Rhodes Must Fall: Difference between revisions

Rhodes Must Fall
Rhodes Must Fall
	The statue at the centre of the controversy: a statue of Cecil Rhodes by Marion Walgate (1934)
Date	9 March 2015
Location	University of Cape Town
Caused by	Perceived lack of transformation in South Africa following colonialism and apartheid
Goals	Removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes on campus, "decolonisation of education" and "racial transformation" at the university
Methods	Occupation; Civil disobedience; Demonstrations; Internet activism;
Resulted in	Statue removed 9 April 2015

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Rhodes Must Fall was a protest movement that began on 9 March 2015, originally directed against a statue at the University of Cape Town (UCT) that commemorates Cecil Rhodes. The campaign for the statue's removal received global attention^[2]^[3] and led to a wider movement to "decolonise" education across South Africa.^[3]^[4] On 9 April 2015, following a UCT Council vote the previous night, the statue was removed.

Rhodes Must Fall captured national headlines throughout 2015 and sharply divided public opinion in South Africa. It also inspired the emergence of allied student movements at other universities, both within South Africa and elsewhere in the world.

Background

A bronze statue of a seated Cecil Rhodes, a 19th-century British industrialist, was sculpted by Marion Walgate (née Mason), the wife of architect Charles Walgate. Charles had worked with fellow architect Joseph Michael Solomon in designing and constructing several buildings of the University of Cape Town (UCT) during this period. Marion's statue of Rhodes was unveiled in 1934 and installed on the UCT campus, as the university was built on land donated by Rhodes.^[5]^[6] Calls for the statue's removal had been slowly increasing for several decades, with Afrikaner students first demanding the removal of the statue in the 1950s.^[7]

Ideology and goals

Rhodes Must Fall describes itself as "a collective movement of students and staff members mobilising for direct action against the reality of institutional racism at the University of Cape Town."^[8] Whilst initially being focused on the removal of the statue of Cecil John Rhodes, Rhodes Must Fall states that "the fall of 'Rhodes' is symbolic for the inevitable fall of white supremacy and privilege at our campus."^[8]

The movement was initially about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, a symbol which the protesters felt was oppressive,^[4] and grew to encompass institutional racism,^[9] the lack of racial transformation at the university,^[10] and access to tertiary education and student accommodation.^[11]^[12]

Students made use of occupation, civil disobedience, and violence during the protests.^[13] Actions included throwing human feces at the Rhodes statue, occupying UCT offices, and burning art, vehicles, and buildings.^[14]^[15] Students also made use of the internet; protesting students created a Facebook page entitled 'Rhodes Must Fall' and promoted and made use of the hashtag '#RhodesMustFall' on Twitter.^[16]

Leaders

The first action of the movement took place on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele "picked up one of the buckets of faeces that sat reeking on the kerbside" and "hurled its contents" to a bronze statue of Rhodes, as reported by The Guardian.^[17] The Times later named Chumani as "The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT.^[18]" Ntokozo Qwabe was named as "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK" by BusinessTech^[19] and by the Daily Mirror.^[20] Parisian magazine Jeune Afrique named Youssef Robinson "one of the leaders of the movement in Britain."^[21] Athabile Nonxuba was also named a leader of the movement at UCT by City Press.^[22] National Public Radio interviewed Kgotsi Chikane and named him "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement."^[23]

Protests

2015 Protests: The statue, decolonisation

The first protest, and the action that started the Rhodes Must Fall campaign occurred on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele threw human faeces onto the statue and toyi-toyied with approximately a dozen protesters at the statue.^[24] Maxwele was charged with assault after he was involved in a physical altercation with a security officer during the protest.^[14] It was reported that a UCT security officer had prevented a photographer from taking photos of the protest. UCT announced that it was investigating the incident.^[15]

On 12 March 2015, an open air dialogue took place on the stairs of Jammie Plaza, the focal point of the UCT Upper Campus, to discuss the statue, with points from all sides being heard. The following week, a march to the UCT administrative building, Bremner, took place, demanding a date for the removal of the statue. On 20 March 2015, students stormed the Bremner building, which houses the UCT offices during a speech addressing the removal of the statue by UCT vice-chancellor Max Price.^[14] On 22 March, it was reported that the students were still occupying the building and that members of the public were supplying them with food. The protesters "renamed" the building Azania House, an indication that the movement takes an Africanist position on national identity, thus rejecting the civic and non-racial tradition of the ANC.^[25]

UCT's senate voted in favour of the removal of the statue on 27 March 2015,^[26] and following the vote, the statue was boarded up pending the final decision from the university's council.^[27] On 9 April 2015 the Rhodes statue was removed.^[28]

Protest quickly spread around South Africa's universities,^[29] defacing statues and calling for the "decolonisation of education" in South Africa.^[4]

Racist statements

"One Settler, One Bullet"

On 8 April 2015 protesters disrupted the UCT Council meeting which had been called to discuss the removal of the statue and prevented members of the council from leaving.^[30] According to a statement issued by Max Price, Vice-Chancellor of UCT, protestors chanted "One Settler, One Bullet", a rallying cry during apartheid, both at the meeting and the following day during the removal of the statue.^[31] On Tuesday 14 April 2015, Rhodes Must Fall issued a statement from its official Facebook page calling on its members to join a protest in the parking lot of the Bremner Building which ended with the slogan "One Settler, One Bullet!" This post was subsequently deleted.^[32]

Support for Mcebo Dlamini

On 25 April 2015, Mcebo Dlamini, then president of the Students' Representative Council (SRC) of Wits University, stated in a Facebook post that he "loves Adolf Hitler" and admired Hitler for his "charisma" and "organisational skills."^[33] In the same post Dlamini also stated that he "loves Robert Mugabe." Dlamini later declared during a radio interview on PowerFM, "Jews are devils," a remark which led the South African Jewish Board of Deputies to lay criminal charges of hate speech against him.^[34] Dlamini was ultimately dismissed as SRC President on unrelated charges of misconduct.^[35] Wits University Vice Chancellor Adam Habib stated, "I believe that Mr Dlamini has single-handedly wrought more damage on Wits University's reputation than any other person who I can think of in at least the last two decades."^[36]

On 7 May 2015 Rhodes Must Fall tweeted "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous",^[37] including a link to an anonymous letter in the student newspaper Wits Vuvuzela bearing this title.^[38] On the same day Eyewitness News reported that the Rhodes Must Fall movement stated that it "rejects the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini."^[39]

2016 protests: accommodation, decolonisation, and institutional culture

Protests resumed at the University of Cape Town at the start of the academic year on 15 February 2016, when members of the Rhodes Must Fall movement constructed a shack at a heavily used pedestrian crossing and road at the base of the Jameson Steps on the university's main campus.^[40] The shack was set up to protest what some students perceived as a lack of housing for black students and unfairness in the allocation of student housing.^[41] The university responded, stating that the shack needed to be relocated by 5 p.m. the following day, as its placement was causing traffic congestion.^[42] The following day, the shack was removed after 6 p.m. by the university.^[43] In response, Rhodes Must Fall supporters vandalised two statues, one of Jan Smuts and another of Maria Emmeline Barnard Fuller;^[44] burned paintings, predominantly portraits of white people, collected from university buildings (including two collages in remembrance of the revered anti-apartheid activist Molly Blackburn,^[45] five anti-apartheid-themed paintings by black artist Keresemose Richard Baholo, who was the first black student to receive a master's degree in Fine Art from UCT^[46] and who later supported the activists' actions^[47]); torched three vehicles, including a Jammie Shuttle transport bus;^[48] and petrol-bombed the office of the university's vice-chancellor.^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]

The University of Cape Town stated that the shortage, 6,680 beds for 27,000 students, was due to three reasons: greatly increased student numbers caused by lower fees, students rewriting deferred exams caused by the protests the previous year, and the clearance of historical student debt increasing the number of returning students. The university also stated that their ability to respond to the housing problem was hampered by the occupation of three buildings hosting the Student Housing department by Rhodes Must Fall protesters. The university also refuted protesters' claims of prioritising the housing of white students, stating that 75% of students in university residences were black.^[41] The university claimed that a number of the protesters were not university students and that due to the "intimidation of others, demeaning utterances, and distortion of facts" it was taking criminal action against the protesters.^[54]^[55] Eight protesters were arrested on charges of public violence and malicious damage.^[56]

In the same week, non-black students were also barred from the UCT residences' dining hall by Rhodes Must Fall protesters and denied food from the cafeteria.^[57]

Similar protests erupted across South Africa during February 2016 with protests at North-West University, University of the Free State, University of Witwatersrand, University of Pretoria, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal.^[58]

Reactions

On 22 March 2015, UCT lecturer Xolela Mangcu told the Cape Times newspaper that the university was not hiring enough black professors. He said that only 5 out of the 200 senior professors at the university were black.^[59] A week later, Julius Malema of the Economic Freedom Fighters agreed that the statue should be removed and that the student protests were against not only the statue, but white supremacy itself. Albie Sachs suggested to "keep him [Rhodes] alive on the campus and force him, even if posthumously, to witness surroundings that tell him and the world that he is now living in a constitutional democracy."^[60]

During March 2015, the Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment at the University of Cape Town ran a poll on whether or not the statue should be moved. Out of 2700 students, 1100 students voted. Sixty percent of them were against the removal of the statue, 38% were in favour of its removal and the remaining 2% abstained. However, the poll did not measure strength of opinion. A consensus in the Senate found that many who are against removal did not feel strongly about the issue.^[61]

Apartheid-era president, F. W. de Klerk has criticised the movement, calling the movement a "folly" and the students "full of sound and fury". He argues that Rhodes was "the architect of the Anglo-Boer War that had a disastrous impact on our people, yet the National Party government never thought of removing his name from our history". De Klerk continued on by saying in a letter to The Times that for better or for worse, "Rhodes had made an impact on history, which included the positive contribution of his scholarship scheme."^[62]^[63]

Members of the governing party ANC criticized the movement. For example, education minister Blade Nzimande accused them of being "ultra-left formations" controlled by the EFF and accused them of having "an anti-ANC government agenda by those who cannot win power through the ballot".^[64]

Some critics of the movement worry that the focus is on quantity rather than quality of education,^[65] and that an increase in the number of students accepted to universities will lead to a decrease in the quality of their education, as money which would have gone towards securing quality educators goes instead to subsidising students' fees. Sikhakhane draws parallels between South Africa's path and the situation in Chile and Colombia.^[66]

The university protests have been criticised for their increasingly violent nature^[48] and their racism against non-black students,^[11]^[57] especially their "extreme hatred of whites".^[67] Some black students claim they fear retribution should they not support the protests.^[57]

Other universities

The start of the movement at the University of Cape Town resulted in the emergence of a broader movement in other universities in South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States to address black alienation within higher education.^[68]

Stellenbosch University

In mid April 2015, the student- and staff-led activist organisation Open Stellenbosch was founded at the University of Stellenbosch to promote similar aims, but with more of a focus on the role of language—specifically Afrikaans—in education at the university. The organisation was inspired by the Rhodes Must Fall movement at the University of Cape Town.^[69] Four independent University of Cape Town students produced a short video documentary called Luister in which students attending Stellenbosch and Elsenburg College explained their experiences of racism and slow transformation at the university and the college.^[70]^[71] On 12 November 2015, the University of Stellenbosch's Rector's Management Team recommended a new language policy in line with Open Stellenbosch's demands; specifically the adoption of English as a lingua franca.^[72]

Rhodes University

At Rhodes University, the Black Students Movement was started on 17 March in solidarity with the UCT Rhodes Must Fall Movement. The movement then began agitating for the name of Rhodes University to change, and has since made several interventions towards transforming Rhodes University, which it regards as a colonial university. In late May 2015, following protests and complaints by the Black Students Movement, the university, Rhodes University (named after Cecil Rhodes) approved plans to formally begin the process of changing the university's name.^[73]

In 2017, the Rhodes University Council voted 15–9 in favour of keeping the existing name.^[74]^[75] While the university agreed with critics that "[it] cannot be disputed that Cecil John Rhodes was an arch-imperialist and white supremacist who treated people of this region as sub-human", it also said it had long since distanced itself from the person and had distinguished itself with the name Rhodes University as one of the world's best. The main argument against the change was financial, as such a change would cost a significant amount of money and the university was already having trouble with its budget. Furthermore, changing the university's name could have an adverse effect on its recognition internationally.^[76]

University of Pretoria

On 19 February 2016, the AfriForum Youth, the Progressive Youth Alliance, and the EFF as well as the Democratic Alliance Student Organization (DASO) met with the university to vote on the removal of Afrikaans as a language of instruction.^[77] Following clashes between students and police, 24 students were arrested for public violence.^[78] The following day, the university announced that the Hatfield and Groenkloof campuses would be closed until the university could ensure the safety of its students and staff.^[79]

On 22 February 2016, the university proposed that its medium of instruction would become English-only.^[80] Protests against Afrikaans continued, with students boycotting classes and forcing other students out of their lectures. Lectures were cancelled as a result.^[81]

University of the Free State

On 22 February 2016, a group of 35 people consisting of contract workers and students, were arrested at the University of the Free State on charges of contempt of court and illegal gathering.^[82]

Oriel College, University of Oxford, UK

At the University of Oxford, students called for a statue of Rhodes to be removed from Oriel College,^[83] and started a movement at the university to better represent non-white culture in the curriculum as well as to combat racial discrimination and insensitivity.^[84]^[85] Organising members of Rhodes Must Fall in Oxford stated that awareness should be raised at the university about the institution's implication in colonialism and the violence that accompanied it, and that representation of 'black voices' should be improved.^[86]

On 19 January 2016, students at the Oxford Union (a private student debating society, without official endorsement or links to the University of Oxford) voted 245 to 212 in favour of removing the statue of Rhodes.^[87] Ultimately, on 29 January 2016, it was announced that the statue would remain; The Telegraph reported that "furious donors threatened to withdraw gifts and bequests worth more than £100 million" if it were removed.^[12]^[88]

The legacy of Cecil Rhodes at The University of Oxford is far-reaching, as in his will Rhodes established The Rhodes Scholarships. Each year, some 100 international students are selected to study at Oxford under the scholarship that bears Rhodes' name. This scholarship is regarded as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world.^[89] When some of those in receipt of the scholarship were challenged over their opposition to iconography of Rhodes in Oxford, they commented "this scholarship does not buy our silence" and claimed that "...there is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy". This followed a number of criticisms by British media outlets, and on social media, against the scholarship holders Ntokozo Qwabe^[90] and Joshua Nott^[91] in response to their involvement in the movement. The students commented that "...a wave of ad hominem and unfounded accusations, hate speech and racism have flooded social media, the press and indeed Ntokozo's personal inbox.".^[92]

In June 2020, the issue was again brought to attention during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom.^[93] Two large Rhodes Must Fall protests took place outside Oriel College, on High Street in central Oxford to call for the removal of the Rhodes statue from the Oriel building. The first protest occurred on 9 June 2020 and was attended by over 1000 people.^[94] The second protest occurred on the 16th of June and was a march from Cowley, a nearby suburb of Oxford, through to the Oriel College building on High Street and onto the University of Oxford Museum of Natural History.^[95] Both protests were peaceful. On 17 June 2020, some University of Oxford professors expressed opinions in support of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford. In particular, within a letter to The Telegraph, they criticised the University of Oxford Vice-Chancellor Louise Richardson for claims she made concerning the Rhodes Must Fall movement engaging in the 'hiding of history'.^[96] In response to this, meetings of Oriel College undergraduates, the Oriel junior common room (JCR), and the Oriel graduates, the Oriel middle common room (MCR), each passed motions calling for the removal of the statue.^[97] On 17 June 2020, the Oriel College Governing Body convened to vote on the possible removal of the Rhodes statue. The outcome of this meeting was that the college would formally move to have the Cecil Rhodes statue removed from their building, along with the King Edward Street Plaque.^[98] The announcement was not for the immediate removal of the statue, but rather that the college move to immediately establish an 'independent Commission of Inquiry into the key issues surrounding the Rhodes statue', and that the submission from the College Governing Body to this commission would be for the removal of the Rhodes statue and plaque.^[99] The commission will be led by Carole Souter CBE, the current Master of St Cross College, Oxford and it was announced that the commission will accept written and oral evidence from all stakeholders including activist groups such as Rhodes Must Fall, and the general public. The Commission intends to report by the end of 2020. Councillor Susan Brown, Leader of Oxford City Council, welcomed this announcement and invited an 'early submission of a formal planning application from Oriel to accompany the review process and feed into it'.^[100] Should Oriel College submit a planning application for the removal of the statue from what the college refers to as 'The Rhodes Building' listed building consent and the permission from Historic England will be required, as the building is grade II* listed.^[101]

The possible removal of the Rhodes statue at Oriel College follows a 2016 YouGov survey in Britain which reported that 59% of respondents agreed that Rhode's statue should not be taken down, and 44% agreed with the statement that "we should be proud of British colonialism".^[102]

In June 2020, international lawyer Ann Olivarius, a former Rhodes Scholar, wrote an op-ed in The Financial Times advocating replacing the Cecil Rhodes statue with two other Rhodes Scholars, Alain Locke, the first African-American scholar and Zambian human rights advocate Lucy Banda-Sichone.^[103] That same month, the governing body of Oxford's Oriel college voted to remove the statue of Rhodes.^[104] Later that month, a blog article in the London Review of Books by academic Natalya Din-Kariuki suggested that though Rhodes Must Fall had made a good start, anti-racist organising in UK higher education had much further to go.^[105] In May 2021, sculptor Antony Gormley suggested not taking the statue down but turning it around, so that it would face the wall.^[106]

Harvard Law School, US

In Fall 2015 a group of law students calling itself Royall Must Fall and inspired by Rhodes Must Fall called for the retirement of the Harvard Law School shield, publishing an open letter to law school dean Martha Minow in the Harvard Law Record and posting signs and posters throughout the campus.^[107]^[108]^[109] Depicting three wheat sheaves, the shield incorporated the coat of arms of Isaac Royall Jr., a Harvard benefactor who had endowed the law school's first professorship.^[110] The shield had become a source of contention among Royall Must Fall activists because of the Royall family's history as slave-owners.^[111]^[112]

The movement's inception was accompanied by several controversial incidents, most notably when black tape was mysteriously placed over the portraits of prominent African-American faculty members.^[113] In addition to spurring several students to express their views about the incident in an "#HLSUntaped" feature in the law school's student newspaper and at on-campus assemblies, the controversy soon eclipsed the law school and garnered university-wide interest, with several articles published in The Harvard Crimson and with some Harvard undergraduates joining protesting law students in solidarity.^[114] Several national news organisations picked up on the controversy as well.^[115]

After the shield was ordered retired on 15 March 2016, Royall Must Fall renamed itself Reclaim Harvard Law and broadened its focus.^[116] Prominent members of Reclaim included third-year student A.J. Clayborne, but the group was organised in an equitable manner to counteract the perceived hierarchical nature of Harvard Law School. Reclaim sparked controversy when it occupied the law school's lounge and renamed it Belinda Hall after Belinda Sutton, a female slave who was enslaved by the Royall family.^[117]^[118] After conservative students placed posters in the occupied lounge that were then torn down by students from Reclaim, Dean Martha Minow reaffirmed the school's commitment to free speech in an email to the student body and in the school's student newspaper.^[119] This and other incidents sparked an on-campus debate in Spring 2016 about whether free speech could undermine social justice. As part of the debate, the Harvard Law Record's editor-in-chief and third-year law student Michael Shammas faced criticism from right-wing students for refusing to publish videos of activists tearing down pro-free speech posters, as well as criticism from some left-wing activists for accepting conservative op-eds for publication.^[120] Shammas, who was politically liberal, noted that even though he supported anti-racist protesters, his role was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief."^[121] Prominent Harvard Law professors such as Duncan Kennedy, Annette Gordon-Reed,^[122] Randall Kennedy, and Scott Brewer also weighed in, including in national newspapers such as The New York Times.^[123]^[124]

The effects of the Royall Must Fall and Reclaim Harvard Law continue to be felt on the law school campus today. In September 2017, the school unveiled a plaque acknowledging slavery's role in its history, which reads, "May we pursue the highest ideals of law and justice in their memory." ^[125] The controversies that occurred over the 2015-2016 year are recounted from a conservative perspective in a book by Kayleigh McEnany, a prominent conservative and former Trump spokeswoman who was a third-year law student at the time.^[126] McEnany's view of the controversy, in which she is critical of the protesters, differs from many expressed at the time. Indeed, some students who defended free speech during the controversy nonetheless wrote that they suspected that some on-campus conservatives may have rallied around free speech as a way to fight Reclaim's aims while hiding their own racism.^[127]^[128]

Several articles appeared comparing the Rhodes Must Fall and Royall Must Fall movements, in both positive and negative lights.^[129]^[130]

Other

Small student protests in support of or directly inspired by the removal of the statue and the Rhodes Must Fall movement also occurred at the University of Edinburgh^[83] and the University of California, Berkeley.^[131] Berkeley protesters felt the demands of the Rhodes Must Fall movement were relevant to their own grievances of perceived black marginalisation at Berkeley.^[131] At the University of Cambridge the movement catalysed the creation of similar 'decolonisation' student led initiatives such as the return of the okukor cockerel statue (taken during the punitive Benin Expedition of 1897) at Jesus College to Nigeria.^[132]

Other statues

On 22 March 2015, the EFF's president, Julius Malema, called for all other symbols of colonialism and apartheid in South Africa to be removed.^[133] Following that, a number of colonial era statues across the country were vandalised, including the statue of King George V at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.^[134] EFF members were implicated in the vandalism of a number of Second Boer War statues, including that on 4 April of the Uitenhage War memorial statue for fallen British troops,^[135] a 6 April attack on the Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth dedicated to the animals that served in the war,^[136] and the 7 April vandalism, with green paint, of Paul Kruger's statue in Church Square, Pretoria.^[137] The statue of Louis Botha situated outside the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town was vandalised on 9 April.^[138]

EFF spokesperson Mbuyeseni Ndlozi said on 9 April that the party would have to take responsibility for its members' actions, but that the EFF was for the removal, not vandalism or destruction, of colonial and apartheid symbols in the public space.^[139]

In response to the vandalism of the Louis Botha Statue and Horse Memorial, local supporters of the monuments laid wreaths at the monuments a few days afterwards. To protect it from future vandalism, the Horse Memorial was temporarily moved to a safe space by the local municipality. The chairperson of the Nelson Mandela Bay region of the EFF, Bo Madwara, threatened to "unload it into the sea" should the monument be restored.^[140]

On 18 September 2015, the bronze bust of Rhodes at Rhodes Memorial was vandalised. The nose was cut off and the memorial was daubed with graffiti accusing Rhodes of being a "Racist, thief, [and] murderer". It appeared that the vandals had attempted to cut off the whole head.^[141] In October 2018, the nose was restored by a local artist.

Louis Botha statue, Cape Town
Paul Kruger statue, Pretoria (2013)
Horse Memorial, Port Elizabeth (2010)
The defaced Rhodes bronze bust at the Rhodes memorial, Cape Town. Note the missing nose. (2015)

Controversies over Rhodes Scholars who are Rhodes Must Fall activists

Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the founders of Rhodes Must Fall and a Rhodes Scholar, was the subject of controversy over seemingly racist comments towards a white waitress in South Africa. For this he was widely criticised in the UK^[142]^[143] and in South Africa.^[144] A few days after the November 2015 Paris attacks Qwabe also caused controversy comparing the French flag to the Nazi flag and calling for it to be banned from universities.^[145]^[146]^[147]

Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Rhodes Must Fall, was accused of hypocrisy, including by Rhodes Must Fall, over subsequently applying for and accepting a Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticised for not awarding the scholarship to someone more deserving.^[148]^[149] Following the completion of his studies at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Nott took up a position of paid employment at the Rhodes Trust. He is employed as 'Associate - Global Partnerships' within the Trust's Rise programme.^[150]

References

^ ^a ^b University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation (Video). University of Cape Town. 26 March 2015.
^ Hall, Martin. "The symbolic statue dividing a South African university". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b Hlophe, Wadantu (1 April 2015). "HLOPHE: Rhodes must fall everywhere". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kamanzi, Brian (29 March 2015). ""Rhodes Must Fall" – Decolonisation Symbolism – What is happening at UCT, South Africa?". The Post Colonialist. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ Jeremy Harding, Rhodes Must Fall, London Review of Books Blog, 1 April 2015
^ WALGATE, Charles Percival, Artefacts.co.za
^ Masondo, Sipho (22 March 2015). "Rhodes: As divisive in death as in life". News24. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Rhodes Must Fall". Rhodes Must Fall. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Pather, Ra'eesa (2 April 2015). "Rhodes Must Fall: the university must be decolonised". Daily Vox. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ Hodes, Rebecca (13 March 2015). "'The Rhodes statue must fall': UCT's radical rebirth". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b "We are at a precipice. We must act to save our universities". 26 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
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^ ^a ^b Bester, Junior (10 March 2015). "Protesters throw poo on Rhodes statue". IOL. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ Masondo, Sipho (23 March 2015). "Rhodes Must Fall campaign gains momentum at UCT". News24. City Press. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
^ Fairbanks, Eve (18 November 2015). "Why South African students have turned on their parents' generation". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Maxwele travelled by minibus taxi out to Khayelitsha, picked up one of the buckets of shit that sat reeking on the kerbside, and brought it back to the campus of the University of Cape Town (UCT), where, in 2011, he had gained a scholarship to study political science. He took it to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes that held pride of place on campus, just downhill from the convocation hall. Rhodes had been one of the main architects of South Africa's segregation. "Where are our heroes and ancestors?" Maxwele shouted to a gathering, curious crowd. Then he opened the bucket and hurled its contents into Rhodes's face.
^ "UCT student transformation leader quits amid homophobia row". The Times. RDM News Wire. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016. The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT‚ Chumani Maxwele‚ was suspended after being accused of shouting at a lecturer: "We must not listen to whites. We do not need their apologies. They have to be removed from UCT and have to be killed".
^ "Rhodes Must Fall leader dares whites to have him expelled from Oxford". BusinessTech. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK, bragged last week on Facebook about the way he treated waitress, Ashleigh Schultz, at a cafe in Observatory, Cape Town.
^ Relph, Sam (30 April 2016). "Student who led campaign to ban 'racist' statue 'refused to tip white waitress'". mirror. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Eliot, Aimie (9 March 2016). "#RhodesMustFall : les étudiants d'Oxford et de Cambridge prennent le relais". Jeune Afrique (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2016. Yussef Robinson, l'un des leaders du mouvement anglais,
^ "The protests will continue, says Rhodes Must Fall leader". CityPress. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ "Why South African Students Say The Statue Of Rhodes Must Fall". NPR.org. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Harding, Andrew (11 April 2015). "Cecil Rhodes monument: A necessary anger?". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
^ Kekana, Masa (22 March 2015). "Uct: students to continue occupying bremner building". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
^ "UCT Senate in favour of statue's removal". SAPA.
^ "South Africa university boards up statue of Cecil Rhodes". BBC News. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ Jamal, Shenaaz (30 March 2015). "Malema adds to the 'Rhodes must fall' chorus". Times Live. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
^ John, Victoria. "UKZN: Another statue, same revolution?". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
^ Munusamy, Ranjeni (9 April 2015). "It's official: #RhodesWillFall". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "UCT boss: I am dismayed at settler chants | Politics". RDM. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "iafrica.com 'One bullet, one settler', says RMF". News.iafrica.com. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Naidoo, Riante (27 April 2015). "SRC president says: 'I love Hitler'". Wits Vuvuzela. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
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External links

Media related to Rhodes Must Fall at Wikimedia Commons

[UCTassembly1-1] University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation (Video). University of Cape Town. 26 March 2015.

[2] Hall, Martin. "The symbolic statue dividing a South African university". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2015.

[YaleRhodes-3] Hlophe, Wadantu (1 April 2015). "HLOPHE: Rhodes must fall everywhere". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[postcoloianlist-4] Kamanzi, Brian (29 March 2015). ""Rhodes Must Fall" – Decolonisation Symbolism – What is happening at UCT, South Africa?". The Post Colonialist. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[5] Jeremy Harding, Rhodes Must Fall, London Review of Books Blog, 1 April 2015

[6] WALGATE, Charles Percival, Artefacts.co.za

[7] Masondo, Sipho (22 March 2015). "Rhodes: As divisive in death as in life". News24. Retrieved 20 January 2016.

[rhodesmustfall.co.za-8] "Rhodes Must Fall". Rhodes Must Fall. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[DialyVox-9] Pather, Ra'eesa (2 April 2015). "Rhodes Must Fall: the university must be decolonised". Daily Vox. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[DMtransformation-10] Hodes, Rebecca (13 March 2015). "'The Rhodes statue must fall': UCT's radical rebirth". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[WR-11] "We are at a precipice. We must act to save our universities". 26 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.

[TheEconomist-12] "Whiteness burning". The Economist. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[News24Parl-13] Singh, Kaveel (18 February 2016). "Parliamentary committee condemns UCT violence". Retrieved 21 February 2016.

[:1-14] Kamaldien, Yazeed (21 March 2015). "Rhodes statue: students occupy offices". IOL News. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

[:0-15] Bester, Junior (10 March 2015). "Protesters throw poo on Rhodes statue". IOL. Retrieved 4 April 2015.

[16] Masondo, Sipho (23 March 2015). "Rhodes Must Fall campaign gains momentum at UCT". News24. City Press. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

[17] Fairbanks, Eve (18 November 2015). "Why South African students have turned on their parents' generation". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Maxwele travelled by minibus taxi out to Khayelitsha, picked up one of the buckets of shit that sat reeking on the kerbside, and brought it back to the campus of the University of Cape Town (UCT), where, in 2011, he had gained a scholarship to study political science. He took it to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes that held pride of place on campus, just downhill from the convocation hall. Rhodes had been one of the main architects of South Africa's segregation. "Where are our heroes and ancestors?" Maxwele shouted to a gathering, curious crowd. Then he opened the bucket and hurled its contents into Rhodes's face.

[18] "UCT student transformation leader quits amid homophobia row". The Times. RDM News Wire. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016. The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT‚ Chumani Maxwele‚ was suspended after being accused of shouting at a lecturer: "We must not listen to whites. We do not need their apologies. They have to be removed from UCT and have to be killed".

[19] "Rhodes Must Fall leader dares whites to have him expelled from Oxford". BusinessTech. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK, bragged last week on Facebook about the way he treated waitress, Ashleigh Schultz, at a cafe in Observatory, Cape Town.

[20] Relph, Sam (30 April 2016). "Student who led campaign to ban 'racist' statue 'refused to tip white waitress'". mirror. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

[21] Eliot, Aimie (9 March 2016). "#RhodesMustFall : les étudiants d'Oxford et de Cambridge prennent le relais". Jeune Afrique (in French). Retrieved 11 May 2016. Yussef Robinson, l'un des leaders du mouvement anglais,

[22] "The protests will continue, says Rhodes Must Fall leader". CityPress. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

[23] "Why South African Students Say The Statue Of Rhodes Must Fall". NPR.org. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

[24] Harding, Andrew (11 April 2015). "Cecil Rhodes monument: A necessary anger?". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2015.

[25] Kekana, Masa (22 March 2015). "Uct: students to continue occupying bremner building". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

[26] "UCT Senate in favour of statue's removal". SAPA.

[27] "South Africa university boards up statue of Cecil Rhodes". BBC News. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.

[28] Jamal, Shenaaz (30 March 2015). "Malema adds to the 'Rhodes must fall' chorus". Times Live. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

[29] John, Victoria. "UKZN: Another statue, same revolution?". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2015.

[30] Munusamy, Ranjeni (9 April 2015). "It's official: #RhodesWillFall". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[31] "UCT boss: I am dismayed at settler chants | Politics". RDM. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[32] "iafrica.com 'One bullet, one settler', says RMF". News.iafrica.com. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[witsvuvuzela.com-33] Naidoo, Riante (27 April 2015). "SRC president says: 'I love Hitler'". Wits Vuvuzela. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[34] "Dlamini in hot water again over 'Jews are devils' comment". News24. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[35] Mathebula, Austil; Carlyle, Travis. "Mcebo Dlamini dismissed as Wits SRC president". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[36] "Hitler loving Dlamini no longer in Wits SRC". Times Live. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[twitter.com-37] "Rhodes Must Fall on Twitter: "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous". Twitter.com. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[DlaminiHitlerLetter2015-38] Staff Reporter (6 May 2015). "OPINION: Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous". Wits Vuvuzela. Retrieved 26 February 2016.

[39] "EWN Reporter on Twitter: "#RhodesMustFall movement says they reject the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini. MK". Twitter.com. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[iolShackville-40] "#Shackville highlights UCT housing issue". Cape Argus. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[News24Acc-41] Petersen, Tammy (21 February 2016). "All students offered accommodation placed - UCT". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[iolRelocate-42] Bernardo, Carla (16 February 2016). "UCT requests for 'Shackville' to be relocated". African News Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[iolChaos-43] Bernardo, Carla (16 February 2016). "Chaos as 'Shackville' dismantled". African News Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[UCTStatues-44] Singh, Kaveel (18 February 2016). "Parliamentary committee condemns UCT violence". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[45] "South Africa: Art destroyed and censored at University of Cape Town". Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[46] "RMF protesters incinerated five Richard Baholo paintings". politicsweb.co.za. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.

[47] "Black artist supports students after burnt work". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.

[MPUCT-48] Cele, S'thembile (21 February 2016). "Newsmaker: The price of being the boss". Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[OFMProtest-49] "Price confirms UCT office was petrol-bombed". 17 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[iolAngry-50] Dano, Zodidi (17 February 2016). "Angry UCT students set artworks alight - PICS". Cape Argus. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[DMburn-51] GroundUp (17 February 2016). "GroundUp Report: Rhodes Must Fall protesters burn UCT art". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[DMmayhem-52] Van der Merwe, Marelise (16 February 2016). "#RhodesMustFall: UCT's Day of Mayhem". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 18 February 2016.

[news24pickup-53] Tandwa, Lizeka (17 February 2016). "UCT starting to pick up the pieces after a day of rioting". News24. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[UCTshack-54] Petersen, Francis (16 February 2016). "Why we've brought charges against RMF members - UCT". University of Cape Town. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[55] "UCT condemns RMF's vandalism and violence". PoliticsWeb. 16 February 2016.

[iolEight-56] "UCT students held after protest chaos". Cape Argus. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.

[CPStudents-57] Huisman, Biénne (21 February 2016). "Students question #RhodesMustFall". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[CityPressProtestsFeb-58] Cele, Sthembile (28 February 2016). "Student protests: A violent tug-of-war". City Press. Retrieved 3 March 2016.

[59] Petersen, Carlo (23 March 2015). "UCT refusing to hire black professors". Cape Times. IOL News. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

[60] "Albie Sachs: 'The Rhodes debate: How we can have the last laugh'. In: CityPress, 29 March 2015". Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.

[UCTassembly-61] University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation (Video). University of Cape Town. 26 March 2015. Event occurs at 1:05:42.

[62] "FW de Klerk criticises Rhodes statue removal campaign - BBC News". BBC News. 26 December 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.

[63] "Removing statue of Rhodes would be folly, says De Klerk | The Times". The Times. Retrieved 27 December 2015.

[64] "Staggering Stats On The Damage Caused To SA Universities During The Student Protests". 27 September 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2021.

[FinEd-65] Snodgrass, Lyn (23 February 2016). "Free education comes at the cost of equality". Retrieved 27 February 2016.

[STOP-66] Sikhakhane, Jabulani (21 February 2016). "Higher education, low returns". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[WhiteHate-67] "UCT student says there is an extreme hatred of whites". The South African. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.

[68] "'Colonialism had never really ended': my life in the shadow of Cecil Rhodes". The Guardian. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

[stellenbosch-69] Petersen, Carlo (17 April 2015). "Transformation spotlight on Stellenbosch". Cape Times. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

[luister-70] "Luister Documentary". YouTube. 20 August 2015.

[71] Nicolson, Greg (7 September 2015). "Luister: the viral film exposing South Africa's ongoing racism problem". The Guardian.

[72] De Villiers, Wim. "Professor". politicsweb. Retrieved 17 November 2015.

[RUnamechange-73] Ispas, Mara. "Rhodes Uni Council approves plans for name change". SA Breaking News. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

[74] Name change for Rhodes University rejected, Times Live

[75] Rhodes University votes to keep its name, Business Live

[76] No name change for Rhodes University following council vote, Mail & Guardian

[UPClash-77] "Calm restored, 14 arrested at UP student protest". 19 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[UP24-78] "Crowd supports UP students and chants, "Down with Afrikaans"". 22 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[UPClosure-79] Raborife, Mpho (20 February 2016). "Tuks campuses closed until further notice". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[UPEnglish-80] "Protest-hit University of Pretoria proposes new English language policy". 22 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[UPContinued-81] Kubheka, Thando (22 February 2016). "#Tuks: Lectures cancelled as protests continue". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[OFM35-82] Steenbok, Mark (22 February 2016). "UFS workers and students (35) to spend night behind bars". Retrieved 22 February 2016.

[hertsandessex-83] "University students remove statue of Stortford's Cecil Rhodes from campus". Herts and Essex Observer. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

[theguardianOxford-84] Rhoden-Paul, André (18 June 2015). "Oxford Uni must decolonise its campus and curriculum, say students". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[IndependentOxford-85] Ali, Aftab (19 June 2015). "Oxford University students call for greater 'racial sensitivity' at the institution and say it must be 'decolonised'". The Independent. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[86] Shi, Chi Chi (26 December 2015). "The statue of Cecil Rhodes, like that of Saddam, must fall". The Times. Retrieved 27 December 2015.

[telegraphRemove-87] Espinoza, Javier (20 January 2016). "Oxford Union backs motion to remove Cecil Rhodes statue". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 January 2016.

[88] Espinoza, Javier; Gordon Rayner (29 January 2016). "Cecil Rhodes statue to remain at Oxford University after alumni threaten to withdraw millions". Telegraph. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[89] Adams, Richard (19 February 2018). "Rhodes scholarships opened up to students from UK and rest of world". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[90] "The Oxford student who turned on his own university is 'tired' of being asked why he goes there". The Independent. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[91] "Anti-Rhodes activist turns Rhodes scholar". BBC News. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[92] Khomami, Nadia (13 January 2016). "Oxford scholars reject hypocrisy claims amid row over Cecil Rhodes statue". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 September 2018.

[93] "Mayor Sadiq Khan sets up body to review statues in UK capital". The Times of India. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

[94] Mohdin, Aamna (9 June 2020). "Protesters rally in Oxford for removal of Cecil Rhodes statue". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[95] "PICTURES: Black Lives Matter protest in Oxford yesterday". Oxford Mail. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[96] "Letters: The Rhodes Must Fall campaign follows the ideals of Nelson Mandela". The Telegraph. 17 June 2020. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[97] "Oriel MCR pass motions endorsing the removal of Rhodes statue". The Oxford Student. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[98] Tominey, Camilla (17 June 2020). "Cecil Rhodes statue to be taken down at Oxford's Oriel College". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

[99] "Statement from the Governing Body of Oriel College". Oriel College, Oxford. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

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 == Background ==
-The bronze statue of a seated [[Cecil Rhodes]] was sculpted by Marion Walgate (née Mason), wife of architect Charles Walgate, who worked with J. M. Solomon in designing and constructing the new buildings{{which|date=March 2018}} at the [[University of Cape Town]] (UCT). It was unveiled in 1934.<ref>Jeremy Harding, [http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2015/04/01/jeremy-harding/rhodes-must-fall/ Rhodes Must Fall], [[London Review of Books]] Blog, 1 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=1805 WALGATE, Charles Percival], Artefacts.co.za</ref> Calls for the statue's removal had been slowly increasing for several decades, with [[Afrikaner]] students first demanding the removal of the statue in the 1950s. Afrikaner students wanted the statue removed because Rhodes was a British imperialist who wanted to continue British rule in South Africa, and considered the Afrikaner population to be less-than the British.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cecil-John-Rhodes-As-divisive-in-death-as-in-life-20150322|title = Rhodes: As divisive in death as in life|date = 22 March 2015|access-date = 20 January 2016|website = News24|last = Masondo|first = Sipho}}</ref>
+A bronze statue of a seated [[Cecil Rhodes]], a 19th-century British industrialist, was sculpted by Marion Walgate ({{née|Mason}}), the wife of architect Charles Walgate. Charles had worked with fellow architect [[Joseph Michael Solomon]] in designing and constructing several buildings of the [[University of Cape Town]] (UCT) during this period. Marion's statue of Rhodes was unveiled in 1934 and installed on the UCT campus, as the university was built on land donated by Rhodes.<ref>Jeremy Harding, [http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2015/04/01/jeremy-harding/rhodes-must-fall/ Rhodes Must Fall], [[London Review of Books]] Blog, 1 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=1805 WALGATE, Charles Percival], Artefacts.co.za</ref> Calls for the statue's removal had been slowly increasing for several decades, with [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner]] students first demanding the removal of the statue in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cecil-John-Rhodes-As-divisive-in-death-as-in-life-20150322|title = Rhodes: As divisive in death as in life|date = 22 March 2015|access-date = 20 January 2016|website = News24|last = Masondo|first = Sipho}}</ref>
 ==Ideology and goals==
 Rhodes Must Fall describes itself as "a collective movement of students and staff members mobilising for direct action against the reality of institutional racism at the University of Cape Town."<ref name="rhodesmustfall.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://rhodesmustfall.co.za/ |title=Rhodes Must Fall |publisher=Rhodes Must Fall |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> Whilst initially being focused on the removal of the statue of Cecil John Rhodes, Rhodes Must Fall states that "the fall of 'Rhodes' is symbolic for the inevitable fall of [[white supremacy]] and privilege at our campus."<ref name="rhodesmustfall.co.za"/>
-The movement was initially about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, a symbol which the protesters felt was oppressive,<ref name="postcoloianlist" /> and grew to encompass institutional racism,<ref name="DialyVox">{{cite web | url=http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/rhodes-must-fall-the-university-must-be-decolonised/ | title=Rhodes Must Fall: the university must be decolonised | work=Daily Vox | date=2 April 2015 | access-date=9 April 2015 | author=Pather, Ra'eesa}}</ref> the lack of racial transformation at the university,<ref name="DMtransformation">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-03-13-the-rhodes-statue-must-fall-ucts-radical-rebirth/ | title='The Rhodes statue must fall': UCT's radical rebirth | work=[[Daily Maverick]] | date=13 March 2015 | access-date=9 April 2015 | author=Hodes, Rebecca}}</ref> and access to tertiary education and student accommodation.<ref name=WR>{{cite web| url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/26/we-are-at-a-precipice.-we-must-act-to-save-our-universities |title=We are at a precipice. We must act to save our universities |date=26 February 2016 |access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=TheEconomist>{{cite web| url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21693278-students-are-throwing-colonial-art-pyre-whiteness-burning |title=Whiteness burning |date=20 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>
+The movement was initially about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, a symbol which the protesters felt was oppressive,<ref name="postcoloianlist" /> and grew to encompass institutional racism,<ref name="DialyVox">{{cite web | url=http://www.thedailyvox.co.za/rhodes-must-fall-the-university-must-be-decolonised/ | title=Rhodes Must Fall: the university must be decolonised | work=Daily Vox | date=2 April 2015 | access-date=9 April 2015 | author=Pather, Ra'eesa}}</ref> the lack of racial transformation at the university,<ref name="DMtransformation">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-03-13-the-rhodes-statue-must-fall-ucts-radical-rebirth/ | title='The Rhodes statue must fall': UCT's radical rebirth | work=[[Daily Maverick]] | date=13 March 2015 | access-date=9 April 2015 | author=Hodes, Rebecca}}</ref> and access to tertiary education and student accommodation.<ref name=WR>{{cite web| url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/26/we-are-at-a-precipice.-we-must-act-to-save-our-universities |title=We are at a precipice. We must act to save our universities |date=26 February 2016 |access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=TheEconomist>{{cite news| url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21693278-students-are-throwing-colonial-art-pyre-whiteness-burning |title=Whiteness burning |newspaper=The Economist |date=20 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>
 Students made use of occupation, civil disobedience, and violence during the protests.<ref name=News24Parl>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/parliamentary-committee-condemns-uct-violence-20160218 |title=Parliamentary committee condemns UCT violence |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |author=Singh, Kaveel}}</ref> Actions included throwing human feces at the Rhodes statue, occupying UCT offices, and burning art, vehicles, and buildings.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/rhodes-statue-students-occupy-offices-1.1835276#.VSEO86g0WSo|title = Rhodes statue: students occupy offices|date = 21 March 2015|access-date = 5 April 2015|website = IOL News|last = Kamaldien|first = Yazeed}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Students also made use of the internet; protesting students created a [[Facebook]] page entitled 'Rhodes Must Fall' and promoted and made use of the [[hashtag]] '#RhodesMustFall' on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Rhodes-Must-Fall-campaign-gains-momentum-at-UCT-20150323|title = Rhodes Must Fall campaign gains momentum at UCT|date = 23 March 2015|access-date = 5 April 2015|website = News24|publisher = City Press|last = Masondo|first = Sipho}}</ref>
 ===Leaders===
-The first action of the movement took place on 9 March 2015, when [[Chumani Maxwele]] "picked up one of the buckets of faeces that sat reeking on the kerbside" and "hurled its contents" to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes, as reported by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fairbanks|first1=Eve|title=Why South African students have turned on their parents' generation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/nov/18/why-south-african-students-have-turned-on-their-parents-generation|access-date=11 May 2016|work=The Guardian|date=18 November 2015|quote=Maxwele travelled by minibus taxi out to Khayelitsha, picked up one of the buckets of shit that sat reeking on the kerbside, and brought it back to the campus of the University of Cape Town (UCT), where, in 2011, he had gained a scholarship to study political science. He took it to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes that held pride of place on campus, just downhill from the convocation hall. Rhodes had been one of the main architects of South Africa's segregation. "Where are our heroes and ancestors?" Maxwele shouted to a gathering, curious crowd.  Then he opened the bucket and hurled its contents into Rhodes's face.}}</ref>  ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'' later named Chumani as "The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT.<ref>{{cite news|title=UCT student transformation leader quits amid homophobia row|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/06/30/UCT-student-transformation-leader-quits-amid-homophobia-row|access-date=11 May 2016|work=The Times|agency=RDM News Wire|date=30 June 2015|quote=The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT‚ Chumani Maxwele‚ was suspended after being accused of shouting at a lecturer: "We must not listen to whites. We do not need their apologies. They have to be removed from UCT and have to be killed".}}</ref>"
+The first action of the movement took place on 9 March 2015, when [[Chumani Maxwele]] "picked up one of the buckets of faeces that sat reeking on the kerbside" and "hurled its contents" to a bronze statue of Rhodes, as reported by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fairbanks|first1=Eve|title=Why South African students have turned on their parents' generation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/nov/18/why-south-african-students-have-turned-on-their-parents-generation|access-date=11 May 2016|work=The Guardian|date=18 November 2015|quote=Maxwele travelled by minibus taxi out to Khayelitsha, picked up one of the buckets of shit that sat reeking on the kerbside, and brought it back to the campus of the University of Cape Town (UCT), where, in 2011, he had gained a scholarship to study political science. He took it to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes that held pride of place on campus, just downhill from the convocation hall. Rhodes had been one of the main architects of South Africa's segregation. "Where are our heroes and ancestors?" Maxwele shouted to a gathering, curious crowd.  Then he opened the bucket and hurled its contents into Rhodes's face.}}</ref>  ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'' later named Chumani as "The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT.<ref>{{cite news|title=UCT student transformation leader quits amid homophobia row|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/06/30/UCT-student-transformation-leader-quits-amid-homophobia-row|access-date=11 May 2016|work=The Times|agency=RDM News Wire|date=30 June 2015|quote=The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT‚ Chumani Maxwele‚ was suspended after being accused of shouting at a lecturer: "We must not listen to whites. We do not need their apologies. They have to be removed from UCT and have to be killed".}}</ref>"
 [[Ntokozo Qwabe]] was named as "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK" by ''BusinessTech''<ref>{{cite news|title=Rhodes Must Fall leader dares whites to have him expelled from Oxford|url=http://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/122371/rhodes-must-fall-leader-dares-whites-to-have-him-expelled-from-oxford/|access-date=11 May 2016|work=BusinessTech|date=4 May 2016|quote=Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK, bragged last week on Facebook about the way he treated waitress, Ashleigh Schultz, at a cafe in Observatory, Cape Town.}}</ref> and by the ''[[Daily Mirror]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/oxford-student-behind-rhodes-must-7865828|title=Student who led campaign to ban 'racist' statue 'refused to tip white waitress'|last=Relph|first=Sam|date=2016-04-30|work=mirror|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref>  Parisian magazine [[Jeune Afrique]] named Youssef Robinson "one of the leaders of the movement in Britain."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eliot|first1=Aimie|title=#RhodesMustFall : les étudiants d'Oxford et de Cambridge prennent le relais|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/308501/politique/rhodesmustfall-etudiants-doxford-de-cambridge-prennent-relais/|access-date=11 May 2016|work=Jeune Afrique|date=9 March 2016|language=fr|quote=Yussef Robinson, l'un des leaders du mouvement anglais,}}</ref>   Athabile Nonxuba was also named a leader of the movement at UCT by ''[[City Press (South Africa)|City Press]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://city-press.news24.com/News/the-protests-will-continue-says-rhodes-must-fall-leader-20160221|title=The protests will continue, says Rhodes Must Fall leader|work=CityPress|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref>  [[NPR|National Public Radio]] interviewed Kgotsi Chikane and named him "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/03/28/395608605/why-south-african-students-say-the-statue-of-rhodes-must-fall|title=Why South African Students Say The Statue Of Rhodes Must Fall|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 44: / Line 47: @@
 === 2015 Protests: The statue, decolonisation ===
 [[File:-RMF_Statue_Removal_04_Desmond_Bowles.jpg|thumb|Rhodes falls (9 April 2015)]]
-The first protest, and the action that started the Rhodes Must Fall campaign occurred on 9 March 2015, when [[Chumani Maxwele]] threw [[human faeces]] onto the statue and [[toyi-toyi|toyi-toyi'd]] with approximately a dozen protesters at the statue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Andrew|title=Cecil Rhodes monument: A necessary anger?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32248605|access-date=11 April 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> Maxwele was charged with assault after he was involved in a physical altercation with a security officer during the protest.<ref name=":1" />  It was reported that a UCT security officer had prevented a photographer from taking photos of the protest. UCT announced that it was investigating the incident.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Bester|first1=Junior|title=Protesters throw poo on Rhodes statue|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/protesters-throw-poo-on-rhodes-statue-1.1829526#.VSAM3fmUdJc|date=10 March 2015|access-date=4 April 2015|work=IOL}}</ref>
+The first protest, and the action that started the Rhodes Must Fall campaign occurred on 9 March 2015, when [[Chumani Maxwele]] threw [[human faeces]] onto the statue and [[toyi-toyi]]ed with approximately a dozen protesters at the statue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Andrew|title=Cecil Rhodes monument: A necessary anger?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32248605|access-date=11 April 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=11 April 2015}}</ref> Maxwele was charged with assault after he was involved in a physical altercation with a security officer during the protest.<ref name=":1" />  It was reported that a UCT security officer had prevented a photographer from taking photos of the protest. UCT announced that it was investigating the incident.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Bester|first1=Junior|title=Protesters throw poo on Rhodes statue|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/protesters-throw-poo-on-rhodes-statue-1.1829526#.VSAM3fmUdJc|date=10 March 2015|access-date=4 April 2015|work=IOL}}</ref>
 On 12 March 2015, an open air dialogue took place on the stairs of Jammie Plaza, the focal point of the UCT Upper Campus, to discuss the statue, with points from all sides being heard. The following week, a march to the UCT administrative building, Bremner, took place, demanding a date for the removal of the statue. On 20 March 2015, students stormed the Bremner building, which houses the UCT offices during a speech addressing the removal of the statue by UCT vice-chancellor [[Max Price]].<ref name=":1" /> On 22 March, it was reported that the students were still occupying the building and that members of the public were supplying them with food. The protesters "renamed" the building Azania House, an indication that the movement takes an Africanist position on national identity, thus rejecting the civic and non-racial tradition of the ANC.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ewn.co.za/2015/03/22/UCT-Students-to-continue-occupying-Bremner-building|title = Uct: students to continue occupying bremner building|date = 22 March 2015|access-date = 5 April 2015|website = Eyewitness News|last = Kekana|first = Masa}}</ref>
@@ Line 52: / Line 55: @@
 Protest quickly spread around South Africa's universities,<ref>{{cite news|last1=John|first1=Victoria|title=UKZN: Another statue, same revolution?|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-26-defacing-statues-an-important-part-of-revolution|access-date=4 April 2015|work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> defacing statues and calling for the "[[Decolonization|decolonisation]] of education" in South Africa.<ref name="postcoloianlist"/>
-====Controversial statements====
+==== Racist statements ====
 ===== "One Settler, One Bullet" =====
-On 8 April 2015 protesters disrupted the UCT Council meeting which had been called to discuss the removal of the statue and prevented members of the Council from leaving.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munusamy |first=Ranjeni |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-04-09-its-official-rhodeswillfall/#.VkjqE64rL-Z |title=It's official: #RhodesWillFall |website=Daily Maverick |date=2015-04-09 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> According to a statement issued by [[Max Price]], Vice-Chancellor of UCT, protestors chanted "One Settler, One Bullet", a rallying cry during apartheid, both at the meeting and the following day during the removal of the statue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/04/10/uct-boss-i-am-dismayed-at-settler-chants |title=UCT boss: I am dismayed at settler chants &#124; Politics |publisher=RDM |date=2015-04-10 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>  On Tuesday 14 April 2015, Rhodes Must Fall issued a statement from its official Facebook page calling on its members to join a protest in the parking lot of the Bremner Building which ended with the slogan "[[One Settler, One Bullet|ONE BULLET, ONE SETTLER!]]" This post was subsequently deleted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/990095.html |title=iafrica.com 'One bullet, one settler', says RMF |publisher=News.iafrica.com |date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>
+On 8 April 2015 protesters disrupted the UCT Council meeting which had been called to discuss the removal of the statue and prevented members of the council from leaving.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munusamy |first=Ranjeni |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-04-09-its-official-rhodeswillfall/#.VkjqE64rL-Z |title=It's official: #RhodesWillFall |website=Daily Maverick |date=2015-04-09 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> According to a statement issued by [[Max Price]], Vice-Chancellor of UCT, protestors chanted "One Settler, One Bullet", a rallying cry during apartheid, both at the meeting and the following day during the removal of the statue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/04/10/uct-boss-i-am-dismayed-at-settler-chants |title=UCT boss: I am dismayed at settler chants &#124; Politics |publisher=RDM |date=2015-04-10 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>  On Tuesday 14 April 2015, Rhodes Must Fall issued a statement from its official Facebook page calling on its members to join a protest in the parking lot of the Bremner Building which ended with the slogan "[[One Settler, One Bullet!]]" This post was subsequently deleted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.iafrica.com/sa/990095.html |title=iafrica.com 'One bullet, one settler', says RMF |publisher=News.iafrica.com |date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2016-01-29 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185444/http://news.iafrica.com/sa/990095.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===== Support for Mcebo Dlamini =====
-On 25 April 2015, [[Mcebo Dlamini]], then president of the [[Students' union|Students' Representative Council]] (SRC) of [[Wits University]], stated in a Facebook post that he "loves [[Adolf Hitler]]" and admired Hitler for his "charisma" and "organisational skills."<ref name="witsvuvuzela.com">{{cite web|url=http://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/04/27/src-president-says-i-love-hitler/ |title=SRC president says: 'I love Hitler' |first= Riante |last=Naidoo |work=Wits Vuvuzela |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> In the same post Dlamini also stated that he "loves Robert Mugabe." Dlamini later declared during a radio interview on PowerFM, "Jews are devils," a remark which led the South African Jewish Board of Deputies to lay criminal charges of hate speech against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Dlamini-in-hot-water-again-over-Jews-are-devils-comment-20150629 |title=Dlamini in hot water again over 'Jews are devils' comment |publisher=News24 |date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> Dlamini was ultimately dismissed as SRC President on unrelated charges of misconduct.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Austil|last1=Mathebula|first2=Travis|last2=Carlyle|url=http://citizen.co.za/375475/mcebo-dlamini-dismissed-as-wits-src-president/ |title=Mcebo Dlamini dismissed as Wits SRC president |work=The Citizen |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> Wits University Vice Chancellor Adam Habib stated, "I believe that Mr Dlamini has single-handedly wrought more damage on Wits University's reputation than any other person who I can think of in at least the last two decades."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/05/04/hitler-loving-dlamini-no-longer-in-wits-src |title=Hitler loving Dlamini no longer in Wits SRC |work=Times LIVE |date=2015-05-04 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>
+On 25 April 2015, [[Mcebo Dlamini]], then president of the [[Students' union|Students' Representative Council]] (SRC) of [[Wits University]], stated in a Facebook post that he "loves [[Adolf Hitler]]" and admired Hitler for his "charisma" and "organisational skills."<ref name="witsvuvuzela.com">{{cite web|url=http://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/04/27/src-president-says-i-love-hitler/ |title=SRC president says: 'I love Hitler' |first= Riante |last=Naidoo |work=Wits Vuvuzela |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> In the same post Dlamini also stated that he "loves Robert Mugabe." Dlamini later declared during a radio interview on PowerFM, "Jews are devils," a remark which led the South African Jewish Board of Deputies to lay criminal charges of hate speech against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Dlamini-in-hot-water-again-over-Jews-are-devils-comment-20150629 |title=Dlamini in hot water again over 'Jews are devils' comment |publisher=News24 |date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> Dlamini was ultimately dismissed as SRC President on unrelated charges of misconduct.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Austil|last1=Mathebula|first2=Travis|last2=Carlyle|url=http://citizen.co.za/375475/mcebo-dlamini-dismissed-as-wits-src-president/|title=Mcebo Dlamini dismissed as Wits SRC president|work=The Citizen|access-date=2016-01-29|archive-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002002/http://citizen.co.za/375475/mcebo-dlamini-dismissed-as-wits-src-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wits University Vice Chancellor Adam Habib stated, "I believe that Mr Dlamini has single-handedly wrought more damage on Wits University's reputation than any other person who I can think of in at least the last two decades."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/05/04/hitler-loving-dlamini-no-longer-in-wits-src |title=Hitler loving Dlamini no longer in Wits SRC |work=Times Live |date=2015-05-04 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>
 On 7 May 2015 Rhodes Must Fall tweeted "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous",<ref name="twitter.com">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RhodesMustFall/status/596092705014439937 |title=Rhodes Must Fall on Twitter: "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous |publisher=Twitter.com |date=2015-05-06 |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref> including a link to an anonymous letter in the student newspaper ''[[Wits Vuvuzela]]'' bearing this title.<ref name="DlaminiHitlerLetter2015">{{cite news|title=OPINION: Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous|url=http://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/05/06/opinion-why-mcebo-dlaminis-views-on-hitler-are-not-outrageous/|author=Staff Reporter|access-date=26 February 2016|work=Wits Vuvuzela|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> On the same day Eyewitness News reported that the Rhodes Must Fall movement stated that it "rejects the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ewnreporter/status/596271346671329280 |title=EWN Reporter on Twitter: "#RhodesMustFall movement says they reject the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini. MK |publisher=Twitter.com |access-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>
 ===2016 protests: accommodation, decolonisation, and institutional culture===
-Protests resumed at the University of Cape Town at the start of the academic year on 15 February 2016, when members of the Rhodes Must Fall movement constructed a [[shack]] at a heavily used pedestrian crossing and road at the base of the Jameson Steps on the university's main campus.<ref name="iolShackville">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/shackville-highlights-uct-housing-issue-1984873 | title=#Shackville highlights UCT housing issue | newspaper=Cape Argus | date=15 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> The shack was set up to protest what some students perceived as a lack of housing for black students and unfairness in the allocation of student housing.<ref name=News24Acc>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/all-students-offered-accommodation-placed-uct-20160221 |title=All students offered accommodation placed - UCT |date=21 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |author=Petersen, Tammy}}</ref> The University responded, stating that the shack needed to be relocated by 5 p.m. the following day, as its placement was causing traffic congestion.<ref name="iolRelocate">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/uct-requests-for-shackville-to-be-relocated-1985385 | title=UCT requests for 'Shackville' to be relocated | publisher=African News Agency | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | first=Carla| last=Bernardo}}</ref> The following day, the shack was removed after 6 p.m. by the University.<ref name="iolChaos">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/chaos-as-shackville-dismantled-1985415 | title=Chaos as 'Shackville' dismantled | publisher=African News Agency | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Bernardo, Carla}}</ref> In response, Rhodes Must Fall supporters vandalised two statues, one of [[Jan Smuts]] and another of [[Maria Emmeline Barnard Fuller]];<ref name=UCTStatues>{{cite web| url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/parliamentary-committee-condemns-uct-violence-20160218 |title=Parliamentary committee condemns UCT violence |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016| author=Singh, Kaveel}}</ref> [[Art destruction#Of artwork not designed to be destroyed|burned]] paintings, predominantly portraits of white people, collected from university buildings (including two collages in remembrance of the revered anti-apartheid activist [[Molly Blackburn]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freemuse.org/news/south-africa-art-destroyed-censored-university-cape-town/|title=South Africa: Art destroyed and censored at University of Cape Town}}</ref> five anti-apartheid-themed paintings by black artist [[Keresemose Richard Baholo]], who was the first black student to receive a master's degree in Fine Art from UCT<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://politicsweb.co.za/politics/rmf-protesters-incinerated-five-richard-baholo-pai|title=RMF protesters incinerated five Richard Baholo paintings - UCT {{!}} Politicsweb|website=politicsweb.co.za|date=18 February 2016|access-date=2016-06-12}}</ref> and who later supported the activists' actions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citizen.co.za/998886/artist-still-sides-with-students-despite-burnt-painting|title=Black artist supports students after burnt work|last=Citizen Reporter|website=The Citizen|access-date=2016-06-12}}</ref>); torched three vehicles, including a [[Jammie Shuttle]] transport bus;<ref name=MPUCT>{{cite web| url=http://city-press.news24.com/News/newsmaker-the-price-of-being-the-boss-20160221 |title=Newsmaker: The price of being the boss |date=21 February 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |author=Cele, S'thembile}}</ref> and [[petrol bomb|petrol-bombed]] the office of the university's vice-chancellor.<ref name=OFMProtest>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofm.co.za/article/national/179907/price-confirms-uct-office-was-petrol-bombed |title=Price confirms UCT office was petrol-bombed |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="iolAngry">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/angry-uct-students-set-artworks-alight---pics-1985478 | title=Angry UCT students set artworks alight - PICS | newspaper=Cape Argus | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Dano, Zodidi}}</ref><ref name="DMburn">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-17-groundup-rhodes-must-fall-protesters-burn-uct-art/ | title=GroundUp Report: Rhodes Must Fall protesters burn UCT art | work=Daily Maverick | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=GroundUp}}</ref><ref name="DMmayhem">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-16-rhodesmustfall-ucts-day-of-mayhem/ | title=#RhodesMustFall: UCT's Day of Mayhem | work=Daily Maverick | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | author=Van der Merwe, Marelise}}</ref><ref name="news24pickup">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/uct-starting-to-pick-up-the-pieces-after-a-day-of-rioting-20160217 | title=UCT starting to pick up the pieces after a day of rioting | website=News24 | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Tandwa, Lizeka}}</ref>
+Protests resumed at the University of Cape Town at the start of the academic year on 15 February 2016, when members of the Rhodes Must Fall movement constructed a [[shack]] at a heavily used pedestrian crossing and road at the base of the Jameson Steps on the university's main campus.<ref name="iolShackville">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/shackville-highlights-uct-housing-issue-1984873 | title=#Shackville highlights UCT housing issue | newspaper=Cape Argus | date=15 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> The shack was set up to protest what some students perceived as a lack of housing for black students and unfairness in the allocation of student housing.<ref name=News24Acc>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/all-students-offered-accommodation-placed-uct-20160221 |title=All students offered accommodation placed - UCT |date=21 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |author=Petersen, Tammy}}</ref> The university responded, stating that the shack needed to be relocated by 5 p.m. the following day, as its placement was causing traffic congestion.<ref name="iolRelocate">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/uct-requests-for-shackville-to-be-relocated-1985385 | title=UCT requests for 'Shackville' to be relocated | publisher=African News Agency | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | first=Carla| last=Bernardo}}</ref> The following day, the shack was removed after 6 p.m. by the university.<ref name="iolChaos">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/chaos-as-shackville-dismantled-1985415 | title=Chaos as 'Shackville' dismantled | publisher=African News Agency | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Bernardo, Carla}}</ref> In response, Rhodes Must Fall supporters vandalised two statues, one of [[Jan Smuts]] and another of [[Maria Emmeline Barnard Fuller]];<ref name=UCTStatues>{{cite web| url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/parliamentary-committee-condemns-uct-violence-20160218 |title=Parliamentary committee condemns UCT violence |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016| author=Singh, Kaveel}}</ref> [[Art destruction#Of artwork not designed to be destroyed|burned]] paintings, predominantly portraits of white people, collected from university buildings (including two collages in remembrance of the revered anti-apartheid activist [[Molly Blackburn]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freemuse.org/news/south-africa-art-destroyed-censored-university-cape-town/|title=South Africa: Art destroyed and censored at University of Cape Town|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612203913/https://freemuse.org/news/south-africa-art-destroyed-censored-university-cape-town/|url-status=dead}}</ref> five anti-apartheid-themed paintings by black artist [[Keresemose Richard Baholo]], who was the first black student to receive a master's degree in Fine Art from UCT<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://politicsweb.co.za/politics/rmf-protesters-incinerated-five-richard-baholo-pai|title=RMF protesters incinerated five Richard Baholo paintings |website=politicsweb.co.za|date=18 February 2016|access-date=2016-06-12}}</ref> and who later supported the activists' actions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citizen.co.za/998886/artist-still-sides-with-students-despite-burnt-painting|title=Black artist supports students after burnt work|website=The Citizen|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501220256/http://citizen.co.za/998886/artist-still-sides-with-students-despite-burnt-painting/|url-status=dead}}</ref>); torched three vehicles, including a [[Jammie Shuttle]] transport bus;<ref name=MPUCT>{{cite web| url=http://city-press.news24.com/News/newsmaker-the-price-of-being-the-boss-20160221 |title=Newsmaker: The price of being the boss |date=21 February 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |author=Cele, S'thembile}}</ref> and [[petrol bomb|petrol-bombed]] the office of the university's vice-chancellor.<ref name=OFMProtest>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofm.co.za/article/national/179907/price-confirms-uct-office-was-petrol-bombed |title=Price confirms UCT office was petrol-bombed |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="iolAngry">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/angry-uct-students-set-artworks-alight---pics-1985478 | title=Angry UCT students set artworks alight - PICS | newspaper=Cape Argus | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Dano, Zodidi}}</ref><ref name="DMburn">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-17-groundup-rhodes-must-fall-protesters-burn-uct-art/ | title=GroundUp Report: Rhodes Must Fall protesters burn UCT art | work=Daily Maverick | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=GroundUp}}</ref><ref name="DMmayhem">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-02-16-rhodesmustfall-ucts-day-of-mayhem/ | title=#RhodesMustFall: UCT's Day of Mayhem | work=Daily Maverick | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016 | author=Van der Merwe, Marelise}}</ref><ref name="news24pickup">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/uct-starting-to-pick-up-the-pieces-after-a-day-of-rioting-20160217 | title=UCT starting to pick up the pieces after a day of rioting | website=News24 | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Tandwa, Lizeka}}</ref>
 The University of Cape Town stated that the shortage, 6,680 beds for 27,000 students, was due to three reasons: greatly increased student numbers caused by lower fees, students rewriting deferred exams caused by the protests the previous year, and the clearance of historical student debt increasing the number of returning students. The university also stated that their ability to respond to the housing problem was hampered by the occupation of three buildings hosting the Student Housing department by Rhodes Must Fall protesters. The university also refuted protesters' claims of prioritising the housing of white students, stating that 75% of students in university residences were black.<ref name=News24Acc/> The university claimed that a number of the protesters were not university students and that due to the "intimidation of others, demeaning utterances, and distortion of facts" it was taking criminal action against the protesters.<ref name="UCTshack">{{cite web | url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/why-weve-brought-charges-against-rmf-members--uct | title=Why we've brought charges against RMF members - UCT | publisher=University of Cape Town | date=16 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016 | author=Petersen, Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UCT condemns RMF's vandalism and violence|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/uct-condemns-rmfs-vandalism-and-violence|work=PoliticsWeb|date=16 February 2016}}</ref>  Eight protesters were arrested on charges of public violence and malicious damage.<ref name="iolEight">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/uct-students-held-after-protest-chaos-1985571 | title=UCT students held after protest chaos | newspaper=Cape Argus | date=17 February 2016 | access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref>
@@ Line 71: / Line 75: @@
 == Reactions ==
-On 22 March 2015, UCT lecturer Xolela Mangcu told the ''[[Cape Times]]'' newspaper that the university was not hiring enough black professors. He said that only 5 out of the 200 senior professors at the university were black.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/uct-refusing-to-hire-black-professors-1.1835691#.VSETMag0WSo|title = UCT refusing to hire black professors|date = 23 March 2015|access-date = 5 April 2015|publisher = IOL News|work = [[Cape Times]]|last = Petersen|first = Carlo}}</ref> A week later, [[Julius Malema]] of the [[Economic Freedom Fighters]] agreed that the statue should be removed and that the student protests were against not only the statue, but white supremacy itself. [[Albie Sachs]] suggested to "keep him [Rhodes] alive on the campus and force him, even if posthumously, to witness surroundings that tell him and the world that he is now living in a constitutional democracy."<ref>[http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/getting-the-last-laugh/ Albie Sachs: 'The Rhodes debate: How we can have the last laugh'. In: CityPress, 29 March 2015]</ref>
+On 22 March 2015, UCT lecturer Xolela Mangcu told the ''[[Cape Times]]'' newspaper that the university was not hiring enough black professors. He said that only 5 out of the 200 senior professors at the university were black.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/uct-refusing-to-hire-black-professors-1.1835691#.VSETMag0WSo|title = UCT refusing to hire black professors|date = 23 March 2015|access-date = 5 April 2015|publisher = IOL News|work = [[Cape Times]]|last = Petersen|first = Carlo}}</ref> A week later, [[Julius Malema]] of the [[Economic Freedom Fighters]] agreed that the statue should be removed and that the student protests were against not only the statue, but white supremacy itself. [[Albie Sachs]] suggested to "keep him [Rhodes] alive on the campus and force him, even if posthumously, to witness surroundings that tell him and the world that he is now living in a constitutional democracy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/getting-the-last-laugh/ |title=Albie Sachs: 'The Rhodes debate: How we can have the last laugh'. In: CityPress, 29 March 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419183839/http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/getting-the-last-laugh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-During March 2015, the Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment at the University of Cape Town ran a poll on whether or not the statue should be moved. Out of 2700 students, 1100 students voted.  Sixty percent of them were against the removal of the statue, 38% were in favour of its removal and the remaining 2% abstained. However, the poll did not measure strength of opinion. A consensus in the Senate found that many who are against removal did not feel strongly about the issue.<ref name="UCTassembly">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWVJnBVnyPc | title=University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation | publisher=University of Cape Town | date=26 Mar 2015 | medium=Video | location=1:05:42}}</ref>
+During March 2015, the Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment at the University of Cape Town ran a poll on whether or not the statue should be moved. Out of 2700 students, 1100 students voted.  Sixty percent of them were against the removal of the statue, 38% were in favour of its removal and the remaining 2% abstained. However, the poll did not measure strength of opinion. A consensus in the Senate found that many who are against removal did not feel strongly about the issue.<ref name="UCTassembly">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWVJnBVnyPc | title=University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation | publisher=University of Cape Town | date=26 Mar 2015 | medium=Video | time=1:05:42}}</ref>
-Apartheid-era president, [[F. W. de Klerk]] has criticised the movement, calling the movement a "folly" and the students "full of sound and fury". He argues that Rhodes was "the architect of the Anglo-Boer War that had a disastrous impact on our people, yet the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government never thought of removing his name from our history". De Klerk continued on by saying in a letter to [[The Times]] that for better or for worse, "Rhodes had made an impact on history, which included the positive contribution of his scholarship scheme."<ref>{{cite web|title = FW de Klerk criticises Rhodes statue removal campaign - BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35181303|website = BBC News|access-date = 2015-12-27|language = en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Removing statue of Rhodes would be folly, says De Klerk {{!}} The Times|url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/education/article4649850.ece|website = The Times|access-date = 2015-12-27|language = en-GB}}</ref>
+Apartheid-era president, [[F. W. de Klerk]] has criticised the movement, calling the movement a "folly" and the students "full of sound and fury". He argues that Rhodes was "the architect of the [[Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]] that had a disastrous impact on our people, yet the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government never thought of removing his name from our history". De Klerk continued on by saying in a letter to [[The Times]] that for better or for worse, "Rhodes had made an impact on history, which included the positive contribution of his scholarship scheme."<ref>{{cite news|title = FW de Klerk criticises Rhodes statue removal campaign - BBC News| work=BBC News | date=26 December 2015 |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35181303|access-date = 2015-12-27|language = en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Removing statue of Rhodes would be folly, says De Klerk {{!}} The Times|url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/education/article4649850.ece|website = The Times|access-date = 2015-12-27|language = en-GB}}</ref>
+Members of the governing party [[African National Congress|ANC]] criticized the movement. For example, education minister [[Blade Nzimande]] accused them of being "ultra-left formations" controlled by the [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] and accused them of having "an anti-ANC government agenda by those who cannot win power through the ballot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.2oceansvibe.com/2016/09/27/the-staggering-stats-on-damage-caused-to-sa-universities-during-the-student-protests/|title=Staggering Stats On The Damage Caused To SA Universities During The Student Protests|access-date=November 29, 2021|date=September 27, 2016}}</ref>
 Some critics of the movement worry that the focus is on quantity rather than quality of education,<ref name=FinEd>{{cite web| url=http://www.fin24.com/Finweek/Opinion/free-education-comes-at-the-cost-of-equality-20160223 |title= Free education comes at the cost of equality |date=23 February 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |author=Snodgrass, Lyn}}</ref> and that an increase in the number of students accepted to universities will lead to a decrease in the quality of their education, as money which would have gone towards securing quality educators goes instead to subsidising students' fees. Sikhakhane draws parallels between South Africa's path and the situation in Chile and Colombia.<ref name=STOP>{{cite web| url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/businesstimes/opinion/2016/02/21/Higher-education-low-returns |title=Higher education, low returns |date=21 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |author=Sikhakhane, Jabulani}}</ref>
@@ Line 82: / Line 88: @@
 == Other universities ==
+The start of the movement at the University of Cape Town resulted in the emergence of a broader movement in other universities in South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States to address black alienation within higher education.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-14|title='Colonialism had never really ended': my life in the shadow of Cecil Rhodes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jan/14/rhodes-must-fall-oxford-colonialism-zimbabwe-simukai-chigudu|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
 ===Stellenbosch University===
-In mid April 2015, the student- and staff-led activist organisation ''Open Stellenbosch'' was founded at the [[University of Stellenbosch]] to promote similar aims, but with more of a focus on the role of language—specifically [[Afrikaans]]—in education at the university. The organisation was inspired by the Rhodes Must Fall movement at the University of Cape Town.<ref name="stellenbosch">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/transformation-spotlight-on-stellenbosch-1.1846961#.VTS49NyUfCs | title=Transformation spotlight on Stellenbosch | work=[[Cape Times]] | date=17 April 2015 | access-date=20 April 2015 | author=Petersen, Carlo}}</ref> Four independent University of Cape Town students produced a short video documentary called ''Luister'' in which students attending Stellenbosch and Elsenburg College explained their experiences of racism and slow transformation at the university and the college.<ref name="luister">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF3rTBQTQk4 | title=Luister Documentary | date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/07/luister-south-africa-film-racism-stellenbosch | title=Luister: the viral film exposing South Africa's ongoing racism problem | work=[[The Guardian]] | author=Nicolson, Greg | date=7 September 2015}}</ref> On 12 November 2015, the University of Stellenbosch's Rector's Management Team recommended a new language policy in line with Open Stellenbosch's demands; specifically the adoption of English as a lingua franca.<ref>{{cite web|last1=De Villiers|first1=Wim|title=Professor|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/stellenbosch-university-will-be-anglicised--wim-de|website=politicsweb|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
+In mid April 2015, the student- and staff-led activist organisation ''Open Stellenbosch'' was founded at the [[University of Stellenbosch]] to promote similar aims, but with more of a focus on the role of language—specifically [[Afrikaans]]—in education at the university. The organisation was inspired by the Rhodes Must Fall movement at the University of Cape Town.<ref name="stellenbosch">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/transformation-spotlight-on-stellenbosch-1.1846961#.VTS49NyUfCs | title=Transformation spotlight on Stellenbosch | work=[[Cape Times]] | date=17 April 2015 | access-date=20 April 2015 | author=Petersen, Carlo}}</ref> Four independent University of Cape Town students produced a short video documentary called ''Luister'' in which students attending Stellenbosch and Elsenburg College explained their experiences of racism and slow transformation at the university and the college.<ref name="luister">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF3rTBQTQk4 | title=Luister Documentary | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/07/luister-south-africa-film-racism-stellenbosch | title=Luister: the viral film exposing South Africa's ongoing racism problem | work=[[The Guardian]] | author=Nicolson, Greg | date=7 September 2015}}</ref> On 12 November 2015, the University of Stellenbosch's Rector's Management Team recommended a new language policy in line with Open Stellenbosch's demands; specifically the adoption of English as a lingua franca.<ref>{{cite web|last1=De Villiers|first1=Wim|title=Professor|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/stellenbosch-university-will-be-anglicised--wim-de|website=politicsweb|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
 ===Rhodes University===
@@ Line 101: / Line 109: @@
 On 22 February 2016, a group of 35 people consisting of contract workers and students, were arrested at the University of the Free State on charges of contempt of court and illegal gathering.<ref name=OFM35>{{cite web| url=http://www.ofm.co.za/article/local-news/180128/ufs-workers-and-students-35-to-spend-night-behind-bars |title= UFS workers and students (35) to spend night behind bars  |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |author=Steenbok, Mark}}</ref>
-===Oriel College at University of Oxford, UK===
+===Oriel College, University of Oxford, UK===
 [[File:Facade of Oriel College with the Cecil Rhodes Statue magnified.jpg|thumb|274x274px|The High Street facade of Oriel College, Oxford, UK, with the Cecil Rhodes Statue magnified. This statue has been the focus of the Rhodes Must Fall movement in Oxford to date.]]
 At the [[University of Oxford]], students called for a statue of Rhodes to be removed from [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]],<ref name="hertsandessex"/> and started a movement at the university to better represent non-white culture in the curriculum as well as to combat racial discrimination and insensitivity.<ref name="theguardianOxford">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jun/18/oxford-uni-must-decolonise-its-campus-and-curriculum-say-students | title=Oxford Uni must decolonise its campus and curriculum, say students | newspaper=The Guardian | date=18 June 2015 | access-date=22 June 2015 | first=André| last=Rhoden-Paul}}</ref><ref name="IndependentOxford">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/oxford-university-students-call-for-greater-racial-sensitivity-at-the-institution-and-say-it-must-be-decolonised-10332118.html | title=Oxford University students call for greater 'racial sensitivity' at the institution and say it must be 'decolonised' | newspaper=The Independent | date=19 June 2015 | access-date=22 June 2015 | author=Ali, Aftab}}</ref> Organising members of Rhodes Must Fall in Oxford stated that awareness should be raised at the university about the institution's implication in [[colonialism]] and the violence that accompanied it, and that representation of 'black voices' should be improved.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/thunderer/article4649831.ece | title=The statue of Cecil Rhodes, like that of Saddam, must fall | newspaper=The Times | date=26 December 2015 | access-date=27 December 2015 | first= Chi Chi |last=Shi}}</ref>
-On 19 January 2016, students at the [[Oxford Union]] (a private student debating society, without official endorsement or links to the University of Oxford) voted 245 to 212 in favour of removing the statue of Rhodes.<ref name="telegraphRemove">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12109394/Oxford-Union-backs-motion-to-remove-Cecil-Rhodes-statue.html?sf19264616=1 | title=Oxford Union backs motion to remove Cecil Rhodes statue | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=20 January 2016 | access-date=21 January 2016 | first=Javier| last=Espinoza}}</ref> Ultimately, on 29 January 2016, it was announced that the statue would remain, after "furious donors threatened to withdraw gifts and bequests worth more than £100 million" if it was removed.<ref name=TheEconomist/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12128151/Cecil-Rhodes-statue-to-remain-at-Oxford-University-after-alumni-threatens-to-withdraw-millions.html |title=Cecil Rhodes statue to remain at Oxford University after alumni threaten to withdraw millions |first1= Javier |last1=Espinoza|author2= Gordon Rayner|newspaper=Telegraph |date=29 January 2016 |access-date=2016-01-29}}
+On 19 January 2016, students at the [[Oxford Union]] (a private student debating society, without official endorsement or links to the University of Oxford) voted 245 to 212 in favour of removing the statue of Rhodes.<ref name="telegraphRemove">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12109394/Oxford-Union-backs-motion-to-remove-Cecil-Rhodes-statue.html?sf19264616=1 | title=Oxford Union backs motion to remove Cecil Rhodes statue | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=20 January 2016 | access-date=21 January 2016 | first=Javier| last=Espinoza}}</ref> Ultimately, on 29 January 2016, it was announced that the statue would remain; ''The Telegraph'' reported that "furious donors threatened to withdraw gifts and bequests worth more than £100 million" if it were removed.<ref name=TheEconomist/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12128151/Cecil-Rhodes-statue-to-remain-at-Oxford-University-after-alumni-threatens-to-withdraw-millions.html |title=Cecil Rhodes statue to remain at Oxford University after alumni threaten to withdraw millions |first1= Javier |last1=Espinoza|author2= Gordon Rayner|newspaper=Telegraph |date=29 January 2016 |access-date=2016-01-29}}
 </ref>
-The legacy of Cecil Rhodes at The University of Oxford is far-reaching, as in his will Rhodes established [[Rhodes Scholarship|The Rhodes Scholarships]]. Each year, some 100 international students are selected to study at Oxford under the scholarship that bears Rhodes' name. This scholarship is regarded as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=editor|first=Richard Adams Education|date=2018-02-19|title=Rhodes scholarships opened up to students from UK and rest of world|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/feb/19/rhodes-scholarships-opened-up-to-students-from-uk-and-rest-of-world|access-date=2020-06-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> When some of those in receipt of the scholarship were challenged over their opposition to iconography of Rhodes in Oxford, they commented "this scholarship does not buy our silence" and that "...there is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy". This followed a number of criticisms by British media outlets, and on social media, against the scholarship holders [[Ntokozo Qwabe]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-30|title=The Oxford student who turned on his own university is 'tired' of being asked why he goes there|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/ntokozo-qwabe-student-who-accused-oxford-of-propping-up-existence-of-systemic-racism-says-he-is-a6790991.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> and Joshua Nott<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-24|title=Anti-Rhodes activist turns Rhodes scholar|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38734725|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> in response to their involvement in the movement. The students commented that "...a wave of ad hominem and unfounded accusations, hate speech and racism have flooded social media, the press and indeed Ntokozo's personal inbox.".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khomami |first1=Nadia |title=Oxford scholars reject hypocrisy claims amid row over Cecil Rhodes statue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/12/cecil-rhodes-scholars-reject-hypocrisy-claims-amid-row-over-oriel-college-statue |access-date=1 September 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
+The legacy of Cecil Rhodes at The University of Oxford is far-reaching, as in his will Rhodes established [[Rhodes Scholarship|The Rhodes Scholarships]]. Each year, some 100 international students are selected to study at Oxford under the scholarship that bears Rhodes' name. This scholarship is regarded as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Richard |last=Adams |date=2018-02-19|title=Rhodes scholarships opened up to students from UK and rest of world|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/feb/19/rhodes-scholarships-opened-up-to-students-from-uk-and-rest-of-world|access-date=2020-06-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> When some of those in receipt of the scholarship were challenged over their opposition to iconography of Rhodes in Oxford, they commented "this scholarship does not buy our silence" and claimed that "...there is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy". This followed a number of criticisms by British media outlets, and on social media, against the scholarship holders [[Ntokozo Qwabe]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-30|title=The Oxford student who turned on his own university is 'tired' of being asked why he goes there|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/ntokozo-qwabe-student-who-accused-oxford-of-propping-up-existence-of-systemic-racism-says-he-is-a6790991.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> and Joshua Nott<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-24|title=Anti-Rhodes activist turns Rhodes scholar|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38734725|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> in response to their involvement in the movement. The students commented that "...a wave of ad hominem and unfounded accusations, hate speech and racism have flooded social media, the press and indeed Ntokozo's personal inbox.".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khomami |first1=Nadia |title=Oxford scholars reject hypocrisy claims amid row over Cecil Rhodes statue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/12/cecil-rhodes-scholars-reject-hypocrisy-claims-amid-row-over-oriel-college-statue |access-date=1 September 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
-In June 2020, the issue was again brought to attention during the [[George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jun 9|first1=PTI {{!}} Updated|last2=2020|last3=Ist|first3=20:23|title=Mayor Sadiq Khan sets up body to review statues in UK capital - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/mayor-sadiq-khan-sets-up-body-to-review-statues-in-uk-capital/articleshow/76286736.cms|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Two large Rhodes Must Fall protests occurred outside Oriel College, on High Street in central Oxford to call for the removal of the Rhodes statue from the Oriel building. The first protest occurred on 9 June 2020 and was attended by over 1000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohdin|first=Aamna|date=2020-06-09|title=Protesters rally in Oxford for removal of Cecil Rhodes statue|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/protesters-rally-in-oxford-for-removal-of-cecil-rhodes-statue|access-date=2020-06-17|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The second protest occurred on the 16th of June and was a march from [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], a nearby suburb of Oxford, through to the Oriel College building on High Street and onto the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|University of Oxford Museum of Natural History]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PICTURES: Black Lives Matter protest in Oxford yesterday|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18522398.black-lives-matter-protest-oxford/|access-date=2020-06-17|website=Oxford Mail|language=en}}</ref> Both protests were peaceful. On 17 June 2020, some University of Oxford professors expressed opinions in support of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford. In particular, within a letter to ''[[The Telegraph (London)|The Telegraph]],'' they criticised the University of Oxford Vice-Chancellor [[Louise Richardson]] for claims she made concerning the Rhodes Must Fall movement engaging in the 'hiding of history'.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Editor|first=Letters to the|date=2020-06-17|title=Letters: The Rhodes Must Fall campaign follows the ideals of Nelson Mandela|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2020/06/16/lettersthe-rhodes-must-fall-campaign-follows-ideals-nelson-mandela/|access-date=2020-06-17|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> In response to this, meetings of the Oriel College undergraduates, the Oriel junior common room (JCR), and the Oriel graduates, the Oriel middle common room (MCR), as they are called at [[Oxbridge]] colleges, both passed motions calling for the removal of the statue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-16|title=Oriel MCR pass motions endorsing the removal of Rhodes statue|url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2020/06/16/breaking-oriel-mcr-pass-motions-endorsing-the-removal-of-rhodes-statue/|access-date=2020-06-17|website=The Oxford Student|language=en-GB}}</ref> On 17 June 2020, the Oriel College Governing Body convened to vote on the possible removal of the Rhodes statue. The outcome of this meeting was that the college would formally move to have the Cecil Rhodes statue removed from their building, along with the King Edward Street Plaque.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tominey|first=Camilla|date=2020-06-17|title=Cecil Rhodes statue to be taken down at Oxford's Oriel College|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/17/cecil-rhodes-statue-taken-oxfords-oriel-college/|access-date=2020-06-18|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The announcement was not for the immediate removal of the statue, but rather that the College move to immediately establish an 'independent Commission of Inquiry into the key issues surrounding the Rhodes statue', and that the submission from the College Governing Body to this Commission would be for the removal of the Rhodes statue and plaque.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2020|title=Statement from the Governing Body of Oriel College|url=https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/news-events/news/statement-governing-body-oriel-college|access-date=18 June 2020|website=Oriel College, Oxford}}</ref> The Commission will be led by [[Carole Souter]] CBE, the current Master of [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross College]], Oxford, and it was announced that the commission will accept written and oral evidence from all stakeholders including activist groups such as Rhodes Must Fall, and the general public. The Commission intends to report by the end of 2020. Councillor Susan Brown, Leader of [[Oxford City Council]], welcomed this announcement and invited an 'early submission of a formal planning application from Oriel to accompany the review process and feed into it'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Council|first=Oxford City|title=Statement on Rhodes statue|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1464/statement_on_rhodes_statue|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.oxford.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> Should Oriel College submit a planning application for the removal of the statue from what the College refers to as 'The Rhodes Building' listed building consent and the permission from [[Historic England]] will be required, as the building is [[grade II*]] listed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE RHODES BUILDING (NORTH RANGE), ORIEL COLLEGE|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1046662|access-date=16 June 2020|website=Historic England}}</ref>
+In June 2020, the issue was again brought to attention during the [[George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2020|title=Mayor Sadiq Khan sets up body to review statues in UK capital|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/mayor-sadiq-khan-sets-up-body-to-review-statues-in-uk-capital/articleshow/76286736.cms|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Two large Rhodes Must Fall protests took place outside Oriel College, on High Street in central Oxford to call for the removal of the Rhodes statue from the Oriel building. The first protest occurred on 9 June 2020 and was attended by over 1000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohdin|first=Aamna|date=2020-06-09|title=Protesters rally in Oxford for removal of Cecil Rhodes statue|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/protesters-rally-in-oxford-for-removal-of-cecil-rhodes-statue|access-date=2020-06-17|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The second protest occurred on the 16th of June and was a march from [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], a nearby suburb of Oxford, through to the Oriel College building on High Street and onto the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|University of Oxford Museum of Natural History]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PICTURES: Black Lives Matter protest in Oxford yesterday|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18522398.black-lives-matter-protest-oxford/|access-date=2020-06-17|website=Oxford Mail|date=17 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Both protests were peaceful. On 17 June 2020, some University of Oxford professors expressed opinions in support of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford. In particular, within a letter to ''[[The Telegraph (London)|The Telegraph]],'' they criticised the University of Oxford Vice-Chancellor [[Louise Richardson]] for claims she made concerning the Rhodes Must Fall movement engaging in the 'hiding of history'.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-17|title=Letters: The Rhodes Must Fall campaign follows the ideals of Nelson Mandela|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2020/06/16/lettersthe-rhodes-must-fall-campaign-follows-ideals-nelson-mandela/|access-date=2020-06-17|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> In response to this, meetings of Oriel College undergraduates, the Oriel junior common room (JCR), and the Oriel graduates, the Oriel middle common room (MCR), each passed motions calling for the removal of the statue.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-16|title=Oriel MCR pass motions endorsing the removal of Rhodes statue|url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2020/06/16/breaking-oriel-mcr-pass-motions-endorsing-the-removal-of-rhodes-statue/|access-date=2020-06-17|website=The Oxford Student|language=en-GB}}</ref> On 17 June 2020, the Oriel College Governing Body convened to vote on the possible removal of the Rhodes statue. The outcome of this meeting was that the college would formally move to have the Cecil Rhodes statue removed from their building, along with the King Edward Street Plaque.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tominey|first=Camilla|date=2020-06-17|title=Cecil Rhodes statue to be taken down at Oxford's Oriel College|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/06/17/cecil-rhodes-statue-taken-oxfords-oriel-college/|access-date=2020-06-18|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The announcement was not for the immediate removal of the statue, but rather that the college move to immediately establish an 'independent Commission of Inquiry into the key issues surrounding the Rhodes statue', and that the submission from the College Governing Body to this commission would be for the removal of the Rhodes statue and plaque.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2020|title=Statement from the Governing Body of Oriel College|url=https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/news-events/news/statement-governing-body-oriel-college|access-date=18 June 2020|website=Oriel College, Oxford}}</ref> The commission will be led by [[Carole Souter]] CBE, the current Master of [[St Cross College, Oxford]] and it was announced that the commission will accept written and oral evidence from all stakeholders including activist groups such as Rhodes Must Fall, and the general public. The Commission intends to report by the end of 2020. Councillor Susan Brown, Leader of [[Oxford City Council]], welcomed this announcement and invited an 'early submission of a formal planning application from Oriel to accompany the review process and feed into it'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement on Rhodes statue|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1464/statement_on_rhodes_statue|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.oxford.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> Should Oriel College submit a planning application for the removal of the statue from what the college refers to as 'The Rhodes Building' listed building consent and the permission from [[Historic England]] will be required, as the building is [[grade II*]] listed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE RHODES BUILDING (NORTH RANGE), ORIEL COLLEGE|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1046662|access-date=16 June 2020|website=Historic England}}</ref>
-The possible removal of the Rhodes statue at Oriel College follows a 2016 YouGov survey which concluded that 59% of British people say a statue of colonialist Cecil Rhodes at Oxford University should not be taken down – and 44% even said 'we should be proud of British colonialism'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2016/01/18/rhodes-must-not-fall|title=Rhodes must not fall &#124; YouGov|website=yougov.co.uk}}</ref> It is not clear how the views of the British public may have shifted in light of the 2020 reinvigoration of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement across the Western world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Britain Racist? {{!}} YouGov|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/06/13/is-britain-racist|access-date=2020-06-18|website=yougov.co.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref>
+The possible removal of the Rhodes statue at Oriel College follows a 2016 YouGov survey in Britain which reported that 59% of respondents agreed that Rhode's statue should not be taken down, and 44% agreed with the statement that "we should be proud of British colonialism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2016/01/18/rhodes-must-not-fall|title=Rhodes must not fall &#124; YouGov|website=yougov.co.uk}}</ref>
-In June 2020, international lawyer [[Ann Olivarius]], a former [[Rhodes Scholar]], wrote an op-ed in ''The Financial Times'' advocating replacing the Cecil Rhodes statue with two other Rhodes Scholars, [[Alain Locke]], the first African-American scholar and Zambian human rights advocate [[Lucy Banda-Sichone]].<ref>Ann Olivarius, "[https://www.ft.com/content/336d57a8-fb23-4ec8-8333-bb8e6bc36c98 Rhodes must fall, but who should stand in his place?]," Financial Times 15 June 2020.</ref>  That same month, the governing body of Oxford's Oriel college voted to remove the statue of Rhodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rhodes will fall: Oxford University to remove statue amid anti-racism calls |access-date=15 July 2020|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/rhodes-will-fall-oxford-university-remove-statue-amid-anti-racism-n1231387|date=18 June 2020|author1=Shakib, Delara|author2=Givetash, Linda}}</ref> Later that month, an article in the [https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2020/june/after-rhodes-falls ''London Review of Books''] suggested that though Rhodes Must Fall had made a good start, anti-racist organising in UK higher education had much further to go.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Din-Kariuki|first=Natalya|date=2020-06-29|title=Natalya Din-Kariuki {{!}} After Rhodes Falls · LRB 29 June 2020|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2020/june/after-rhodes-falls|access-date=2020-07-18|website=LRB Blog|language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, sculptor [[Antony Gormley]] suggested not taking the statue down but turning it around, so that it would face the wall.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Oxford Rhodes statue should be turned to face wall, says Antony Gormley|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/may/29/rhodes-statue-should-be-turned-to-face-wall-says-antony-gormley|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
+In June 2020, international lawyer [[Ann Olivarius]], a former [[Rhodes Scholar]], wrote an op-ed in ''The Financial Times'' advocating replacing the Cecil Rhodes statue with two other Rhodes Scholars, [[Alain Locke]], the first African-American scholar and Zambian human rights advocate [[Lucy Banda-Sichone]].<ref>Ann Olivarius, "[https://www.ft.com/content/336d57a8-fb23-4ec8-8333-bb8e6bc36c98 Rhodes must fall, but who should stand in his place?]," Financial Times 15 June 2020.</ref>  That same month, the governing body of Oxford's Oriel college voted to remove the statue of Rhodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rhodes will fall: Oxford University to remove statue amid anti-racism calls |access-date=15 July 2020|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/rhodes-will-fall-oxford-university-remove-statue-amid-anti-racism-n1231387|date=18 June 2020|author1=Shakib, Delara|author2=Givetash, Linda|website=[[NBC News]] }}</ref> Later that month, a blog article in the ''[[London Review of Books]]'' by academic Natalya Din-Kariuki suggested that though Rhodes Must Fall had made a good start, anti-racist organising in UK higher education had much further to go.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Din-Kariuki|first=Natalya|date=2020-06-29|title=After Rhodes Falls |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2020/june/after-rhodes-falls|access-date=2021-06-07|website=LRB Blog|language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, sculptor [[Antony Gormley]] suggested not taking the statue down but turning it around, so that it would face the wall.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Oxford Rhodes statue should be turned to face wall, says Antony Gormley|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/may/29/rhodes-statue-should-be-turned-to-face-wall-says-antony-gormley|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Harvard Law School, USA ===
+=== Harvard Law School, US ===
-In Fall 2015 a group of law students calling itself Royall Must Fall and inspired by Rhodes Must Fall called for the retirement of the [[Harvard Law School]] shield, publishing an open letter to law school dean [[Martha Minow]] in the [[The Harvard Law Record|Harvard Law Record]] and posting signs and posters throughout the campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/11/2/harvard-law-seal-change/|title=At Harvard Law School, Students Call for Change of Seal {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|website=www.thecrimson.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/11/an-open-letter-to-dean-minow-from-students-of-harvard-law-school-royall-must-fall/|title=An Open Letter to Dean Minow from Students of Harvard Law School: Royall Must Fall {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/11/slave-owning-slave-trading-murderers-students-call-on-harvard-law-school-to-address-historical-ties-to-slavery/|title="Slave-Owning, Slave-Trading Murderers": Students Call on Harvard Law School to Address Historical Ties to Slavery|last=Rennix|first=Brianna|date=12 November 2015}}</ref>  Depicting three wheat sheaves, the shield incorporated the [[coat of arms]] of [[Isaac Royall Jr.]], a Harvard benefactor who had endowed the law school's first professorship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/harvard-law-students-urge-removal-of-slaveholder-reference-from-school-seal-1446596231|title=Harvard Law Students Urge Removal of Slaveholder Reference From School Seal|last=Gershman|first=Jacob|date=2015-11-04|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The shield had become a source of contention among Royall Must Fall activists because of the Royall family's history as slave-owners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/14/harvard-law-school-ditch-controversial-shield-with-elements-from-slave-owning-family/UIYgbyviFdwwGKjexZgWqN/story.html|title=Harvard Law School to ditch controversial shield with elements from slave-owning family - The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>
+In Fall 2015 a group of law students calling itself Royall Must Fall and inspired by Rhodes Must Fall called for the retirement of the [[Harvard Law School]] shield, publishing an open letter to law school dean [[Martha Minow]] in the [[The Harvard Law Record|Harvard Law Record]] and posting signs and posters throughout the campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/11/2/harvard-law-seal-change/|title=At Harvard Law School, Students Call for Change of Seal {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|website=www.thecrimson.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/11/an-open-letter-to-dean-minow-from-students-of-harvard-law-school-royall-must-fall/|title=An Open Letter to Dean Minow from Students of Harvard Law School: Royall Must Fall {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/11/slave-owning-slave-trading-murderers-students-call-on-harvard-law-school-to-address-historical-ties-to-slavery/|title="Slave-Owning, Slave-Trading Murderers": Students Call on Harvard Law School to Address Historical Ties to Slavery|last=Rennix|first=Brianna|date=12 November 2015}}</ref>  Depicting three wheat sheaves, the shield incorporated the [[coat of arms]] of [[Isaac Royall Jr.]], a Harvard benefactor who had endowed the law school's first professorship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/harvard-law-students-urge-removal-of-slaveholder-reference-from-school-seal-1446596231|title=Harvard Law Students Urge Removal of Slaveholder Reference From School Seal|last=Gershman|first=Jacob|date=2015-11-04|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The shield had become a source of contention among Royall Must Fall activists because of the Royall family's history as slave-owners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/14/harvard-law-school-ditch-controversial-shield-with-elements-from-slave-owning-family/UIYgbyviFdwwGKjexZgWqN/story.html|title=Harvard Law School to ditch controversial shield with elements from slave-owning family - The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2332649218784731 | doi=10.1177/2332649218784731 | title=Royall Must Fall: Old and New Battles on the Memory of Slavery in New England | date=2019 | last1=Beeman | first1=Angie | journal=Sociology of Race and Ethnicity | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=326–339 }}</ref>
-The movement's inception was accompanied by several controversial incidents, most notably when black tape was mysteriously placed over the portraits of prominent African-American faculty members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/harvard-law-faculty-black-tape/416877/|title=Black Tape Over Black Faculty Portraits at Harvard Law School|last=Graham|first=David|date=19 November 2015}}</ref> In addition to spurring several students to express their views about the incident in an "#HLSUntaped" feature in the law school's student newspaper and at on-campus assemblies, the controversy soon eclipsed the law school and garnered university-wide interest, with several articles published in [[The Harvard Crimson]] and with some Harvard undergraduates joining protesting law students in solidarity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/tag/hlsuntaped/|title=#HLSUntaped {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>  Several national news organizations picked up on the controversy as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/harvard-law-schools-has-the-seal-of-a-slave-owner-as-the-official-crest-2015-11|title=Harvard Law School was built using a 'brutal' slaveowner's money, and students are starting to protest|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-02-09|language=en}}</ref>
+The movement's inception was accompanied by several controversial incidents, most notably when black tape was mysteriously placed over the portraits of prominent African-American faculty members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/harvard-law-faculty-black-tape/416877/|title=Black Tape Over Black Faculty Portraits at Harvard Law School|last=Graham|first=David|website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=19 November 2015}}</ref> In addition to spurring several students to express their views about the incident in an "#HLSUntaped" feature in the law school's student newspaper and at on-campus assemblies, the controversy soon eclipsed the law school and garnered university-wide interest, with several articles published in [[The Harvard Crimson]] and with some Harvard undergraduates joining protesting law students in solidarity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/tag/hlsuntaped/|title=#HLSUntaped {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|date=11 December 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>  Several national news organisations picked up on the controversy as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/harvard-law-schools-has-the-seal-of-a-slave-owner-as-the-official-crest-2015-11|title=Harvard Law School was built using a 'brutal' slaveowner's money, and students are starting to protest|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-02-09|language=en}}</ref>
-After the shield was ordered retired on 15 March 2016, Royall Must Fall renamed itself Reclaim Harvard Law and broadened its focus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reclaimharvardlaw.wordpress.com/|title=Reclaim Harvard Law School|website=Reclaim Harvard Law School|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> Prominent members of Reclaim included third-year student A.J. Clayborne, but the group was organized in an equitable manner to counteract the perceived hierarchical nature of Harvard Law School. Reclaim sparked controversy when it occupied the law school's lounge and renamed it Belinda Hall after a female slave who was enslaved by the Royall family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/3/4/raymond-belinda-hall-protest/|title=Why I'm Sleeping in Belinda Hall {{!}} Opinion {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|website=www.thecrimson.com|first=Jordan |last=Raymond|date=4 March 2016|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/02/activists-occupy-student-lounge/|title=Reclaim HLS Activists Occupy Student Lounge {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> After conservative students placed posters in the occupied lounge that were then torn down by students from Reclaim, Dean [[Martha Minow]] reaffirmed the school's commitment to free speech in an email to the student body and in the school's student newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/433561/free-speech-harvard-law|title=The Sorry State of Free Speech at Harvard Law|last=Whelan|first=Ed|date=1 April 2016|access-date=7 February 2018}}</ref> This and other incidents sparked an on-campus debate in Spring 2016 about whether free speech could undermine social justice. As part of the debate, the [[Harvard Law Record|Harvard Law Record's]] editor-in-chief and third-year law student Michael Shammas faced criticism from right-wing students for refusing to publish videos of activists tearing down pro-free speech posters, as well as criticism from some left-wing activists for accepting conservative op-eds for publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/harvard-law-students-allow-me-to-say-something-controversial-you-might-be-wrong/|title=Harvard Law Students, Allow Me to Say Something Controversial: You Might Be Wrong|last=Shammas|first=Michael|date=4 April 2016}}</ref> Shammas, who was politically liberal, noted that even though he supported anti-racist protesters, his role was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/12/a-note-from-the-editor-in-chief-why-i-dont-censor-conservative-articles/|title=A Note from the Editor-in-Chief: Why I Don't Censor Conservative Articles {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>  Prominent Harvard Law professors such as [[Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher)|Duncan Kennedy]], [[Annette Gordon-Reed]],<ref>{{cite news|first1=Randall|last1=Kennedy|access-date=2020-06-10|series=Opinion |title= Black Tape at Harvard Law|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/27/opinion/black-tape-at-harvard-law.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 November 2015|issn=0362-4331|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> [[Randall Kennedy]], and Scott Brewer also weighed in, including in national newspapers such as ''The New York Times.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/can-there-be-a-principled-defense-of-tearing-down-posters-in-belinda-hall/|title=Can There Be a "Principled" Defense of Tearing Down Posters in Belinda Hall? {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/the-academy-and-the-virtue-of-contest/|title=The Academy and the Virtue of Contest {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
+After the shield was ordered retired on 15 March 2016, Royall Must Fall renamed itself Reclaim Harvard Law and broadened its focus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reclaimharvardlaw.wordpress.com/|title=Reclaim Harvard Law School|website=Reclaim Harvard Law School|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> Prominent members of Reclaim included third-year student A.J. Clayborne, but the group was organised in an equitable manner to counteract the perceived hierarchical nature of Harvard Law School. Reclaim sparked controversy when it occupied the law school's lounge and renamed it Belinda Hall after [[Belinda Sutton]], a female slave who was enslaved by the Royall family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/3/4/raymond-belinda-hall-protest/|title=Why I'm Sleeping in Belinda Hall |website=www.thecrimson.com|first=Jordan |last=Raymond|date=4 March 2016|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/02/activists-occupy-student-lounge/|title=Reclaim HLS Activists Occupy Student Lounge {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> After conservative students placed posters in the occupied lounge that were then torn down by students from Reclaim, Dean [[Martha Minow]] reaffirmed the school's commitment to free speech in an email to the student body and in the school's student newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/433561/free-speech-harvard-law|title=The Sorry State of Free Speech at Harvard Law|last=Whelan|first=Ed|website=[[National Review]] |date=1 April 2016|access-date=7 February 2018}}</ref> This and other incidents sparked an on-campus debate in Spring 2016 about whether free speech could undermine social justice. As part of the debate, the [[Harvard Law Record|Harvard Law Record's]] editor-in-chief and third-year law student Michael Shammas faced criticism from right-wing students for refusing to publish videos of activists tearing down pro-free speech posters, as well as criticism from some left-wing activists for accepting conservative op-eds for publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/harvard-law-students-allow-me-to-say-something-controversial-you-might-be-wrong/|title=Harvard Law Students, Allow Me to Say Something Controversial: You Might Be Wrong|last=Shammas|first=Michael|date=4 April 2016}}</ref> Shammas, who was politically liberal, noted that even though he supported anti-racist protesters, his role was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2015/12/a-note-from-the-editor-in-chief-why-i-dont-censor-conservative-articles/|title=A Note from the Editor-in-Chief: Why I Don't Censor Conservative Articles {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>  Prominent Harvard Law professors such as [[Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher)|Duncan Kennedy]], [[Annette Gordon-Reed]],<ref>{{cite news|first1=Randall|last1=Kennedy|access-date=2020-06-10|series=Opinion |title= Black Tape at Harvard Law|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/27/opinion/black-tape-at-harvard-law.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 November 2015|issn=0362-4331|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> [[Randall Kennedy]], and Scott Brewer also weighed in, including in national newspapers such as ''The New York Times.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/can-there-be-a-principled-defense-of-tearing-down-posters-in-belinda-hall/|title=Can There Be a "Principled" Defense of Tearing Down Posters in Belinda Hall? {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/the-academy-and-the-virtue-of-contest/|title=The Academy and the Virtue of Contest {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
 The effects of the Royall Must Fall and Reclaim Harvard Law continue to be felt on the law school campus today. In September 2017, the school unveiled a plaque acknowledging [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]'s role in its history, which reads, "''May we pursue the highest ideals of law and justice in their memory."'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/09/08/harvard-law-school-unveils-plaque-acknowledge-slave-labor/IHVNzT0fmEk9ezdZhnLqDI/story.html|title=Harvard Law School unveils plaque to acknowledge slave labor - The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> The controversies that occurred over the 2015-2016 year are recounted from a conservative perspective in a book by [[Kayleigh McEnany]], a prominent conservative and former Trump spokeswoman who was a third-year law student at the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New American Revolution: The Making of a Populist Movement|last1=McEnany|first1=Kayleigh|last2=Hannity|first2=Sean|date=2018-01-09|publisher=Threshold Editions|isbn=9781501179686|language=en}}</ref> McEnany's view of the controversy, in which she is critical of the protesters, differs from many expressed at the time. Indeed, some students who defended free speech during the controversy nonetheless wrote that they suspected that some on-campus conservatives may have rallied around free speech as a way to fight Reclaim's aims while hiding their own racism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/harvard-law-students-allow-me-to-say-something-controversial-you-might-be-wrong/|title=Harvard Law Students, Allow Me to Say Something Controversial: You Might Be Wrong {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hlrecord.org/2016/04/i-may-be-wrong-but-i-have-something-to-say-post-postergate-reflections/|title="Post-Postergate" Reflections: I may be wrong, but I have something to say {{!}} The Harvard Law Record|website=hlrecord.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref>
@@ Line 128: / Line 136: @@
 ===Other ===
-Small student protests in support of or directly inspired by the removal of the statue and the Rhodes Must Fall movement also occurred at the [[University of Edinburgh]]<ref name="hertsandessex">{{cite web | url=http://www.hertsandessexobserver.co.uk/Cape-Town-students-remove-statue-Stortford-s/story-26324511-detail/story.html | title=University students remove statue of Stortford's Cecil Rhodes from campus | work=Herts and Essex Observer | date=13 April 2015 | access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> and the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/American-students-support-RhodesMustFall-Campaign-20150326 | title=American students support #RhodesMustFall Campaign | publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]] | date=26 March 2015 | access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> Berkeley protesters felt the demands of the Rhodes Must Fall movement were relevant to their own grievances of perceived black marginalisation at Berkeley.<ref name="berkeley" />  At the [[University of Cambridge]] the movement catalysed the creation of similar 'decolonisation' student led initiatives such as the return of the [[okukor]] cockerel statue (taken during the punitive [[Benin Expedition of 1897]]) at [[Jesus College, Cambridge|Jesus College]] to Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20160524135416842|title=Decolonising the academy – Towards a global movement?|last=Wamai|first=Njoki|date=27 May 2016|website=The University World News|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
+Small student protests in support of or directly inspired by the removal of the statue and the Rhodes Must Fall movement also occurred at the [[University of Edinburgh]]<ref name="hertsandessex">{{cite web | url=http://www.hertsandessexobserver.co.uk/Cape-Town-students-remove-statue-Stortford-s/story-26324511-detail/story.html | title=University students remove statue of Stortford's Cecil Rhodes from campus | work=Herts and Essex Observer | date=13 April 2015 | access-date=20 April 2015 | archive-date=27 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124849/http://www.hertsandessexobserver.co.uk/Cape-Town-students-remove-statue-Stortford-s/story-26324511-detail/story.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/American-students-support-RhodesMustFall-Campaign-20150326 | title=American students support #RhodesMustFall Campaign | publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]] | date=26 March 2015 | access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> Berkeley protesters felt the demands of the Rhodes Must Fall movement were relevant to their own grievances of perceived black marginalisation at Berkeley.<ref name="berkeley" />  At the [[University of Cambridge]] the movement catalysed the creation of similar 'decolonisation' student led initiatives such as the return of the [[okukor]] cockerel statue (taken during the punitive [[Benin Expedition of 1897]]) at [[Jesus College, Cambridge|Jesus College]] to Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20160524135416842|title=Decolonising the academy – Towards a global movement?|last=Wamai|first=Njoki|date=27 May 2016|website=The University World News|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
 == Other statues ==
 [[File:Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (Onze Jan).jpg|thumb|The paint-smeared base of the statue of [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (Onze Jan)|J.H. Hofmeyr]] in Cape Town being cleaned by a pair of non-protesting volunteers on 11 April 2015]]
-On 22 March 2015, the [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF's]] president, [[Julius Malema]], called for all other symbols of colonialism and apartheid in South Africa to be removed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=GQIRANA|first1=THULANI|title=Malema declares war on Cape Town's 'apartheid regime'|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-22-malema-declares-war-on-apartheid-cape-town|access-date=11 April 2015|work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Following that, a number of colonial era statues across the country were vandalised, including the statue of [[King George V]] at the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref name="KingGeorgeV">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/ukzn-statue-row-rages-on-1.1838072#.VSMfTvmUd-4 | title=UKZN statue row rages on | work=Daily News | date=27 March 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first1=Sihle | last1=Mlambo | first2=Mpathi| last2=Nxumalo}}</ref> EFF members were implicated in the vandalism of a number of [[Anglo-Boer War]] statues, including that on 4 April of the Uitenhage War memorial statue for fallen British soldiers,<ref name="Uitenhage">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/War-memorial-statue-in-Uitenhage-set-alight-20150402 | title=War memorial statue in Uitenhage 'necklaced' | publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]] | date=4 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first=Derrick| last=Spies}}</ref> a 6 April attack on the [[Horse Memorial]] in Port Elizabeth dedicated to the animals that served in the war,<ref name="HorseM">{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/eff-members-dismantled-horse-memorial/ | title=EFF members dismantles Horse Memorial | work=Port Elizabeth Herald | date=6 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first=Dorette | last=De Swart}}</ref> and the 7 April vandalism, with green paint, of [[Paul Kruger]]'s statue in [[Church Square, Pretoria|Church Square]], [[Pretoria]].<ref name="Krugerstatue">{{cite web | url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/04/07/statue-wars-heat-up | title=Statue wars heat up | work=Times Live | date=7 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first1=Sipho | last1=Masombuka | first2=Mkhululi| last2=Ndamase}}</ref> The statue of [[Louis Botha]] situated outside the [[Houses of Parliament, Cape Town|Houses of Parliament]] in Cape Town was vandalised on 9 April.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2015/04/09/louis-botha-statue-vandalised|title = Louis Botha statue vandalised|date = 9 April 2015|access-date = 10 April 2015|website = BDlive|publisher = RDM News Wire|last = Capazorio|first = Bianca}}</ref>
+On 22 March 2015, the [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF's]] president, [[Julius Malema]], called for all other symbols of colonialism and apartheid in South Africa to be removed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gqirana|first1=Thulani|title=Malema declares war on Cape Town's 'apartheid regime'|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-03-22-malema-declares-war-on-apartheid-cape-town|access-date=11 April 2015|work=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Following that, a number of colonial era statues across the country were vandalised, including the statue of [[King George V]] at the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref name="KingGeorgeV">{{cite web | url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/ukzn-statue-row-rages-on-1.1838072#.VSMfTvmUd-4 | title=UKZN statue row rages on | work=Daily News | date=27 March 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first1=Sihle | last1=Mlambo | first2=Mpathi| last2=Nxumalo}}</ref> EFF members were implicated in the vandalism of a number of [[Second Boer War]] statues, including that on 4 April of the Uitenhage War memorial statue for fallen British troops,<ref name="Uitenhage">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/War-memorial-statue-in-Uitenhage-set-alight-20150402 | title=War memorial statue in Uitenhage 'necklaced' | publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]] | date=4 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first=Derrick| last=Spies}}</ref> a 6 April attack on the [[Horse Memorial]] in Port Elizabeth dedicated to the animals that served in the war,<ref name="HorseM">{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/eff-members-dismantled-horse-memorial/ | title=EFF members dismantles Horse Memorial | work=Port Elizabeth Herald | date=6 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first=Dorette | last=De Swart | archive-date=10 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410011602/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/eff-members-dismantled-horse-memorial/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the 7 April vandalism, with green paint, of [[Paul Kruger]]'s statue in [[Church Square, Pretoria|Church Square]], [[Pretoria]].<ref name="Krugerstatue">{{cite web | url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/04/07/statue-wars-heat-up | title=Statue wars heat up | work=Times Live | date=7 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | first1=Sipho | last1=Masombuka | first2=Mkhululi| last2=Ndamase}}</ref> The statue of [[Louis Botha]] situated outside the [[Houses of Parliament, Cape Town|Houses of Parliament]] in Cape Town was vandalised on 9 April.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2015/04/09/louis-botha-statue-vandalised|title = Louis Botha statue vandalised|date = 9 April 2015|access-date = 10 April 2015|website = BDlive|publisher = RDM News Wire|last = Capazorio|first = Bianca}}</ref>
-EFF spokesperson Mbuyeseni Ndlozi said on 9 April that the party would have to take responsibility for its members' actions, but that the EFF was for the removal, not vandalism or destruction, of colonial and apartheid symbols in the public space.<ref>{{cite web|title=Newsroom 9 April SABC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BGxQ4ahGDE|via=YouTube|publisher=SABC|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>
+EFF spokesperson Mbuyeseni Ndlozi said on 9 April that the party would have to take responsibility for its members' actions, but that the EFF was for the removal, not vandalism or destruction, of colonial and apartheid symbols in the public space.<ref>{{cite web|title=Newsroom 9 April SABC| date=9 April 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BGxQ4ahGDE|via=YouTube|publisher=SABC|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>
 In response to the vandalism of the Louis Botha Statue and Horse Memorial, local supporters of the monuments laid wreaths at the monuments a few days afterwards. To protect it from future vandalism, the Horse Memorial was temporarily moved to a safe space by the local municipality. The chairperson of the Nelson Mandela Bay region of the EFF, Bo Madwara, threatened to "unload it into the sea" should the monument be restored.<ref name="tributeHorse">{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Tributes-laid-at-vandalised-horse-memorial-20150408 | title=Tributes laid at vandalised horse memorial | publisher=News 24 | date=8 April 2015 | access-date=7 June 2015 | author=Spies, Derrick}}</ref>
@@ Line 148: / Line 156: @@
 == Controversies over Rhodes Scholars who are Rhodes Must Fall activists ==
-[[Ntokozo Qwabe]], one of the founders of Rhodes Must Fall and a Rhodes Scholar, was the subject of controversy over seemingly racist comments towards a white waitress in South Africa. For this he was widely criticized in the UK<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/19/oxford-student-doesnt-regret-making-white-girl-waitress-cry-5891976/ |title=Oxford student doesn't regret making 'white girl' waitress cry|first= Harley |last=Tamplin|newspaper=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|date= 19 May 2016|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rhodes-must-fall-campaigner-ntokozo-qwabe-oxford-university-claims-cape-town-waitress-white-tears-a7037911.html|title= Oxford student who refused to tip waitress claims his comments 'weren't personal'|first= Matt |last=Payton|newspaper=The Independent|date= 19 May 2016|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> and in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-weighs-in-on-rmf-activist-tip-saga-2016468|title= ANC weighs in on RMF activist tip saga|first= Carla |last=Bernardo|work=IOL|date= 2 May 2016|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> A few days after the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] Qwabe also caused controversy comparing the French flag to the [[Nazi swastika]] and calling for it to be banned from universities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/oxford-law-student-ntokozo-qwabe-calls-for-universities-to-ban-french-flag-after-paris-attacks-a6788206.html|title= Oxford law student Ntokozo Qwabe calls for universities to ban French flag after Paris attacks, comparing it to 'Nazi flag'|first= Aftab |last=Ali|newspaper=The Independent|date= 28 December 2015|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-student-ntokozo-qwabe-demands-tricolour-ban-claiming-france-has-committed-acts-terror-1535047 |title=Oxford student Ntokozo Qwabe demands tricolour ban claiming France has committed 'acts of terror'|first= John |last=Hall|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date= 27 December 2015|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1649494.ece |title=After Rhodes he wants to tear down tricolore| first=Oliver|last= Thring|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date= 27 December 2015|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref>
+[[Ntokozo Qwabe]], one of the founders of Rhodes Must Fall and a Rhodes Scholar, was the subject of controversy over seemingly racist comments towards a white waitress in South Africa. For this he was widely criticised in the UK<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/19/oxford-student-doesnt-regret-making-white-girl-waitress-cry-5891976/ |title=Oxford student doesn't regret making 'white girl' waitress cry|first= Harley |last=Tamplin|newspaper=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|date= 19 May 2016|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rhodes-must-fall-campaigner-ntokozo-qwabe-oxford-university-claims-cape-town-waitress-white-tears-a7037911.html|title= Oxford student who refused to tip waitress claims his comments 'weren't personal'|first= Matt |last=Payton|newspaper=The Independent|date= 19 May 2016|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> and in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-weighs-in-on-rmf-activist-tip-saga-2016468|title= ANC weighs in on RMF activist tip saga|first= Carla |last=Bernardo|work=IOL|date= 2 May 2016|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> A few days after the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] Qwabe also caused controversy comparing the French flag to the [[Flag of Nazi Germany|Nazi flag]] and calling for it to be banned from universities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/oxford-law-student-ntokozo-qwabe-calls-for-universities-to-ban-french-flag-after-paris-attacks-a6788206.html|title= Oxford law student Ntokozo Qwabe calls for universities to ban French flag after Paris attacks, comparing it to 'Nazi flag'|first= Aftab |last=Ali|newspaper=The Independent|date= 28 December 2015|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/oxford-student-ntokozo-qwabe-demands-tricolour-ban-claiming-france-has-committed-acts-terror-1535047 |title=Oxford student Ntokozo Qwabe demands tricolour ban claiming France has committed 'acts of terror'|first= John |last=Hall|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date= 27 December 2015|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1649494.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604230303/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1649494.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2016 |title=After Rhodes he wants to tear down tricolore| first=Oliver|last= Thring|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date= 27 December 2015|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref>
-Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Rhodes Must Fall, was accused of hypocrisy, including by Rhodes Must Fall, over subsequently applying for and accepting a Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticized for not awarding the scholarship to someone more deserving.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4648306/cecil-rhodes-scholar-joshua-nott-activist-statue/ |title=An Activist Who Campaigned Against Cecil Rhodes Just Accepted a $50,000 Rhodes Scholarship|last=Time Staff|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date= 25 January 2017|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/01/23/rhodes-must-fall-activist-accepts-40000-rhodes-bursary-study/|title= Rhodes Must Fall activist accepts £40,000 Rhodes bursary to study at Oxford|first= Harry |last=Yorke|newspaper=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]]|date= 23 January 2017|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> Following the completion of his studies at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Nott took up a position of paid employment at the Rhodes Trust. He is employed as 'Associate - Global Partnerships' within the Trust's Rise program.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhodes House Staff - Rhodes Trust|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Rhodes House - Home of The Rhodes Scholarships|language=en}}</ref>
+Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Rhodes Must Fall, was accused of hypocrisy, including by Rhodes Must Fall, over subsequently applying for and accepting a Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticised for not awarding the scholarship to someone more deserving.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4648306/cecil-rhodes-scholar-joshua-nott-activist-statue/ |title=An Activist Who Campaigned Against Cecil Rhodes Just Accepted a $50,000 Rhodes Scholarship|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date= 25 January 2017|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/01/23/rhodes-must-fall-activist-accepts-40000-rhodes-bursary-study/|title= Rhodes Must Fall activist accepts £40,000 Rhodes bursary to study at Oxford|first= Harry |last=Yorke|newspaper=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]]|date= 23 January 2017|access-date= 17 May 2018}}</ref> Following the completion of his studies at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Nott took up a position of paid employment at the Rhodes Trust. He is employed as 'Associate - Global Partnerships' within the Trust's Rise programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhodes House Staff - Rhodes Trust|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Rhodes House - Home of The Rhodes Scholarships|language=en}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 {{Portal|Society|Politics|South Africa}}
+*
-* [[Black Nationalism]]
 * [[Decolonization of knowledge]]
 * [[Decommunization in Ukraine]]
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 [[Category:2015 in South Africa]]
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+[[Category:March 2015 events in South Africa]]
+[[Category:April 2015 events in South Africa]]
 [[Category:Internet memes]]
 [[Category:Internet-based activism]]
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 [[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
 [[Category:Progressivism in South Africa]]
-[[Category:Protests in South Africa]]
 [[Category:Public art in South Africa|Statue of Cecil Rhodes, University of Cape Town]]
 [[Category:Statues in South Africa|Statue of Cecil Rhodes, University of Cape Town]]
+[[Category:Student protests in South Africa]]
 [[Category:Vandalism]]
 [[Category:University of Cape Town]]