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Coordinates: 35°18′41″N 46°59′46″E / 35.31139°N 46.99611°E / 35.31139; 46.99611
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{{Short description|City in Kurdistan province, Iran}}
{{for|the administrative subdivision|Sanandaj County}}
{{for|the administrative division of Kurdistan province|Sanandaj County}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Sanandaj
| official_name = {{lang-fa|سنندج}}
| native_name = {{lang|ku|سنە}} / {{native name|ku|Sine}}
| native_name = {{lang-ku|سنە}}
| settlement_type = City
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Sanandaj from Abidar.jpg
| photo1a = Sanandaj from Abidar.jpg
| photo2a = Sanandaj Museum.jpg
| photo2a = Sanandaj Museum.jpg
Line 13: Line 17:
| foot_montage =
| foot_montage =
}}
}}
| image_caption = Sanandaj from Abidar, Sanandaj Museum, Khosro Abad Mansion, Qeshlaq Bridge
| image_caption = Sanandaj from Abidar, Sanandaj Museum, [[Khosro Abad Mansion]], Qeshlaq Bridge
| image_seal = Sanandaj government logo.svg
| image_seal = Sanandaj government logo.svg
| mapsize = 160px
| mapsize =
| pushpin_map = Iran
| pushpin_map = Iran#Iran Kurdistan
| coordinates = {{coord|35|18|52|N|46|59|32|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|35|18|41|N|46|59|46|E|dim:6km|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=35.311389&mlon=46.996111&zoom=14#map=13/35.3114/46.9961 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Sanandaj, Sanandaj County |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=19 August 2023 |lang=fa}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sanandaj County|Sanandaj]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kurdistan province|Kurdistan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Sanandaj County)|Central]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sanandaj County|Sanandaj]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Sanandaj County)|Central]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_title =
| leader_title = Mayor
| established_date =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Seyed Anwar Rashidi<ref>{{Cite web|title=سید انور رشیدی شهردار سنندج |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/84429918/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2021|website=IRNA}}</ref>
| leader_name = Seyed Anwar Rashidi<ref>{{Cite web|title=سید انور رشیدی شهردار سنندج|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/84429918/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2021|website=IRNA|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927215855/https://www.irna.ir/news/84429918/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC-%D8%B4%D8%AF}}</ref>
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3,033
| area_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1538
| area_total_km2 = 3033
| population_as_of = 2016 Census
| elevation_m = 1538
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_urban = 412,767 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title = Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 census"/>
| population_metro =
| population_est =
| population_total = 412767
| population_est_as_of =
| population_metro =
| population_est =
| population_est_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| area_code = 087
| area_code = 087
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]
| blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]
| website = {{URL|http://e-sanandaj.ir/}}
| website = {{URL|http://e-sanandaj.ir/}}
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| unemployment_rate =
| timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset = +3:30
| utc_offset = +3:30
| name = Sanandaj
| other_name = Sine
}}
}}


'''Sanandaj''' ({{lang-fa|سنندج}}; {{IPA|fa|sænænˈdædʒ|pron|Sanandaj.ogg}}){{efn|{{lang-ku|سنە}}, [[romanize]]d as '''Senneh''' and '''Sine'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Senneh-rug |title=Senneh rug |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112232027/https://www.britannica.com/art/Senneh-rug |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is a city in the [[Central District (Sanandaj County)|Central District]] of [[Sanandaj County]], in the [[Kurdistan province]] of [[Iran]], serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.<ref name="Kurdistan Province Structure">{{cite web |title = Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj |language = fa |website = Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran |url = https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023230624/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045 |publisher = Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board |last = Habibi |first = Hassan |archive-date = 23 October 2018 |date = 21 June 1369 |access-date = 22 January 2024}}</ref> With a population of 414,069,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanandaj.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=2|title=آمار جمعیتی شهرستان سنندج :: فرمانداری سنندج|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807030402/http://sanandaj.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sanandaj is the 23rd largest city in Iran and the second largest [[Kurds|Kurdish]] city.{{cn|date=June 2024}}
'''Sanandaj''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: سنندج, {{IPA-fa|sænænˈdædʒ|pron|Sanandaj.ogg}}; {{lang-ku|سنە|Sine}}, often romanized as '''Senneh''',<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/Senneh-rug Senneh rug ]</ref> is the capital of [[Kurdistan Province]] in Iran. With a population of 414,069,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanandaj.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=2|title=آمار جمعیتی شهرستان سنندج :: فرمانداری سنندج}}</ref> Sanandaj is the twenty third largest city in Iran and the second largest Kurdish city. Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet under its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of [[Kurdish culture]].<ref name="auto">Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1.</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521720/Sanandaj Sanandaj] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> During the Iraq-Iran War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanandaj|title = Sanandaj &#124; Iran &#124; Britannica}}</ref> From 2019 UNESCO has recognized Sineh (Sanandaj) as Creative City of Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/sanandaj-one-year-anniversary-unesco-creative-city-music |title=Sanandaj one-year anniversary as a UNESCO Creative City of Music {{!}} Creative Cities Network |website=en.unesco.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155108/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/sanandaj-one-year-anniversary-unesco-creative-city-music |archive-date=2020-12-07}} </ref> The city is located between the [[Qishlaq river]], a tributary of the [[Diyala river|Diyala]], and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old [[Ardalan]] capital of [[Hasanabad, Sanandaj|Hasanabad]].<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj">{{cite book |last1=Minorsky |first1=Vladimir |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Lecomte |editor4-first=G. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10422-4 |pages=6-7 |url=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |chapter=SANANDADJ}}</ref> Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/>


== History ==
== History ==
Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of [[Kurdish culture]].<ref name="auto">Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1.</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521720/Sanandaj Sanandaj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085220/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521720/Sanandaj |date=15 June 2013 }} ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', retrieved 16 July 2014.</ref> During the [[Iran–Iraq War]] the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanandaj|title=Sanandaj &#124; Iran &#124; Britannica|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182821/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanandaj|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/sanandaj-one-year-anniversary-unesco-creative-city-music |title=Sanandaj one-year anniversary as a UNESCO Creative City of Music {{!}} Creative Cities Network |website=en.unesco.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155108/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/sanandaj-one-year-anniversary-unesco-creative-city-music |archive-date=2020-12-07}} </ref>

The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.<ref name="Minorsky Sisar">{{cite book |last1=Minorsky |first1=Vladimir |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Lecomte |editor4-first=G. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10422-4 |pages=680-1 |url=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |chapter=SĪSAR}}</ref> Before this, the main city in the region was '''[[Sisar]]''', whose exact location is unknown.<ref name="Minorsky Sisar"/> Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".<ref name="Minorsky Sisar"/>
The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.<ref name="Minorsky Sisar">{{cite book |last1=Minorsky |first1=Vladimir |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Lecomte |editor4-first=G. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10422-4 |pages=680-1 |url=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |chapter=SĪSAR}}</ref> Before this, the main city in the region was '''[[Sisar]]''', whose exact location is unknown.<ref name="Minorsky Sisar"/> Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".<ref name="Minorsky Sisar"/>


The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.<ref name="Minorsky Sisar"/> Then the Kurdish historian [[Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi]] mentions that in 1580 an [[Ardalan]] ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of [[Hasanabad, Sanandaj|Hasanabad]].<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler [[Soleyman Khan Ardalan]], on the site of an earlier settlement; the [[chronogram]] he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 [[Hijri year|AH]], or 1636-7 CE.<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825).<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting [[oak gall]]s, [[tragacanth]], furs, and carpets".<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> Its population was mostly [[Kurds|Kurdish]], with a significant [[Jewish]] minority and smaller numbers of [[Armenians|Armenian]] and [[Chaldean Catholic]] Christians.<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/>
The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.<ref name="Minorsky Sisar"/> Then the Kurdish historian [[Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi]] mentions that in 1580 an [[Ardalan]] ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of [[Hasanabad, Sanandaj|Hasanabad]].<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler [[Soleyman Khan Ardalan]], on the site of an earlier settlement; the [[chronogram]] he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 [[Hijri year|AH]], or 1636-7 CE.<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/>


Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825).<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting [[oak gall]]s, [[tragacanth]], furs, and carpets".<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/> Its population was mostly [[Kurds|Kurdish]], with a significant [[Jewish]] minority and smaller numbers of [[Armenians|Armenian]] and [[Chaldean Catholic]] Christians.<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/>
== People ==
The population of Sanandaj is mainly [[Kurds|Kurdish]]. The city also had an [[Armenian people|Armenian]] minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the [[Iranian Revolution]] (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.<ref name="auto"/> The city boasted a sizable [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called [[Senaya language|Senaya]], they are mostly members of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj |date=2009 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-60724-134-8 |pages=3–4 |language=en}}</ref> The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, [[metalware]] and cutlery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4806092/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA|title=کردستان از نظر نرخ بیکاری در جایگاه دوم کشور قرار گرفت|website=yjc.ir|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanayenews.com/provinces/east-western/kordestan/3711|title=سرمایه‌گذاری در صنعت و معدن کردستان، 4 برابر کمتر از متوسط کشوری است|website=sanayenews.com|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref>


==Demographics==
Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the [[Shafi‘i]] branch of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/11/intelligence-ministry-invites-rouhani-campaign-manager-to-stop-advocating-for-sunni-muslim-rights/|title=Intelligence Ministry "Invites" Rouhani Campaign Manager to Stop Advocating for Sunni Muslim Rights|date=17 November 2017}}</ref><ref>
===Ethnicity===
BC.Diakonoff, I. M. (1985), "Media", The Cambridge History of Iran, 2 (Edited by Ilya Gershevitch ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-20091-2}}</ref>
The population of Sanandaj is mainly [[Kurds|Kurdish]]. The city also had an [[Armenian people|Armenian]] minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the [[Iranian Revolution]] (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.<ref name="auto"/> The city boasted a sizable [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called [[Senaya language|Senaya]], they are mostly members of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj |date=2009 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-60724-134-8 |pages=3–4 |language=en}}</ref>


== Language ==
===Language===
The linguistic composition of the city:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Language distribution: Kordestan Province|url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiIyYzg5NmZiZWU2ZmNiZTNmNWQ3ODZkNGNjNzIwYWQxYiIsInMiOjE2MzI2MTAyNjI2NjV9|url-status=live|access-date=25 September 2021|website=Iran Atlas}}</ref>{{bar box|title=Sanandaj linguistic composition|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Language|right1=percent|float=|bars={{bar percent|[[Sorani|Central Kurdish]]|blue|86}}
The linguistic composition of the city:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Language distribution: Kordestan Province|url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiIyYzg5NmZiZWU2ZmNiZTNmNWQ3ODZkNGNjNzIwYWQxYiIsInMiOjE2MzI2MTAyNjI2NjV9|url-status=live|access-date=25 September 2021|website=Iran Atlas|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171130/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiIyYzg5NmZiZWU2ZmNiZTNmNWQ3ODZkNGNjNzIwYWQxYiIsInMiOjE2MzI2MTAyNjI2NjV9}}</ref>{{bar box|title=Sanandaj linguistic composition|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Language|right1=percent|float=|bars={{bar percent|[[Sorani|Central Kurdish]]|blue|86}}
{{bar percent|[[Gorani language|Hawrami]]|red|7}}
{{bar percent|[[Gorani language|Hawrami]]|red|7}}
{{bar percent|[[New Persian]]|orange|4.95}}
{{bar percent|[[New Persian]]|orange|4.95}}
Line 69: Line 79:
{{bar percent|[[Aramaic]]|grey|0.05}}}}
{{bar percent|[[Aramaic]]|grey|0.05}}}}


==Climate==
===Religion===
Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the [[Shafi‘i]] branch of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/11/intelligence-ministry-invites-rouhani-campaign-manager-to-stop-advocating-for-sunni-muslim-rights/|title=Intelligence Ministry "Invites" Rouhani Campaign Manager to Stop Advocating for Sunni Muslim Rights|date=17 November 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131638/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/11/intelligence-ministry-invites-rouhani-campaign-manager-to-stop-advocating-for-sunni-muslim-rights/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
BC.Diakonoff, I. M. (1985), "Media", The Cambridge History of Iran, 2 (Edited by Ilya Gershevitch ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-20091-2}}</ref>

===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 12 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920092008/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 12 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Syracuse University | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120701/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls | archive-date = 19 January 2023 | access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 12 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185635/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 8 May 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
The city is between the [[Qishlaq river]], a tributary of the [[Diyala river|Diyala]], and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old [[Ardalan]] capital of [[Hasanabad, Sanandaj|Hasanabad]].<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj">{{cite book |last1=Minorsky |first1=Vladimir |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Lecomte |editor4-first=G. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10422-4 |pages=6-7 |url=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |chapter=SANANDADJ}}</ref> Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.<ref name="Minorsky Sanandaj"/>

===Climate===
[[File:Sanandaj city center.jpg|thumb|left|Sanandaj city center in 2021]]
[[File:Sanandaj city center.jpg|thumb|left|Sanandaj city center in 2021]]
Sanandaj has a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dsa'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] with cold and wet winters and hot and dry summers.
Sanandaj has a [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]], bordering a [[humid continental climate|dry-summer continental climate]] (''Dsa''), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.


The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp |title=Statistics of 200 synoptic stations in the country |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217102629/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |no-pp=y |language=Persian |script-title=fa: آمار 200 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=8 March 2024|type=asp |postscript=.}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Sanandaj (1959-2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes


Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981<ref name=MAX>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/7.asp |title=Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747) |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128070153/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/7.asp |archive-date=28 January 2015 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |no-pp=y |type=asp |postscript=.}}</ref>
|Jan record high C = 17.5
|Feb record high C = 21.4
|Mar record high C = 27.6
|Apr record high C = 32.8
|May record high C = 36.6
|Jun record high C = 40.4
|Jul record high C = 44.0
|Aug record high C = 43.0
|Sep record high C = 39.4
|Oct record high C = 32.3
|Nov record high C = 26.0
|Dec record high C = 22.9


Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974<ref name=MIN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/6.asp |title=Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747) |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120070403/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/6.asp |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |no-pp=y |type=asp |postscript=.}}</ref>
|Jan high C = 5.5
|Feb high C = 7.9
|Mar high C = 13.7
|Apr high C = 19.5
|May high C = 25.5
|Jun high C = 32.7
|Jul high C = 37.0
|Aug high C = 36.5
|Sep high C = 31.8
|Oct high C = 24.3
|Nov high C = 15.4
|Dec high C = 8.9


{{Weather box
|Jan mean C = 0.1
|Feb mean C = 2.0
| width = auto
| location = Sanandaj (1991-2020, extremes 1959-2020)
|Mar mean C = 7.1
|Apr mean C = 12.2
| metric first = yes
|May mean C = 17.0
| single line = yes
|Jun mean C = 22.7
| Jan record high C = 17.5
|Jul mean C = 27.2
| Feb record high C = 21.4
|Aug mean C = 26.6
| Mar record high C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 21.2
| Apr record high C = 32.8
|Oct mean C = 15.2
| May record high C = 36.6
|Nov mean C = 8.4
| Jun record high C = 41.0
|Dec mean C = 3.2
| Jul record high C = 44.0
| Aug record high C = 43.0
| Sep record high C = 39.4
| Oct record high C = 33.8
| Nov record high C = 26.0
| Dec record high C = 22.9
| Jan high C = 7.0
| Feb high C = 9.7
| Mar high C = 15.0
| Apr high C = 20.5
| May high C = 26.4
| Jun high C = 33.7
| Jul high C = 37.7
| Aug high C = 37.5
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 24.9
| Nov high C = 15.3
| Dec high C = 9.7
| Jan mean C = 0.8
| Feb mean C = 3.0
| Mar mean C = 7.8
| Apr mean C = 12.8
| May mean C = 17.8
| Jun mean C = 24.3
| Jul mean C = 28.4
| Aug mean C = 27.6
| Sep mean C = 21.9
| Oct mean C = 15.4
| Nov mean C = 7.8
| Dec mean C = 3.1
| Jan low C = -4.4
| Feb low C = -2.7
| Mar low C = 1.1
| Apr low C = 5.4
| May low C = 9.1
| Jun low C = 13.6
| Jul low C = 18.1
| Aug low C = 17.1
| Sep low C = 11.1
| Oct low C = 6.8
| Nov low C = 1.8
| Dec low C = -2.1
| Jan record low C = -28.0
| Feb record low C = -31.0
| Mar record low C = -16.0
| Apr record low C = -7.0
| May record low C = -2.0
| Jun record low C = 3.0
| Jul record low C = 7.0
| Aug record low C = 5.0
| Sep record low C = 1.0
| Oct record low C = -4.6
| Nov record low C = -14.0
| Dec record low C = -23.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 44.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 50.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 58.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 65.9
| May precipitation mm = 28.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 2.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 1.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 28.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 55.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 47.4
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 6.8
| Feb precipitation days = 7.1
| Mar precipitation days = 7.9
| Apr precipitation days = 7.6
| May precipitation days = 4.3
| Jun precipitation days = 0.6
| Jul precipitation days = 0.3
| Aug precipitation days = 0.1
| Sep precipitation days = 0.5
| Oct precipitation days = 3
| Nov precipitation days = 6.4
| Dec precipitation days = 5.9
| year precipitation days =
| Jan rain days = 6.9
| Feb rain days = 8.8
| Mar rain days = 11.4
| Apr rain days = 11.4
| May rain days = 5.9
| Jun rain days = 0.9
| Jul rain days = 0.5
| Aug rain days = 0.3
| Sep rain days = 0.4
| Oct rain days = 4.9
| Nov rain days = 10.4
| Dec rain days = 8.3
| year rain days =
| Jan snow days = 8.0
| Feb snow days = 6.4
| Mar snow days = 2.1
| Apr snow days = 0.3
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.6
| Dec snow days = 3.9
| Jan humidity = 70
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 55
| Apr humidity = 53
| May humidity = 46
| Jun humidity = 28
| Jul humidity = 24
| Aug humidity = 24
| Sep humidity = 29
| Oct humidity = 43
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity =
| Jan dew point C = -4.7
| Feb dew point C = -3.9
| Mar dew point C = -2.3
| Apr dew point C = 1.6
| May dew point C = 3.7
| Jun dew point C = 2.2
| Jul dew point C = 3.7
| Aug dew point C = 3.0
| Sep dew point C = 0.8
| Oct dew point C = 0.9
| Nov dew point C = 0.1
| Dec dew point C = -2.9
| Jan sun = 155
| Feb sun = 166
| Mar sun = 211
| Apr sun = 231
| May sun = 295
| Jun sun = 356
| Jul sun = 357
| Aug sun = 347
| Sep sun = 313
| Oct sun = 255
| Nov sun = 183
| Dec sun = 152
| year sun =
| source 1 = [[NCEI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Sanandaj_40747.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Cimate Normals for 1991-2020: Sanandaj-40747 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |no-pp=y |access-date=8 March 2024 |type=Excel |format=CSV |postscript=.}}</ref>
| source 2 = IRIMO (extremes, snow/sleet days for 1959-2010)<ref name=MAX/><ref name=MIN/><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/32.asp|title=Form 32: NO. OF DAYS WITH SNOW OR SLEET Station: Sanandaj(40747) |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Chaharmahalmet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907005856/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/32.asp |archive-date=7 September 2014 |url-status=unfit |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |no-pp=y |type=asp |postscript=.}}</ref>
| source =
}}


==Economy==
|Jan low C = -5.3
The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, [[metalware]] and cutlery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4806092/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA|title=کردستان از نظر نرخ بیکاری در جایگاه دوم کشور قرار گرفت|website=yjc.ir|access-date=2016-05-14|archive-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128015706/http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4806092/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanayenews.com/provinces/east-western/kordestan/3711|title=سرمایه‌گذاری در صنعت و معدن کردستان، 4 برابر کمتر از متوسط کشوری است|website=sanayenews.com|access-date=2016-05-14|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611164909/http://www.sanayenews.com/provinces/east-western/kordestan/3711|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Feb low C = -3.9
|Mar low C = 0.5
|Apr low C = 4.9
|May low C = 8.5
|Jun low C = 12.6
|Jul low C = 17.5
|Aug low C = 16.6
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 6.2
|Nov low C = 1.4
|Dec low C = -2.5


==See also==
|Jan record low C = -28.0
{{commons category-inline|Sanandaj}}
|Feb record low C = -31.0
|Mar record low C = -16.0
|Apr record low C = -7.0
|May record low C = -2.0
|Jun record low C = 3.0
|Jul record low C = 7.0
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = -4.6
|Nov record low C = -14.0
|Dec record low C = -23.6


{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
|precipitation colour = green
{{clear}}
|Jan precipitation mm = 62.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 60.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 77.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 71.7
|May precipitation mm = 36.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 2.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 26.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 56.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 54.0


== Notes ==
|Jan snow days = 8.0
{{notelist}}
|Feb snow days = 6.4
|Mar snow days = 2.1
|Apr snow days = 0.3
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.6
|Dec snow days = 3.9
|source 1 =[https://irimo.ir]
}}


==References==
==References==
Line 178: Line 277:
==Sources==
==Sources==
* {{cite book |chapter=The Kurdish frontier under the Safavids |first=Akihiko|last=Yamaguchi|title=The Safavid World|editor-first=Rudi |editor-last=Matthee |publisher=Routledge |pages = 556–571|year=2021}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Kurdish frontier under the Safavids |first=Akihiko|last=Yamaguchi|title=The Safavid World|editor-first=Rudi |editor-last=Matthee |publisher=Routledge |pages = 556–571|year=2021}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Alizadeh |first1=Hooshmand |title=Building a Traditional Kurdish: City The Urban Morphology of Sanandaj |date=2021 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Geoffrey |authorlink1=Geoffrey Khan|last2=Mohammadirad |first2=Masoud |title=Language Contact in Sanandaj: A Study of the Impact of Iranian on Neo-Aramaic |date=2024 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Sanandaj | first1 = Sabar | last1 = Yona | authorlink = Yona Sabar | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | editor = Norman A. Stillman | editor-link = Norman Stillman | publisher = Brill Online | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0019140 | year = 2010}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Iran}}
{{commons category|Sanandaj}}
* [http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sanandaj.htm Sanandaj]
* [http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sanandaj.htm Sanandaj]
* [http://www.sanandaj.net Sanandaj Online Community]
* [http://www.sanandaj.net Sanandaj Online Community]
* [http://iausdj.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of sanandaj]
* [http://iausdj.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of sanandaj]


{{Sanandaj County}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Kurdistan Province}}
{{Kurdistan Province|state=collapsed}}

{{Sanandaj County|state=collapsed}}

{{Provincial capitals of Iran}}
{{Provincial capitals of Iran}}
{{authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}


[[Category:Towns and villages in Sanandaj County]]
[[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]]
[[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]]

[[Category:Cities in Kurdistan Province]]
[[Category:Cities in Kurdistan province]]

[[Category:Populated places in Sanandaj County]]

[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]

[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan province]]

Latest revision as of 14:05, 12 September 2024

For the administrative division of Kurdistan province, see Sanandaj County.

Sanandaj
Kurdish: سنە
Sine
City
Persian: سنندج
Sanandaj from Abidar, Sanandaj Museum, Khosro Abad Mansion, Qeshlaq Bridge
Official seal of Sanandaj
Seal
Sanandaj is located in Iran
Sanandaj
Sanandaj
Sanandaj is located in Iran Kurdistan
Sanandaj
Sanandaj
Coordinates: 35°18′41″N 46°59′46″E / 35.31139°N 46.99611°E / 35.31139; 46.99611[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceKurdistan
CountySanandaj
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorSeyed Anwar Rashidi[2]
Area
 • Total3,033 km2 (1,171 sq mi)
Elevation
1,538 m (5,046 ft)
Population
 (2016)[3]
 • Total412,767
 • Density140/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Area code087
ClimateCsa
Websitee-sanandaj.ir

Sanandaj (Persian: سنندج; pronounced [sænænˈdædʒ] ⓘ)[a] is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[5] With a population of 414,069,[6] Sanandaj is the 23rd largest city in Iran and the second largest Kurdish city.[citation needed]

History

[edit]

Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture.[7][8] During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.[9] Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.[10]

The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.[11] Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown.[11] Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".[11]

The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of Hamdallah Mustawfi who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.[11] Then the Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions that in 1580 an Ardalan ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[12] However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler Soleyman Khan Ardalan, on the site of an earlier settlement; the chronogram he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 AH, or 1636-7 CE.[12]

Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825).[12] 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting oak galls, tragacanth, furs, and carpets".[12] Its population was mostly Kurdish, with a significant Jewish minority and smaller numbers of Armenian and Chaldean Catholic Christians.[12]

Demographics

[edit]

Ethnicity

[edit]

The population of Sanandaj is mainly Kurdish. The city also had an Armenian minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the Iranian Revolution (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.[7] The city boasted a sizable Assyrian community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called Senaya, they are mostly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[13]

Language

[edit]

The linguistic composition of the city:[14]

Sanandaj linguistic composition
Language percent
Central Kurdish
 
 86%
Hawrami
 
 7%
New Persian
 
 4.95%
Southern Kurdish
 
 2%
Aramaic
 
 0.05%

Religion

[edit]

Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam.[15][16]

Population

[edit]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households.[17] The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households.[18] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.[3]

Geography

[edit]

Location

[edit]

The city is between the Qishlaq river, a tributary of the Diyala, and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[12] Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.[12]

Climate

[edit]
Sanandaj city center in 2021

Sanandaj has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a dry-summer continental climate (Dsa), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.

The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.[19]

Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981[20]

Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974[21]

Climate data for Sanandaj (1991-2020, extremes 1959-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		41.0
(105.8) 		44.0
(111.2) 		43.0
(109.4) 		39.4
(102.9) 		33.8
(92.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		26.4
(79.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		37.5
(99.5) 		32.5
(90.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		22.5
(72.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		14.2
(57.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.4
(24.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F) −28.0
(−18.4) 		−31.0
(−23.8) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−23.6
(−10.5) 		−31.0
(−23.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.6
(1.76) 		50.7
(2.00) 		58.0
(2.28) 		65.9
(2.59) 		28.9
(1.14) 		2.2
(0.09) 		1.3
(0.05) 		0.2
(0.01) 		1.0
(0.04) 		28.2
(1.11) 		55.8
(2.20) 		47.4
(1.87) 		384.2
(15.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.8 7.1 7.9 7.6 4.3 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.5 3 6.4 5.9 50.5
Average rainy days 6.9 8.8 11.4 11.4 5.9 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 4.9 10.4 8.3 70.1
Average snowy days 8.0 6.4 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.9 21.3
Average relative humidity (%) 70 64 55 53 46 28 24 24 29 43 63 69 47
Average dew point °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		0.9
(33.6) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		0.2
(32.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155 166 211 231 295 356 357 347 313 255 183 152 3,021
Source 1: NCEI[22]
Source 2: IRIMO (extremes, snow/sleet days for 1959-2010)[20][21][23]

Economy

[edit]

The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, metalware and cutlery.[24][25]

See also

[edit]

Media related to Sanandaj at Wikimedia Commons

flag Iran portal

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Kurdish: سنە, romanized as Senneh and Sine[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (19 August 2023). "Sanandaj, Sanandaj County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  2. ^ "سید انور رشیدی شهردار سنندج". IRNA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. ^ "Senneh rug". Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  5. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  6. ^ "آمار جمعیتی شهرستان سنندج :: فرمانداری سنندج". Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  7. ^ a b Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1.
  8. ^ Sanandaj Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 16 July 2014.
  9. ^ "Sanandaj | Iran | Britannica". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Sanandaj one-year anniversary as a UNESCO Creative City of Music | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d Minorsky, Vladimir (1997). "SĪSAR". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 680–1. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Minorsky, Vladimir (1997). "SANANDADJ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 6–7. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  13. ^ Khan, Geoffrey (2009). The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj. Gorgias Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-60724-134-8.
  14. ^ "Language distribution: Kordestan Province". Iran Atlas. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  15. ^ "Intelligence Ministry "Invites" Rouhani Campaign Manager to Stop Advocating for Sunni Muslim Rights". 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  16. ^ BC.Diakonoff, I. M. (1985), "Media", The Cambridge History of Iran, 2 (Edited by Ilya Gershevitch ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2
  17. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  18. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Statistics of 200 synoptic stations in the country" آمار 200 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور. Chaharmahalmet (asp) (in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ a b "Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ a b "Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Cimate Normals for 1991-2020: Sanandaj-40747" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  23. ^ "Form 32: NO. OF DAYS WITH SNOW OR SLEET Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ "کردستان از نظر نرخ بیکاری در جایگاه دوم کشور قرار گرفت". yjc.ir. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  25. ^ "سرمایه‌گذاری در صنعت و معدن کردستان، 4 برابر کمتر از متوسط کشوری است". sanayenews.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

Sources

[edit]
  • Yamaguchi, Akihiko (2021). "The Kurdish frontier under the Safavids". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge. pp. 556–571.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Alizadeh, Hooshmand (2021). Building a Traditional Kurdish: City The Urban Morphology of Sanandaj. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Khan, Geoffrey; Mohammadirad, Masoud (2024). Language Contact in Sanandaj: A Study of the Impact of Iranian on Neo-Aramaic. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Yona, Sabar (2010). "Sanandaj". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.
[edit]
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