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Old French law, referred to in French as Ancien Droit, was the law of the Kingdom of France until the French Revolution. In the north of France were the Pays de coutumes ('customary countries'), where customary laws were in force, while in the south were the Pays de droit écrit ('countries of written law'), where Roman law had been paramount. Roughly speaking, the line separating the two areas was the river Loire, from Geneva to the mouth of the Charente, although this was not a firm border between the two categories of law.^[1] As worded by George Mousourakis, "in both zones, the law in force also included elements derived from royal, feudal, and canonical sources."^[2]

Pays de coutumes

In the north existed a variety of customs "with a Frankish-Germanic character."^[2]

In the tenth and eleventh centuries, as the Carolingians gave way to the Capetians, Frankish law broke up into many different systems, according to the territories, some extremely small, won by princes and prelates.^[3]

The coutumes were asserted and enforced under feudalism during the Middle Ages and in the early modern period by the French kings and their vassals, especially in the lands of the Île-de-France, to the exclusion of Roman law. A number of regional coutumes starting from the 13th century: e.g. the Coutumes de Beauvaisis, compiled by Phillipe de Remy. By the 16th century, the Coutume de Paris, first published in 1510, eventually extended to all of the Parlement of Paris' jurisdiction and beyond in cases of any alleged lacunae in the local customs. Antoine Loysel published a work of 958 legal maxims developed over a period of 40 years distilling the coutumes in his Institutes coutumières: Ou manuel de pluſieurs & diuerſes reigles, ſentences, & Prouerbes tant anciens que modernes du Droic‍t Couſtumier & plus ordinaire de la France in 1607.^[4] Further development of customary law had been halted by the late 16th century.^[5]

For example, Claude de Ferrière commented that "community of goods" ("a partnership between married persons of all personal property, and of all real property acquired during the marriage state") prevailed "throughout all customary France, except Normandy, Rheims and Auvergne."^[6]

Pays de droit écrit

George Mousourakis stated "after the revival of Roman law in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries and the spread of its study from Bologna to Montpellier and other parts of France, the Roman law of Justinian came to be accepted in southern France as the living law of the land",^[7] even though, as emphasized by Ernest Glasson, "coutumes did develop in those southern regions, and they often contradicted Roman law."^[8] "Prior to this, the pays de droit écrit in the south followed pre-Justinian Roman law, based primarily on the Code of Theodosius II (A.D. 438)",^[9] as reissued in the Alarician Breviary.^[10] As Antonio Padoa-Schioppa [it] wrote,

When the monarchy was forced to take into account the reality in countries that had written laws, in order to avoid any potential subordination with respect to the [Holy Roman] Empire – of which Justinian Roman law was considered the expression – King Philip IV the Fair established in 1312, with an ordinance, that in the Pays de droit écrit Roman law was admitted,^{[clarification needed]} but only as a local custom, not as imperial law.^[10]

Attempts to codify

Louis XI had formed the idea of using throughout his realm one custom, one weight, one measure. Henry III announced to the States of Blois his intention of resuming this design, and he caused a code of law to be prepared, and Louis XIII followed the same example. But these efforts were wholly lost. In the time of Louis XIV, under the direction of some of the celebrated jurists of his reign, the royal power of making laws for the whole realm was exercised, and some very admirable ordinances or statutes were enacted, but they only embraced a few isolated portions (or heads) of law. Under Louis XV, and particularly through the labours of D'Aguesseau, more royal ordinances were made; but these only remodelled detached morsels of the whole system, and the revolution in 1790 found France governed by nearly 300 systems of customary law.^[11]

In the 18th century, Voltaire declared that in travelling through France one changed the laws as often as one changed horses.^[1]

When the Napoleonic Code entered into force in 1804 all coutumes were abolished.^[1] However, French customary law was incorporated into the substance of the code.^[12]

North America

In 1664, under the royal act creating the French East India Company, the Custom of Paris became the only law of the land in New France.^[13] In 1866 the Civil Code of Lower Canada was adopted in Lower Canada. The majority of the Code's rules borrowed heavily from the Custom of Paris.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "The Civil Code: an Overview". www.napoleon-series.org.
^ ^a ^b Mousourakis, George (2019). Comparative Law and Legal Traditions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. p. 217. ISBN 9783030282813.
^ Zweigert, Konrad; Kötz, Hein (1977). An Introduction to Comparative Law: The framework. p. 70. ISBN 9780720407037.
^ Charles-Louis-Étienne Truinet (1852). Éloge d'Antoine Loysel prononcé à la séance d'ouverture de la conférence de l'ordre des avocats, le 9 décembre 1852. Paris: C. Lahure.
^ "Legal History of France". Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
^ ABRAHAM, Robert (1849). Some Remarks upon the French Tenure of "Franc Aleu Roturier", and on its relation to the feudal and other tenures. p. 61.
^ Mousourakis, George (2003). The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law. Routledge. p. 435. ISBN 9781351888417.
^ Caswell, Jean; Sipkov, Ivan (2006). The Coutumes of France in the Library of Congress. p. 3. ISBN 9781584776277.
^ Revue générale de droit. Vol. 24. 1993. p. 524.
^ ^a ^b Padoa-Schioppa, Antonio (2017). A History of Law in Europe: From the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9781107180697.
^ The Law Magazine and Law Review. Vol. 1. 1856. p. 5.
^ Stigall, Dan E. (2017). The Santillana Codes. p. 76. ISBN 9781498561761.
^ "Coutume de Paris". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
^ Roderick A. Macdonald. "Civil Code". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

[series-1] "The Civil Code: an Overview". www.napoleon-series.org.

[Mousourakis_2019,_p._217-2] Mousourakis, George (2019). Comparative Law and Legal Traditions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. p. 217. ISBN 9783030282813.

[3] Zweigert, Konrad; Kötz, Hein (1977). An Introduction to Comparative Law: The framework. p. 70. ISBN 9780720407037.

[Eloge-4] Charles-Louis-Étienne Truinet (1852). Éloge d'Antoine Loysel prononcé à la séance d'ouverture de la conférence de l'ordre des avocats, le 9 décembre 1852. Paris: C. Lahure.

[5] "Legal History of France". Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2010-05-31.

[6] ABRAHAM, Robert (1849). Some Remarks upon the French Tenure of "Franc Aleu Roturier", and on its relation to the feudal and other tenures. p. 61.

[7] Mousourakis, George (2003). The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law. Routledge. p. 435. ISBN 9781351888417.

[8] Caswell, Jean; Sipkov, Ivan (2006). The Coutumes of France in the Library of Congress. p. 3. ISBN 9781584776277.

[9] Revue générale de droit. Vol. 24. 1993. p. 524.

[Padoa-Schioppa_2017,_p._185-10] Padoa-Schioppa, Antonio (2017). A History of Law in Europe: From the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9781107180697.

[11] The Law Magazine and Law Review. Vol. 1. 1856. p. 5.

[12] Stigall, Dan E. (2017). The Santillana Codes. p. 76. ISBN 9781498561761.

[13] "Coutume de Paris". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

[14] Roderick A. Macdonald. "Civil Code". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2019}}
-{{Multiple issues|
-{{Confusing|date=November 2019}}
-{{Context|date=November 2019}}
-{{Expert needed|1=France|reason=Examples and deeper history of customary law needed|date=November 2019}}
-{{More footnotes|date=November 2019}}
-}}
 [[File:Carte du pays de droit coutumier et du pays de droit écrit (fr).png|thumb|Zone of customary laws ''(droit coutumier)'' in the north and of written law ''(droit écrit)'' in the south, before the [[French Revolution]]]]
-'''Old French law''', referred to in [[French language|French]] as '''''l'Ancien Droit''''', was the law of the [[Kingdom of France]] until the [[French Revolution]]. In the north of France were the ''Pays de coutumes'' ('customary countries'), where [[customary law]]s were in force, while at the south were the ''Pays de droit écrit'' ('countries of written law'), where [[Roman law]] had remained paramount. Roughly speaking, the line separating the two areas was the river [[Loire (river)|Loire]], from [[Geneva]] to the mouth of the [[Charente (river)|Charente]], although this was not a firm border between the two categories of law. <ref name = "series"/> As worded by George Mousourakis, "in both zones, the law in force also included elements derived from royal, [[feudal law|feudal]], and [[canon law|canonical sources]]."<ref name="Mousourakis 2019, p. 217">{{cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|year=2019|title=Comparative Law and Legal Traditions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJO7DwAAQBAJ|page=217}}</ref>
+'''Old French law''', referred to in [[French language|French]] as '''{{Lang|fr|Ancien Droit}}''', was the law of the [[Kingdom of France]] until the [[French Revolution]]. In the north of France were the ''Pays de coutumes'' ('customary countries'), where [[customary law]]s were in force, while in the south were the ''Pays de droit écrit'' ('countries of written law'), where [[Roman law]] had  been paramount. Roughly speaking, the line separating the two areas was the river [[Loire (river)|Loire]], from [[Geneva]] to the mouth of the [[Charente (river)|Charente]], although this was not a firm border between the two categories of law.<ref name = "series"/> As worded by George Mousourakis, "in both zones, the law in force also included elements derived from royal, [[feudal law|feudal]], and [[canon law|canonical sources]]."<ref name="Mousourakis 2019, p. 217">{{cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|year=2019|title=Comparative Law and Legal Traditions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJO7DwAAQBAJ|page=217|isbn=9783030282813}}</ref>
 ==''Pays de coutumes''==
+{{Missing information|section|specific examples of customary laws, especially local|date=April 2020}}
-In the north existed a variety of customs with a [[Frankish law|Frankish]]-[[Germanic law|Germanic]] character.<ref name="Mousourakis 2019, p. 217"/> The ''coutumes'' were asserted and enforced under [[feudalism]] during the [[Middle Ages]] and in the [[early modern period]] by the French kings and their vassals, especially in the lands of the [[Île-de-France]], to the exclusion of Roman law. A number of regional customs were compiled in [[custumal]]s in the 13th and 14th centuries. The ''[[Coutumes de Beauvaisis]]'', compiled by [[Philippe de Rémi (died 1296)|Phillipe de Remy]], had a long-lasting influence on French law. There were about 60 such customs. There were also more than 300 ''coutumes locales'' in specific towns and villages. However, by the 16th century the ''Coutume de Paris'' (first published in 1510) had been adopted in all areas except [[Normandy]], [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] and [[Brittany]]. Further development of customary law had been halted by the late 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Law508/FranceLegalHistory.htm |title=Legal History of France |access-date=2010-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015635/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Law508/FranceLegalHistory.htm |archive-date=2013-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+In the north existed a variety of customs "with a Frankish-Germanic character."<ref name="Mousourakis 2019, p. 217"/>
+{{blockquote|In the tenth and eleventh centuries, as the [[Carolingians]] gave way to the [[Capetians]], [[Frankish law]] broke up into many different systems, according to the territories, some extremely small, won by princes and prelates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gG1AAAAIAAJ|title=An Introduction to Comparative Law: The framework|page=70|first1=Konrad|last1=Zweigert|first2=Hein|last2=Kötz|year=1977|isbn=9780720407037}}</ref>}}
+The ''coutumes'' were asserted and enforced under [[feudalism]] during the [[Middle Ages]] and in the [[early modern period]] by the French kings and their vassals, especially in the lands of the [[Île-de-France]], to the exclusion of Roman law. A number of regional ''coutumes'' starting from the 13th century: e.g. the ''[[Coutumes de Beauvaisis]]'', compiled by [[Philippe de Rémi (died 1296)|Phillipe de Remy]]. By the 16th century, the ''Coutume de Paris'', first published in 1510, eventually extended to all of the [[Parlement of Paris]]' jurisdiction and beyond in cases of any alleged [[Non liquet|lacunae in the local customs]]. [[Antoine Loysel]] published a work of 958 legal maxims developed over a period of 40 years distilling the ''coutumes'' in his {{lang|fro|Institutes coutumières: Ou manuel de pluſieurs & diuerſes reigles, ſentences, & Prouerbes tant anciens que modernes du Droic‍t Couſtumier & plus ordinaire de la France}} in 1607.<ref name="Eloge">{{cite book|publisher= C. Lahure|title=Éloge d'Antoine Loysel prononcé à la séance d'ouverture de la conférence de l'ordre des avocats, le 9 décembre 1852|author1=Charles-Louis-Étienne Truinet|author-link=Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter|location=Paris|year=1852}}</ref>  Further development of customary law had been halted by the late 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Law508/FranceLegalHistory.htm |title=Legal History of France |access-date=2010-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015635/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Law508/FranceLegalHistory.htm |archive-date=2013-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+For example, Claude de Ferrière commented that "community of goods" ("a partnership between married persons of all personal property, and of all real property acquired during the marriage state") prevailed "throughout all customary France, except [[Normandy]], [[Rheims]] and [[Auvergne]]."<ref>{{cite book|year=1849|title=Some Remarks upon the French Tenure of "Franc Aleu Roturier", and on its relation to the feudal and other tenures|first=Robert|last=ABRAHAM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRJTwJqBbiMC|page=61}}</ref>
 ==''Pays de droit écrit''==
-As worded by George Mousourakis, "after the revival of Roman law in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries and the spread of its study from [[Bologna]] to [[Montpellier]] and other parts of France, [[Corpus Juris Civilis|the Roman law of Justinian]] was rapidly received in southern France and came to be accepted as the living law of the land",<ref>{{cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwTFDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|page=435}}</ref> even though, as emphasized by Ernest Glasson, "''coutumes'' did develop in those southern regions, and they often contradicted Roman law."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Coutumes of France in the Library of Congress|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln8tTxwXiQoC|page=3}}</ref> "Prior to this, the ''pays de droit écrit'' in the south followed pre-Justinian Roman law, based primarily on the [[Codex Theodosianus|Code of Theodosius II]] (A.D. 438)",<ref>{{cite book|title=Revue générale de droit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jo1JAQAAIAAJ|volume=24|page=524|year=1993}}</ref> as reissued in the ''[[Alarician Breviary]]''.<ref name="Padoa-Schioppa 2017, p. 185">{{cite book|last=Padoa-Schioppa|first=Antonio|year=2017|title=A History of Law in Europe: From the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcwnDwAAQBAJ|page=185|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> As worded by Antonio Padoa-Schioppa,
+George Mousourakis stated "after the revival of Roman law in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries and the spread of its study from [[Bologna]] to [[Montpellier]] and other parts of France, [[Corpus Juris Civilis|the Roman law of Justinian]] came to be accepted in southern France as the living law of the land",<ref>{{cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwTFDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|page=435|isbn=9781351888417}}</ref> even though, as emphasized by [[Ernest Désiré Glasson|Ernest Glasson]], "''coutumes'' did develop in those southern regions, and they often contradicted Roman law."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Coutumes of France in the Library of Congress|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln8tTxwXiQoC|page=3|isbn=9781584776277|last1=Caswell|first1=Jean|last2=Sipkov|first2=Ivan}}</ref> "Prior to this, the ''pays de droit écrit'' in the south followed pre-Justinian Roman law, based primarily on the [[Codex Theodosianus|Code of Theodosius II]] (A.D. 438)",<ref>{{cite book|title=Revue générale de droit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jo1JAQAAIAAJ|volume=24|page=524|year=1993}}</ref> as reissued in the ''[[Alarician Breviary]]''.<ref name="Padoa-Schioppa 2017, p. 185">{{cite book|last=Padoa-Schioppa|first=Antonio|year=2017|title=A History of Law in Europe: From the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcwnDwAAQBAJ|page=185|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107180697}}</ref> As {{ILL|Antonio Padoa-Schioppa|it}} wrote,
-{{blockquote|When the monarchy was forced to take into account the reality in countries that had written laws, in order to avoid any potential subordination with respect to the [[Holy Roman Empire|{{bracket|Holy Roman}} Empire]] – of which Justinian Roman law was considered the expression – King [[Philip IV the Fair]] established in 1312, with an ordinance, that in the ''Pays de droit écrit'' Roman law was admitted, but only as a local custom, not as imperial law.<ref name="Padoa-Schioppa 2017, p. 185"/>}}
+{{blockquote|When the monarchy was forced to take into account the reality in countries that had written laws, in order to avoid any potential subordination with respect to the [[Holy Roman Empire|{{bracket|Holy Roman}} Empire]] – of which Justinian Roman law was considered the expression – King [[Philip IV the Fair]] established in 1312, with an ordinance, that in the ''Pays de droit écrit'' Roman law was admitted,{{what| clarify wording|date=June 2023}}  but only as a local custom, not as imperial law.<ref name="Padoa-Schioppa 2017, p. 185"/>}}
-==Attempts at codifying==
+==Attempts to codify==
+[[File:CommentaireCoutumeNormandie.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Cover of the 1778 [[Coutume de Normandie]]]]
-{{blockquote|[[Louis XI of France|Louis XI.]] had formed the idea of using throughout his realm one custom, one weight, one measure. [[Henry III of France|Henry III.]] announced to the [[States of Blois]] his intention of resuming this design, and he caused a code of law to be prepared, and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII.]] followed the same example. But these efforts were wholly lost. In the time of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV.]], under the direction of some of the celebrated jurists of his reign, the royal power of making laws for the whole realm was exercised, and some very admirable ordinances or statutes were enacted, but they only embraced a few isolated portions (or heads) of law. Under [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV.]], and particularly through the labours of [[D'Aguesseau]], more royal ordinances were made; but these only remodelled detached morsels of the whole system, and the great revolution in 1790 found France governed by nearly 300 systems of customary law.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Law Magazine and Law Review|volume=1|issue=3|year=1856|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3S1MAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>}}
+{{blockquote|[[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]] had formed the idea of using throughout his realm one custom, one weight, one measure. [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] announced to the [[States of Blois]] his intention of resuming this design, and he caused a code of law to be prepared, and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] followed the same example. But these efforts were wholly lost. In the time of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], under the direction of some of the celebrated jurists of his reign, the royal power of making laws for the whole realm was exercised, and some very admirable ordinances or statutes were enacted, but they only embraced a few isolated portions (or heads) of law. Under [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], and particularly through the labours of [[Henri François d'Aguesseau|D'Aguesseau]], more royal ordinances were made; but these only remodelled detached morsels of the whole system, and the revolution in 1790 found France governed by nearly 300 systems of customary law.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Law Magazine and Law Review|volume=1|issue=3|year=1856|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3S1MAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>}}
-In the 18th century, [[Voltaire]] declared that in travelling through France one changed the laws as often as one changed horses.<ref name = "series">[http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/c_code2.html The Civil Code: an Overview]</ref>
+In the 18th century, [[Voltaire]] declared that in travelling through France one changed the laws as often as one changed horses.<ref name = "series">{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/c_code2.html|title=The Civil Code: an Overview|website=www.napoleon-series.org}}</ref>
-When the [[Napoleonic Code]] entered into force in 1804 all the ''coutumes'' were abolished.<ref name = "series"/> However, French customary law was incorporated into the substance of the code.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Santillana Codes|page=76|first=Dan E.|last=Stigall|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIM4DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
+When the [[Napoleonic Code]] entered into force in 1804 all ''coutumes'' were abolished.<ref name = "series"/> However, French customary law was incorporated into the substance of the code.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Santillana Codes|page=76|first=Dan E.|last=Stigall|year=2017|isbn=9781498561761|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIM4DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
 ==North America==
 {{main|Custom of Paris in New France}}
-In 1664, under the royal act creating the [[French East India Company]], the Custom of Paris became the only law of the land in [[New France]].<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001972 "Coutume de Paris" in the Canadian Encyclopedia]</ref> In 1866 the [[Civil Code of Lower Canada]] was adopted in [[Lower Canada]]. The majority of the Code's rules borrowed heavily from the Custom of Paris.<ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001638 "Civil Code" in the Canadian Encyclopedia]</ref>
+In 1664, under the royal act creating the [[French East India Company]], the Custom of Paris became the only law of the land in [[New France]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Coutume de Paris|website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|url= https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/coutume-de-paris}}</ref> In 1866 the [[Civil Code of Lower Canada]] was adopted in [[Lower Canada]]. The majority of the Code's rules borrowed heavily from the Custom of Paris.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil Code|website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|author=Roderick A. Macdonald|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/code-civil}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+* [[Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France]]
 * [[Legal history of France]]
@@ Line 32: / Line 35: @@
 {{Reflist|30em}}
-[[Category:Old French law| ]]
+[[Category:Law of the Ancien Régime| ]]
 [[Category:Customary legal systems]]
-[[category:Custom]]
+[[Category:Custom]]