011}}</ref> The common name "''sleeper shark''" comes from their slow swimming, low activity level, and perceived non-aggressive nature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/60781/7-cool-facts-about-greenland-shark|title=7 Cool Facts About Greenland Sharks|author=Erin McCarthy|publisher=MentalFloss.com|date=December 18, 2014|access-date=August 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://seagrant.uaf.edu/news/00ASJ/12.08.00_SleeperShark.html|title=Sleeper Sharks Not So Sleepy|author=Bruce A. Wright|publisher=Arctic Science Journeys, University of Alaska Fairbanks|date=December 8, 2000|access-date=August 17, 2016}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-Somniosidae can be found in the following areas:
+The Somniosidae can be found in:
 *[[Arctic]] to [[subantarctic]] waters
+*Shelves in cold waters
-*all oceans
+*Continental and slopes
-*shelves in cold waters
+*Temperate and tropical waters<ref name=Base>{{cite web|title=Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks|url=http://www.fishbase.us/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=658|publisher=Fish Base|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>
-*continental and slopes
-*temperate and tropical waters<ref name=Base>{{cite web|title=Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks|url=http://www.fishbase.us/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=658|publisher=Fish Base|accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref>
 ==Diet==
-Beaks recovered from the stomachs of sleeper sharks suggest that these sharks feed on [[Colossal squid]].<ref>Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2004. {{PDFlink|[http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/8114.pdf Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters.]|531&nbsp;KB}} ''Deep-Sea Research I'' '''51''': 17–31.</ref>
+Beaks recovered from the stomachs of sleeper sharks suggest they feed on [[colossal squid]].<ref>Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2004. {{cite web |url= http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/8114.pdf |title= Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters. }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;{{small|(531&nbsp;KB)}} ''Deep-Sea Research Part I'' '''51''': 17–31.</ref>
 ==Genera and species==
 * ''[[Centroscymnus]]'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barbosa du Bocage]] & [[Félix António de Brito Capello|Brito Capello]], 1864</small>
-** ''[[Centroscymnus coelolepis]]'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barbosa du Bocage]] & [[Félix António de Brito Capello|Brito Capello]], 1864</small> (Portuguese dogfish)
+** ''[[Centroscymnus coelolepis]]'' <small>Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864</small> (Portuguese dogfish)
-** ''[[Centroscymnus owstonii]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1906</small> (Roughskin dogfish)
+** ''[[Centroscymnus owstonii]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1906</small> (roughskin dogfish)
-* ''[[Centroselachus]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1913</small>
+* ''[[Centroselachus]]'' <small>Garman, 1913</small>
-** ''[[Centroselachus crepidater]]'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barbosa du Bocage]] & [[Félix António de Brito Capello|Brito Capello]], 1864</small> (Longnose velvet dogfish)
+** ''[[Centroselachus crepidater]]'' <small>Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864</small> (longnose velvet dogfish)
 * ''[[Scymnodalatias]]'' <small>[[Jack Garrick|Garrick]], 1956</small>
-** ''[[Scymnodalatias albicauda]]'' <small>[[Toru Taniuchi|Taniuchi]] & [[Jack Garrick|Garrick]], 1986</small> (Whitetail dogfish)
+** ''[[Scymnodalatias albicauda]]'' <small>[[Toru Taniuchi|Taniuchi]] & Garrick, 1986</small> (whitetail dogfish)
 ** ''[[Scymnodalatias garricki]]'' <small>Kukuyev & Konovalenko, 1988</small> (Azores dogfish)
-** ''[[Scymnodalatias oligodon]]'' <small>Kukuyev & Konovalenko, 1988</small> (Sparsetooth dogfish)
+** ''[[Scymnodalatias oligodon]]'' <small>Kukuyev & Konovalenko, 1988</small> (sparsetooth dogfish)
 ** ''[[Scymnodalatias sherwoodi]]'' <small>[[Gilbert Edward Archey|Archey]], 1921</small> (Sherwood dogfish)
-* ''[[Scymnodon]]'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barbosa du Bocage]] & [[Félix António de Brito Capello|Brito Capello]], 1864</small>
+* ''[[Scymnodon]]'' <small>Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864</small>
 ** ''[[Scymnodon ichiharai]]'' <small>[[Kazunari Yano|Yano]] & [[Shigeho "Sho" Tanaka|S. Tanaka (II)]], 1984</small> (Japanese velvet dogfish)
-** ''[[Scymnodon macracanthus]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1906</small> (Largespine velvet dogfish)
+** ''[[Scymnodon macracanthus]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1906</small> (largespine velvet dogfish)
 ** ''[[Scymnodon plunketi]]'' <small>[[Edgar Ravenswood Waite|Waite]], 1910</small> (Plunket's shark)
-** ''[[Scymnodon ringens]]'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barbosa du Bocage]] & [[Félix António de Brito Capello|Brito Capello]], 1864</small> (Knifetooth dogfish)
+** ''[[Scymnodon ringens]]'' <small>Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864</small> (knifetooth dogfish)
 * ''[[Somniosus]]'' <small>[[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1818</small>
-** ''[[Somniosus antarcticus]]'' <small>[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1939</small> (Southern sleeper shark)
+** ''[[Somniosus antarcticus]]'' <small>[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1939</small> (southern sleeper shark)
-** ''[[Somniosus longus]]'' <small>Tanaka, 1912</small> (Frog shark)
+** ''[[Taiwan sleeper shark|Somniosus cheni]]'' <small>Hsu, Lin, & Joung, 2020</small> (Taiwan sleeper shark)
+** ''[[Somniosus longus]]'' <small>Tanaka, 1912</small> (frog shark)
 ** ''[[Somniosus microcephalus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|J. G. Schneider]], 1801</small> (Greenland shark)
 ** ''[[Somniosus pacificus]]'' <small>[[Henry Bryant Bigelow|Bigelow]] & [[William Charles Schroeder|Schroeder]], 1944</small> (Pacific sleeper shark)
-** ''[[Somniosus rostratus]]'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1827</small> (Little sleeper shark)
+** ''[[Somniosus rostratus]]'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1827</small> (little sleeper shark)
-** ''[[Somniosus sp. A]]'' <small>Not yet described</small> (Longnose sleeper shark)
+** ''Somniosus'' sp. A <small>Not yet described</small> (longnose sleeper shark)
 * ''[[Zameus]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1903</small>
-** ''[[Zameus squamulosus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1877</small> (Velvet dogfish)
+** ''[[Zameus squamulosus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1877</small> (velvet dogfish)
+<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
+Image:Centroscymnus crepidater.jpg|''[[Centroscymnus crepidater]]''
+Image:Scymnodon obscurus.jpg|''[[Scymnodon obscurus]]''
+Image:Zameus squamulosus.jpg|''[[Zameus squamulosus]]''
+</gallery>
 ==Hákarl==
 {{Main|Hákarl}}
-[[Greenland shark]]s or [[basking shark]]s of the family Somniosidae are hunted for food in [[Iceland]]. The shark carcass is traditionally fermented in a shallow pit, with stones placed on top of the shark, allowing poisonous internal fluids, like urea and trimethylamine oxide, to be pressed and drained out of the body. The meat is then cured for several months, rendering it safe for human consumption.<ref name="suite101">{{cite news|last=Wheatley|first=Gale|title=Iceland's Wild Culinary Traditions: Hákarl and Brennivín|url=http://gourmetwonderland.com/hakarl-brennivin|date=20 September 2010}}</ref>
+[[Greenland shark]]s of the family Somniosidae are hunted for food in [[Iceland]]. In modern times, many Greenlandic sharks used for hákarl production are purchased from fishing ships where the sharks were trapped in the fishing nets. The shark carcass is traditionally fermented in a shallow pit, with stones placed on top of the shark, allowing poisonous internal fluids, like urea and trimethylamine oxide, to be pressed and drained out of the body. The meat is then cured for several months, rendering it safe for human consumption.<ref name="suite101">{{cite news|last=Wheatley|first=Gale|title=Iceland's Wild Culinary Traditions: Hákarl and Brennivín|url=http://gourmetwonderland.com/hakarl-brennivin|date=20 September 2010}}</ref>
 {{Portal|Sharks}}
@@ Line 63: / Line 64: @@
 {{Selachimorpha|S.}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q177265}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Somniosidae| ]]
+[[Category:Shark families]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan]]
-{{shark-stub}}