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{{Short description|Phrase promoting the housewifery of women}} |
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{{about|the figure of speech|the album by The Dollyrots|Barefoot and Pregnant}} |
{{about|the figure of speech|the album by The Dollyrots|Barefoot and Pregnant}} |
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"'''Barefoot and pregnant'''" is a [[figure of speech]] most commonly associated with the idea that women should not work outside the home and should have many children during their reproductive years. |
"'''Barefoot and pregnant'''" is a [[figure of speech]] most commonly associated with the idea that women should not work outside the home and should have many children during their reproductive years. |
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The phrase "barefoot and pregnant" seems to have been introduced in the early twentieth century by the American doctor |
The phrase "barefoot and pregnant" seems to have been introduced in the early twentieth century by the American doctor Arthur E. Hertzler from Kansas, who said: "Some vulgar person has said that when the wife is kept barefooted and pregnant there are no divorces."<ref>{{cite book |first=Arthur E. |last=Hertzler |title=Horse and Buggy Doctor |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |orig-year=1938 |year=1970 |page=311 |isbn=0-8032-5717-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_qOw1Hr1m8C&q=PREGNANT&pg=PA311 }}</ref> By the mid 20th century, the phrase had passed into common parlance, so much so that an article from 1949 states: "By early 1949, [[TWA]] was—in the words of its new president, Ralph S. Damon—both 'barefoot and pregnant.'"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUZEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22barefoot+and+pregnant%22 Forbes, Vol. 64, 1949]</ref> |
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The variation "barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen" has been associated with the phrase "[[Kinder, Küche, Kirche]]" (translated "children, kitchen, church"), used under the [[German Empire]] to describe a woman's role in society. |
The variation "barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen" has been associated with the phrase {{lang|de|"[[Kinder, Küche, Kirche]]"}} (translated "children, kitchen, church"), used under the [[German Empire]] to describe a woman's role in society. A comparable phrase, "[[Good Wife, Wise Mother]]", emerged in [[Meiji-period]] [[Japan]] (1868–1912).<ref>{{cite book |first=Susan D. |last=Holloway |title=Women and Family in Contemporary Japan |year=2010 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-521-18037-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=K. |last=Sechiyama |title=Patriarchy in East Asia |year=2013 |page=67 |isbn=978-90-04-23060-6 }}</ref> |
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==Negative connotations== |
==Negative connotations== |
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A common assumption is that the expression relates to [[housewives]] not leaving the home, and thus not needing shoes. Indeed, in the [[sex discrimination]] case of ''Volovsek v. Wisconsin Dept. of Agric., No. 02-2074 (7th Cir. September 18, 2003)'', the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]] ruled that a woman who allegedly overheard her manager using the phrase could take her case to a jury. However, the court also dismissed the remaining claims on [[summary judgment]] with respect to both discrimination and retaliation against DATCP for lack of evidence.<ref>[http://vlex.com/vid/18432208 Volovsek v. Wisconsin Dept. of Agric.]</ref> |
A common assumption is that the expression relates to [[housewives]] not leaving the home, and thus not needing shoes. Indeed, in the [[sex discrimination]] case of ''Volovsek v. Wisconsin Dept. of Agric., No. 02-2074 (7th Cir. September 18, 2003)'', the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]] ruled that a woman who allegedly overheard her manager using the phrase could take her case to a jury. However, the court also dismissed the remaining claims on [[summary judgment]] with respect to both discrimination and retaliation against DATCP for lack of evidence.<ref>[http://vlex.com/vid/18432208 Volovsek v. Wisconsin Dept. of Agric.]</ref> |
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[[Feminist]]s often cite the phrase in a negative, socially critical context. The phrase is used to describe women unable to function as responsible, adult mothers, either by (a) oppression and/or (b) failure by the female to meet developmental challenges and reach adulthood. Author Shinine Antony wrote a 2002 collection of short stories entitled ''Barefoot and Pregnant'', explaining in a later interview that, "''Barefoot And Pregnant'' is a phrase that pokes fun at chauvinists who want their women barefoot (so that they are unable to socialize) and pregnant (helpless). This follows the general image of society in which women are merely objects."<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/book9.htm The Sunday Tribune |
[[Feminist]]s often cite the phrase in a negative, socially critical context. The phrase is used to describe women unable to function as responsible, adult mothers, either by (a) oppression and/or (b) failure by the female to meet developmental challenges and reach adulthood. Author Shinine Antony wrote a 2002 collection of short stories entitled ''Barefoot and Pregnant'', explaining in a later interview that, "''Barefoot And Pregnant'' is a phrase that pokes fun at chauvinists who want their women barefoot (so that they are unable to socialize) and pregnant (helpless). This follows the general image of society in which women are merely objects."<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/book9.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Literature<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Annually, the Philadelphia chapter of the [[National Organization for Women]] bestows a Barefoot and Pregnant Award "to persons in the community who have done the most to perpetuate outmoded images of women and who have refused to recognize that women are, in fact, human beings."<ref>[http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/n/now2054.htm National Organization for Women. Philadelphia Chapter Records, 1968-1977, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania<!-- Bot generated title --> |
Annually, the Philadelphia chapter of the [[National Organization for Women]] bestows a Barefoot and Pregnant Award "to persons in the community who have done the most to perpetuate outmoded images of women and who have refused to recognize that women are, in fact, human beings."<ref>[http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/n/now2054.htm National Organization for Women. Philadelphia Chapter Records, 1968-1977], [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania|The Historical Society of Pennsylvania]]<!-- Bot generated title --></ref> |
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==Literary associations== |
==Literary associations== |
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*Novelist [[David Baldacci]] linked the phrase to a [[hillbilly]] West Virginia: “All men living in the nineteenth century. Barefoot and pregnant and in the kitchen just about covers their idea of a woman's role in life”.<ref>{{cite book | author = David Baldacci | title = Zero Day | url = https://archive.org/details/zeroday00davi | url-access = limited | year = 2012 | page = [https://archive.org/details/zeroday00davi/page/183 183]}}</ref> |
*Novelist [[David Baldacci]] linked the phrase to a [[hillbilly]] West Virginia: “All men living in the nineteenth century. Barefoot and pregnant and in the kitchen just about covers their idea of a woman's role in life”.<ref>{{cite book | author = David Baldacci | title = Zero Day | url = https://archive.org/details/zeroday00davi | url-access = limited | year = 2012 | page = [https://archive.org/details/zeroday00davi/page/183 183]| publisher = Vision; Reprint edition | isbn = 9780446573023 }}</ref> |
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*In the futuristic novel ''[[Bold as Love (novel)|Bold as Love]]'', a group of women warn themselves about a rising radical: |
*In the futuristic novel ''[[Bold as Love (novel)|Bold as Love]]'', a group of women warn themselves about a rising radical: "Then after the revolution you'll end up chained to the stove in peekaboo panties, all over again.' 'Barefoot and not even pregnant,' added someone else. 'He's into population control.'"<ref>{{cite book |first= Gwyneth |last=Jones | title = Bold as Love | year = 2002 | page = 3}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{wikt}} |
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*[[Natalism]] |
*[[Natalism]] |
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*[[Pregnancy discrimination]] |
*[[Pregnancy discrimination]] |
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*[[Purdah]] |
*[[Purdah]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
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*{{cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Katherine |title=How "Barefoot and Pregnant" Became a Dark American Joke |website=Slate Magazine |date=2022-10-22 |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2022/10/barefoot-and-pregnant-history-origin-of-saying.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |ref=none}} |
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[[Category:English phrases]] |
[[Category:English phrases]] |
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[[Category:Natalist terminology]] |
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[[Category:Feminism and society]] |
[[Category:Feminism and society]] |
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[[Category:Sexist terminology]] |
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[[Category:Stereotypes of women]] |
[[Category:Stereotypes of women]] |
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[[Category:1930s neologisms]] |
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[[Category:1938 quotations]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:04, 10 September 2024
"Barefoot and pregnant" is a figure of speech most commonly associated with the idea that women should not work outside the home and should have many children during their reproductive years.
The phrase "barefoot and pregnant" seems to have been introduced in the early twentieth century by the American doctor Arthur E. Hertzler from Kansas, who said: "Some vulgar person has said that when the wife is kept barefooted and pregnant there are no divorces."[1] By the mid 20th century, the phrase had passed into common parlance, so much so that an article from 1949 states: "By early 1949, TWA was—in the words of its new president, Ralph S. Damon—both 'barefoot and pregnant.'"[2]
The variation "barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen" has been associated with the phrase "Kinder, Küche, Kirche" (translated "children, kitchen, church"), used under the German Empire to describe a woman's role in society. A comparable phrase, "Good Wife, Wise Mother", emerged in Meiji-period Japan (1868–1912).[3][4]
Negative connotations
[edit]A common assumption is that the expression relates to housewives not leaving the home, and thus not needing shoes. Indeed, in the sex discrimination case of Volovsek v. Wisconsin Dept. of Agric., No. 02-2074 (7th Cir. September 18, 2003), the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled that a woman who allegedly overheard her manager using the phrase could take her case to a jury. However, the court also dismissed the remaining claims on summary judgment with respect to both discrimination and retaliation against DATCP for lack of evidence.[5]
Feminists often cite the phrase in a negative, socially critical context. The phrase is used to describe women unable to function as responsible, adult mothers, either by (a) oppression and/or (b) failure by the female to meet developmental challenges and reach adulthood. Author Shinine Antony wrote a 2002 collection of short stories entitled Barefoot and Pregnant, explaining in a later interview that, "Barefoot And Pregnant is a phrase that pokes fun at chauvinists who want their women barefoot (so that they are unable to socialize) and pregnant (helpless). This follows the general image of society in which women are merely objects."[6]
Annually, the Philadelphia chapter of the National Organization for Women bestows a Barefoot and Pregnant Award "to persons in the community who have done the most to perpetuate outmoded images of women and who have refused to recognize that women are, in fact, human beings."[7]
Literary associations
[edit]- Novelist David Baldacci linked the phrase to a hillbilly West Virginia: “All men living in the nineteenth century. Barefoot and pregnant and in the kitchen just about covers their idea of a woman's role in life”.[8]
- In the futuristic novel Bold as Love, a group of women warn themselves about a rising radical: "Then after the revolution you'll end up chained to the stove in peekaboo panties, all over again.' 'Barefoot and not even pregnant,' added someone else. 'He's into population control.'"[9]
See also
[edit]
Look up barefoot and pregnant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
References
[edit]- ^ Hertzler, Arthur E. (1970) [1938]. Horse and Buggy Doctor. University of Nebraska Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-8032-5717-1.
- ^ Forbes, Vol. 64, 1949
- ^ Holloway, Susan D. (2010). Women and Family in Contemporary Japan. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-521-18037-5.
- ^ Sechiyama, K. (2013). Patriarchy in East Asia. p. 67. ISBN 978-90-04-23060-6.
- ^ Volovsek v. Wisconsin Dept. of Agric.
- ^ The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Literature
- ^ National Organization for Women. Philadelphia Chapter Records, 1968-1977, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
- ^ David Baldacci (2012). Zero Day. Vision; Reprint edition. p. 183. ISBN 9780446573023.
- ^ Jones, Gwyneth (2002). Bold as Love. p. 3.
External links
[edit]- Jamieson, Katherine (2022-10-22). "How "Barefoot and Pregnant" Became a Dark American Joke". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-10-29.