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Coordinates: 28°45′24″N 17°53′31″W / 28.75661°N 17.89203°W / 28.75661; -17.89203
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{{Short description|Optical telescope on La Palma, Spain}}
{{Infobox Telescope|locmapin=Spain La Palma}}
{{Infobox Telescope|locmapin=Spain La Palma}}


The '''Gran Telescopio Canarias''' ('''GranTeCan''' or '''GTC''') is a {{convert|10.4|m|in|abbr=on}} [[reflecting telescope]] located at the [[Roque de los Muchachos Observatory]] on the island of [[La Palma]], in the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]], Spain. It is the [[List of largest optical reflecting telescopes|world's largest single-aperture optical telescope]].<ref>
The '''Gran Telescopio Canarias''' ('''GranTeCan''' or '''GTC''') is a {{convert|10.4|m|in|abbr=on}} [[reflecting telescope]] located at the [[Roque de los Muchachos Observatory]] on the island of [[La Palma]], in the [[Canary Islands]], Spain. It is the [[List of largest optical reflecting telescopes|world's largest single-aperture optical telescope]].<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|title=New telescope is world's largest ... for now
|title=New telescope is world's largest ... for now
|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32114355
|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32114355
|first=Irene
|first=Irene
|last=Klotz
|last=Klotz
Line 10: Line 11:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Construction of the telescope took seven years and cost €130&nbsp;million (£112 million).<ref name=Alvarez> {{cite news|title=The GTC Project. Present and Future |first1=P. |last1=Alvarez |pages=1–8 |access-date=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.gtc.iac.es/documentos/pub/dirp/0029b1aa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816062023/http://www.gtc.iac.es/documentos/pub/dirp/0029b1aa.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-16 }} </ref><ref name=Moreno>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gXxOaw9mXM7bzEdUrd3BkzBEiJXwD99L0RDO1 |title=Huge telescope opens in Spain's Canary Islands |first=Carlos |last=Moreno |date=2009-07-25 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
Construction of the telescope took seven years and cost €130&nbsp;million.<ref name=Alvarez> {{cite news|title=The GTC Project. Present and Future |first1=P. |last1=Alvarez |pages=1–8 |access-date=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.gtc.iac.es/documentos/pub/dirp/0029b1aa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816062023/http://www.gtc.iac.es/documentos/pub/dirp/0029b1aa.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-16 }} </ref><ref name=Moreno>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gXxOaw9mXM7bzEdUrd3BkzBEiJXwD99L0RDO1 |title=Huge telescope opens in Spain's Canary Islands |first=Carlos |last=Moreno |date=2009-07-25 }}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> Its installation was hampered by weather conditions and the logistical difficulties of transporting equipment to such a remote location.<ref name=Tests/> First light was achieved in 2007 and scientific observations began in 2009.{{fact|date=September 2019}}
</ref> Its installation was hampered by weather conditions and the logistical difficulties of transporting equipment to such a remote location.<ref name=Tests/> First light was achieved in 2007 and scientific observations began in 2009.{{fact|date=September 2019}}


The GTC Project is a partnership formed by several institutions from [[Spain]] and [[Mexico]], the [[University of Florida]], the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]],<ref>[http://www.gtcdigital.net/faq.php?lang=en ''GTC faq''] GTC digital 8 January 2009</ref>{{Better source|reason=web form|date=August 2015}} and the [[Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias]] (IAC). Planning for the construction of the telescope, which started in 1987, involved more than 1,000 people from 100 companies.<ref name=Moreno /> The division of telescope time reflects the structure of its financing: 90% Spain, 5% Mexico and 5% the University of Florida.
The GTC Project is a partnership formed by several institutions from [[Spain]] and [[Mexico]], the [[University of Florida]], the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sánchez y Sánchez |first=Beatriz |date=2009-10-10 |title=México en el Gran Telescopio Canarias |trans-title=Mexico in the Gran Telescopio Canarias |url=https://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.10/num10/art65/int65.htm |language=spanish |work=Revista Digital Universitaria, UNAM}}</ref> and the [[Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias]] (IAC). Planning for the construction of the telescope, which started in 1987, involved more than 1,000 people from 100 companies.<ref name=Moreno /> The division of telescope time reflects the structure of its financing: 90% Spain, 5% Mexico and 5% the University of Florida.


==History==
==History==


[[Image:Grantelescopio.jpg|left|thumb|190px|Dome of the GTC at sunset.]]
[[Image:Grantelescopio.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.1|Dome of the GTC at sunset]]


=== First light ===
=== First light ===
Line 27: Line 28:
|date=14 July 2007
|date=14 July 2007
}}
}}
</ref><ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070714/ap_on_sc/giant_telescope Giant telescope begins scouring space] July 14, 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511105446/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070714/ap_on_sc/giant_telescope |date=May 11, 2020 }}</ref> Its first instrument was the [[Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy]] (OSIRIS). Scientific observations began in May 2009.<ref>[http://www.iac.es/divulgacion.php?op1=16&id=588 ''El Gran Telescopio CANARIAS comienza a producir sus primeros datos científicos''] IAC Press release June 16, 2009 ''(Spanish)''</ref>
</ref><ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070714/ap_on_sc/giant_telescope Giant telescope begins scouring space] July 14, 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511105446/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070714/ap_on_sc/giant_telescope |date=May 11, 2020 }}</ref> Its first instrument was the [[Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy]] (OSIRIS). Scientific observations began in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-17 |title=El Gran Telescopio CANARIAS comienza a producir sus primeros datos científicos |url=https://www.iac.es/en/outreach/news/el-gran-telescopio-canarias-comienza-producir-sus-primeros-datos-cientificos |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias • IAC |language=Spanish}}</ref>


=== Inauguration ceremony ===
=== Inauguration ceremony ===
The Gran Telescopio Canarias formally opened its shutters on July 24, 2009, inaugurated by King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Heckle |first=Harold |date=July 24, 2009 |title=Huge Telescope Opens in Spain's Canary Islands |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/07/24/science/AP-EU-SCI-Spain-Giant-Telescope.html }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> More than 500 astronomers, government officials and journalists from Europe and the Americas attended the ceremony.
The Gran Telescopio Canarias formally opened its shutters on July 24, 2009, inaugurated by King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Moreno|first=Carlos|date=July 24, 2009 |title=Huge telescope opens in Spain's Canary Islands|newspaper=PhysOrg |url=https://phys.org/news/2009-07-huge-telescope-spain-canary-islands.html }}</ref> More than 500 astronomers, government officials and journalists from Europe and the Americas attended the ceremony.
{{clear|left}}
{{clear|left}}


==MEGARA==
==MEGARA==
{{comparison optical telescope primary mirrors.svg|280px}}
{{comparison optical telescope primary mirrors.svg|500px}}


MEGARA (Multi-Espectrografo en GTC de Alta Resolucion para Astronomia) is an optical [[Integral field spectrograph|integral-field]] and multi-object [[spectrograph]] covering the visible light and near infrared wavelength range between 0.365 and 1&nbsp;µm with a [[spectral resolution]] in the range R=6000-20000. The MEGARA IFU (also called the Large Compact Bundle, or LCB) offers a contiguous [[field of view]] of 12.5 arcsec x 11.3 arcsec, while the multiobject spectroscopy mode allows 92 objects to be observed simultaneously in a [[field of view]] of 3.5 arcmin x 3.5 arcmin by means of an equal number of robotic positioners. Both the LCB and MOS modes make use of 100&nbsp;µm-core optical fibers (1267 in total) that are attached to a set of microlens arrays (with 623 spaxels in the case of the LCB and 92x7 in the case of the MOS) with each microlens covering an hexagonal region of 0.62 arcsec in diameter.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEGARA instrument |url=https://guaix.fis.ucm.es/megara/ |website=guaix.fis.ucm.es |publisher=Universidad Complutense de Madrid}}</ref>
MEGARA (Multi-Espectrografo en GTC de Alta Resolucion para Astronomia) is an optical [[Integral field spectrograph|integral-field]] and multi-object [[spectrograph]] covering the visible light and near infrared wavelength range between 0.365 and 1&nbsp;μm with a [[spectral resolution]] in the range R=6000–20000. The MEGARA IFU (also called the Large Compact Bundle, or LCB) offers a contiguous [[field of view]] of 12.5 arcsec x 11.3 arcsec, while the [[Multi-Object Spectrometer|multi-object spectroscopy]] mode allows 92 objects to be observed simultaneously in a [[field of view]] of 3.5 arcmin x 3.5 arcmin by means of an equal number of robotic positioners. Both the LCB and MOS modes make use of 100&nbsp;μm-core optical fibers (1267 in total) that are attached to a set of microlens arrays (with 623 spaxels in the case of the LCB and 92 x 7 in the case of the MOS) with each microlens covering an hexagonal region of 0.62 arcsec in diameter.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEGARA instrument |url=https://guaix.fis.ucm.es/megara/ |website=guaix.fis.ucm.es |publisher=Universidad Complutense de Madrid}}</ref>


== CanariCam ==
== CanariCam ==
The University of Florida's CanariCam is a mid-[[infrared]] imager with [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]], [[Coronagraphy|coronagraphic]], and [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] capabilities, which will be mounted initially at the [[Nasmyth focus]] of the telescope. In the future,{{when|date=September 2019}} when the [[Cassegrain focus]] of the telescope is commissioned, it is expected that CanariCam will move to this focus, which will provide superior performance with the instrument.{{fact|date=September 2019}}
The University of Florida's CanariCam was a mid-[[infrared]] imager with [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]], [[Coronagraphy|coronagraphic]], and [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] capabilities. Since 2012, it had been operating in queue mode at one of the [[Nasmyth focus]] stations, until it was temporarily decommissioned in April 2016. Following an upgrade project, started in mid-2018, it was installed and recommissioned (December 2019) on a different [[Cassegrain focus|folded-Cassegrain focus]] providing superior performance with the instrument.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=European Organization For Nuclear Research |title=CanariCam@GTC Recommisioning & Lessons Learned |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4249899 |journal=Ground-Based Thermal Infrared Astronomy - Past |year=2020 |page=19 |publisher=CERN |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4249899 |bibcode=2020gbti.confE..19F |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref>


CanariCam is designed as a [[diffraction-limited]] [[Electronic imager|imager]]. It is optimized as an imager, and although it will offer a range of other observing modes, these will not compromise the imaging capability. CanariCam works in the thermal [[infrared]] between approximately 7.5&nbsp;and&nbsp;25&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]]. At the short wavelength end, the cut-off is determined by the atmosphere—specifically [[atmospheric seeing]]. At the long wavelength end, the cut-off is determined by the detector; this loses sensitivity beyond around 24&nbsp;μm, although the cut-off for individual detectors varies significantly. CanariCam is a very compact design. It is expected that the total weight of the [[cryostat]] and its on-telescope electronics will be under 400&nbsp;kg.{{fact|date=September 2019}} Most previous mid-infrared instruments have used [[liquid helium]] as a cryogen; one of the requirements of CanariCam was that it should require no expensive and difficult to handle cryogens.{{fact|date=September 2019}}
CanariCam is designed as a [[diffraction-limited]] [[Electronic imager|imager]]. It is optimized as an imager, and although it offered a range of other observing modes, these did not compromise the imaging capability. CanariCam worked in the thermal [[infrared]] between approximately 7.5&nbsp;and&nbsp;25&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]]. At the short-wavelength end, the cut-off was determined by the atmosphere—specifically [[atmospheric seeing]]. At the long wavelength end, the cut-off was determined by the detector; this loses sensitivity beyond around 24&nbsp;μm, although the cut-off for individual detectors varied significantly. CanariCam was a very compact design. It was designed for a total weight of the [[cryostat]] and its on-telescope electronics to be under 400&nbsp;kg.{{fact|date=September 2019}} Most previous mid-infrared instruments have used [[liquid helium]] as a cryogen; one of the requirements of CanariCam was that it should require no expensive and difficult to handle cryogens.{{fact|date=September 2019}}


CanariCam uses a two-stage closed cycle [[cryocooler]] system to cool the cold optics and cryostat interior down to approximately {{convert|28|K|C F|0|lk=in}}, and the detector itself to around {{convert|8|K|C F|0|lk=in}}, the temperature at which the detector works most efficiently. CanariCam is operational as of December 3rd, 2009.<ref>http://www.iac.es/divulgacion.php?op1=16&id=614&lang=en</ref><ref name="UF News-2009-07-24">
CanariCam used a two-stage closed cycle [[cryocooler]] system to cool the cold optics and cryostat interior to approximately {{convert|28|K|C F|0|lk=in}}, and the detector itself to around {{convert|8|K|C F|0|lk=in}}, the temperature at which the detector worked most efficiently. CanariCam was decommissioned {{as of|February 2021|lc=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaa.csic.es/en/news/observed-first-time-jet-gas-it-emerges-central-star-planetary-nebula|title = Observed for the first time a jet of gas as it emerges from the central star of a planetary nebula &#124; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía - CSIC}}</ref>
{{cite news |work=University of Florida News |title=UF officials help inaugurate world's largest telescope |url=http://news.ufl.edu/2009/07/24/gtc-inauguration/ |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |date=2009-07-24 |first=Aaron |last=Hoover |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132944/http://news.ufl.edu/2009/07/24/gtc-inauguration/ |archivedate=2012-02-29 }}
</ref>{{update after|2011}}


==OSIRIS==
==OSIRIS==
{{main|Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy}}
{{main|Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy}}


The IAC's OSIRIS (Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy), is an imager and [[spectrograph]] covering wavelengths from 0.365 to 1.05&nbsp;µm. It has a field of view (FOV) of 7 × 7 arcmin for direct imaging, and 8 arcmin × 5.2 arcmin for low resolution spectroscopy. For spectroscopy, it offers tunable filters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Instruments Osiris |url=http://www.gtc.iac.es/instruments/osiris/osiris.php |website=Gtc.iac.es |publisher=Gran Telescopio Canarias}}</ref>
The IAC's OSIRIS (Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy), is an imager and [[spectrograph]] covering wavelengths from 0.365 to 1.05&nbsp;μm. It has a field of view (FOV) of 7 × 7 arcmin for direct imaging, and 8 arcmin × 5.2 arcmin for low resolution spectroscopy. For spectroscopy, it offers tunable filters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Instruments Osiris |url=http://www.gtc.iac.es/instruments/osiris/osiris.php |website=Gtc.iac.es |publisher=Gran Telescopio Canarias}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{reflist|30em|refs=
{{reflist|30em|refs=


<!--unused<ref name=0013b1aa>{{cite web|url=http://www.gtc.iac.es/documentos/gen/dirp/0018g1aa.pdf |title=Gran Telescopio CANARIAS : current status of its optical design and opto-mechanical support system |first1=Lotti |last1=Jochum |first2=Javier |last2=Castro |first3=Nicholas |last3=Devaney | date=1998-08-25 |accessdate=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816062017/http://www.gtc.iac.es/documentos/gen/dirp/0018g1aa.pdf |archivedate=August 16, 2009 }}
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</ref>-->
</ref>-->


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* [http://www.gtcdigital.net/index.php?lang=en GTC News]
* [http://www.gtcdigital.net/index.php?lang=en GTC News]
* [http://www.iac.es/index.php?lang=en Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)]
* [http://www.iac.es/index.php?lang=en Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)]
* [http://www.astro.ufl.edu/CanariCam/canaricam_home.htm University of Florida CanariCam]
* [http://www.astro.ufl.edu/CanariCam/canaricam_home.htm University of Florida CanariCam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124221514/http://www.astro.ufl.edu/CanariCam/canaricam_home.htm |date=2016-11-24 }}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.conacyt.mx Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.conacyt.mx Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.astroscu.unam.mx Instituto de Astronomía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.astroscu.unam.mx Instituto de Astronomía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]
* CBC article—[http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2007/07/16/telescope.html Giant Canary Islands telescope captures first light]
* CBC article—[https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/giant-canary-islands-telescope-captures-first-light-1.678493 Giant Canary Islands telescope captures first light]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/1464768511/ Images]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/1464768511/ Images]
* [http://www.iac.es/gtcinauguracion/docs/dossierPrensaGTC1_eng.pdf Gran Telescopo Canarias inauguration press dossier] (in English)
* [http://www.iac.es/gtcinauguracion/docs/dossierPrensaGTC1_eng.pdf Gran Telescopo Canarias inauguration press dossier] (in English)

Revision as of 04:23, 3 September 2024

Gran Telescopio Canarias
Gran Telescopio Canarias, 2008
Alternative namesGranTeCan Edit this at Wikidata
Part ofUnique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory Edit this on Wikidata
Location(s)La Palma, Atlantic Ocean, international waters
Coordinates28°45′24″N 17°53′31″W / 28.75661°N 17.89203°W / 28.75661; -17.89203 Edit this at Wikidata
OrganizationInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
National Autonomous University of Mexico
University of Florida Edit this on Wikidata
Observatory code Z18 Edit this on Wikidata
Altitude2,267 m (7,438 ft) Edit this at Wikidata
Built2002–2008 (2002–2008) Edit this at Wikidata
First light13 July 2007 Edit this on Wikidata
Telescope styleRitchey–Chrétien telescope Edit this on Wikidata
Diameter10.4 m (34 ft 1 in) Edit this at Wikidata
Collecting area78.54 m2 (845.4 sq ft) Edit this at Wikidata
Focal length169.9 m (557 ft 5 in) Edit this at Wikidata
Websitewww.gtc.iac.es Edit this at Wikidata
Gran Telescopio Canarias is located in La Palma
Gran Telescopio Canarias
Location of Gran Telescopio Canarias
  Related media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GranTeCan or GTC) is a 10.4 m (410 in) reflecting telescope located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is the world's largest single-aperture optical telescope.[1]

Construction of the telescope took seven years and cost €130 million.[2][3] Its installation was hampered by weather conditions and the logistical difficulties of transporting equipment to such a remote location.[4] First light was achieved in 2007 and scientific observations began in 2009.[citation needed]

The GTC Project is a partnership formed by several institutions from Spain and Mexico, the University of Florida, the National Autonomous University of Mexico,[5] and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC). Planning for the construction of the telescope, which started in 1987, involved more than 1,000 people from 100 companies.[3] The division of telescope time reflects the structure of its financing: 90% Spain, 5% Mexico and 5% the University of Florida.

History

Dome of the GTC at sunset

First light

The GTC began its preliminary observations on 13 July 2007, using 12 segments of its primary mirror, made of Zerodur glass-ceramic by the German company Schott AG. Later, the number of segments was increased to a total of 36 hexagonal segments fully controlled by an active optics control system, working together as a reflective unit.[4][6] Its first instrument was the Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy (OSIRIS). Scientific observations began in May 2009.[7]

Inauguration ceremony

The Gran Telescopio Canarias formally opened its shutters on July 24, 2009, inaugurated by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.[8] More than 500 astronomers, government officials and journalists from Europe and the Americas attended the ceremony.

MEGARA

Comparison of nominal sizes of apertures of the Gran Telescopio Canarias and some notable optical telescopes

MEGARA (Multi-Espectrografo en GTC de Alta Resolucion para Astronomia) is an optical integral-field and multi-object spectrograph covering the visible light and near infrared wavelength range between 0.365 and 1 μm with a spectral resolution in the range R=6000–20000. The MEGARA IFU (also called the Large Compact Bundle, or LCB) offers a contiguous field of view of 12.5 arcsec x 11.3 arcsec, while the multi-object spectroscopy mode allows 92 objects to be observed simultaneously in a field of view of 3.5 arcmin x 3.5 arcmin by means of an equal number of robotic positioners. Both the LCB and MOS modes make use of 100 μm-core optical fibers (1267 in total) that are attached to a set of microlens arrays (with 623 spaxels in the case of the LCB and 92 x 7 in the case of the MOS) with each microlens covering an hexagonal region of 0.62 arcsec in diameter.[9]

CanariCam

The University of Florida's CanariCam was a mid-infrared imager with spectroscopic, coronagraphic, and polarimetric capabilities. Since 2012, it had been operating in queue mode at one of the Nasmyth focus stations, until it was temporarily decommissioned in April 2016. Following an upgrade project, started in mid-2018, it was installed and recommissioned (December 2019) on a different folded-Cassegrain focus providing superior performance with the instrument.[10]

CanariCam is designed as a diffraction-limited imager. It is optimized as an imager, and although it offered a range of other observing modes, these did not compromise the imaging capability. CanariCam worked in the thermal infrared between approximately 7.5 and 25 μm. At the short-wavelength end, the cut-off was determined by the atmosphere—specifically atmospheric seeing. At the long wavelength end, the cut-off was determined by the detector; this loses sensitivity beyond around 24 μm, although the cut-off for individual detectors varied significantly. CanariCam was a very compact design. It was designed for a total weight of the cryostat and its on-telescope electronics to be under 400 kg.[citation needed] Most previous mid-infrared instruments have used liquid helium as a cryogen; one of the requirements of CanariCam was that it should require no expensive and difficult to handle cryogens.[citation needed]

CanariCam used a two-stage closed cycle cryocooler system to cool the cold optics and cryostat interior to approximately 28 K (−245 °C; −409 °F), and the detector itself to around 8 K (−265 °C; −445 °F), the temperature at which the detector worked most efficiently. CanariCam was decommissioned as of February 2021.[11]

OSIRIS

Main article: Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy

The IAC's OSIRIS (Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy), is an imager and spectrograph covering wavelengths from 0.365 to 1.05 μm. It has a field of view (FOV) of 7 × 7 arcmin for direct imaging, and 8 arcmin × 5.2 arcmin for low resolution spectroscopy. For spectroscopy, it offers tunable filters.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Klotz, Irene (2009-07-24). "New telescope is world's largest ... for now".
  2. ^ Alvarez, P. "The GTC Project. Present and Future" (PDF). pp. 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  3. ^ a b Moreno, Carlos (2009-07-25). "Huge telescope opens in Spain's Canary Islands".[dead link]
  4. ^ a b "Tests begin on Canaries telescope". BBC. 14 July 2007.
  5. ^ Sánchez y Sánchez, Beatriz (2009-10-10). "México en el Gran Telescopio Canarias" [Mexico in the Gran Telescopio Canarias]. Revista Digital Universitaria, UNAM (in Spanish).
  6. ^ Giant telescope begins scouring space July 14, 2007 Archived May 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "El Gran Telescopio CANARIAS comienza a producir sus primeros datos científicos". Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias • IAC (in Spanish). 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  8. ^ Moreno, Carlos (July 24, 2009). "Huge telescope opens in Spain's Canary Islands". PhysOrg.
  9. ^ "MEGARA instrument". guaix.fis.ucm.es. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
  10. ^ European Organization For Nuclear Research (2020). "CanariCam@GTC Recommisioning & Lessons Learned". Ground-Based Thermal Infrared Astronomy - Past. CERN: 19. Bibcode:2020gbti.confE..19F. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4249899. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  11. ^ "Observed for the first time a jet of gas as it emerges from the central star of a planetary nebula | Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía - CSIC".
  12. ^ "Instruments Osiris". Gtc.iac.es. Gran Telescopio Canarias.
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