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{{Short description|Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean}}
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==1830 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1830 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Hurricane One===
# A hurricane moved from [[Trinidad]] to western [[Cuba]] between August 3 and August 9.
August 3–9. A hurricane moved from [[Trinidad]] on August 3 to western [[Cuba]] by August 9.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #284</ref>
# '''Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830'''. First noted in the [[Leeward Islands]] on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August. It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of [[Florida]]. It came close to present-day [[Daytona Beach]] on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects. It made landfall near [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]] North Carolina on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of [[Bermuda]] just offshore the [[Canadian Maritimes]]. The hurricane broke a three-month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process.<ref name="Ludlum88">''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 88–89</ref>

# '''Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830'''. A hurricane tracked north of the [[Leeward Islands]] on August 19, impacting Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on August 24–25, and went up the coastline eventually striking Cape Cod, Massachusetts on August 26.<ref name="Ludlum88" />
===Hurricane Two===
# A hurricane moved from north of [[Puerto Rico]] on September 29 to well northeast of [[Bermuda]] on October 1.
'''Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830''' August 11–19. First noted in the [[Leeward Islands]] on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August. It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of [[Florida]]. It came close to present-day [[Daytona Beach]] on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects. It made landfall near [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]] North Carolina on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of [[Bermuda]] just offshore the [[Canadian Maritimes]]. The hurricane broke a three-month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process.<ref name="Ludlum88">''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 88–89</ref><ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #285</ref>
# A tropical storm struck [[South Carolina]] on October 6.<ref name="CHENOPOEY">Michael Chenoweth. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity: 1700–1855.] Retrieved on 2007-02-18.</ref>

===Hurricane Three===
'''Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830''' August 19–26. A hurricane tracked north of the [[Leeward Islands]] on August 19, impacting Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on August 24–25, and went up the coastline eventually striking Cape Cod, Massachusetts on August 26.<ref name="Ludlum88" /><ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #286</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
September 29-October 1. A hurricane moved from north of [[Puerto Rico]] on September 29 to well northeast of [[Bermuda]] on October 1.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #287</ref>

===Tropical Storm Five===
October 6. A tropical storm struck [[South Carolina]] on October 6.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #288</ref><ref name="CHENOPOEY">Michael Chenoweth. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity: 1700–1855.] Retrieved on 2007-02-18.</ref>


==1831 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1831 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Tropical Storm One===
# A tropical storm made landfall in northeast [[Florida]] on June 10.
June 10. A tropical storm made landfall in northeast [[Florida]] on June 10.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #289</ref>
# A hurricane formed circa June 22 at an unusually low latitude and moved from south [[Barbados]] to the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] by June 28.

# '''The Great Barbados-Louisiana Hurricane of 1831''' or '''The Great Caribbean Hurricane of 1831'''
===Hurricane Two===
#:{{Main|Great Barbados hurricane}}
June 22–28. A hurricane formed circa June 22 at an unusually low latitude and moved from south [[Barbados]] to the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] by June 28.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #290</ref>
#:On August 10–17, an intense [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 4]] hurricane left cataclysmic damage across the [[Caribbean]]. After striking Barbados on 10 August, the hurricane damaged [[Saint Vincent (island)]], [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Martinique]]. The hurricane destroyed Bridgetown (the capital of Barbados) and left 1500–2500 people dead who mostly drowned in the reported 17-foot storm surge or were crushed by collapsed buildings as the island was left desolate after the storm. The storm completely destroyed every sugar plantation on the island of St. Vincent, Saint Johns Parish church and the town of [[Les Cayes]], [[Haiti]], and damaged [[Santiago de Cuba]]. The storm traveled across the entire length of Cuba and damaged much of Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. The hurricane impacted South Florida and Key West between August 14 and August 15. The hurricane then drove into [[Louisiana]] near Last Island on 17 August as a category 3 hurricane. It left at least 2,500 people dead and $7 million (1831 dollars) in damage. One of the great hurricanes of the century. See [[List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes]].

#:The damage from this storm was also surveyed by British engineer [[William Reid (British Army officer)|William Reid]] and was instrumental in confirming [[William Charles Redfield|William C. Redfield]]'s (see 1821 Atlantic hurricane season) and John Farrar's (see 1819 Atlantic hurricane season) hypothesis that hurricanes are a spinning vortex of wind.<ref name="Neely 221">{{cite book|last=Neely|first=Wayne|title=The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic|date=2016|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532011504|pages=221–222}}</ref><ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 140–142</ref>
===Hurricane Three===
# A strong tropical storm or minimal hurricane struck western [[Louisiana]] between 27 and 30 August.<ref name="CHENOPOEY"/>
'''The Great Barbados-Louisiana Hurricane of 1831''' or '''The Great Caribbean Hurricane of 1831'''
# A hurricane hit near the mouth of the [[Rio Bravo del Norte]], causing heavy rain over Northern [[Mexico]].

{{Main|Great Barbados hurricane}}
August 10–17. An intense hurricane, likely of [[Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 4]] strength left cataclysmic damage across the [[Caribbean]]. After striking Barbados on August 10, the hurricane damaged [[Saint Vincent (island)]], [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Martinique]]. The hurricane destroyed Bridgetown (the capital of Barbados) and left 1500–2500 people dead who mostly drowned in the reported 17-foot storm surge or were crushed by collapsed buildings as the island was left desolate after the storm. The storm completely destroyed every sugar plantation on the island of St. Vincent, Saint Johns Parish church and the town of [[Les Cayes]], [[Haiti]], and damaged [[Santiago de Cuba]]. The storm traveled across the entire length of Cuba and damaged much of Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. The hurricane impacted South Florida and Key West between August 14 and August 15. The hurricane then drove into [[Louisiana]] near Last Island on August 17 as a category 3 hurricane. It left at least 2,500 people dead and $7 million (1831 dollars) in damage. One of the great hurricanes of the century. See [[List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes]].

The damage from this storm was also surveyed by British engineer [[William Reid (British Army officer)|William Reid]] and was instrumental in confirming [[William Charles Redfield|William C. Redfield]]'s (see 1821 Atlantic hurricane season) and John Farrar's (see 1819 Atlantic hurricane season) hypothesis that hurricanes are a spinning vortex of wind.<ref name="Neely 221">{{cite book|last=Neely|first=Wayne|title=The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic|date=2016|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532011504|pages=221–222}}</ref><ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 140–142</ref><ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #291</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
August 27–30. A minimal hurricane struck western [[Louisiana]] between August 27 and 30.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #292</ref>

===Hurricane Five===
A hurricane hit near the mouth of the [[Rio Bravo del Norte]], causing heavy rain over Northern [[Mexico]].


==1832 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1832 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Hurricane One===
# A hurricane moved through the Bahamas around 5 June, causing 52 deaths. At [[Bermuda]], the gale began from the northeast at 8 pm on 6 June, with the center likely passing quite close to the island as the wind shifted to southwest at 10:30 pm. The storm lasted until 3 a.m. on 7 June. Two schooners were damaged during the system.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beware the Hurricane|author=Terry Tucker}}</ref>
A hurricane moved through the [[Bahamas]] around June 5, causing 52 deaths. At [[Bermuda]], the gale began from the northeast at 8 pm on 6 June, with the center likely passing quite close to the island as the wind shifted to southwest at 10:30 pm. The storm lasted until 3 a.m. on 7 June. Two schooners were damaged during the system.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beware the Hurricane|author=Terry Tucker}}</ref>
# On August 7, a hurricane struck [[Jamaica]].<ref name="Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies">{{Cite journal |title=Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=550 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1900)28[550a:HIJWI]2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1900MWRv...28Q.550. |doi-access=free |date=December 1900 }}</ref> On 12 August, [[Key West]] noted a tropical cyclone. The cyclone moved across the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]], striking northwest [[Florida]]. It then recurved through the American South, moving through [[South Carolina]] by August 18.

# On August 21, someone witnessed a tropical storm west-southwest of [[Cape Verde]] in the eastern tropical [[Atlantic]].
===Hurricane Two===
# A hurricane on 23–27 August moved from the central [[Leeward Islands]] to the east of [[Jamaica]].
On August 7, a hurricane struck [[Jamaica]].<ref name="Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies">{{Cite journal |title=Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=550 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1900)28[550a:HIJWI]2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1900MWRv...28Q.550. |doi-access=free |date=December 1900 }}</ref> On 12 August, [[Key West]] noted a tropical cyclone. The cyclone moved across the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]], striking northwest [[Florida]]. It then recurved through the American South, moving through [[South Carolina]] by August 18.
# On October 14, a tropical storm moved into [[South Carolina]].<ref name="CHENOPOEY"/>

===Tropical Storm Three===
On August 21, someone witnessed a tropical storm west-southwest of [[Cape Verde]] in the eastern tropical Atlantic.

===Hurricane Four===
A hurricane on August 23–27, moved from the central [[Leeward Islands]] to the east of [[Jamaica]].

===Tropical Storm Five===
On October 14, a tropical storm moved into [[South Carolina]].<ref name="CHENOPOEY"/>


==1833 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1833 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Tropical Storm One===
# A hurricane passed offshore of [[Norfolk, Virginia]], in late August, keeping ships at harbor but causing no damage.
A tropical storm impacted [[South Carolina]] on August 10. <ref> Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #298</ref>
# A hurricane impacted Louisiana between September 4 and 5.<ref name="Ludlum195">''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 195</ref>

# A hurricane impacted the entire east coast in early October reaching NY on October 13.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 193</ref>
===Tropical Storm Two===
A tropical storm hit [[Saint Kitts]] on August 14 and continued northward into the Atlantic during the next several more days. <ref> Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #299</ref>

===Hurricane Three===
A hurricane passed offshore of [[North Carolina]] and [[Norfolk, Virginia]], on August 21 keeping ships at harbor but causing no damage. <ref>''Early American hurricanes 1492-1870'', David Ludlum (1963), pg 194</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
A hurricane impacted western [[Louisiana]] between September 4 and 5.<ref name="Ludlum195">''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 195</ref> <ref> Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #300</ref>

===Tropical Storm Five===
A tropical storm struck [[South Carolina]] on September 14, the second one of the season. <ref> Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #301</ref>

===Hurricane Six===
A hurricane impacted the entire East Coast in early October reaching [[New York (state)|New York]] on October 13. <ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum (1963), pg 193</ref>

===Tropical Storm Seven===
A tropical storm from the Gulf of Mexico impacted [[Cuba]] during October 18-19. <ref> Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #302</ref>


==1834 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1834 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Hurricane One===
# '''The South Carolina Hurricane of 1834''' On September 4 a hurricane hit [[South Carolina]], causing 37 deaths. It moved through [[North Carolina]] and [[Virginia]], capsizing the ship ''[[E Pluribus Unum]]''. The crew made it safely to shore.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 121–122</ref>
'''The South Carolina Hurricane of 1834''' On September 4 a hurricane hit [[South Carolina]], causing 37 deaths. It moved through [[North Carolina]] and [[Virginia]], capsizing the ship ''[[E Pluribus Unum]]''. The crew made it safely to shore.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 121–122</ref>
# A hurricane impacted Louisiana on September 6.<ref name="Ludlum195" />

# '''The Padre Ruiz Hurricane of 1834''' A hurricane struck the island of Dominica on September 20, bringing heavy winds and a {{convert|12|ft}} [[storm surge]] that devastated the capital of [[Roseau]]; 230 people are believed to have been killed by the hurricane's onslaught. Then the hurricane made its second landfall at [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]] on the September 23. About 170 sailors died when their ships sank in the [[Ozama River]]. On land the hurricane disrupted the funeral service of [[Padre Ruiz]], a Roman Catholic priest. A total of 400 people were killed from the hurricane. May have later impacted Louisiana on September 29.<ref name="Ludlum195" /><ref name="Neely 285">{{cite book|last=Neely|first=Wayne|title=The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic|date=2016|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532011504|page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYLIDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Dominican+Republic%22+hurricane+Padre+Ruiz+funeral&pg=PT285|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Longshore 342">{{cite book|last=Longshore|first=David|title=Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438118796|page=342|edition=revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kXwskQHBLoC&q=%22Dominican+Republic%22+hurricane+Padre+Ruiz+funeral&pg=PA342|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
===Hurricane Two===
# '''The Galveston Hurricane of 1834''' Also in September, a hurricane hit [[Mexican Texas]], causing heavy damage. This or another severe tropical cyclone visited [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]].<ref name="aoml.noaa.gov">{{cite journal |last1=Frankenfield |first1=H. C. |title=Some Historical Data |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=August 1915 |page=405 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1915)43<405:TTSOA>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1915MWRv...43..405F |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1915.pdf}}</ref>
A hurricane impacted [[Louisiana]] on September 6.<ref name="Ludlum195" />

===Hurricane Three===
'''The Padre Ruiz Hurricane of 1834''' A hurricane struck the island of [[Dominica]] on September 20, bringing heavy winds and a {{convert|12|ft}} [[storm surge]] that devastated the capital of [[Roseau]]; 230 people are believed to have been killed by the hurricane's onslaught. Then the hurricane made its second landfall at [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]] on the September 23. About 170 sailors died when their ships sank in the [[Ozama River]]. On land the hurricane disrupted the funeral service of [[Padre Ruiz]], a Roman Catholic priest. A total of 400 people were killed from the hurricane. May have later impacted Louisiana on September 29.<ref name="Ludlum195" /><ref name="Neely 285">{{cite book|last=Neely|first=Wayne|title=The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic|date=2016|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532011504|page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYLIDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Dominican+Republic%22+hurricane+Padre+Ruiz+funeral&pg=PT285|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Longshore 342">{{cite book|last=Longshore|first=David|title=Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438118796|page=342|edition=revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kXwskQHBLoC&q=%22Dominican+Republic%22+hurricane+Padre+Ruiz+funeral&pg=PA342|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
'''The Galveston Hurricane of 1834''' In September, a hurricane hit [[Mexican Texas]], causing heavy damage. This or another severe tropical cyclone struck [[Galveston, Texas]].<ref name="aoml.noaa.gov">{{cite journal |last1=Frankenfield |first1=H. C. |title=Some Historical Data |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=August 1915 |page=405 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1915)43<405:TTSOA>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1915MWRv...43..405F |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1915.pdf}}</ref>


==1835 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1835 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Hurricane One===
# '''The Antigua-Gulf of Mexico-Rio Grande Hurricane of 1835''' or '''Hurricane San Hipólito of 1835''' A hurricane was first detected near [[Antigua]] on August 12. It crossed through [[Puerto Rico]] from southwest to north<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://huracanado1.tripod.com/history.html|title=Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 1500-1899}}</ref> on August 13, damaging [[Fuerte de San José]],<ref>Eli D. Oquendo-Rodriguez's ''A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto Histórico de la Playa de Ponce, desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX.'' Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste (CIESCO). 2017. {{ISBN|1547284935}} {{ISBN|9781547284931}}. p.27.</ref> and north of the [[Dominican Republic]], and [[Cuba]], causing at least 3 casualties. It moved across the [[Florida Straits]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]], hitting near the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] on August 18. There, it destroyed small villages, caused strong storm surge, and killed 18 people.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 142–143</ref>
'''The Antigua-Gulf of Mexico-Rio Grande Hurricane of 1835''' or '''Hurricane San Hipólito of 1835''' A hurricane was first detected near [[Antigua]] on August 12. It crossed through [[Puerto Rico]] from southwest to north<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://huracanado1.tripod.com/history.html|title=Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 1500-1899}}</ref> on August 13, damaging [[Fuerte de San José]],<ref>Eli D. Oquendo-Rodriguez's ''A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto Histórico de la Playa de Ponce, desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX.'' Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste (CIESCO). 2017. {{ISBN|1547284935}} {{ISBN|9781547284931}}. p.27.</ref> and north of the [[Dominican Republic]], and [[Cuba]], causing at least 3 casualties. It moved across the [[Florida Straits]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]], hitting near the mouth of the [[Rio Grande]] on August 18. There, it destroyed small villages, caused strong storm surge, and killed 18 people.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 142–143</ref>
# Between September 12 to the 15th a hurricane smashed Cape Florida and Key Biscayne, creating the Norris Cut and knocking over the Ponce de Leon lighthouse. From there, the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico and took a hard northeast tack, damaging Fort Brooke in Tampa, then moving northward into Georgia and the Carolinas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myweb.fsu.edu/jelsner/temp/HHITProject/HHITyears/1835/storm2_track.pdf|title=Storm 2 – 1835 – Possible Track|author=James Elsner|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref> making the trip "all the way into New England."

# '''The South Florida or Key West Hurricane of 1835''' First detected in the vicinity of Jamaica on the 12th and crossed central Cuba on the 14th. Hurricane struck Key West area on the 14th and 15th. First good account of hurricane activity near Key West island as the island was sparsely populated before 1830 (only becoming claimed for the United States in 1821). Account published in the Key West Inquirer which had only been in publication for a year at that point. Lightship Florida at Carysfort was severely damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keyshistory.org/hurricanelist.html|title=Hurricane List}}</ref><ref>''Key West Inquirer'', Sept 19 1835</ref><ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 122–123</ref>
===Hurricane Two===
September 2–13. A strong hurricane hit Cape Florida and [[Key Biscayne]], damaging the [[Cape Florida Light|Cape Florida lighthouse]]. It may have first opened the Narrows Cut (later named Norris Cut) between [[Virginia Key]] and [[Fisher Island]], in conjunction with the next hurricane a week later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blank |first=Joan Gill |title=Key Biscayne |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsuVpJJkbJYC |publisher=Pineapple Press |location=Sarasota, Florida |isbn=1-56164-096-4 |pages=28–32}}</ref> The hurricane then moved into the Gulf of Mexico and took a hard northeast turn, damaging [[Fort Brooke]] in Tampa, Florida as it passed by, then moving northward into Georgia, South and North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myweb.fsu.edu/jelsner/temp/HHITProject/HHITyears/1835/storm2_track.pdf|title=Storm 2 – 1835 – Possible Track|author=James Elsner|publisher=[[Florida State University]]|access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref> making the trip "all the way into New England."<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #307</ref>

===Hurricane Three===
'''The Key West Hurricane of 1835''' September 15–19. First detected in the vicinity of [[Jamaica]] on September 12 and crossed central Cuba on the September 14. The hurricane struck [[Key West]] during September 14 and 15. This is the first solid account of hurricane activity in Key West island as the island was sparsely populated prior to 1830. The hurricane story published in the Key West Inquirer newspaper, which had only been in publication for one year up to that point. The lightship [[Carysfort Reef Light#Lightships|''Florida'']] at [[Carysfort Reef]] was severely damaged. Norris Cut between Key Biscayne and Virginia Key, possibly first opened by the previous hurricane, may have been further enlarged by this storm. The newly-built and not yet lit [[Ponce de Leon Inlet Light]] was destroyed by the storm as it passed up the Florida coast. The hurricane then moved northward into South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keyshistory.org/hurricanelist.html|title=Hurricane List}}</ref><ref>''Key West Inquirer'', Sept 19 1835</ref><ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 122–123</ref><ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #308</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Jay |title=Florida's Hurricane History |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-8078-2443-7 |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |pages=55}}</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
October 22-29. A hurricane impacted [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] on October 22 and continued onwards making landfall at South Carolina on October 29. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #309</ref>


==1836 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1836 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Hurricane One===
# A hurricane swept through [[Woodstock, New Brunswick]] on July 27, 1836.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terrifick Hurricane at Woodstock|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1914462/terrifick_hurricane_at_woodstock_1836/|work=The Evening Post|location=New-York|date=25 Aug 1836|page=2|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Likely a Category 1.
A minimal hurricane swept through [[Woodstock, New Brunswick]], on July 27, 1836. Likely a Category 1. <ref>{{cite news|title=Terrifick Hurricane at Woodstock|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1914462/terrifick_hurricane_at_woodstock_1836/|work=The Evening Post|location=New-York|date=25 Aug 1836|page=2|via=newspapers.com}}</ref>
# A hurricane struck eastern North Carolina between October 10 and 11 doing great damage.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 194</ref>

===Hurricane Two===
A hurricane struck the [[Cayman Islands]] between October 2 and 3 <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #310</ref>

===Hurricane Three===
A hurricane struck eastern [[North Carolina]] between October 10 and 11 doing great damage.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 194</ref> <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #311</ref>


==1837 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1837 Atlantic hurricane season==
Lt. Col. William Red of the Royal Engineers was able to map eleven storms during the 1837 season in his book "Law of Storms" published in 1838.
Note: Lt. Col. William Red of the Royal Engineers was able to map eleven storms during the 1837 season in his book "Law of Storms" published in 1838.


===Tropical Storm One===
# On July 9 and 10, a tropical storm impacted [[Barbados]].<ref name="PBP2007">{{cite web|url=http://img.coxnewsweb.com/C/08/62/58/image_5458628.jpg|title=The 1837 Hurricane Season|author=Mark Hemphill|publisher=[[Palm Beach Post]]|date=2007-06-03|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-date=2011-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725143659/http://img.coxnewsweb.com/C/08/62/58/image_5458628.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On July 9 and 10, a tropical storm impacted [[Barbados]].<ref name="PBP2007">{{cite web|url=http://img.coxnewsweb.com/C/08/62/58/image_5458628.jpg|title=The 1837 Hurricane Season|author=Mark Hemphill|publisher=[[Palm Beach Post]]|date=2007-06-03|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-date=2011-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725143659/http://img.coxnewsweb.com/C/08/62/58/image_5458628.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# On July 26, a storm hit [[Martinique]] and Barbados. As a hurricane, the system moved ashore in southern [[Florida]] and then through the northeast Gulf of Mexico into Alabama by August 5.<ref name="PBP2007"/> It caused 57 deaths.

# '''The Antigua-Florida Hurricane of 1837''' or '''Hurricane Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles of 1837'''. A hurricane passed by [[Antigua]] on August 1. The storm then entered [[Humacao, Puerto Rico]], around 5–6 pm 2 August, and left the island through [[Vega Baja, Puerto Rico]], and [[Dorado, Puerto Rico]], ten to twelve hours later (3–6 am 3 August). The eye passed very near [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], where the barometric pressure (available for the first time in Puerto Rico) registered {{convert|28.00|inHg}}. The hurricane sunk all ships in the Bay of San Juan. The worst damages occurred in the northeastern part of the island.<ref name=Mujica>{{Cite report|first=Frank|last=Mújica-Baker|title=Huracanes y tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico|publisher=Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el Manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres|url=http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf|page=9|language=es|access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> Thereafter, the tropical cyclone moved northwest to the Florida/Georgia border before recurving through the western Carolinas on August 7.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
===Hurricane Two===
# '''The Calypso Hurricane''' A tropical system was observed east of the [[West Indies]] on August 13. It moved through the islands and passed the Bahamas on August 16. While recurving, it hit the [[North Carolina]] coast on August 18. It slowly moved over land, causing 48 hours of strong winds, and moved back offshore into the Atlantic on 20 August, bypassing southern New England by August 22.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
# A tropical storm moved east of [[Bermuda]] on 21–25 August 21.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
On July 26, a storm hit [[Martinique]] and [[Barbados]]. As a hurricane, the system moved ashore in southern [[Florida]] and then through the northeast Gulf of Mexico into Alabama by August 5.<ref name="PBP2007"/> It caused 57 deaths.

# '''The Apalachee Bay Storm''' A hurricane moved east-northeast from the Gulf of Mexico on 31 August, struck [[Apalachee Bay]], and moved just offshore the Carolinas by 2 September.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
===Hurricane Three===
# '''The Bahamas Hurricane of 1837''' A tropical storm formed near the northern Bahamas on 13 September. It moved northeast through the western Atlantic Ocean on 15 September.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
'''The Antigua-Florida Hurricane of 1837''' or '''Hurricane Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles of 1837'''. A hurricane passed by [[Antigua]] on August 1. The storm then entered [[Humacao, Puerto Rico]], around 5–6 pm 2 August, and left the island through [[Vega Baja, Puerto Rico]], and [[Dorado, Puerto Rico]], ten to twelve hours later (3–6 am 3 August). The eye passed very near [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], where the barometric pressure (available for the first time in Puerto Rico) registered {{convert|28.00|inHg}}. The hurricane sunk all ships in the Bay of San Juan. The worst damages occurred in the northeastern part of the island.<ref name=Mujica>{{Cite report|first=Frank|last=Mújica-Baker|title=Huracanes y tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico|publisher=Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el Manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres|url=http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf|page=9|language=es|access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> Thereafter, the tropical cyclone moved northwest to the Florida/Georgia border before recurving through the western Carolinas on August 7.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
# A tropical storm moved across [[Saint Augustine, Florida]], affecting northeast Florida between September 24 and the 26th.<ref name="PBP2007"/>

# A hurricane was noted near Bermuda on October 1 to 3.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 127</ref>
===Hurricane Four===
# '''Racer's hurricane'''
'''The Calypso Hurricane''' A tropical system was observed east of the [[West Indies]] on August 13. It moved through the islands and passed the Bahamas on August 16. While recurving, it hit the [[North Carolina]] coast on August 18. It slowly moved over land, causing 48 hours of strong winds, and moved back offshore into the Atlantic on 20 August, bypassing southern New England by August 22.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
#: {{Main|Racer's hurricane}}

#: This hurricane caused 105 deaths on a 2,000 mile track from the Caribbean to Texas to North Carolina. Racer's storm named for a British warship which encountered the storm in the northwest Caribbean, was one of the most destructive storms of the 19th century. The British ship Racer survived the hurricane and went into Havana for repairs and provided valuable information on hurricanes to William Reid.
===Tropical Storm Five===
#: Racer's storm started as a tropical storm moved across the western Caribbean Sea in late September. It first formed near Jamaica on 26–27 September.,<ref name="Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies"/> moved across the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], and struck the western [[Gulf of Mexico]] where it struck near [[Brownsville, Texas]] on October 2. It stalled near the coast for three days and then recurved to the east hitting [[Galveston, Texas]],<ref name="aoml.noaa.gov"/> Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, [[Pensacola, Florida]], and South and North Carolina. It ultimately moved into the Atlantic Ocean on October 11.<ref name="PBP2007"/> The hurricane caused destruction all over the Gulf of Mexico including destroying the Mexican Navy and several U.S. ships. During the storm, a paddle boat named Home headed to Charleston ran into the hurricane off of Cape Hatteras. The boat sank with 90 people on board with only 40 surviving and there were only two life preservers on board the boat. As a result of this sinking, U.S. Congress passed a law from this storm mandating the every vessel in the future must have at least enough life preservers for every passenger on board.<ref name="Neely 222">{{cite book|last=Neely|first=Wayne|title=The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic|date=2016|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532011504|pages=222–223}}</ref>
# A tropical storm crossed central [[Cuba]] on October 26, moving north-northeast offshore the coast of the Southeast United States through October 29.<ref name="PBP2007"/>
A tropical storm moved east of [[Bermuda]] on August 21.<ref name="PBP2007"/>

===Hurricane Six===
'''The Apalachee Bay Storm''' A hurricane moved east-northeast from the Gulf of Mexico on August 31, struck [[Apalachee Bay]], and moved just offshore the Carolinas by 2 September.<ref name="PBP2007"/>

===Hurricane Seven===
'''The Bahamas Hurricane of 1837''' A tropical storm formed near the northern [[Bahamas]] on September 13. It moved northeast through the western Atlantic Ocean on 15 September.<ref name="PBP2007"/>

===Tropical Storm Eight===
A tropical storm moved across [[Saint Augustine, Florida]], affecting northeast Florida between September 24 and the 26th.<ref name="PBP2007"/>

===Hurricane Nine===
A hurricane was noted near [[Bermuda]] on October 1 to 3.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 127</ref>

===Hurricane Ten===
'''Racer's hurricane'''
{{Main|Racer's hurricane}}
This hurricane caused 105 deaths on a 2,000 mile track from the Caribbean to Texas to North Carolina. Racer's storm named for a British warship which encountered the storm in the northwest Caribbean, was one of the most destructive storms of the 19th century. The British ship Racer survived the hurricane and went into Havana for repairs and provided valuable information on hurricanes to William Reid.

Racer's storm started as a tropical storm moved across the western Caribbean Sea in late September. It first formed near Jamaica on 26–27 September.,<ref name="Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies"/> moved across the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], and struck the western [[Gulf of Mexico]] where it struck near [[Brownsville, Texas]], on October 2. It stalled near the coast for three days and then recurved to the east hitting [[Galveston, Texas]],<ref name="aoml.noaa.gov"/> Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, [[Pensacola, Florida]], and South and North Carolina. It ultimately moved into the Atlantic Ocean on October 11.<ref name="PBP2007"/> The hurricane caused destruction all over the Gulf of Mexico including destroying the Mexican Navy and several U.S. ships. During the storm, a paddle boat named Home headed to Charleston ran into the hurricane off of Cape Hatteras. The boat sank with 90 people on board with only 40 surviving and there were only two life preservers on board the boat. As a result of this sinking, U.S. Congress passed a law from this storm mandating the every vessel in the future must have at least enough life preservers for every passenger on board.<ref name="Neely 222">{{cite book|last=Neely|first=Wayne|title=The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic|date=2016|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532011504|pages=222–223}}</ref>

===Tropical Storm Eleven===
A tropical storm crossed central [[Cuba]] on October 26, moving north-northeast offshore the coast of the Southeast United States through October 29.<ref name="PBP2007"/>


==1838 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1838 Atlantic hurricane season==
===Tropical Storm One===
# On September 7, a hurricane hit near [[Cape Florida]], causing 38 deaths.
During May 20-21, a tropical storm traveled offshore west of [[Jamaica]]. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #321</ref>
# Two hurricanes hit [[Cayman Islands]] in this season or in the previous season on September 28 and October 25.<ref name="1800scayman">{{cite web |title=Storms: 1800 - 1899 |url=http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/page/portal/hmchome/hazards/hurricaneinfo/hurricanebasics/hurricanehistory/1800s |website=Cayman Prepared |publisher=Cayman Islands Hazard Management |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

# A late season hurricane hit the east coast of Mexico on November 1, sinking two U.S. ships.
===Tropical Storm Two===
On June 3, a tropical storm struck [[South Carolina]]. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #322</ref>

===Hurricane Three===
June 15-21. During the middle of June, a minimal hurricane moved from the [[Straits of Florida]] to make landfall at [[South Carolina]] on June 21. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #323</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
July 29–August 12. During the early August, a hurricane moved from the northeast Caribbean sea and into the Gulf of Mexico to make landfall at [[Texas]] around August 12. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #324</ref>

===Hurricane Five===
August 30–September 13. On August 30, a hurricane struck [[Barbados]] and continued to travel to offshore of the U.S. East Coast during early September. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #326</ref>

===Hurricane Six===
September 2-4. During early September, a hurricane moved in the Atlantic between offshore U.S. East Coast and offshore west of Bermuda. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #325</ref>

===Hurricane Seven===
On September 7, a hurricane hit near [[Cape Florida]], causing 38 deaths.

===Tropical Storm Eight===
September 28-30. On September 28, a tropical storm struck [[South Carolina]] and continued to moved off the southeast U.S. Coast over the next few days. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #327</ref>

===Hurricane Nine===
A late season hurricane hit the east coast of [[Mexico]] on November 1, sinking two U.S. ships.

===Hurricanes Ten and Eleven===
Two hurricanes hit [[Cayman Islands]] causing significant damage in 1838 or 1837 on September 28 and around October 25. The year is disputed due to conflicting reports. <ref name="1800scayman">{{cite web |title=Storms: 1800 - 1899 |url=http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/page/portal/hmchome/hazards/hurricaneinfo/hurricanebasics/hurricanehistory/1800s |website=Cayman Prepared |publisher=Cayman Islands Hazard Management |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>


==1839 Atlantic hurricane season==
==1839 Atlantic hurricane season==
[[File:The Loss of the Pennsylvania New York Packet Ship- the Lockwoods Emigrant Ship; the Saint Andrew Packet Ship, and the Victoria from Charleston, near Liverpool during the Hurricane on Monday and Tuesday Jany 7th and 8th 1839 RMG PY8504.jpg|thumb|The Loss of the ''Pennsylvania'' New York Packet Ship- the ''Lockwoods Emigrant'' Ship; the ''Saint Andrew'' Packet Ship, and the ''Victoria'' from Charleston, near Liverpool during the Hurricane on Monday and Tuesday 7-8th January 1839. The [[Night of the Big Wind|storm]] had reached Hurricane force over Ireland on the 6th of January]]
[[File:The Loss of the Pennsylvania New York Packet Ship- the Lockwoods Emigrant Ship; the Saint Andrew Packet Ship, and the Victoria from Charleston, near Liverpool during the Hurricane on Monday and Tuesday Jany 7th and 8th 1839 RMG PY8504.jpg|thumb|The Loss of the ''Pennsylvania'' New York Packet Ship- the ''Lockwoods Emigrant'' Ship; the ''Saint Andrew'' Packet Ship, and the ''Victoria'' from Charleston, near Liverpool during the Hurricane on Monday and Tuesday 7-8th January 1839. The [[Night of the Big Wind|storm]] had reached Hurricane force over Ireland on the 6th of January]]

# '''The Atlantic Coast Hurricane of 1839'''. A hurricane hit [[Charleston, South Carolina]] on August 28. It passed over [[North Carolina]] and [[Virginia]] before going out to sea on the 30th.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 89–90</ref>
===Hurricane One===
# '''Reid's Hurricane'''. The system moved from east of the West Indies into the southwest Atlantic. Swells were noted as early as September 9 at [[Bermuda]]. During late on the September 11 and early on September 12, this hurricane struck [[Bermuda]]. The storm tide was measured as {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Thousands of trees were downed. The tower on Tower Hill was levelled. Damage done to private property totalled 8000 pounds sterling (1839 pounds). This was one of the first hurricanes to be studied by [[William Reid (British Army officer)|William Reid]] in person, in this case as governor of the island the year after his publication of "The Law of Storms" (from Beware the Hurricane).
'''The Atlantic Coast Hurricane of 1839''' August 23-September 1. A hurricane hit [[Charleston, South Carolina]], on August 28. It passed over [[North Carolina]] and [[Virginia]] before going out to sea on the 30th.<ref>''Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870'', David Ludlum, pg 89–90</ref><ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #328</ref>
# During the middle of September, a hurricane approached the coast of [[Louisiana]]. It struck near [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]], then known as Charley's Lake, on September 15.

# A late season hurricane hit [[Galveston, Texas]] on November 5.
===Hurricane Two===
'''Reid's Hurricane''' September 7–14. The system moved from east of the West Indies into the southwest Atlantic. Swells were noted as early as September 9 at [[Bermuda]]. During late on the September 11 and early on September 12, this hurricane struck [[Bermuda]]. The storm tide was measured as {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Thousands of trees were downed. The tower on Tower Hill was leveled. Damage done to private property totaled 8,000 pounds sterling (1839 pounds). The hurricane last struck at [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland, Canada]] on September 14 before dissipating. <ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #330</ref> This was one of the first hurricanes to be studied by [[William Reid (British Army officer)|William Reid]] in person, in this case as governor of the island the year after his publication of "The Law of Storms" (from Beware the Hurricane).

===Tropical Storm Three===
September 11–16. During the middle of September, a storm approached the coast of [[Louisiana]]. The tropical storm struck near [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]], then known as Charley's Lake, on September 15.<ref>Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #329</ref>

===Hurricane Four===
November 5. A late season hurricane hit [[Galveston, Texas]], on November 5.


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 21:31, 9 September 2024

The decade of the 1830s featured the 1830s Atlantic hurricane seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

Atlantic hurricane seasons

1830 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Hurricane One

[edit]

August 3–9. A hurricane moved from Trinidad on August 3 to western Cuba by August 9.[1]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830 August 11–19. First noted in the Leeward Islands on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August. It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of Florida. It came close to present-day Daytona Beach on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects. It made landfall near Cape Fear North Carolina on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of Bermuda just offshore the Canadian Maritimes. The hurricane broke a three-month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process.[2][3]

Hurricane Three

[edit]

Twin Atlantic Coast Hurricanes of 1830 August 19–26. A hurricane tracked north of the Leeward Islands on August 19, impacting Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on August 24–25, and went up the coastline eventually striking Cape Cod, Massachusetts on August 26.[2][4]

Hurricane Four

[edit]

September 29-October 1. A hurricane moved from north of Puerto Rico on September 29 to well northeast of Bermuda on October 1.[5]

Tropical Storm Five

[edit]

October 6. A tropical storm struck South Carolina on October 6.[6][7]

1831 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Tropical Storm One

[edit]

June 10. A tropical storm made landfall in northeast Florida on June 10.[8]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

June 22–28. A hurricane formed circa June 22 at an unusually low latitude and moved from south Barbados to the Yucatán Peninsula by June 28.[9]

Hurricane Three

[edit]

The Great Barbados-Louisiana Hurricane of 1831 or The Great Caribbean Hurricane of 1831

Main article: Great Barbados hurricane

August 10–17. An intense hurricane, likely of Category 4 strength left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean. After striking Barbados on August 10, the hurricane damaged Saint Vincent (island), Saint Lucia, and Martinique. The hurricane destroyed Bridgetown (the capital of Barbados) and left 1500–2500 people dead who mostly drowned in the reported 17-foot storm surge or were crushed by collapsed buildings as the island was left desolate after the storm. The storm completely destroyed every sugar plantation on the island of St. Vincent, Saint Johns Parish church and the town of Les Cayes, Haiti, and damaged Santiago de Cuba. The storm traveled across the entire length of Cuba and damaged much of Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. The hurricane impacted South Florida and Key West between August 14 and August 15. The hurricane then drove into Louisiana near Last Island on August 17 as a category 3 hurricane. It left at least 2,500 people dead and $7 million (1831 dollars) in damage. One of the great hurricanes of the century. See List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes.

The damage from this storm was also surveyed by British engineer William Reid and was instrumental in confirming William C. Redfield's (see 1821 Atlantic hurricane season) and John Farrar's (see 1819 Atlantic hurricane season) hypothesis that hurricanes are a spinning vortex of wind.[10][11][12]

Hurricane Four

[edit]

August 27–30. A minimal hurricane struck western Louisiana between August 27 and 30.[13]

Hurricane Five

[edit]

A hurricane hit near the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte, causing heavy rain over Northern Mexico.

1832 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Hurricane One

[edit]

A hurricane moved through the Bahamas around June 5, causing 52 deaths. At Bermuda, the gale began from the northeast at 8 pm on 6 June, with the center likely passing quite close to the island as the wind shifted to southwest at 10:30 pm. The storm lasted until 3 a.m. on 7 June. Two schooners were damaged during the system.[14]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

On August 7, a hurricane struck Jamaica.[15] On 12 August, Key West noted a tropical cyclone. The cyclone moved across the eastern Gulf of Mexico, striking northwest Florida. It then recurved through the American South, moving through South Carolina by August 18.

Tropical Storm Three

[edit]

On August 21, someone witnessed a tropical storm west-southwest of Cape Verde in the eastern tropical Atlantic.

Hurricane Four

[edit]

A hurricane on August 23–27, moved from the central Leeward Islands to the east of Jamaica.

Tropical Storm Five

[edit]

On October 14, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.[7]

1833 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Tropical Storm One

[edit]

A tropical storm impacted South Carolina on August 10. [16]

Tropical Storm Two

[edit]

A tropical storm hit Saint Kitts on August 14 and continued northward into the Atlantic during the next several more days. [17]

Hurricane Three

[edit]

A hurricane passed offshore of North Carolina and Norfolk, Virginia, on August 21 keeping ships at harbor but causing no damage. [18]

Hurricane Four

[edit]

A hurricane impacted western Louisiana between September 4 and 5.[19] [20]

Tropical Storm Five

[edit]

A tropical storm struck South Carolina on September 14, the second one of the season. [21]

Hurricane Six

[edit]

A hurricane impacted the entire East Coast in early October reaching New York on October 13. [22]

Tropical Storm Seven

[edit]

A tropical storm from the Gulf of Mexico impacted Cuba during October 18-19. [23]

1834 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Hurricane One

[edit]

The South Carolina Hurricane of 1834 On September 4 a hurricane hit South Carolina, causing 37 deaths. It moved through North Carolina and Virginia, capsizing the ship E Pluribus Unum. The crew made it safely to shore.[24]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

A hurricane impacted Louisiana on September 6.[19]

Hurricane Three

[edit]

The Padre Ruiz Hurricane of 1834 A hurricane struck the island of Dominica on September 20, bringing heavy winds and a 12 feet (3.7 m) storm surge that devastated the capital of Roseau; 230 people are believed to have been killed by the hurricane's onslaught. Then the hurricane made its second landfall at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic on the September 23. About 170 sailors died when their ships sank in the Ozama River. On land the hurricane disrupted the funeral service of Padre Ruiz, a Roman Catholic priest. A total of 400 people were killed from the hurricane. May have later impacted Louisiana on September 29.[19][25][26]

Hurricane Four

[edit]

The Galveston Hurricane of 1834 In September, a hurricane hit Mexican Texas, causing heavy damage. This or another severe tropical cyclone struck Galveston, Texas.[27]

1835 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Hurricane One

[edit]

The Antigua-Gulf of Mexico-Rio Grande Hurricane of 1835 or Hurricane San Hipólito of 1835 A hurricane was first detected near Antigua on August 12. It crossed through Puerto Rico from southwest to north[28] on August 13, damaging Fuerte de San José,[29] and north of the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, causing at least 3 casualties. It moved across the Florida Straits and the Gulf of Mexico, hitting near the mouth of the Rio Grande on August 18. There, it destroyed small villages, caused strong storm surge, and killed 18 people.[30]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

September 2–13. A strong hurricane hit Cape Florida and Key Biscayne, damaging the Cape Florida lighthouse. It may have first opened the Narrows Cut (later named Norris Cut) between Virginia Key and Fisher Island, in conjunction with the next hurricane a week later.[31] The hurricane then moved into the Gulf of Mexico and took a hard northeast turn, damaging Fort Brooke in Tampa, Florida as it passed by, then moving northward into Georgia, South and North Carolina.[32] making the trip "all the way into New England."[33]

Hurricane Three

[edit]

The Key West Hurricane of 1835 September 15–19. First detected in the vicinity of Jamaica on September 12 and crossed central Cuba on the September 14. The hurricane struck Key West during September 14 and 15. This is the first solid account of hurricane activity in Key West island as the island was sparsely populated prior to 1830. The hurricane story published in the Key West Inquirer newspaper, which had only been in publication for one year up to that point. The lightship Florida at Carysfort Reef was severely damaged. Norris Cut between Key Biscayne and Virginia Key, possibly first opened by the previous hurricane, may have been further enlarged by this storm. The newly-built and not yet lit Ponce de Leon Inlet Light was destroyed by the storm as it passed up the Florida coast. The hurricane then moved northward into South Carolina.[34][35][36][37][38]

Hurricane Four

[edit]

October 22-29. A hurricane impacted Turks and Caicos Islands on October 22 and continued onwards making landfall at South Carolina on October 29. [39]

1836 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Hurricane One

[edit]

A minimal hurricane swept through Woodstock, New Brunswick, on July 27, 1836. Likely a Category 1. [40]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

A hurricane struck the Cayman Islands between October 2 and 3 [41]

Hurricane Three

[edit]

A hurricane struck eastern North Carolina between October 10 and 11 doing great damage.[42] [43]

1837 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit]

Note: Lt. Col. William Red of the Royal Engineers was able to map eleven storms during the 1837 season in his book "Law of Storms" published in 1838.

Tropical Storm One

[edit]

On July 9 and 10, a tropical storm impacted Barbados.[44]

Hurricane Two

[edit]

On July 26, a storm hit Martinique and Barbados. As a hurricane, the system moved ashore in southern Florida and then through the northeast Gulf of Mexico into Alabama by August 5.[44] It caused 57 deaths.

Hurricane Three

[edit]

The Antigua-Florida Hurricane of 1837 or Hurricane Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles of 1837. A hurricane passed by Antigua on August 1. The storm then entered Humacao, Puerto Rico, around 5–6 pm 2 August, and left the island through Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, and Dorado, Puerto Rico, ten to twelve hours later (3–6 am 3 August). The eye passed very near San Juan, Puerto Rico, where the barometric pressure (available for the first time in Puerto Rico) registered 28.00 inches of mercury (94.8 kPa). The hurricane sunk all ships in the Bay of San Juan. The worst damages occurred in the northeastern part of the island.[45] Thereafter, the tropical cyclone moved northwest to the Florida/Georgia border before recurving through the western Carolinas on August 7.[44]

Hurricane Four

[edit]

The Calypso Hurricane A tropical system was observed east of the West Indies on August 13. It moved through the islands and passed the Bahamas on August 16. While recurving, it hit the North Carolina coast on August 18. It slowly moved over land, causing 48 hours of strong winds, and moved back offshore into the Atlantic on 20 August, bypassing southern New England by August 22.[44]

Tropical Storm Five

[edit]

A tropical storm moved east of Bermuda on August 21.[44]

Hurricane Six

[edit]

The Apalachee Bay Storm A hurricane moved east-northeast from the Gulf of Mexico on August 31, struck Apalachee Bay, and moved just offshore the Carolinas by 2 September.[44]

Hurricane Seven

[edit]

The Bahamas Hurricane of 1837 A tropical storm formed near the northern Bahamas on September 13. It moved northeast through the western Atlantic Ocean on 15 September.[44]

Tropical Storm Eight

[edit]

A tropical storm moved across Saint Augustine, Florida, affecting northeast Florida between September 24 and the 26th.[44]

Hurricane Nine

[edit]

A hurricane was noted near Bermuda on October 1 to 3.[46]

Hurricane Ten

[edit]

Racer's hurricane

Main article: Racer's hurricane

This hurricane caused 105 deaths on a 2,000 mile track from the Caribbean to Texas to North Carolina. Racer's storm named for a British warship which encountered the storm in the northwest Caribbean, was one of the most destructive storms of the 19th century. The British ship Racer survived the hurricane and went into Havana for repairs and provided valuable information on hurricanes to William Reid.

Racer's storm started as a tropical storm moved across the western Caribbean Sea in late September. It first formed near Jamaica on 26–27 September.,[15] moved across the Yucatán Peninsula, and struck the western Gulf of Mexico where it struck near Brownsville, Texas, on October 2. It stalled near the coast for three days and then recurved to the east hitting Galveston, Texas,[27] Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Pensacola, Florida, and South and North Carolina. It ultimately moved into the Atlantic Ocean on October 11.[44] The hurricane caused destruction all over the Gulf of Mexico including destroying the Mexican Navy and several U.S. ships. During the storm, a paddle boat named Home headed to Charleston ran into the hurricane off of Cape Hatteras. The boat sank with 90 people on board with only 40 surviving and there were only two life preservers on board the boat. As a result of this sinking, U.S. Congress passed a law from this storm mandating the every vessel in the future must have at least enough life preservers for every passenger on board.[47]

Tropical Storm Eleven

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A tropical storm crossed central Cuba on October 26, moving north-northeast offshore the coast of the Southeast United States through October 29.[44]

1838 Atlantic hurricane season

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Tropical Storm One

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During May 20-21, a tropical storm traveled offshore west of Jamaica. [48]

Tropical Storm Two

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On June 3, a tropical storm struck South Carolina. [49]

Hurricane Three

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June 15-21. During the middle of June, a minimal hurricane moved from the Straits of Florida to make landfall at South Carolina on June 21. [50]

Hurricane Four

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July 29–August 12. During the early August, a hurricane moved from the northeast Caribbean sea and into the Gulf of Mexico to make landfall at Texas around August 12. [51]

Hurricane Five

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August 30–September 13. On August 30, a hurricane struck Barbados and continued to travel to offshore of the U.S. East Coast during early September. [52]

Hurricane Six

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September 2-4. During early September, a hurricane moved in the Atlantic between offshore U.S. East Coast and offshore west of Bermuda. [53]

Hurricane Seven

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On September 7, a hurricane hit near Cape Florida, causing 38 deaths.

Tropical Storm Eight

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September 28-30. On September 28, a tropical storm struck South Carolina and continued to moved off the southeast U.S. Coast over the next few days. [54]

Hurricane Nine

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A late season hurricane hit the east coast of Mexico on November 1, sinking two U.S. ships.

Hurricanes Ten and Eleven

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Two hurricanes hit Cayman Islands causing significant damage in 1838 or 1837 on September 28 and around October 25. The year is disputed due to conflicting reports. [55]

1839 Atlantic hurricane season

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The Loss of the Pennsylvania New York Packet Ship- the Lockwoods Emigrant Ship; the Saint Andrew Packet Ship, and the Victoria from Charleston, near Liverpool during the Hurricane on Monday and Tuesday 7-8th January 1839. The storm had reached Hurricane force over Ireland on the 6th of January

Hurricane One

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The Atlantic Coast Hurricane of 1839 August 23-September 1. A hurricane hit Charleston, South Carolina, on August 28. It passed over North Carolina and Virginia before going out to sea on the 30th.[56][57]

Hurricane Two

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Reid's Hurricane September 7–14. The system moved from east of the West Indies into the southwest Atlantic. Swells were noted as early as September 9 at Bermuda. During late on the September 11 and early on September 12, this hurricane struck Bermuda. The storm tide was measured as 11 feet (3.4 meters). Thousands of trees were downed. The tower on Tower Hill was leveled. Damage done to private property totaled 8,000 pounds sterling (1839 pounds). The hurricane last struck at Newfoundland, Canada on September 14 before dissipating. [58] This was one of the first hurricanes to be studied by William Reid in person, in this case as governor of the island the year after his publication of "The Law of Storms" (from Beware the Hurricane).

Tropical Storm Three

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September 11–16. During the middle of September, a storm approached the coast of Louisiana. The tropical storm struck near Lake Charles, then known as Charley's Lake, on September 15.[59]

Hurricane Four

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November 5. A late season hurricane hit Galveston, Texas, on November 5.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #284
  2. ^ a b Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 88–89
  3. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #285
  4. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #286
  5. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #287
  6. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #288
  7. ^ a b Michael Chenoweth. A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity: 1700–1855. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
  8. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #289
  9. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #290
  10. ^ Neely, Wayne (2016). The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic. iUniverse. pp. 221–222. ISBN 9781532011504.
  11. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 140–142
  12. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #291
  13. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #292
  14. ^ Terry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane.
  15. ^ a b "Hurricanes in Jamaica, West Indies". Monthly Weather Review. 28 (12): 550. December 1900. Bibcode:1900MWRv...28Q.550.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1900)28[550a:HIJWI]2.0.CO;2.
  16. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #298
  17. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #299
  18. ^ Early American hurricanes 1492-1870, David Ludlum (1963), pg 194
  19. ^ a b c Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 195
  20. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #300
  21. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #301
  22. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum (1963), pg 193
  23. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #302
  24. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 121–122
  25. ^ Neely, Wayne (2016). The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic. iUniverse. p. 285. ISBN 9781532011504. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  26. ^ Longshore, David (2010). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition (revised ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 342. ISBN 9781438118796. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  27. ^ a b Frankenfield, H. C. (August 1915). "Some Historical Data" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review: 405. Bibcode:1915MWRv...43..405F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1915)43<405:TTSOA>2.0.CO;2.
  28. ^ "Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 1500-1899".
  29. ^ Eli D. Oquendo-Rodriguez's A Orillas del Mar Caribe: Boceto Histórico de la Playa de Ponce, desde sus primeros habitantes hasta principios del siglo XX. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones del Sur Oeste (CIESCO). 2017. ISBN 1547284935 ISBN 9781547284931. p.27.
  30. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 142–143
  31. ^ Blank, Joan Gill (1996). Key Biscayne. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. pp. 28–32. ISBN 1-56164-096-4.
  32. ^ James Elsner. "Storm 2 – 1835 – Possible Track" (PDF). Florida State University. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
  33. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #307
  34. ^ "Hurricane List".
  35. ^ Key West Inquirer, Sept 19 1835
  36. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 122–123
  37. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #308
  38. ^ Barnes, Jay (1998). Florida's Hurricane History. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-8078-2443-7.
  39. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #309
  40. ^ "Terrifick Hurricane at Woodstock". The Evening Post. New-York. 25 Aug 1836. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
  41. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #310
  42. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 194
  43. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #311
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mark Hemphill (2007-06-03). "The 1837 Hurricane Season". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  45. ^ Mújica-Baker, Frank. Huracanes y tormentas que han afectado a Puerto Rico (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el Manejo de Emergencias y Administración de Desastres. p. 9. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  46. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 127
  47. ^ Neely, Wayne (2016). The Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas: The Stories Behind the Great Storms of the North Atlantic. iUniverse. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9781532011504.
  48. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #321
  49. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #322
  50. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #323
  51. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #324
  52. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #326
  53. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #325
  54. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #327
  55. ^ "Storms: 1800 - 1899". Cayman Prepared. Cayman Islands Hazard Management. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  56. ^ Early American Hurricanes 1492–1870, David Ludlum, pg 89–90
  57. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #328
  58. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #330
  59. ^ Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity 1700-1855 (2006), M Chenoweth, Final Storm #329

Further reading

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  • David Longshore. "Padre Ruiz Hurricane." Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones. David Longshore. New York: Facts on File, 1998, Pg; 257.
  • David Longshore. "Great Caribbean Hurricane of 1831." Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones. David Longshore. New York: Facts on File, 1998, Pg; 145.
  • Terry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane! The Story of the Gyratory Tropical Storms That Have Struck Bermuda. Bermuda: Hamilton Press, 1966, p. 89–104.
  • Ludlum, David M. (1963). Early American Hurricanes: 1492–1870. Boston: American Meteorological Society.
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