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The Prague school or Prague linguistic circle^[1] is a language and literature society.^[2] It started in 1926 as a group of linguists, philologists and literary critics in Prague. Its proponents developed methods of structuralist literary analysis^[3] and a theory of the standard language and of language cultivation from 1928 to 1939. The linguistic circle was founded in the Café Derby in Prague, which is also where meetings took place during its first years.^[4]

The Prague School has had a significant continuing influence on linguistics and semiotics. After the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, the circle was disbanded in 1952, but the Prague School continued as a major force in linguistic functionalism (distinct from the Copenhagen school or English Firthian – later Hallidean – linguistics). The American scholar Dell Hymes cites his 1962 paper, "The Ethnography of Speaking," as the formal introduction of Prague functionalism to American linguistic anthropology. ^[5] The Prague structuralists also had a significant influence on structuralist film theory, especially through the introduction of the ostensive sign.^[6]

Today the Prague linguistic circle is a scholarly society which aims to contribute to the knowledge of language and related sign systems according to functionally structural principles. To this end, it organizes regular meetings with lectures and debates, publishes professional publications, and organizes international meetings.^[7]

History

The Prague linguistic circle included the Russian émigrés Roman Jakobson, Nikolai Trubetzkoy, and Sergei Karcevskiy, as well as the famous Czech literary scholars René Wellek and Jan Mukařovský. The instigator of the circle, and its first president until his death in 1945, was the Czech linguist Vilém Mathesius.^[8]

In 1929 the Circle promulgated its theses in a paper submitted to the First Congress of Slavists. "The programmatic 1929 Prague Theses, surely one of the most imposing linguistic edifices of the 20th century, incapsulated [sic] the functionalist credo."^[9] In the late 20th century, English translations of the Circle's seminal works were published by the Czech linguist Josef Vachek in several collections.

Also in 1929, the group launched a journal, Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague. World War II brought an end to it. The Travaux was briefly resurrected in 1966–1971. The inaugural issue was devoted to the political science concept of center and periphery. It was resurrected yet again in 1995. The group's Czech language work is published in Slovo a slovesnost (Word and Literature).

Members

Proper members

Contributors

Aleksandar Belić, president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Émile Benveniste
Karl Bühler^[13]
Albert Willem de Groot [ru]
Daniel Jones
André Martinet
Ladislav Matějka
Lucien Tesnière
Valentin Voloshinov

Influences

Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
Filipp Fortunatov, the founder of the Moscow linguistic circle
Anton Marty^[14]
Ferdinand de Saussure^[15]

Influenced

References

^ Czech: Pražský lingvistický kroužek, Russian: Пражский лингвистический кружок Pražskij lingvističeskij kružok, French: Cercle linguistique de Prague.
^ George Steiner. Linguistics and Poetics. In Extraterritorial. 1972. 137ff.
^ "Semiotic poetics of the Prague School (Prague School)": entry in the Encyclopedia Or Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms, University of Toronto Press, 1993.
^ Roman Jakobson: My Futurist Years, New York 1992, p. 86
^ Hymes, Dell (1982). "Prague Functionalism". American Anthropologist. 84 (2): 398–399. doi:10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00130.
^ Acting and Performance in Moving Image Culture: Bodies, Screens, Renderings. p. 307
^ "Pražský lingvistický kroužek". cercledeprague.org. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Vilém Mathesius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 January 2019. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ Luelsdorf, Philip A. (1983). On Praguian functionalism and some extensions. In Josef Vachek, Libuše Dušková, (eds.). Praguiana: Some Basic and Less Known Aspects of The Prague Linguistic School. John Benjamins. Linguistic and literary studies in Eastern Europe; 12. p. xvi
^ Wolfgang Müller-Funk, The Architecture of Modern Culture: Towards a Narrative Cultural Theory, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin (2012) - Google Books pg. 260
^ Ludwig Winder - Jewish Virtual Library
^ Glenda Abramson, Ludwig Winder - Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture, Routledge, Vol 1, (2005) pgs. 956-957
^ V. Ambros, "Prague Linguistic Circle in English: Semantic Shifts in Selected Texts and Their Consequences", Theatralia, 2014, 17(2): 148–161, esp. 155.
^ Roman Jakobson (1933), "La scuola linguistica di Praga", La cultura 12, 633–641, esp. p. 637.
^ Linguistics. Volume 7, Issue 53, pages 100–127.

Bibliography

Luelsdorf, Philip A. (1983). On Praguian functionalism and some extensions. In Josef Vachek, Libuše Dušková, (eds.). Praguiana: Some Basic and Less Known Aspects of The Prague Linguistic School. John Benjamins. Linguistic and literary studies in Eastern Europe; 12. pp. xi-xxx.
Sériot, Patrick (2014). Structure and the Whole: East, West and Non-Darwinian Biology in the Origins of Structural Linguistics. (Semiotics, Communication and Cognition 12.) Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Toman, Jindřich (1995). The Magic of a Common Language: Jakobson, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy, and the Prague Linguistic Circle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-20096-1

External links

(in Czech) Current homepage
The Prague Linguistic Circle homepage at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2013-01-02) (includes a list of publications about the Circle)
(in French) Dynamique du système linguistique - numéro thématique de l'Echo des études romanes consacré à la théorie de potentialité (Vilém Mathesius)
(in French) Centre-périphérie dans le système linguistique - numéro thématique de l'Echo des études romanes consacré à l'optique centro-périphérique, une théorie élaborée au sein du Cercle linguistique de Prague
Perspective fonctionnelle de la phrase - l'apport du Cercle de Prague - numéro thématique de l'Echo des études romanes

[1] Czech: Pražský lingvistický kroužek, Russian: Пражский лингвистический кружок Pražskij lingvističeskij kružok, French: Cercle linguistique de Prague.

[2] George Steiner. Linguistics and Poetics. In Extraterritorial. 1972. 137ff.

[3] "Semiotic poetics of the Prague School (Prague School)": entry in the Encyclopedia Or Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms, University of Toronto Press, 1993.

[4] Roman Jakobson: My Futurist Years, New York 1992, p. 86

[hymes1982prague-5] Hymes, Dell (1982). "Prague Functionalism". American Anthropologist. 84 (2): 398–399. doi:10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00130.

[6] Acting and Performance in Moving Image Culture: Bodies, Screens, Renderings. p. 307

[7] "Pražský lingvistický kroužek". cercledeprague.org. Retrieved 2020-06-02.

[8] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Vilém Mathesius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 January 2019. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)

[9] Luelsdorf, Philip A. (1983). On Praguian functionalism and some extensions. In Josef Vachek, Libuše Dušková, (eds.). Praguiana: Some Basic and Less Known Aspects of The Prague Linguistic School. John Benjamins. Linguistic and literary studies in Eastern Europe; 12. p. xvi

[10] Wolfgang Müller-Funk, The Architecture of Modern Culture: Towards a Narrative Cultural Theory, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin (2012) - Google Books pg. 260

[11] Ludwig Winder - Jewish Virtual Library

[12] Glenda Abramson, Ludwig Winder - Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture, Routledge, Vol 1, (2005) pgs. 956-957

[13] V. Ambros, "Prague Linguistic Circle in English: Semantic Shifts in Selected Texts and Their Consequences", Theatralia, 2014, 17(2): 148–161, esp. 155.

[14] Roman Jakobson (1933), "La scuola linguistica di Praga", La cultura 12, 633–641, esp. p. 637.

[15] Linguistics. Volume 7, Issue 53, pages 100–127.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Language and literature society}}
 {{about|the linguistic circle|the Yugoslav film movement|Praška filmska škola}}
+{{Linguistics}}
-{{Expand Czech|Pražský lingvistický kroužek|date=December 2009}}
-The '''Prague school''' or '''Prague linguistic circle'''<ref>{{lang-cs|Pražský lingvistický kroužek}}, {{lang-ru|Пражский лингвистический кружок}} ''Pražskij lingvističeskij kružok'', {{lang-fr|Cercle linguistique de Prague}}.</ref> was an influential<ref>[[George Steiner]]. Linguistics and Poetics. In Extraterritorial. 1972. 137ff.</ref> group of [[linguistics|linguist]]s, [[philology|philologist]]s and [[literary critic]]s in [[Prague]]. Its proponents developed methods of [[semiotic literary criticism|structuralist literary analysis]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CTJCiLG9AeoC&pg=PA179 "Semiotic poetics of the Prague School (Prague School)"]: entry in the ''Encyclopedia Or Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms'', University of Toronto Press, 1993.</ref> and a theory of the [[standard language]] and of language cultivation during the years 1928&ndash;1939. The linguistic circle was founded in the Café Derby in Prague, which is also where meetings took place during its first years.<ref>Roman Jakobson: ''My Futurist Years'', New York 1992, p. 86</ref>
+The '''Prague school''' or '''Prague linguistic circle'''<ref>{{lang-cs|Pražský lingvistický kroužek}}, {{lang-ru|Пражский лингвистический кружок}} ''Pražskij lingvističeskij kružok'', {{lang-fr|Cercle linguistique de Prague}}.</ref> is a language and literature society.<ref>[[George Steiner]]. Linguistics and Poetics. In Extraterritorial. 1972. 137ff.</ref> It started in 1926 as a group of [[linguistics|linguist]]s, [[philology|philologist]]s and [[literary critic]]s in [[Prague]]. Its proponents developed methods of [[semiotic literary criticism|structuralist literary analysis]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CTJCiLG9AeoC&pg=PA179 "Semiotic poetics of the Prague School (Prague School)"]: entry in the ''Encyclopedia Or Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms'', University of Toronto Press, 1993.</ref> and a theory of the [[standard language]] and of language cultivation from 1928 to 1939. The linguistic circle was founded in the Café Derby in Prague, which is also where meetings took place during its first years.<ref>Roman Jakobson: ''My Futurist Years'', New York 1992, p. 86</ref>
-The Prague School has had a significant continuing influence on [[linguistics]] and [[semiotics]]. Following the [[Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948]], the circle was disbanded in 1952, but the Prague School continued as a major force in [[linguistic functionalism]] (distinct from the [[Copenhagen school (linguistics)|Copenhagen school]] or English Firthian &mdash; later [[Michael Halliday|Hallidean]] &mdash; linguistics).  American scholar [[Dell Hymes]] cites his 1962 paper, "The Ethnography of Speaking," as the formal introduction of Prague functionalism to American linguistic anthropology.
+The Prague School has had a significant continuing influence on [[linguistics]] and [[semiotics]]. After the [[Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948]], the circle was disbanded in 1952, but the Prague School continued as a major force in [[linguistic functionalism]] (distinct from the [[Copenhagen school (linguistics)|Copenhagen school]] or English [[John Rupert Firth|Firthian]] &ndash; later [[Michael Halliday|Hallidean]] &ndash; linguistics). The American scholar [[Dell Hymes]] cites his 1962 paper, "The Ethnography of Speaking," as the formal introduction of Prague functionalism to American linguistic anthropology.
-<ref name=hymes1982prague>{{cite journal|last=Hymes|first=Dell|title=Prague Functionalism|journal=American Anthropologist|year=1982|volume=84|issue=2|pages=398–399|doi=10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00130}}</ref> The Prague structuralists also had a significant influence on [[structuralist film theory]], especially through the introduction of the [[ostensive definition|ostensive]] sign.<ref>Acting and Performance in Moving Image Culture: Bodies, Screens, Renderings. p. 307</ref>
+<ref name=hymes1982prague>{{cite journal|last=Hymes|first=Dell|title=Prague Functionalism|journal=American Anthropologist|year=1982|volume=84|issue=2|pages=398–399|doi=10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00130|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Prague structuralists also had a significant influence on [[structuralist film theory]], especially through the introduction of the [[ostensive definition|ostensive]] sign.<ref>Acting and Performance in Moving Image Culture: Bodies, Screens, Renderings. p. 307</ref>
+Today the Prague linguistic circle is a scholarly society which aims to contribute to the knowledge of language and related sign systems according to functionally structural principles. To this end, it organizes regular meetings with lectures and debates, publishes professional publications, and organizes international meetings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cercledeprague.org/index.php |title=Pražský lingvistický kroužek |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=cercledeprague.org |access-date=2020-06-02 }}</ref>
 ==History==
-The Prague linguistic circle included the Russian émigrés [[Roman Jakobson]], [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]], and [[Sergei Karcevskiy]], as well as the famous Czech literary scholars [[René Wellek]] and [[Jan Mukařovský]]. The instigator of the circle, and its first president until his death in 1945, was the [[Czech people|Czech]] linguist [[Vilém Mathesius]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Vilém Mathesius |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vilem-Mathesius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref>
+The Prague linguistic circle included the Russian émigrés [[Roman Jakobson]], [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]], and [[Sergei Karcevskiy]], as well as the famous Czech literary scholars [[René Wellek]] and [[Jan Mukařovský]]. The instigator of the circle, and its first president until his death in 1945, was the [[Czech people|Czech]] linguist [[Vilém Mathesius]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Vilém Mathesius |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vilem-Mathesius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
-In 1929 the Circle promulgated its theses in a paper submitted to the First Congress of [[Slavic studies|Slavists]]. "The programmatic 1929 Prague ''Theses'', surely one of the most imposing linguistic edifices of the 20th century, incapsulated [sic] the functionalist credo."{{sfn|Luelsdorf|1983|p=xvi}} In the late 20th century, English translations of the Circle's seminal works were published by the Czech linguist [[Josef Vachek]] in several collections.
+In 1929 the Circle promulgated its theses in a paper submitted to the First Congress of [[Slavic studies|Slavists]]. "The programmatic 1929 Prague ''Theses'', surely one of the most imposing linguistic edifices of the 20th century, incapsulated [sic] the functionalist credo."<ref>Luelsdorf, Philip A. (1983). On Praguian functionalism and some extensions. In Josef Vachek, Libuše Dušková, (eds.). ''Praguiana: Some Basic and Less Known Aspects of The Prague Linguistic School''. John Benjamins. Linguistic and literary studies in Eastern Europe; 12. p. xvi</ref> In the late 20th century, English translations of the Circle's seminal works were published by the Czech linguist [[Josef Vachek]] in several collections.
 Also in 1929, the group launched a journal, ''Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague''. World War II brought an end to it. The ''Travaux'' was briefly resurrected in 1966–1971. The inaugural issue was devoted to the political science concept of [[Postcolonialism|center and periphery]]. It was resurrected yet again in 1995. The group's Czech language work is published in ''[[Slovo a slovesnost]]'' (Word and Literature).
 == Members ==
+{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
-* [[Petr Bogatyrev]] [[:cs:Petr Bogatyrev|(cs)]] [[:ru:Богатырёв, Пётр Григорьевич|(ru)]]
+'''Proper members'''
-* [[František Čermák (linguist)|František Čermák]] [[:cs:František Čermák (jazykovědec)|(cs)]] [[:pl:František Čermák (językoznawca)|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|Petr Bogatyrev|cs||ru|Богатырёв, Пётр Григорьевич}}
-* [[Miroslav Červenka]] [[:cs:Miroslav Červenka|(cs)]] [[:pl:Miroslav Červenka|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|František Čermák (linguist)|lt=František Čermák|cs|František Čermák (jazykovědec)|pl|František Čermák (językoznawca)}}
-[[:de:Miroslav Červenka|(de)]]
+* {{ill|Miroslav Červenka|cs||pl||de}}
-* [[Bohuslav Havránek]] [[:cs:Bohuslav Havránek|(cs)]] [[:ru:Гавранек, Богуслав|(ru)]] [[:pl:Bohuslav Havránek|(pl)]]
+* [[Bohuslav Havránek]]
-* [[Tomáš Hoskovec]] [[:cs:Tomáš Hoskovec|(cs)]] [[:pl:Tomáš Hoskovec|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|Tomáš Hoskovec|cs||pl}}
-* [[Josef Hrabák]] [[:cs:Josef Hrabák|(cs)]] [[:ru:Грабак, Йозеф|(ru)]] [[:pl:Josef Hrabák|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|Josef Hrabák|cs||pl||ru|Грабак, Йозеф}}
 * [[Roman Jakobson]]
+* [[Sergei Kartsevski]]
-* [[Sergej Karcevskij]], i.e. [[Sergej Josifovič Karcevskij]] [[:cs:Sergej Josifovič Karcevskij|(cs)]] [[:ru:Карцевский, Сергей Осипович|(ru)]]
-* [[Oldřich Leška]] [[:cs:Oldřich Leška|(cs)]]
+* {{ill|Oldřich Leška|cs}}
-* [[Alena Macurová]] [[:cs:Alena Macurová|(cs)]]
+* {{ill|Alena Macurová|cs}}
 * [[Vilém Mathesius]]
 * [[Jan Mukařovský]]
-* [[Karel Oliva]] [[:cs:Karel Oliva st.|(cs)]]
+* {{ill|Karel Oliva|cs|Karel Oliva st.}}
-* [[Vladimír Skalička]] [[:cs:Vladimír Skalička|(cs)]] [[:ru:Скаличка, Владимир|(ru)]]
+* [[Vladimír Skalička]]
-* [[Bohumil Trnka]] [[:cs:Bohumil Trnka|(cs)]]
+* {{ill|Bohumil Trnka|cs}}
-* [[Pavel Trost]] [[:cs:Pavel Trost|(cs)]] [[:de:Pavel Trost|(de)]] [[:pl:Pavel Trost|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|Pavel Trost|cs||de||pl}}
 * [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]]
-* [[Josef Vachek]] [[:cs:Josef Vachek|(cs)]] [[:pl:Josef Vachek|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|Josef Vachek|cs||pl}}
 * [[Jiří Veltruský]]
-* [[Miloš Weingart]] [[:cs:Miloš Weingart|(cs)]] [[:pl:Miloš Weingart|(pl)]]
+* {{ill|Miloš Weingart|cs||pl}}
 * [[René Wellek]]
-* [[Ludwig Winder]]<ref>Wolfgang Müller-Funk, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6NlM32keXZMC&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq ''The Architecture of Modern Culture: Towards a Narrative Cultural Theory''], Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin (2012) - Google Books pg. 260</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/winder-ludwig Ludwig Winder - Jewish Virtual Library]</ref><ref>Glenda Abramson, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L_FhfTvzjygC&pg=PA957&lpg=PA957&dq Ludwig Winder - ''Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture''], Routledge, Vol 1, (2005) pgs. 956-957</ref>
+* [[Ludwig Winder]]<ref>Wolfgang Müller-Funk, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6NlM32keXZMC&pg=PA260 ''The Architecture of Modern Culture: Towards a Narrative Cultural Theory''], Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin (2012) - Google Books pg. 260</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/winder-ludwig Ludwig Winder - Jewish Virtual Library]</ref><ref>Glenda Abramson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L_FhfTvzjygC&pg=PA957 Ludwig Winder - ''Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture''], Routledge, Vol 1, (2005) pgs. 956-957</ref>
-; Contributors:
+'''Contributors'''
-* [[Aleksandar Belić]], president of the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] [[:sr:Aleksandar Belić|(sr)]], [[:it:Aleksandar Belić|(it)]]
+* [[Aleksandar Belić]], president of the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
 * [[Émile Benveniste]]
 * [[Karl Bühler]]<ref>V. Ambros, "Prague Linguistic Circle in English: Semantic Shifts in Selected Texts and Their Consequences", ''Theatralia'', 2014, '''17'''(2): 148–161, esp. 155.</ref>
-* [[Albert Willem de Groot]]
+* {{ill|Albert Willem de Groot|ru|Гроот, Альберт Виллем де}}
 * [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]]
 * [[André Martinet]]
-* [[Ladislav Matejka]]
+* [[Ladislav Matějka]]
 * [[Lucien Tesnière]]
 * [[Valentin Voloshinov]]
-; Influences
+'''Influences'''
-* [[Baudouin de Courtenay]]
+* [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]]
-* [[Filipp Fedorovich Fortunatov]], the founder of the Moscow linguistic circle
+* [[Filipp Fortunatov]], the founder of the [[Moscow linguistic circle]]
 * [[Anton Marty]]<ref>[[Roman Jakobson]] (1933), "La scuola linguistica di Praga", ''La cultura'' 12, 633–641, esp. p. 637.</ref>
 * [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]<ref>Linguistics. Volume 7, Issue 53, [http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fling.1969.7.issue-53$002fling.1969.7.53.100$002fling.1969.7.53.100.xml pages 100–127].</ref>
-; Influenced:
+'''Influenced'''
 * [[Noam Chomsky]]
 * [[Joseph Greenberg]]
@@ Line 61: / Line 68: @@
 * [[Michael Halliday]]
 * [[Viktor Shklovsky]]
-* [[Emilio Alarcos]]
+* {{ill|Emilio Alarcos Llorach|es}}
 * [[Michael Silverstein]]
 * [[Jan Firbas]]
 * [[Lubomír Doležel]]
-* [[Austin Warren]]
+* [[Austin Warren (scholar)|Austin Warren]]
-* [[Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay]]
+* [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]]
 * [[Louis Hjelmslev]]
 * [[Jaroslav Vacek]]
@@ Line 72: / Line 79: @@
 * [[Miroslav Komárek]]
 * [[Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School]]
+}}
 == See also ==
 * [[Czech studies]]
+* [[Functional generative description]]
 * [[Markedness]]
 * [[Moscow linguistic circle]]
 * [[OPOJAZ]]
 * [[Russian formalism]]
+* [[Topic and comment]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 89: / Line 99: @@
 == External links ==
+* {{in lang|cs}} [http://cercledeprague.org/index.php Current homepage]
 * {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130102123434/http://praguelinguistics.org/ |title=The Prague Linguistic Circle homepage |date=2013-01-02}} (includes a list of publications about the Circle)
 * {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.eer.cz/?s=2007_1-2 Dynamique du système linguistique - numéro thématique de ''l'Echo des études romanes'' consacré à la théorie de ''potentialité'' (Vilém Mathesius)]

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