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Coordinates: 25°25′23″N 100°59′31″W / 25.42306°N 100.99194°W / 25.42306; -100.99194
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| image_skyline = Saltillo montage.jpg
| image_skyline = Saltillo montage.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = '''From top to bottom and from left to right:''' Fernando Soler City Theater, Saltillo Cathedral, Plaza de la Nueva Tlaxcala, Government Palace, Palace of the Congress of the State of Coahuila, Museum of the Birds of Mexico and Panoramic of the city.
| image_caption = From top to bottom and from left to right: Fernando Soler City Theater, Saltillo Cathedral, Plaza de la Nueva Tlaxcala, Government Palace, Palace of the Congress of the State of Coahuila, Museum of the Birds of Mexico and Panoramic of the city.
| image_flag =
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| image_seal =
| image_seal =
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| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Saltillense
| population_blank1 = Saltillense
| demographics_type1 = [[GDP|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2023
| demographics1_title2 = Total
| demographics1_info2 = $29.4&nbsp;billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $28,400
| timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]
| timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]
| utc_offset = −6
| utc_offset = −6
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}}
}}


'''Saltillo''' ({{IPA-es|salˈtiʝo|am|Es-saltillo.oga}}) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern [[Mexican State|Mexican state]] of [[Coahuila]] and is also the municipal seat of the [[Saltillo Municipality|municipality of the same name]]. [[Mexico City]], [[Monterrey]], and Saltillo are all connected by a major railroad and highway. As of a 2020 census, Saltillo had a population of 879,958 people, while the population of its [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico|metropolitan area]] was 1,031,779, making Saltillo the largest city in the state of [[Coahuila]], and the 14th most populated metropolitan area in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguiano |first=José Torres |title=Supera Zona Metropolitana de Saltillo el millón de habitantes |url=https://www.elheraldodesaltillo.mx/2021/01/25/supera-zona-metropolitana-de-saltillo-el-millon-de-habitantes/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=El Heraldo de Saltillo |language=es}}</ref>
'''Saltillo''' ({{IPA|es-419|salˈtiʝo|lang|Es-saltillo.oga}}) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern [[Mexican State|Mexican state]] of [[Coahuila]] and is also the municipal seat of the [[Saltillo Municipality|municipality of the same name]]. [[Mexico City]], [[Monterrey]], and Saltillo are all connected by a major railroad and highway. As of a 2020 census, Saltillo had a population of 879,958 people, while the population of its [[Metropolitan areas of Mexico|metropolitan area]] was 1,031,779, making Saltillo the largest city in the state of [[Coahuila]], and the 14th most populated metropolitan area in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguiano |first=José Torres |title=Supera Zona Metropolitana de Saltillo el millón de habitantes |url=https://www.elheraldodesaltillo.mx/2021/01/25/supera-zona-metropolitana-de-saltillo-el-millon-de-habitantes/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=El Heraldo de Saltillo |date=January 26, 2021 |language=es}}</ref>


Saltillo is one of the most industrialized areas of Mexico and has one of the largest [[automotive industry|automotive]] industries in the country, with plants such as Tupy, Grupo Industrial Saltillo, [[General Motors]], [[Stellantis]], [[Daimler AG]], [[Freightliner Trucks]], [[Aptiv|Delphi]], [[Plastic Omnium]], [[Magna International|Magna]], and [[Nemak]] operating in the region. Saltillo is a manufacturing centre noted for commercial, communications, and manufacturing of products both traditional and modern.
Saltillo is one of the most industrialized cities in Mexico and has one of the largest [[automotive industry|automotive]] industries in the country, with plants such as Tupy, Grupo Industrial Saltillo, [[General Motors]], [[Stellantis]], [[Daimler AG]], [[Freightliner Trucks]], [[BorgWarner]], [[Plastic Omnium]], [[Magna International|Magna]], and [[Nemak]] operating in the region. The city and its metropolitan area also house a large number of plants providing manufactured goods to various other multinational companies, including [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]'s new plant in Mexico, located less than an hour away in the neighboring [[Santa Catarina, Nuevo León]]. Saltillo is a prominent manufacturing hub noted for its commerce, communications, and manufacturing of products both traditional and modern.


==History==
==History==
===Colonial era===
===Colonial era===
[[File:Barrio ojo de agua.jpg|alt=Ojo de Agua Neighborhood|left|thumb|Parish of the Holy Christ of the ''Ojo de Agua'', today recognized as the site of the founding of the city.]]
[[File:Acueducto de Saltillo en Coahuila.png|thumb|left|Historical aqueduct]]
Founded in 1577 by Conquistador [[Alberto del Canto]] as ''Villa de Santiago del Saltillo'', it is one of<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pesquera |first=Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y |title=Fundación de la ciudad de Durango |url=http://www.gob.mx/siap/articulos/fundacion-de-la-ciudad-de-durango |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=gob.mx |language=es}}</ref> the oldest post-conquest settlements in Northern Mexico. It can be ascertained that the name of the city comes from a small waterfall that draws water from a spring. Nowadays, the spring is located within the Parish of the Holy Christ of the ''Ojo de Agua'' and is still visited by the local population.<ref name="diariojudio">{{cite web |url=https://diariojudio.com/comunidad-judia-mexico/alberto-del-canto-fundo-las-ciudades-de-monterrey-y-saltillo-y-bautizo-al-cerro-de-la-silla/14844/ |title=Alberto Del Canto, founded the cities of Monterrey and Saltillo and baptized the Cerro de la Silla |publisher=Jewish Newspaper |date =February 24, 2014 }}</ref>
⚫
Founded in 1577 by Conquistador [[Alberto del Canto]], Saltillo is the oldest post-conquest settlement in Northern Mexico. In 1591, the Spanish resettled a community of their [[Tlaxcala (Nahua state)|Tlaxcaltec]] allies in a separate nearby village, [[San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala]]. The Spanish did this in order to cultivate the land and to aid stalled colonization efforts. Saltillo grew slowly due to hostility from the indigenous [[Chichimeca War|Chichimeca]] people<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Saltillo, Coahuila |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia de Los Municipios de México |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/coahuila/mpios/05030a.htm |author=INAFED (Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal) |publisher=Secretaría de Gobernación |edition=online version at E-Local |access-date=2008-03-28 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520133556/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/coahuila/mpios/05030a.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2007}}. The Tlaxcalteca community remained legally separate until the 19th century.</ref> and water shortages, and a 100 years after its founding its population was only about 300. In comparison, the population of the adjoining Tlaxcalan town at the time, [[San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala|San Esteban]], was about 1,750.<ref>Jones, Jr., Oakah L. (1979), ''Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain,'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 26.</ref><ref>Offutt, Leslie Scott (Jan 2018), "Puro tlaxcalteca? Ethnic Integrity and Consciousness in Late Seventeenth-Century Northern New Spain," ''The Americas,'' Vol 64, No. 3, pp. 33. Downloaded from [[Project MUSE]].</ref>


⚫
In 1591, the Spanish resettled a community of their [[Tlaxcala (Nahua state)|Tlaxcaltec]] allies in a separate town, [[San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala]], located just across an irrigation ditch from Saltillo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esparza Cárdenas |first=Rodolfo |title=Encuentros en Coahuila |publisher=Grupo Editorial Miguel Ángel Porrúa |year=2004 |isbn=970-701-449-0 |editor-last=Arreola Pérez |editor-first=Jesús Alfonso & Rodrigo Borja Torres |pages=71–75 |language=es |chapter=San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala: Expresión postrera de lucha libertaria y contrainstitucional}}</ref> The measure was taken in order to aid stalled colonization efforts and cultivate the land. In its early years, Saltillo grew slowly due to the hostility of the indigenous [[Chichimeca War|Chichimeca]] people<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Saltillo, Coahuila |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia de Los Municipios de México |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/coahuila/mpios/05030a.htm |author=INAFED (Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal) |publisher=Secretaría de Gobernación |edition=online version at E-Local |access-date=2008-03-28 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520133556/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/coahuila/mpios/05030a.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2007}}. The Tlaxcalteca community remained legally separate until the 19th century.</ref> and frequent water shortages. A hundred years after its founding, its population was only about 300 people, whilst the population of the adjacent Tlaxcaltec town, [[San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala|San Esteban]], was about 1,750.<ref>Jones, Jr., Oakah L. (1979), ''Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain,'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 26.</ref><ref>Offutt, Leslie Scott (Jan 2018), "Puro tlaxcalteca? Ethnic Integrity and Consciousness in Late Seventeenth-Century Northern New Spain," ''The Americas,'' Vol 64, No. 3, pp. 33. Downloaded from [[Project MUSE]].</ref>
⚫
In the eighteenth century, Saltillo was a commercial center on the northern frontier which served as a bridge from central Mexico to regions further northeast such as Nuevo León, Nuevo Santander, Coahuila, and Texas.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001}}</ref> It also supplied the silver mines of [[Zacatecas]] with wheat.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=187}}</ref> It never rose to great prominence, but did develop a commercial core and an agricultural and ranching sector that supplied its needs, with surpluses that could be sold. Saltillo became administratively important at the end of the eighteenth century, when a branch of the [[Royal Treasury]] was established in the city.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=9}}</ref> Merchants, most of whom were [[Iberian Peninsula]]-born Spaniards, constituted the most important economic group, handling a wide variety of goods and selling in shops.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=10}}</ref> They were the provincial branch of the transatlantic merchant sector, with ties to [[Mexico City]] merchants. Peninsular merchants in Saltillo married into the local elite society, acquired rural properties, and sought local office.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=50}}</ref> In the late seventeenth century, an annual trade fair was established, which carried Mexican livestock and manufactured goods to places as far as China and Europe. Saltillo could produce wheat commercially as long as there was access to water, but as with many other parts of the North, drought was a consistent threat. In the eighteenth century, there was a demand for draft animals, which Saltillo supplied.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=100}}</ref>

⚫
In the eighteenth century, Saltillo was a commercial center on the northern frontier which served as a bridge from central Mexico to regions further northeast such as the [[New Kingdom of León]], [[New Santander]], [[Nueva Extremadura|Coahuila]], and [[Spanish Texas|Texas]].<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001}}</ref> It also supplied the silver mines of [[Zacatecas]] with wheat.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=187}}</ref> It never rose to great prominence, but it did develop a commercial core and an agricultural and ranching sector that supplied its needs, with surpluses that could be sold. Saltillo became administratively important at the end of the eighteenth century, when a branch of the [[Royal Treasury]] was established in the city.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=9}}</ref>[[File:Acueducto de Saltillo en Coahuila.png|thumb|left|Historical aqueduct]]Merchants, most of whom were [[Iberian Peninsula]]-born Spaniards, constituted the most important economic group, handling a wide variety of goods and selling in shops.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=10}}</ref> They were the provincial branch of the transatlantic merchant sector, with ties to [[Mexico City]] merchants. Peninsular merchants in Saltillo married into the local elite society, acquired rural properties, and sought local office.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=50}}</ref>

In the late seventeenth century, an annual trade fair was established, which carried Mexican livestock and manufactured goods to places as far as China and Europe. Saltillo could produce wheat commercially as long as there was access to water, but as with many other parts of the North, drought was a consistent threat. In the eighteenth century, there was a demand for draft animals, which Saltillo supplied.<ref>{{harvp|Offutt|2001|p=100}}</ref>


===Early Mexico===
===Early Mexico===
In 1824, Saltillo was made the capital of the [[States of Mexico|state]] of [[Coahuila y Tejas]] which included most of the territory of the current [[States of the US|U.S. state]] of [[Texas]] until it was [[Treaties of Velasco|lost]] in the 1836 [[Texas Revolution]]. The [[Republic of Texas]] continued to have [[Nueces Strip|border disputes]] with Mexico's [[Centralist Mexico|Centralist Republic]], which continued to object to its independence; peace was further disturbed by [[Comanche]] and [[Apache]] raiding, private vendettas, and separatist movements. The 23 October 1840 [[Battle of Saltillo]] occurred when 110 [[Texians]] and [[Tejanos]] crossed the [[Rio Grande]] to attack the city's government in support of an attempt to create a separate [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] between Texas and Mexico.<ref>{{harvp|Brown|1893|pp=173–174}}</ref> In 1845, Texas was [[annexation of Texas|annexed]] by the United States and its disputes with Mexico, aggravated by the [[Polk Administration]], soon expanded into the [[Mexican–American War]]. The first phase of the war ended in September 1846 with [[Zachary Taylor|Gen.{{nbsp}}Zachary Taylor]]'s [[Battle of Monterrey|hard-won siege]] and occupation of [[Monterrey]] in [[Nuevo León]]. The [[U.S. Department of War|War Department]] ordered him to remain there, but Taylor violated the [[armistice]] and went with [[William J. Worth|Gen.{{nbsp}}William Worth]] and 1200 men to occupy Saltillo on 16 November to protect the approaches to [[Army of Occupation (Mexico)|his main army]] in Monterrey.<ref>{{citation |last=Jenkins |first=John Stilwell |authorlink=John Stilwell Jenkins |title=History of the War between the United States and Mexico |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_between_the_United_States_and_Mexico, from the Commencement of Hostilities to the Ratification of the Treaty of Peace |page=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_between_the_United_States_and_Mexico/Chapter_5#190 190] |date=1849 |location=Auburn |publisher=Derby, Miller, & Co }}.</ref> [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] had been allowed through the [[Blockade of Veracruz|blockade]] of [[Veracruz City|Veracruz]] to bring the war to a swift conclusion but had instead rallied the [[Army of Mexico|Mexican army]] and moved north. [[John E. Wool|Gen.{{nbsp}}John E. Wool]] was sent to nearby Agua Nueva on 21 December and the indecisive [[Battle of Buena Vista]] occurred {{convert|12|mi|km|sp=us}} from Saltillo on 22 and 23 February 1847, after which López de Santa Anna's army was forced to move south to protect [[San Luis Potosí City|San Luis Potosí]] and counter a [[Siege of Veracruz|seaborne invasion]] by [[Winfield Scott|Gen.{{nbsp}}Winfield Scott]].
In 1824, Saltillo was made the capital of the [[States of Mexico|state]] of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], substituting [[Monclova|Santiago de la Monclova]] as such. Three years later, Mexican Constituting Congress sanctioned that the city's name be changed to [[Leona Vicario]], after one of the few female figures of the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. However, in 1831, a new State Congress decree merged Leona Vicario with the contiguous town of San Esteban (renamed Villalongín) and the name was changed back to Saltillo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Esparza Cárdenas |first=Rodolfo |date=2010 |title=El ocaso del Pueblo de San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala |url=http://ahc.sfpcoahuila.gob.mx/admin/uploads/documentos/modulo11/bolmayo.pdf |journal=Boletín Digital de Información del AGEC |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=21}}</ref>
For nearly a decade, Saltillo held the administrative seat of a territory which included Coahuila alongside most of the territory of the current [[States of the US|U.S. state]] of [[Texas]] until it was [[Treaties of Velasco|lost]] in the 1836 in the [[Texas Revolution]]. The [[Republic of Texas]] continued to have [[Nueces Strip|border disputes]] with Mexico's [[Centralist Mexico|Centralist Republic]], which continued to object to its independence. Peace was further disturbed by [[Comanche]] and [[Apache]] raiding, private vendettas, and separatist movements. On October 23, 1840, the [[Battle of Saltillo]] took place when 110 [[Texians]] and [[Tejanos]] crossed the [[Rio Grande]] to attack the city's government in support of an attempt to create a separate [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] between Texas and Mexico.<ref>{{harvp|Brown|1893|pp=173–174}}</ref>
In 1845, Texas was [[annexation of Texas|annexed]] by the United States and its disputes with Mexico, aggravated by the [[Polk Administration]], soon expanded into the [[Mexican–American War]]. The first phase of the war ended in September 1846 with [[Zachary Taylor|Gen.{{nbsp}}Zachary Taylor]]'s [[Battle of Monterrey|hard-won siege]] and occupation of [[Monterrey]] in [[Nuevo León]]. The [[U.S. Department of War|War Department]] ordered him to remain there, but Taylor violated the [[armistice]] and went with [[William J. Worth|Gen.{{nbsp}}William Worth]] and 1200 men to occupy Saltillo on 16 November to protect the approaches to [[Army of Occupation (Mexico)|his main army]] in Monterrey.<ref>{{citation |last=Jenkins |first=John Stilwell |authorlink= |title=History of the War between the United States and Mexico |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_between_the_United_States_and_Mexico |page=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_War_between_the_United_States_and_Mexico/Chapter_5#190 190] |date=1849 |location=Auburn |publisher=Derby, Miller, & Co }}.</ref> [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] had been allowed through the [[Blockade of Veracruz|blockade]] of [[Veracruz City|Veracruz]] to bring the war to a swift conclusion but had instead rallied the [[Army of Mexico|Mexican army]] and moved north. [[John E. Wool|Gen.{{nbsp}}John E. Wool]] was sent to nearby Agua Nueva on December 21 and the indecisive [[Battle of Buena Vista]] occurred {{convert|12|mi|km|sp=us}} from Saltillo between February 22 and 23,1847, after which López de Santa Anna's army was forced to move south to protect [[San Luis Potosí City|San Luis Potosí]] and counter a [[Siege of Veracruz|seaborne invasion]] by [[Winfield Scott|Gen.{{nbsp}}Winfield Scott]].


===Porfiriato and Mexican Revolution===
===Porfiriato and Mexican Revolution===
Modernity reached [[Coahuila]] with the arrival of the railroad in 1880, during the [[Porfiriato]]. In 1890, telegraph, telephone, and street lighting networks were created in addition to the construction of cultural buildings, including theaters and plazas, and buildings of a social nature such as hospices, civil hospitals, and sanitary structures consisting of drinking water and drainage systems.
Modernity reached [[Coahuila]] with the arrival of the railroad in 1880, during the [[Porfiriato]]. In 1890, telegraph, telephone, and street lighting networks were created in addition to the construction of cultural buildings, including theaters and plazas, and buildings of a social nature such as hospices, civil hospitals, and sanitary structures consisting of drinking water and drainage systems.


During the 1910{{ndash}}1920 [[Mexican Revolution]], Saltillo was taken in separate events by the forces of [[Victoriano Huerta]], [[Francisco Villa]], and then by those of [[Venustiano Carranza]]. Hundreds of peasants were forced to join these various groups. As a result, many fled to Texas, including aristocratic families.
During the 1910{{ndash}}1920 [[Mexican Revolution]], Saltillo was occupied in separate events by the forces of [[Victoriano Huerta]], [[Francisco Villa]], and then by those of [[Venustiano Carranza]]. Hundreds of peasants were forced to join these various groups. As a result, many fled to Texas, including aristocratic families.


===20th century===
===20th century===
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Saltillo's agricultural climate in the second half of the 20th century was rapidly transforming into industrial activity; huge orchards disappeared and factories began to dominate the landscape.
Saltillo's agricultural climate in the second half of the 20th century was rapidly transforming into industrial activity; huge orchards disappeared and factories began to dominate the landscape.


In the second quarter of the twentieth century, Saltillo changed from agricultural and textile activities towards industrial activities, with the creation of companies such as CIFUNSA, CINSA, Éxito, and Molinos el Fénix, among others.
In the second quarter of the twentieth century, Saltillo changed from agricultural and textile activities towards industrial activities, with the creation of companies such as CIFUNSA, CINSA, Éxito, and Molinos el Fénix, among others.


The true industrial explosion occurred in the '70s and '80s with the arrival of the car industry to the region. Companies such as [[General Motors]] and [[Chrysler]], along with their respective satellite companies or suppliers, came to Saltillo. Since then, Saltillo and its Metropolitan Zone (Ramos Arizpe and Arteaga) are known as the "[[Detroit]] of [[Mexico]]". However, a movement is currently underway to diversify the industry, with the arrival of pharmaceutical companies, household appliances, chemicals, ceramics, and even parts for the [[aerospace]] industry.
The true industrial explosion occurred in the '70s and '80s with the arrival of the car industry to the region. Companies such as [[General Motors]] and [[Chrysler]], along with their respective satellite companies or suppliers, came to Saltillo. Since then, Saltillo and its Metropolitan Zone (Ramos Arizpe and Arteaga) are known as the "[[Detroit]] of [[Mexico]]". However, a movement is currently underway to diversify the industry, with the arrival of pharmaceutical companies, household appliances, chemicals, ceramics, and even parts for the [[aerospace]] industry.

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==Government==
⚫
The city of Saltillo is the municipal seat of the [[Saltillo Municipality|municipality of Saltillo]]. The current [[mayor]] is José María Fraustro Siller, from the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico)|Partido Revolucionario Institucional]] (PRI).


==Geography==
==Geography==
El Cerro del Pueblo (The People's Hill) and its {{convert|4|m|ft|adj=on}} cross overlook the city. The city's elevation makes it colder and windier than the neighboring city of [[Monterrey]]. Saltillo lies in the [[Chihuahuan Desert]] near the city of [[Arteaga, Coahuila|Arteaga]]. The city is flanked by the [[Zapalinamé mountains]], which are part of the [[Sierra Madre Oriental]]. According to local legend, by looking at the relief of the mountains one can see the relief of [[Zapalinamé]], chieftain of the [[Guachichil]] tribe.
El Cerro del Pueblo (The Town Hill) and its {{convert|4|m|ft|adj=on}} cross overlook the city. The city's elevation makes it colder and windier than the neighboring city of [[Monterrey]]. Saltillo lies in the [[Chihuahuan Desert]] near the city of [[Arteaga, Coahuila|Arteaga]]. The city is flanked by the [[Zapalinamé mountains]], which are part of the [[Sierra Madre Oriental]]. According to local legend, by looking at the relief of the mountains one can see the relief of [[Zapalinamé]], chieftain of the [[Guachichil]] tribe who rose against the Spaniards in 1584.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-16 |title=Zapalinamé, un guerrero que lucha por la vida |url=https://vanguardia.com.mx/vida/zapaliname-un-guerrero-que-lucha-por-la-vida-ITVG3471328 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=vanguardia.com.mx |language=es-MX}}</ref>


===Orography and hydrography===
===Orography and hydrography===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}

====San Lorenzo Canyon====
====San Lorenzo Canyon====


Composed of geological formations of the Jurassic period, the San Lorenzo Canyon, located southeast of Saltillo in the Sierra de Zapalinamé, is a tourist attraction for outdoor activities and extreme sports such as rock climbing, rappelling, mountain biking, hiking, mountaineering and camping.
Composed of geological formations of the Jurassic period, the San Lorenzo Canyon, located southeast of Saltillo in the Sierra de Zapalinamé, is a tourist attraction for outdoor activities and extreme sports such as rock climbing, rappelling, mountain biking, hiking, mountaineering and camping.


====Arroyo de los Ojitos====
====Arroyo de los Ojitos====
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====Arroyo del Charquillo====
====Arroyo del Charquillo====


It starts from the eastern end of the Ateneo street, goes down behind the sports San Isidro passing to the side of Campo Redondo, crosses the lake of the Sports City towards the Tecnológico de Monterrey and continues until converging with the Cevallos stream at the Boulevard Moctezuma or Pedro Figueroa.
It starts from the eastern end of the Ateneo street, goes down behind the sports San Isidro passes to the side of Campo Redondo, crosses the lake of the Sports City towards the Tecnológico de Monterrey and continues until converging with the Cevallos stream at the Boulevard Moctezuma or Pedro Figueroa.


====Cevallos Creek====
====Cevallos Creek====
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Located in the San Lorenzo Canyon southeast of the city of Saltillo. Composed of geological formations originated between the Upper Jurassic and Quaternary that facilitate the intense infiltration of water to the subsoil, thus allowing the constant recharge of the aquifers that supply drinking water to the city of Saltillo.On July 3, 2008, the Government of the State of Coahuila decided to buy the property, which was granted to Mexican Wildlife Protection in bailment on July 23, 2012, for its management and conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Lorenzo Canyon |url=http://www.zapaliname.org/canon-de-san-lorenzo |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820215123/https://www.zapaliname.org/canon-de-san-lorenzo |url-status=live }}</ref>
Located in the San Lorenzo Canyon southeast of the city of Saltillo. Composed of geological formations originated between the Upper Jurassic and Quaternary that facilitate the intense infiltration of water to the subsoil, thus allowing the constant recharge of the aquifers that supply drinking water to the city of Saltillo.On July 3, 2008, the Government of the State of Coahuila decided to buy the property, which was granted to Mexican Wildlife Protection in bailment on July 23, 2012, for its management and conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Lorenzo Canyon |url=http://www.zapaliname.org/canon-de-san-lorenzo |access-date=September 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820215123/https://www.zapaliname.org/canon-de-san-lorenzo |url-status=live }}</ref>


====[[Sierra La Concordia (Saltillo)|Sierra La Concordia]]====
====Sierra La Concordia====


It is the highest mountain in the municipality, reaches 3,462 meters above sea level.
It is the highest mountain in the municipality, reaches 3,462 meters above sea level.


====[[Sierra Catana]]====
====Sierra Catana====


The Sierra Catana mountain reaches 3,104 meters above sea level.
The Sierra Catana mountain reaches 3,104 meters above sea level.
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|Dec sun=216.2
|Dec sun=216.2
|year sun=2957.3
|year sun=2957.3
|source 1=[[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)|Servicio Meteorologico Nacional]],<ref name=SMNnormales>{{cite web |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL05048.TXT |title=Estado de Coahulia de Zaragoza-Estacion: Saltillo (DGE) |work=Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016160814/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL05048.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=SMNextremes>{{cite web |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00005/00005048.TXT |title=Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Saltillo (DGE) |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016160813/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00005/00005048.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref> [[World Meteorological Organization]] (relative humidity and sun 1981–2010)<ref name=WMO>
|source 1=[[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)|Servicio Meteorologico Nacional]],<ref name=SMNnormales>{{cite web |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL05048.TXT |title=Estado de Coahulia de Zaragoza-Estacion: Saltillo (DGE) |work=Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016160814/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL05048.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=SMNextremes>{{cite web |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00005/00005048.TXT |title=Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Saltillo (DGE) |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016160813/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00005/00005048.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1981–2010)<ref name=WMO>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224024/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx |archive-date=15 October 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015224024/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx |archive-date=15 October 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-IV/Mexico/WMONORMALES_Mexico.xlsx |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010: Saltillo |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>
|source 2=Colegio de Postgraduados (snow days)<ref name=clima>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/coahuilg.htm |title=Normales climatológicas para el Estado de Coahulia |publisher=Colegio de Postgraduados |access-date=18 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=colegio>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33050.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/2013.02.21-144000/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33050.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2013 |title=Normales climatológicas para Saltillo, Coahulia. |publisher=Colegio de Postgraduados |language=es |access-date=January 8, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76390&ano=2021&mes=12&day=27&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |title=76390: Saltillo, Coah. (Mexico) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 December 2021 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=[[OGIMET]] |access-date=27 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227143116/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76390&ano=2021&mes=12&day=27&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2=Colegio de Postgraduados (snow days)<ref name=clima>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/coahuilg.htm |title=Normales climatológicas para el Estado de Coahulia |publisher=Colegio de Postgraduados |access-date=18 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=colegio>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33050.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221144000/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33050.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2013 |title=Normales climatológicas para Saltillo, Coahulia. |publisher=Colegio de Postgraduados |language=es |access-date=January 8, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76390&ano=2021&mes=12&day=27&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |title=76390: Saltillo, Coah. (Mexico) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 December 2021 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=[[OGIMET]] |access-date=27 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227143116/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76390&ano=2021&mes=12&day=27&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=July 2012
|date=July 2012
}}
}}

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
The city of Saltillo according to the last official count and delimitation carried out in 2020 jointly by the [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography|INEGI]], the [[National Population Council (Mexico)|CONAPO]] and the [[Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (Mexico)|SEDESOL]], is the 14th most populated city in [[Mexico]] with 864,431 inhabitants.<ref>Microregions - {{cite web|url=http://www.microregiones.gob.mx/catloc/contenido.aspx?refnac=050300001|title=Población de Saltillo|access-date=November 2, 2018|date=2018}}</ref>
{{Historical population
| type = EN
| source = [http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/zap/default.aspx?entra=nacion www.inegi.org.mx]
| title = Historical population
| percentages = yes
| 1900 | 23996
| 1910 | 35414
| 1921 | 40451
| 1930 | 45272
| 1940 | 49430
| 1950 | 69842
| 1960 | 98839
| 1970 | 161114
| 1980 | 284937
| 1990 | 420947
| 2000 | 562587
| 2010 | 709671
| 2020 | 864431
}}

{{Vertical bar chart|color_12=blue
|type=demographic|1900|23996|1910|35414|1921|40451|1930|45272|1940|49430|1950|69842|1960|98839|1970|161114|1980|284937|1990|420947|2000|562587|2010|709671|2020|864431|note={{legend|#88c2cc|[[Population]] from the censuses of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) from 1900 to 2020.
}}}}


==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:Museo del sarape saltillo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sarape]]s being made]]
[[File:Museo del sarape saltillo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sarape]]s being made]]
[[File:Tiled Seating by Park Fountain - Historic Center - Saltillo - Coahuila - Mexico (31328489347).jpg|thumb|left|[[Saltillo tile]] in the historic city center]]
[[File:Tiled Seating by Park Fountain - Historic Center - Saltillo - Coahuila - Mexico (31328489347).jpg|thumb|left|[[Saltillo tile]] in the historic city center]]
Saltillo's most famous exports are [[Saltillo tile]] and the locally woven multi-colored ''[[sarape]]s''. [[Mercedes-Benz Mexico|Mercedes-Benz]] and [[General Motors]] both have assembly plants there and [[Saltillo Engine Plant|Chrysler]] operates a truck assembly plant, a sedan assembly plant, two engine facilities, and a car transmissions plant. Of all the vehicles made in Mexico, 37.4% of cars and 62.6% of trucks are assembled in Saltillo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plataformafinancierajz.com/notas.php?IDNOTA=2305&IDSECCION=La%20Maquila&IDREPORTERO=El%20Financiero |title=COAHUILA, PRIMER LUGAR NACIONAL EN PRODUCCIÓN AUTOMOTRIZ |access-date=2007-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715092336/http://www.plataformafinancierajz.com/notas.php?IDNOTA=2305&IDSECCION=La%20Maquila&IDREPORTERO=El%20Financiero |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Saltillo is home to the [[Grupo Industrial Saltillo]], an important manufacturing conglomerate that makes home appliances, silverware, and auto parts.
Saltillo's most famous exports are [[Saltillo tile]] and the locally woven multi-colored ''[[sarape]]s''. [[Mercedes-Benz Mexico|Mercedes-Benz]] and [[General Motors]] both have assembly plants there and [[Saltillo Engine Plant|Chrysler]] operates a truck assembly plant, a sedan assembly plant, two engine facilities, and a car transmissions plant. Of all the vehicles made in Mexico, 37.4% of cars and 62.6% of trucks are assembled in Saltillo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plataformafinancierajz.com/notas.php?IDNOTA=2305&IDSECCION=La%20Maquila&IDREPORTERO=El%20Financiero |title=Coahuila, Primer Lugar Nacional en Producción Automotriz |access-date=2007-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715092336/http://www.plataformafinancierajz.com/notas.php?IDNOTA=2305&IDSECCION=La%20Maquila&IDREPORTERO=El%20Financiero |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Saltillo is home to the [[Grupo Industrial Saltillo]], an important manufacturing conglomerate that makes home appliances, silverware, and auto parts.


The General Motors plant manufactures vehicles for export to Japan, Canada, and Central America as well as for domestic purchase. It builds the [[Opel Corsa|Chevrolet C2]], [[Chevrolet Monza]], [[Chevrolet Captiva]], [[Chevrolet HHR]], [[Saturn Vue]] hybrid, [[Saab 9-4X]] and [[Cadillac SRX#Second generation .282010.E2.80.93.29|Cadillac SRX]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/latest_news_reviews/2008_saab_9_3_turbo_x_is_nearly_sold_out_car_news |title=2008 Saab 9-3 Turbo X is Nearly Sold Out |first=Alisa |last=Priddle |journal=Car and Driver |date=June 2008 |access-date=June 17, 2008 |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612043425/http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/latest_news_reviews/2008_saab_9_3_turbo_x_is_nearly_sold_out_car_news |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2016 the plant produces about one third of the firm's full-sized pick-up trucks.<ref name="NYT021317">{{cite news |author1=Bill Vlasic |title=Profitable Pickups May Be in Cross Hairs of Trump Border Tax |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/business/general-motors-mexico-pickups.html |access-date=February 14, 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=February 13, 2017 |quote=And while Fiat Chrysler is expanding its American output of trucks, it still relies on its factory in Saltillo, Mexico, for 30 to 40 percent of its pickups |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816091255/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/business/general-motors-mexico-pickups.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The General Motors plant manufactures vehicles for export to Japan, Canada, and Central America as well as for domestic purchase. It builds the [[Opel Corsa|Chevrolet C2]], [[Chevrolet Monza]], [[Chevrolet Captiva]], [[Chevrolet HHR]], [[Saturn Vue]] hybrid, [[Saab 9-4X]] and [[Cadillac SRX#Second generation (2011)|Cadillac SRX]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/latest_news_reviews/2008_saab_9_3_turbo_x_is_nearly_sold_out_car_news |title=2008 Saab 9-3 Turbo X is Nearly Sold Out |first=Alisa |last=Priddle |journal=Car and Driver |date=June 2008 |access-date=June 17, 2008 |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612043425/http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/hot_lists/car_shopping/latest_news_reviews/2008_saab_9_3_turbo_x_is_nearly_sold_out_car_news |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2016 the plant produces about one third of the firm's full-sized pick-up trucks.<ref name="NYT021317">{{cite news |author1=Bill Vlasic |title=Profitable Pickups May Be in Cross Hairs of Trump Border Tax |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/business/general-motors-mexico-pickups.html |access-date=February 14, 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=February 13, 2017 |quote=And while Fiat Chrysler is expanding its American output of trucks, it still relies on its factory in Saltillo, Mexico, for 30 to 40 percent of its pickups |archive-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816091255/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/business/general-motors-mexico-pickups.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<br />


==Education==
==Education==
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Saltillo's main universities are the [[Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila]], the [[Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo]], the [[ITESM|Tec de Monterrey]] Saltillo Campus, El Instituto de Filologia Hispanica, the Universidad Carolina and the [[Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro]].
Saltillo's main universities are the [[Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila]], the [[Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo]], the [[ITESM|Tec de Monterrey]] Saltillo Campus, El Instituto de Filologia Hispanica, the Universidad Carolina and the [[Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro]].



⚫
==Government==
⚫
The city of Saltillo is the municipal seat of the [[Saltillo Municipality|municipality of Saltillo]]. The current [[mayor]] is José María Fraustro Siller, from the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico)|Partido Revolucionario Institucional]] (PRI).
==Sites of interest==
==Sites of interest==


[[File:Catedral de Saltillo y Plaza de Armas - Saltillo, Coahuila, México.png|thumb|Saltillo Cathedral]]
[[File:Catedral de Saltillo y Plaza de Armas - Saltillo, Coahuila, México.png|thumb|Saltillo Cathedral]]

⚫
[[File:Saraperos4.jpg|thumb|[[Estadio de Béisbol Francisco I. Madero]]]]
===Cultural===
===Cultural===


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[[Image:Saltillo Fuente plaza de armas.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaza de Armas fountain|alt=]]
[[Image:Saltillo Fuente plaza de armas.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaza de Armas fountain|alt=]]

===Religious===
===Religious===


[[File:La_iglesia_del_Santo_Cristo_del_Ojo_de_Agua.jpg|thumb|right |Church of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua.]]
[[File:La_iglesia_del_Santo_Cristo_del_Ojo_de_Agua.jpg|thumb|right |Church of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua.]]


*'' 'Cathedral of Santiago Apostol:' '' Dedicated to the Apostle St James the greater, the church began its construction in 1745 as a parish and in 1891 became the Cathedral of Saltillo. It combines architectural styles such as baroque and the [[Churrigueresque|churrigueresco]]. Inside, its altarpieces stand out, as well as a collection of 45 oil paintings. The silver front on the altar of San José is an 18th-century piece that participated in the exhibition “Mexico, Splendors of Thirty Centuries” , which toured the US and Mexico for three years.
*'' 'Cathedral of Santiago Apostol:' '' Dedicated to the Apostle St James the greater, the church began its construction in 1745 as a parish and in 1891 became the Cathedral of Saltillo. It combines architectural styles such as baroque and the [[Churrigueresque|churrigueresco]]. Inside, its altarpieces stand out, as well as a collection of 45 oil paintings. The silver front on the altar of San José is an 18th-century piece that participated in the exhibition "Mexico, Splendors of Thirty Centuries" , which toured the US and Mexico for three years.
*'' 'Church of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua:' '' It is located at the top of the hill where the spring comes from which the name of the city emerges. This church houses a crucified Christ known as the Holy Christ of the Waterhole (Ojo de Agua), to whom many parishioners attribute the presence of the spring, which seems to spring from its base. The temple began to be built around 1917 and the Holy Christ of the Waterhole arrived in the city in 1927 by efforts of the third bishop of Saltillo, Jesús María Echavarría y Aguirre.
*'' 'Church of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua:' '' It is located at the top of the hill where the spring comes from which the name of the city emerges. This church houses a crucified Christ known as the Holy Christ of the Waterhole (Ojo de Agua), to whom many parishioners attribute the presence of the spring, which seems to spring from its base. The temple began to be built around 1917 and the Holy Christ of the Waterhole arrived in the city in 1927 by efforts of the third bishop of Saltillo, Jesús María Echavarría y Aguirre.
*'' 'Parish of San Esteban:' '' Temple built in 1592 when the town of San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala was founded, inhabited by the Tlaxcaltecs.
*'' 'Parish of San Esteban:' '' Temple built in 1592 when the town of San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala was founded, inhabited by the Tlaxcaltecs.
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[[File:Matlachinada 2014.jpg|thumbnail|upright |Matlachinada 2014. Event held every year, with Matachines from all over the state of Coahuila.]]
[[File:Matlachinada 2014.jpg|thumbnail|upright |Matlachinada 2014. Event held every year, with Matachines from all over the state of Coahuila.]]
Saltillo's local culture shares many features with the larger [[Northern Mexico|Northern Mexican]] culture. However, it has various particularities that denote a great cultural and historical wealth. Some of them are highlighted below.

=== Matachines ===
The ''danza de matachines'' is a carnivalesque dance that, in addition to being performed in Saltillo, is performed in various locations ranging from the US state of [[New Mexico]] to the Mexican states of [[Jalisco]], [[Nayarit]], [[Aguascalientes]], [[Zacatecas]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Nuevo León]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desconocido |first=México |date=2010-06-24 |title=Los matachines: soldados de la Virgen (Chihuahua) |url=https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/los-matachines-soldados-de-la-virgen-chihuahua.html |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=México Desconocido |language=es}}</ref> As a cultural manifestation, this dance has controversial origins. Cruz Viveros, an academic from Veracruz, points out that it must have arrived in America with the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Conquest]], since it is similar to the [[Morisca|Moorish]] dances that were already used in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Italy]] and [[France]] since the [[Middle Ages]]. According to him, in Mexico the dance would have been subject to a process of redefinition with which it would have been intended to attribute an indigenous origin. From this moment on, the event in which it takes place began to be called ''matlachinada'', whereas the dancers, were dubbed ''matlachines'' (both terms supposedly derived from the [[Nahuatl]] word "matlatzinca")''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cruz Viveros |first=Sabino |date=2021 |title=Matachines o matlachines: una revisión del constructo |url=http://www.revistaimagenes.esteticas.unam.mx/matachines-o-matlachines |journal=Imágenes |location=Mexico City |publisher=Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, UNAM}}</ref>''


Regardless of its possible European origins, the dance that is performed in Saltillo in honor of the Holy Christ, incorporates in its costumes and choreography various elements that, at least, belong to the Mexican imaginary of "the indigenous" and, at most, can be attributed to the Tlaxcaltecs. Among these elements we find bows and arrows, headdresses with multicolored feathers, little stones, decorated skirts and sandals. In addition, the dance is organized by the inhabitants of the ''Ojo de Agua'' neighborhood, formerly inhabited by people of Tlaxcaltec origin.
During the twentieth century the city received the nickname of "the Athens of Mexico" for its large number of prominent intellectuals.


===Sarape de Saltillo===
===Sarape de Saltillo===


The [[sarape]] (serape, or jorongo) is a rectangular garment, for male use, with or without opening for the head and multicolored stripes. It is one of the most representative objects of Mexico. The serape is a garment of traditional Mexican men's clothing, usually brightly colored and with traditional patterns. It is usually made of wool fiber that maintains heat more efficiently, but is also woven from cotton. The thickness of the yarn chosen for the fabric, as well as its material, the elaboration of each necessary knot and the final size of the serape, are variables that influence the final weight and feel of the serape. It is traditional from various parts of Mexico, as in Saltillo. In fact, it was colonizers of Tlaxcalan origin who took the serape to Coahuila from Zaragoza, Zacatecas and probably to New Mexico.
The ''[[sarape]]'' (serape, or jorongo) is a rectangular garment, for male use, with or without opening for the head and multicolored stripes which are reminiscent of a rainbow. It is one of the most representative objects of Mexico. The serape is a garment of traditional Mexican men's clothing, usually brightly colored and with traditional patterns. It is usually made of wool fiber that maintains heat more efficiently, but is also woven from cotton. The thickness of the yarn chosen for the fabric, as well as its material, the elaboration of each necessary knot and the final size of the serape, are variables that influence the final weight and feel of the serape. It is traditional from various parts of Mexico, as in Saltillo. In fact, it was colonizers of Tlaxcalan origin who took the serape to Coahuila from Zaragoza, Zacatecas and probably to New Mexico.


It serves as a coat, blanket, bedspread, tablecloth or cape. It also decorates walls and floors, as a tapestry or carpet. Another use is to put it on the horse before climbing to the saddle.
It serves as a coat, blanket, bedspread, tablecloth or cape. It also decorates walls and floors, as a tapestry or carpet. Another use is to put it on the horse before climbing to the saddle.

===Pulque bread===

Pulque bread is a tradition deeply rooted in the town and is highly sought after by the people of Saltillo. Its preparation, based on wheat flour, water or milk, egg and, sometimes, lard is similar to that of other Mexican sweet breads. However, it differs by including [[pulque]], which is a fermented drink obtained from the [[Agave americana|agave]] plant, as a fermentation agent. This gives it a characteristic flavor, sweetness and moisture. With this dough, pecan empanadas, chorreadas, muffins, braid bread, bishops, etc. are made. Although for many the city of Saltillo is synonymous with this bread, in reality its production constitutes, along that in a handful of neighboring towns, a relatively isolated focus of its production in Northeastern Mexico. Such is the case that outside of Saltillo, pulque bread can be found in the Mexican states of [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Puebla]], [[Querétaro]], [[Mexico City]], [[Oaxaca]] and, of course, [[Tlaxcala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan de pulque ⋆ Larousse Cocina |url=https://laroussecocina.mx/palabra/pan-de-pulque/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Larousse Cocina |language=es}}</ref>


===The Saltillo Rondalla of the UAAAN===
===The Saltillo Rondalla of the UAAAN===
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==Sports==
==Sports==
⚫
[[File:Saraperos4.jpg|thumb|[[Estadio de Béisbol Francisco I. Madero|Francisco I. Madero Ballpark]]]]
⚫
The following professional clubs are based in Saltillo:
Saltillo is a city with a long [[baseball]] tradition. In fact, some sources indicate that the sport began to be practiced in town at the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=El primer equipo de beisbol en Saltillo |url=https://vanguardia.com.mx/coahuila/saltillo/el-primer-equipo-de-beisbol-en-saltillo-MJ586952 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=vanguardia.com.mx |language=es-MX}}</ref> However, its representative team, the [[Saraperos de Saltillo]], did not arrive in the [[Mexican League|Mexican Baseball League]] until 1970. They had their origins in a dinner held by the members of the Pro-Works Committee of the Saltillo Cathedral, whose president was Mr. Jorge Torres Casso. They currently hold three championships, in 1980, 2009 and 2010, and eight division titles, in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1988, 2004, 2005, 2009 and 2010.
⚫
{|class="wikitable"

⚫
Other professional clubs based in Saltillo are:
⚫
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Club
! Club
Line 377: Line 430:
|[[Professional American Football League of Mexico|LFA]]
|[[Professional American Football League of Mexico|LFA]]
|[[Estadio Olímpico Francisco I. Madero]]
|[[Estadio Olímpico Francisco I. Madero]]
|-
|[[Saraperos de Saltillo]]
|[[Baseball]]
|1970
|[[Mexican League]]
|[[Estadio de Béisbol Francisco I. Madero]]
|-
|-
|[[Saltillo F.C.]]
|[[Saltillo F.C.]]
Line 398: Line 445:


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Saltillo Metropolitan Area air traffic is served by [[Plan de Guadalupe International Airport]]. It takes 15 minutes to get from downtown Saltillo to the airport. It has several flights per day to Mexico City and but no international flights. There is a comprehensive bus system in Saltillo along with many taxis.
Saltillo Metropolitan Area air traffic is served by [[Plan de Guadalupe International Airport]]. It takes 15 minutes to get from downtown Saltillo to the airport. It has several cargo airline flights per day, but no passenger flights. There is a comprehensive bus system in Saltillo along with many taxis.


==Sister cities==
==Sister cities==
Line 414: Line 461:


==Notable people==
==Notable people==

[[File:Rubén Aguirre.png|thumb|180px|[[Rubén Aguirre]]]]
[[File:Rubén Aguirre.png|thumb|180px|[[Rubén Aguirre]]]]
[[File:Karla Wheelock.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Karla Wheelock]]]]
[[File:Karla Wheelock.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Karla Wheelock]]]]During the twentieth century the city received the nickname of "the Athens of Mexico" for its large number of prominent intellectuals.
*[[Manuel Acuña]], 19th-century Mexican writer. He focused on poetry, but also wrote some novels and plays.
*[[Manuel Acuña]], 19th-century Mexican writer. He focused on poetry, but also wrote some novels and plays.
*[[Rubén Aguirre]], actor best remembered for his portrayal of Professor Jirafales in the television show ''[[El Chavo del Ocho]]''.
*[[Rubén Aguirre]], actor best remembered for his portrayal of Professor Jirafales in the television show ''[[El Chavo del Ocho]]''.
*[[Vito Alessio Robles]], military officer, engineer, writer, journalist, diplomat, and academic who participated in the [[Mexican Revolution]].
*[[Vito Alessio Robles]], military officer, engineer, writer, journalist, diplomat, and academic who participated in the [[Mexican Revolution]].
*[[Pedro Arce (Mexican footballer)|Pedro Arce]], professional footballer.
*[[Pedro Arce (Mexican footballer)|Pedro Arce]], professional footballer.
*[[Checo Marrero]], Engineer, Master in Finance, golfer and father of Lencho.
*[[Carlos Bee]], former U.S. Representative from Texas, son of [[Hamilton Bee]], great-grandson of [[Thomas Bee]].
*[[Carlos Bee]], former U.S. Representative from Texas, son of [[Hamilton Bee]], great-grandson of [[Thomas Bee]].
*[[Ernesto Boardman]], competitive archer, gold medalist at the [[Archery at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's team|2015 Pan American Games]].
*[[Ernesto Boardman]], competitive archer, gold medalist at the [[Archery at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's team|2015 Pan American Games]].
*[[Artemio de Valle Arizpe]], writer, lawyer and diplomat.
*[[Humberto Elizondo]], film and television actor.
*[[Humberto Elizondo]], film and television actor.
*[[Louis Febre]], composer, best known for his work on the television series ''[[Smallville]]''.
*[[Louis Febre]], composer, best known for his work on the television series ''[[Smallville]]''.
*[[Armando Fuentes Aguirre]], best known as Catón, attorney and writer, author of a number of columns in multiple national newspapers. Chronicler and historian of the city.
*[[Roque González Garza]], Mexican general and acting president of the Republic from January to June 1915.
*[[Roque González Garza]], Mexican general and acting president of the Republic from January to June 1915.
*[[Magda Guzmán]], actress.
*[[Magda Guzmán]], actress.
*[[Roberto 'Flaco' Guzman]], prolific film actor from the 1970s to the early 2000s.
*[[Rosario Ibarra]], activist and prominent figure in Mexican politics, presidential candidate in [[1982 Mexican general election|1982]] and [[1988 Mexican general election|1988]].
*[[Rosario Ibarra]], activist and prominent figure in Mexican politics, presidential candidate in [[1982 Mexican general election|1982]] and [[1988 Mexican general election|1988]].
*[[Brissia Mayagoitia]], singer.
*[[Brissia Mayagoitiae]], singer.
*[[José Narro Robles]], former director of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
*[[José Narro Robles]], former director of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
*[[Abril Rodríguez]], beauty contestant
*[[Abril Rodríguez]], beauty contestant
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Portal|Mexico}}
{{Portal|Mexico}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Saltillo}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Saltillo}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406130712/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406130712/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática.
*[http://www.saltillo.gob.mx/ Official city website]
*[http://www.saltillo.gob.mx/ Official city website]
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
⚫
**{{Cite AmCyc |wstitle=Saltillo |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Saltillo |volume= XXI | page=235 |short=1 }}
**{{Cite NIE |wstitle=Saltillo |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite NIE |wstitle=Saltillo |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Saltillo|volume=24|short=x|noicon=x}}
**{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Saltillo|volume=24|short=x|noicon=x}}
⚫
**{{Cite AmCyc |wstitle=Saltillo |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}
}}


Revision as of 08:18, 12 September 2024

This article is about the Mexican city. For other uses, see Saltillo (disambiguation).

Saltillo
City
From top to bottom and from left to right: Fernando Soler City Theater, Saltillo Cathedral, Plaza de la Nueva Tlaxcala, Government Palace, Palace of the Congress of the State of Coahuila, Museum of the Birds of Mexico and Panoramic of the city.
From top to bottom and from left to right: Fernando Soler City Theater, Saltillo Cathedral, Plaza de la Nueva Tlaxcala, Government Palace, Palace of the Congress of the State of Coahuila, Museum of the Birds of Mexico and Panoramic of the city.
Coat of arms of Saltillo
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
The Athens of Mexico, The Detroit of Mexico
Location of Saltillo within the municipality
Location of Saltillo within the municipality
Saltillo is located in Mexico
Saltillo
Saltillo
Location of Saltillo in Mexico
Saltillo is located in Coahuila
Saltillo
Saltillo
Location of Saltillo in Coahuila
Coordinates: 25°25′23″N 100°59′31″W / 25.42306°N 100.99194°W / 25.42306; -100.99194
CountryMexico Mexico
StateCoahuila Coahuila
FoundedJuly 25, 1577
Founded asVilla de Santiago del Saltillo
Founded byAlberto del Canto
Government
 • MayorJosé María Fraustro Siller
Elevation
1,600 m (5,250 ft)
Population
 (2015)
 • City807,537[1]
 • Metro
923,636[1]
 • Demonym
Saltillense
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
 • Year2023
 • Total$29.4 billion[2]
 • Per capita$28,400
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Websitewww.saltillo.gob.mx

Saltillo (Latin American Spanish: [salˈtiʝo] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and is also the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. Mexico City, Monterrey, and Saltillo are all connected by a major railroad and highway. As of a 2020 census, Saltillo had a population of 879,958 people, while the population of its metropolitan area was 1,031,779, making Saltillo the largest city in the state of Coahuila, and the 14th most populated metropolitan area in the country.[3]

Saltillo is one of the most industrialized cities in Mexico and has one of the largest automotive industries in the country, with plants such as Tupy, Grupo Industrial Saltillo, General Motors, Stellantis, Daimler AG, Freightliner Trucks, BorgWarner, Plastic Omnium, Magna, and Nemak operating in the region. The city and its metropolitan area also house a large number of plants providing manufactured goods to various other multinational companies, including Tesla's new plant in Mexico, located less than an hour away in the neighboring Santa Catarina, Nuevo León. Saltillo is a prominent manufacturing hub noted for its commerce, communications, and manufacturing of products both traditional and modern.

History

Colonial era

Ojo de Agua Neighborhood
Parish of the Holy Christ of the Ojo de Agua, today recognized as the site of the founding of the city.

Founded in 1577 by Conquistador Alberto del Canto as Villa de Santiago del Saltillo, it is one of[4] the oldest post-conquest settlements in Northern Mexico. It can be ascertained that the name of the city comes from a small waterfall that draws water from a spring. Nowadays, the spring is located within the Parish of the Holy Christ of the Ojo de Agua and is still visited by the local population.[5]

In 1591, the Spanish resettled a community of their Tlaxcaltec allies in a separate town, San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala, located just across an irrigation ditch from Saltillo.[6] The measure was taken in order to aid stalled colonization efforts and cultivate the land. In its early years, Saltillo grew slowly due to the hostility of the indigenous Chichimeca people[7][8] and frequent water shortages. A hundred years after its founding, its population was only about 300 people, whilst the population of the adjacent Tlaxcaltec town, San Esteban, was about 1,750.[9][10]

In the eighteenth century, Saltillo was a commercial center on the northern frontier which served as a bridge from central Mexico to regions further northeast such as the New Kingdom of León, New Santander, Coahuila, and Texas.[11] It also supplied the silver mines of Zacatecas with wheat.[12] It never rose to great prominence, but it did develop a commercial core and an agricultural and ranching sector that supplied its needs, with surpluses that could be sold. Saltillo became administratively important at the end of the eighteenth century, when a branch of the Royal Treasury was established in the city.[13]

Historical aqueduct

Merchants, most of whom were Iberian Peninsula-born Spaniards, constituted the most important economic group, handling a wide variety of goods and selling in shops.[14] They were the provincial branch of the transatlantic merchant sector, with ties to Mexico City merchants. Peninsular merchants in Saltillo married into the local elite society, acquired rural properties, and sought local office.[15]

In the late seventeenth century, an annual trade fair was established, which carried Mexican livestock and manufactured goods to places as far as China and Europe. Saltillo could produce wheat commercially as long as there was access to water, but as with many other parts of the North, drought was a consistent threat. In the eighteenth century, there was a demand for draft animals, which Saltillo supplied.[16]

Early Mexico

In 1824, Saltillo was made the capital of the state of Coahuila y Tejas, substituting Santiago de la Monclova as such. Three years later, Mexican Constituting Congress sanctioned that the city's name be changed to Leona Vicario, after one of the few female figures of the Mexican War of Independence. However, in 1831, a new State Congress decree merged Leona Vicario with the contiguous town of San Esteban (renamed Villalongín) and the name was changed back to Saltillo.[17]

For nearly a decade, Saltillo held the administrative seat of a territory which included Coahuila alongside most of the territory of the current U.S. state of Texas until it was lost in the 1836 in the Texas Revolution. The Republic of Texas continued to have border disputes with Mexico's Centralist Republic, which continued to object to its independence. Peace was further disturbed by Comanche and Apache raiding, private vendettas, and separatist movements. On October 23, 1840, the Battle of Saltillo took place when 110 Texians and Tejanos crossed the Rio Grande to attack the city's government in support of an attempt to create a separate Republic of the Rio Grande between Texas and Mexico.[18]

In 1845, Texas was annexed by the United States and its disputes with Mexico, aggravated by the Polk Administration, soon expanded into the Mexican–American War. The first phase of the war ended in September 1846 with Gen. Zachary Taylor's hard-won siege and occupation of Monterrey in Nuevo León. The War Department ordered him to remain there, but Taylor violated the armistice and went with Gen. William Worth and 1200 men to occupy Saltillo on 16 November to protect the approaches to his main army in Monterrey.[19] Antonio López de Santa Anna had been allowed through the blockade of Veracruz to bring the war to a swift conclusion but had instead rallied the Mexican army and moved north. Gen. John E. Wool was sent to nearby Agua Nueva on December 21 and the indecisive Battle of Buena Vista occurred 12 miles (19 km) from Saltillo between February 22 and 23,1847, after which López de Santa Anna's army was forced to move south to protect San Luis Potosí and counter a seaborne invasion by Gen. Winfield Scott.

Porfiriato and Mexican Revolution

Modernity reached Coahuila with the arrival of the railroad in 1880, during the Porfiriato. In 1890, telegraph, telephone, and street lighting networks were created in addition to the construction of cultural buildings, including theaters and plazas, and buildings of a social nature such as hospices, civil hospitals, and sanitary structures consisting of drinking water and drainage systems.

During the 1910–1920 Mexican Revolution, Saltillo was occupied in separate events by the forces of Victoriano Huerta, Francisco Villa, and then by those of Venustiano Carranza. Hundreds of peasants were forced to join these various groups. As a result, many fled to Texas, including aristocratic families.

20th century

In 1923 the Antonio Narro Agrarian University was founded.[20] Two decades later in 1943, the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education was established in the city, then in 1951, the Technological Institute of Saltillo and in 1957, the Autonomous University of Coahuila was established.

Saltillo's agricultural climate in the second half of the 20th century was rapidly transforming into industrial activity; huge orchards disappeared and factories began to dominate the landscape.

In the second quarter of the twentieth century, Saltillo changed from agricultural and textile activities towards industrial activities, with the creation of companies such as CIFUNSA, CINSA, Éxito, and Molinos el Fénix, among others.

The true industrial explosion occurred in the '70s and '80s with the arrival of the car industry to the region. Companies such as General Motors and Chrysler, along with their respective satellite companies or suppliers, came to Saltillo. Since then, Saltillo and its Metropolitan Zone (Ramos Arizpe and Arteaga) are known as the "Detroit of Mexico". However, a movement is currently underway to diversify the industry, with the arrival of pharmaceutical companies, household appliances, chemicals, ceramics, and even parts for the aerospace industry.

Geography

El Cerro del Pueblo (The Town Hill) and its 4-metre (13 ft) cross overlook the city. The city's elevation makes it colder and windier than the neighboring city of Monterrey. Saltillo lies in the Chihuahuan Desert near the city of Arteaga. The city is flanked by the Zapalinamé mountains, which are part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. According to local legend, by looking at the relief of the mountains one can see the relief of Zapalinamé, chieftain of the Guachichil tribe who rose against the Spaniards in 1584.[21]

Orography and hydrography

San Lorenzo Canyon

Composed of geological formations of the Jurassic period, the San Lorenzo Canyon, located southeast of Saltillo in the Sierra de Zapalinamé, is a tourist attraction for outdoor activities and extreme sports such as rock climbing, rappelling, mountain biking, hiking, mountaineering and camping.

Arroyo de los Ojitos

It begins south of Francisco Coss Boulevard, crosses the Venustiano Carranza Boulevard, passes between the Liverpool and Home Depot buildings, and is channeled through Nazario Boulevard Ortiz towards Benito Juárez Street.

Arroyo de la Tortola

It begins its course in the Magisterio neighborhood, towards the temple of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua, crosses the center of the city between the streets Arteaga and Matamoros near the Coahuila school, then converges with the channel that descends near Antonio Cárdenas Street (or South Abasolo), is channeled underground through the Topo Chico neighbourhood, down through Nava Street and then by Luis Echeverría and down again by Abasolo Norte and connects in Nazario Ortiz with the Charquillo.

Arroyo del Charquillo

It starts from the eastern end of the Ateneo street, goes down behind the sports San Isidro passes to the side of Campo Redondo, crosses the lake of the Sports City towards the Tecnológico de Monterrey and continues until converging with the Cevallos stream at the Boulevard Moctezuma or Pedro Figueroa.

Cevallos Creek

It starts in the Zapaliname mountain range, from the Lomas de Lourdes neighborhood, it passes along the Luis Echeverría Oriente Boulevard, passes behind the Mercado de Abastos, crosses on one side of Plaza Sendero, then descends along Tezcatlipoca street, passes near the Club Campestre and converges with the Navarreña stream on the road to Monterrey and on the way to the Valdés.

Arroyo de la Navarreña

Starts in the mountains near the Vista Hermosa neighborhood, crosswise through neighborhoods such as Founders and Morelos, goes down the side of the Corona Motel on Fundadores Boulevard, pass by the Dolores Pantheon on Jesus Valdés Sánchez Boulevard and continues towards the South, surrounding the Country Club on its east side and the Country Club subdivision and continues to the city of Ramos.

Land El Aguaje

Located in the San Lorenzo Canyon southeast of the city of Saltillo. Composed of geological formations originated between the Upper Jurassic and Quaternary that facilitate the intense infiltration of water to the subsoil, thus allowing the constant recharge of the aquifers that supply drinking water to the city of Saltillo.On July 3, 2008, the Government of the State of Coahuila decided to buy the property, which was granted to Mexican Wildlife Protection in bailment on July 23, 2012, for its management and conservation.[22]

Sierra La Concordia

It is the highest mountain in the municipality, reaches 3,462 meters above sea level.

Sierra Catana

The Sierra Catana mountain reaches 3,104 meters above sea level.

Climate

Saltillo has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). Saltillo is located in the Chihuahuan Desert but temperatures are cooler than other desert cities in Mexico because it is located at an altitude of 1,600 meters (5,250 ft). Summers are slightly hot with cool nights, and winters are sunny but cool. Rainfall is scarce but more prominent in summer. Snowfall and sub-freezing temperatures are not unknown, but do not occur every year.

Climate data for Saltillo (1951–2010, extremes 1949–2018)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.5
(97.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.0
(102.2) 		41.0
(105.8) 		40.5
(104.9) 		39.5
(103.1) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.5
(101.3) 		39.0
(102.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.7
(67.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		25.6
(78.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		18.3
(64.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.2
(61.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.0
(51.8)
Record low °C (°F) −14.5
(5.9) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−14.5
(5.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15.1
(0.59) 		12.2
(0.48) 		8.3
(0.33) 		16.9
(0.67) 		30.6
(1.20) 		46.4
(1.83) 		61.4
(2.42) 		54.5
(2.15) 		64.1
(2.52) 		30.1
(1.19) 		11.7
(0.46) 		13.1
(0.52) 		364.4
(14.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.4 2.7 2.1 3.4 5.2 6.4 8.8 9.0 8.2 5.1 2.9 3.2 60.4
Average snowy days 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3
Average relative humidity (%) 58.7 55.2 52.3 51.6 54.9 60.2 65.4 68.4 75.6 68.5 60.2 57.1 60.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 221.1 221.2 267.1 268.6 287.0 273.7 250.7 252.0 215.5 243.6 240.5 216.2 2,957.3
Source 1: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional,[23][24] NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1981–2010)[25]
Source 2: Colegio de Postgraduados (snow days)[26][27][28]

Demographics

Population

The city of Saltillo according to the last official count and delimitation carried out in 2020 jointly by the INEGI, the CONAPO and the SEDESOL, is the 14th most populated city in Mexico with 864,431 inhabitants.[29]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1900 23,996—    
1910 35,414+47.6%
1921 40,451+14.2%
1930 45,272+11.9%
1940 49,430+9.2%
1950 69,842+41.3%
1960 98,839+41.5%
1970 161,114+63.0%
1980 284,937+76.9%
1990 420,947+47.7%
2000 562,587+33.6%
2010 709,671+26.1%
2020 864,431+21.8%
Source: www.inegi.org.mx
Vertical bar chart demographic of Saltillo between 1900 and 2020
  Population from the censuses of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) from 1900 to 2020.

Economy

Sarapes being made
Saltillo tile in the historic city center

Saltillo's most famous exports are Saltillo tile and the locally woven multi-colored sarapes. Mercedes-Benz and General Motors both have assembly plants there and Chrysler operates a truck assembly plant, a sedan assembly plant, two engine facilities, and a car transmissions plant. Of all the vehicles made in Mexico, 37.4% of cars and 62.6% of trucks are assembled in Saltillo.[30] Saltillo is home to the Grupo Industrial Saltillo, an important manufacturing conglomerate that makes home appliances, silverware, and auto parts.

The General Motors plant manufactures vehicles for export to Japan, Canada, and Central America as well as for domestic purchase. It builds the Chevrolet C2, Chevrolet Monza, Chevrolet Captiva, Chevrolet HHR, Saturn Vue hybrid, Saab 9-4X and Cadillac SRX.[31] As of 2016 the plant produces about one third of the firm's full-sized pick-up trucks.[32]

Education

Local government palace
Inside the government palace

Saltillo's main universities are the Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, the Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo, the Tec de Monterrey Saltillo Campus, El Instituto de Filologia Hispanica, the Universidad Carolina and the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro.


Government

The city of Saltillo is the municipal seat of the municipality of Saltillo. The current mayor is José María Fraustro Siller, from the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).

Sites of interest

Saltillo Cathedral

Cultural

  • 'Fernando Soler City Theater:' Designed by the architect Francisco Flores Flores, it opened on March 26, 1979. The theater hosts plays, operas, music, dance, children's shows, festivals, conferences, government reports, graduations, and congresses. The first performance in this theater was "The Efforts of a House" by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, under the direction of Luis G. Basurto with scenery by David Antón and the actors Magda Guzmán, Rubén Rojo, José Baviera, and Carmen Monje, among others.[33]
  • 'Paraninfo del Ateneo Fuente:' Auditorium in the Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, which holds academic and cultural events. Has mural works by the Catalan painter Salvador Tarazona, of which the one on the north side is dedicated to science and the one on the south side is dedicated to arts and culture.[34]
  • 'Casa Purcell Cultural Center:' Architectural work built in the 19th century by the architect Alfredo Gilles in the style of the old houses of Ireland. Previously owned by Guillermo Purcell, it is now a cultural center that has exhibition spaces for contemporary art.
  • 'García Carrillo Theater Cultural Center:' It has a gallery for temporary exhibitions. It also has an auditorium where conferences, concerts, readings and, film projections are held.
    García Carrillo Theater, Aldama and Allende Street, downtown area.
  • 'The Cultural Center Vito Alessio Robles:' Former headquarters of the City Council of Saltillo, it has a mural by Helena Huerta on the history of Coahuila, personal objects of Don Vito Alessio Robles, a library (with a collection of old books and documents of historians Vito Alessio Robles and Oscar Dávila), and temporary exhibitions of modern art.
  • 'Coahuilense Institute of Culture:' Culture and art created in the state are promoted and disseminated here. It has an art gallery, workshops, conference rooms, as well as a bookstore and cafeteria.
  • 'El Recinto a Juárez:' It houses the Coahuilense College of Historical Research. It offers library services and holds plays, conferences, book presentations, and other cultural activities.
  • 'University Cultural Heritage Site:' House dating from 1680, belonging to the Purcell family during the twentieth century. It was the headquarters of the National Bank of Mexico and from 2005 it is used for displaying the artistic heritage of the city.
  • 'Aurora Morales de López University Cultural Site:' A space for artistic expression of the Autonomous University of Coahuila. The site broadcasts and houses works by Coahuilenses.[35]
Plaza de Armas fountain

Religious

Church of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua.
  • 'Cathedral of Santiago Apostol:' Dedicated to the Apostle St James the greater, the church began its construction in 1745 as a parish and in 1891 became the Cathedral of Saltillo. It combines architectural styles such as baroque and the churrigueresco. Inside, its altarpieces stand out, as well as a collection of 45 oil paintings. The silver front on the altar of San José is an 18th-century piece that participated in the exhibition "Mexico, Splendors of Thirty Centuries" , which toured the US and Mexico for three years.
  • 'Church of Santo Cristo del Ojo de Agua:' It is located at the top of the hill where the spring comes from which the name of the city emerges. This church houses a crucified Christ known as the Holy Christ of the Waterhole (Ojo de Agua), to whom many parishioners attribute the presence of the spring, which seems to spring from its base. The temple began to be built around 1917 and the Holy Christ of the Waterhole arrived in the city in 1927 by efforts of the third bishop of Saltillo, Jesús María Echavarría y Aguirre.
  • 'Parish of San Esteban:' Temple built in 1592 when the town of San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala was founded, inhabited by the Tlaxcaltecs.
  • 'Temple of San Juan Nepomuceno:' Jesuit temple built in the 19th century. Its neoclassical facade contains unfinished towers, dome, and windows. Inside are oil paintings by Father Gonzalo Carrasco, evangelical sculptures, and a mural of the life of San Juan.
  • 'Sanctuary of Guadalupe:' Gothic style church built in 1890. In the upper and central part of the building there is a clock, ogival windows and arch buttresses, characteristic of the Gothic style that arrived in Mexico after the Maximilian Empire.

Museums

In Saltillo there are about 22 museums, including: Museum of the Presidents' Coahuilenses, Campus of the University Cultural Heritage, 'Pinacoteca Ateneo Fuente' of the Autonomous University of Coahuila, Museum-Parish Archive, Hall of Natural History.

  • 'Museum of the Coahuilenses Presidents:' Erected to honor the memory and legacy of the five coahuilenses who have been Presidents of Mexico: Melchor Múzquiz, Francisco I. Madero, Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz, Roque González Garza and Venustiano Carranza. Display photographs, documents and personal and official objects of these characters. It has the first presidential band that Guadalupe Victoria during his tenure as President.
  • 'Landín Chapel Museum:' The old chapel, built at the end of the 18th century, it has been restored and preserved more recently. It includes a museum area where a collection of 20 paintings of religious art from the 17th and 18th centuries is exhibited.
  • 'Museo de la Angostura:' In memory of the triumph of Mexican troops against the United States in 1847. It is housed in an old house that was once the State Normal School.
  • 'Catrina Museum:' Picturesque space where we can appreciate the history of Catrina, who represents death in the traditional Day of the Dead has a cafeteria where hot chocolate and bread are served every day of the year.
  • 'Bird Museum of Mexico:' It has a collection of more than 2,500 birds, (the largest collection of birds in Mexico and Latin America) mostly belonging to the Mexican territory. The enclosure that houses it was the former Jesuit College «San Juan Nepomuceno».
  • 'Museo del Normalismo:' Tells the history of education in Coahuila. It has a collection of pedagogical instruments and a room dedicated to distinguished graduates of the Benemérita Normal School of Coahuila.
  • 'Museo del Sarape and Typical Costumes:' Promotes the investigation and rescue of a material heritage that is part of the identity of both Saltillenses and Mexicans. It exhibits the first sarapes made in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as the typical costumes of the region.
  • 'The Gyroscope Museum:' Science museum.
  • 'Rubén Herrera Museum:' House dating from the 18th century, where a collection of the Zacatecan master Rubén Herrera made in Mexico and Europe is displayed. It has a room for temporary exhibitions, auditorium, and library.
  • 'MAG Graphic Arts Museum:' In this new Museum in Saltillo, there is an important collection of more than 1,400 objects that belonged to José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican engraver, known for his prints and social cartoons, inspired by Mexican folklore. It seeks to promote knowledge and appreciation of both industrial and artistic printing techniques, value the work of visual artists and rescue the appreciation for the trade of the printers.
  • 'Cato Museum:' The journalist and chronicler of the city.
  • 'Museo del Horror:' Horror.

Culture

Matlachinada 2014. Event held every year, with Matachines from all over the state of Coahuila.

Saltillo's local culture shares many features with the larger Northern Mexican culture. However, it has various particularities that denote a great cultural and historical wealth. Some of them are highlighted below.

Matachines

The danza de matachines is a carnivalesque dance that, in addition to being performed in Saltillo, is performed in various locations ranging from the US state of New Mexico to the Mexican states of Jalisco, Nayarit, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León and Chihuahua.[36] As a cultural manifestation, this dance has controversial origins. Cruz Viveros, an academic from Veracruz, points out that it must have arrived in America with the Spanish Conquest, since it is similar to the Moorish dances that were already used in Spain, Portugal, Italy and France since the Middle Ages. According to him, in Mexico the dance would have been subject to a process of redefinition with which it would have been intended to attribute an indigenous origin. From this moment on, the event in which it takes place began to be called matlachinada, whereas the dancers, were dubbed matlachines (both terms supposedly derived from the Nahuatl word "matlatzinca").[37]

Regardless of its possible European origins, the dance that is performed in Saltillo in honor of the Holy Christ, incorporates in its costumes and choreography various elements that, at least, belong to the Mexican imaginary of "the indigenous" and, at most, can be attributed to the Tlaxcaltecs. Among these elements we find bows and arrows, headdresses with multicolored feathers, little stones, decorated skirts and sandals. In addition, the dance is organized by the inhabitants of the Ojo de Agua neighborhood, formerly inhabited by people of Tlaxcaltec origin.

Sarape de Saltillo

The sarape (serape, or jorongo) is a rectangular garment, for male use, with or without opening for the head and multicolored stripes which are reminiscent of a rainbow. It is one of the most representative objects of Mexico. The serape is a garment of traditional Mexican men's clothing, usually brightly colored and with traditional patterns. It is usually made of wool fiber that maintains heat more efficiently, but is also woven from cotton. The thickness of the yarn chosen for the fabric, as well as its material, the elaboration of each necessary knot and the final size of the serape, are variables that influence the final weight and feel of the serape. It is traditional from various parts of Mexico, as in Saltillo. In fact, it was colonizers of Tlaxcalan origin who took the serape to Coahuila from Zaragoza, Zacatecas and probably to New Mexico.

It serves as a coat, blanket, bedspread, tablecloth or cape. It also decorates walls and floors, as a tapestry or carpet. Another use is to put it on the horse before climbing to the saddle.

Pulque bread

Pulque bread is a tradition deeply rooted in the town and is highly sought after by the people of Saltillo. Its preparation, based on wheat flour, water or milk, egg and, sometimes, lard is similar to that of other Mexican sweet breads. However, it differs by including pulque, which is a fermented drink obtained from the agave plant, as a fermentation agent. This gives it a characteristic flavor, sweetness and moisture. With this dough, pecan empanadas, chorreadas, muffins, braid bread, bishops, etc. are made. Although for many the city of Saltillo is synonymous with this bread, in reality its production constitutes, along that in a handful of neighboring towns, a relatively isolated focus of its production in Northeastern Mexico. Such is the case that outside of Saltillo, pulque bread can be found in the Mexican states of Hidalgo, Puebla, Querétaro, Mexico City, Oaxaca and, of course, Tlaxcala.[38]

The Saltillo Rondalla of the UAAAN

The city of Saltillo is known for its rondalla, being the highest representative of the Rondallesque movement in Mexico for more than four decades. The 'Rondalla de Saltillo' went beyond transposing the established limits and creating its own style. It has multiple recordings and has toured several countries, it is characterized by using guitars, requintos, double bass, and vocals. The poet Marco Antonio Aguirre arrived at La Rondalla de Saltillo in 1966 and wrote his story with tours, and 30 recorded albums.

Sports

Francisco I. Madero Ballpark

Saltillo is a city with a long baseball tradition. In fact, some sources indicate that the sport began to be practiced in town at the end of the 19th century.[39] However, its representative team, the Saraperos de Saltillo, did not arrive in the Mexican Baseball League until 1970. They had their origins in a dinner held by the members of the Pro-Works Committee of the Saltillo Cathedral, whose president was Mr. Jorge Torres Casso. They currently hold three championships, in 1980, 2009 and 2010, and eight division titles, in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1988, 2004, 2005, 2009 and 2010.

Other professional clubs based in Saltillo are:

Club Sport Founded League Venue
Dinos Saltillo American football 2016 LFA Estadio Olímpico Francisco I. Madero
Saltillo F.C. Soccer 2019 Serie A de México Estadio Olímpico Francisco I. Madero
Saltillo Soccer F.C. Soccer 1995 Liga TDP Estadio Olímpico Francisco I. Madero

Transportation

Saltillo Metropolitan Area air traffic is served by Plan de Guadalupe International Airport. It takes 15 minutes to get from downtown Saltillo to the airport. It has several cargo airline flights per day, but no passenger flights. There is a comprehensive bus system in Saltillo along with many taxis.

Sister cities

The following are sister cities of Saltillo:

Notable people

Rubén Aguirre
Karla Wheelock

During the twentieth century the city received the nickname of "the Athens of Mexico" for its large number of prominent intellectuals.

References

  1. ^ a b "Número de habitantes. Coahuila de Zaragoza". www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  2. ^ "TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  3. ^ Anguiano, José Torres (January 26, 2021). "Supera Zona Metropolitana de Saltillo el millón de habitantes". El Heraldo de Saltillo (in Spanish). Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  4. ^ Pesquera, Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y. "Fundación de la ciudad de Durango". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  5. ^ "Alberto Del Canto, founded the cities of Monterrey and Saltillo and baptized the Cerro de la Silla". Jewish Newspaper. February 24, 2014.
  6. ^ Esparza Cárdenas, Rodolfo (2004). "San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala: Expresión postrera de lucha libertaria y contrainstitucional". In Arreola Pérez, Jesús Alfonso & Rodrigo Borja Torres (ed.). Encuentros en Coahuila (in Spanish). Grupo Editorial Miguel Ángel Porrúa. pp. 71–75. ISBN 970-701-449-0.
  7. ^ Offutt (2001), p. 55
  8. ^ INAFED (Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal) (2005). "Saltillo, Coahuila". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios de México (in Spanish) (online version at E-Local ed.). Secretaría de Gobernación. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2008.. The Tlaxcalteca community remained legally separate until the 19th century.
  9. ^ Jones, Jr., Oakah L. (1979), Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 26.
  10. ^ Offutt, Leslie Scott (Jan 2018), "Puro tlaxcalteca? Ethnic Integrity and Consciousness in Late Seventeenth-Century Northern New Spain," The Americas, Vol 64, No. 3, pp. 33. Downloaded from Project MUSE.
  11. ^ Offutt (2001)
  12. ^ Offutt (2001), p. 187
  13. ^ Offutt (2001), p. 9
  14. ^ Offutt (2001), p. 10
  15. ^ Offutt (2001), p. 50
  16. ^ Offutt (2001), p. 100
  17. ^ Esparza Cárdenas, Rodolfo (2010). "El ocaso del Pueblo de San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala" (PDF). Boletín Digital de Información del AGEC. 1 (2): 21.
  18. ^ Brown (1893), pp. 173–174
  19. ^ Jenkins, John Stilwell (1849), History of the War between the United States and Mexico, Auburn: Derby, Miller, & Co, p. 190.
  20. ^ "UAAN - This is UAAN". Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ "Zapalinamé, un guerrero que lucha por la vida". vanguardia.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). July 16, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  22. ^ "San Lorenzo Canyon". Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  23. ^ "Estado de Coahulia de Zaragoza-Estacion: Saltillo (DGE)". Normales Climatologicas 1951–2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  24. ^ "Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Saltillo (DGE)" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  25. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010: Saltillo". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  26. ^ "Normales climatológicas para el Estado de Coahulia". Colegio de Postgraduados. Retrieved September 18, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ "Normales climatológicas para Saltillo, Coahulia" (in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  28. ^ "76390: Saltillo, Coah. (Mexico)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. December 26, 2021. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  29. ^ Microregions - "Población de Saltillo". 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  30. ^ "Coahuila, Primer Lugar Nacional en Producción Automotriz". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  31. ^ Priddle, Alisa (June 2008). "2008 Saab 9-3 Turbo X is Nearly Sold Out". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
  32. ^ Bill Vlasic (February 13, 2017). "Profitable Pickups May Be in Cross Hairs of Trump Border Tax". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2017. And while Fiat Chrysler is expanding its American output of trucks, it still relies on its factory in Saltillo, Mexico, for 30 to 40 percent of its pickups
  33. ^ "Fernando Soler City Theater". Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  34. ^ "Architectural Heritage". www.patrimoniocultural.uadec.mx. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  35. ^ "Museums and Galleries | Saltillo". ocvsaltillo.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  36. ^ Desconocido, México (June 24, 2010). "Los matachines: soldados de la Virgen (Chihuahua)". México Desconocido (in Spanish). Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  37. ^ Cruz Viveros, Sabino (2021). "Matachines o matlachines: una revisión del constructo". Imágenes. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, UNAM.
  38. ^ "Pan de pulque ⋆ Larousse Cocina". Larousse Cocina (in Spanish). Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  39. ^ "El primer equipo de beisbol en Saltillo". vanguardia.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). September 4, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  40. ^ "Celebran Saltillo y Austin 50 años de hermanamiento". saltillo.gob.mx (in Spanish). November 10, 2018. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  41. ^ Torres, Robert (December 25, 2009). "Canton creating Sister Cities in Israel, Mexico to encourage investment". cantonohio.gov. Director of Development. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
  42. ^ a b c d e "Saltillo tiene pacto de hermanamiento con 15 ciudades... solo con Austin mantiene contacto". Vangaurdia (in Spanish). October 26, 2019. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.

Bibliography

  • Brown, John Henry (1893). History of Texas: From 1685 to 1892. Vol. 2. Princeton University: L. E. Daniell.
  • Offutt, Leslie S. (2001). Saltillo 1770–1810: Town and Region in the Mexican North. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2164-7.
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