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{{Short description|Lebanese statesman (1929–2024)}}
{{Short description|Lebanese statesman (1929–2024)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ahmad|al-Huss|lang=Lebanese}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ahmad|al-Huss|lang=Lebanese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Salim al-Huss
| name = Salim al-Huss
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| predecessor5 = René Moawad
| predecessor5 = René Moawad
| successor5 = Elias Hrawi
| successor5 = Elias Hrawi
| party =
| party =
| birth_name = Salim Ahmad al-Huss
| birth_name = Salim Ahmad al-Huss
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|12|20|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|12|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Beirut]], [[Greater Lebanon|Lebanon]]
| birth_place = [[Beirut]], [[Greater Lebanon|Lebanese Republic]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|8|25|1929|12|20|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|8|25|1929|12|20|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Leila Pharaoun||1990|end=d}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Leila Pharaoun||1990|end=d}}
| children = 1
| children = 1
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}}
}}


'''Salim Ahmad al-Huss''' ({{lang-ar|سليم أحمد الحص|translit=Salīm ʾAḥmad al-Ḥuṣṣ}}'';'' 20 December 1929 – 25 August 2024), also spelled '''Selim El-Hoss''', was a Lebanese politician who served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon|prime minister]] of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, [[Beirut]]. He was known as a [[Technocracy (bureaucratic)|technocrat]].
'''Salim Ahmad al-Huss''' ({{lang-ar|سليم أحمد الحص|translit=Salīm ʾAḥmad al-Ḥuṣṣ}}'';'' 20 December 1929 – 25 August 2024), also spelled '''Selim El-Hoss''', was a Lebanese politician who served as the [[List of prime ministers of Lebanon|prime minister of Lebanon]] and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, [[Beirut]]. He was known as a [[Technocracy (bureaucratic)|technocrat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2024 |title=Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94 |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-died-obituary-2612d4cc9d551c9fd9c319a78ebb8dd9 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>


==Early life and personal life ==
==Early life and personal life==
Salim al-Huss was born into a [[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni Muslim]] family in Beirut on 20 December 1929.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xF5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Selim+Hoss+December+20,+1929 Profile of Selim Hoss]</ref> His father died when he was 7 months old. In 1941, he fled with his mother and grandmother fled from Beirut to the [[Sawfar Region]] of Lebanon.<ref name="arab48">{{cite news |title=رحيل سليم الحص عن 95 عاما |url=https://www.arab48.com/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A/2024/08/25/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5-%D8%B9%D9%86-95-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=موقع عرب 48 |date=25 August 2024 |language=ar}}</ref> He received his undergraduate degree in economics from the [[American University of Beirut]] and a PhD in business and economics from [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] in the [[United States]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HE Salim El-Hoss, PhD |url=https://aub.edu.lb/AboutUs/bot/emeriti/Pages/hoss.aspx |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=aub.edu.lb}}</ref><ref name="arab48"/>
Salim al-Huss was born into a [[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni Muslim]] family in Beirut on 20 December 1929.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xF5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Selim+Hoss+December+20,+1929 |title=Profile of Selim Hoss |date=1984 |publisher=International Who's Who of the Arab World Limited |isbn=978-0-9506122-1-8 |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014045932/https://books.google.com/books?id=xF5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Selim+Hoss+December+20,+1929 |url-status=live }}</ref> His father died when he was 7 months old. In 1941, he fled with his mother and grandmother from Beirut to [[Sawfar]].<ref name="arab48">{{cite news |title=رحيل سليم الحص عن 95 عاما |url=https://www.arab48.com/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A/2024/08/25/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5-%D8%B9%D9%86-95-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=موقع عرب 48 |date=25 August 2024 |language=ar}}</ref> He received his undergraduate degree in economics from the [[American University of Beirut]] and a [[PhD]] in business and economics from [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] in the [[United States]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HE Salim El-Hoss, PhD |url=https://aub.edu.lb/AboutUs/bot/emeriti/Pages/hoss.aspx |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=aub.edu.lb |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825151604/https://aub.edu.lb/AboutUs/bot/emeriti/Pages/hoss.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arab48"/>


Al-Huss was married to Leila Pharaoun, a [[Maronite Christian]] who converted to Islam at the end of her life in order to be buried next to her husband in a Muslim cemetery, according to a 2000 interview with al-Huss.<ref name=wp>{{cite news |first=Nora |last=Boustany |title=Hoss Named Premier in Lebanon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/11/14/hoss-named-premier-in-lebanon/0982a154-38ed-40e6-ab92-a6e7b443ecdb/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=1989-11-14 |access-date=2020-08-09 }}</ref><ref name=prestige>{{cite news |title=Salim Hoss, A prime minister so misunderstood |url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2015/02/salim-hoss/ |work=[[Prestige (magazine)|Prestige]] |date=February 2000 |access-date=2020-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409002744/http://www.prestigemag.co/fr/2015/02/salim-hoss/ |archive-date=2019-04-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Al-Huss was married to Leila Pharaoun, a [[Maronite Christian]] who converted to [[Islam]] at the end of her life in order to be buried next to her husband in a Muslim cemetery, according to a 2000 interview with al-Huss.<ref name=wp>{{cite news |first=Nora |last=Boustany |title=Hoss Named Premier in Lebanon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/11/14/hoss-named-premier-in-lebanon/0982a154-38ed-40e6-ab92-a6e7b443ecdb/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=14 November 1989 |access-date=9 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name=prestige>{{cite news |title=Salim Hoss, A prime minister so misunderstood |url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2015/02/salim-hoss/ |work=[[Prestige (magazine)|Prestige]] |date=February 2000 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409002744/http://www.prestigemag.co/fr/2015/02/salim-hoss/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>


==Political career==
==Political career==
Al-Huss served as prime minister of Lebanon four times. The first was from 1976 until 1980 during the first years of the [[Lebanese Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2015/02/salim-hoss/|title=Salim Hoss - Prestige Magazine|date=2015-02-06|newspaper=Prestige Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref> His second, and most controversial term, was from 1987 until 1989, when in 1988 he unconstitutionally nominated himself as prime minister but was recognized by many nations and statesmen of the international community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Ignominious Role in the Lebanese Civil War |url=https://www.internationalmagz.com/articles/post-80 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The International Magz}}</ref> Al-Huss was chosen a third time to serve as prime minister by President Elias Hrawi from November 1989 until December 1990. He served as prime minister again from December 1998 to October 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=الرؤساء السابقون |url=http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/listingbydate.aspx?pageid=2037 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.pcm.gov.lb}}</ref>
Al-Huss served as prime minister of Lebanon four times. The first was from 1976 until 1980 during the first years of the [[Lebanese Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2015/02/salim-hoss/|title=Salim Hoss – Prestige Magazine|date=6 February 2015|newspaper=Prestige Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409002744/http://www.prestigemag.co/fr/2015/02/salim-hoss/|url-status=live}}</ref> His second, and most controversial term, was from 1987 until 1989, when in 1988 he unconstitutionally nominated himself as prime minister but was recognized by many nations and statesmen of the international community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Ignominious Role in the Lebanese Civil War |url=https://www.internationalmagz.com/articles/post-80 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=The International Magz |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825151606/https://www.internationalmagz.com/articles/post-80 |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Huss was chosen a third time to serve as prime minister by President [[Elias Hrawi]] from November 1989 until December 1990. He served as prime minister again from December 1998 to October 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=الرؤساء السابقون |url=http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/listingbydate.aspx?pageid=2037 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=www.pcm.gov.lb |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013075010/http://www.pcm.gov.lb/arabic/listingbydate.aspx?pageid=2037 |url-status=live }}</ref>


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During his political career, he served as [[foreign minister]], [[industry minister]], [[education minister]], [[labor minister]], [[information minister]], and [[Ministry of the economy|economy minister]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lebanon's Salim Al-Huss, former Prime Minister and statesman, passes away |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon-news/792054/lebanons-salim-al-huss-former-prime-minister-and-statesman-passes-away/en |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[LBCI]] |date=25 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826001938/https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon-news/792054/lebanons-salim-al-huss-former-prime-minister-and-statesman-passes-away/en |url-status=live }}</ref>
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After losing his parliamentary seat to a previously unknown candidate running with former prime minister Rafik Hariri in [[2000 Lebanese general election|the general elections of 2000]],<ref name=sha1oct>{{cite news|last=Shahin|first=Mariam|title=For liberty, prosperity, fraternity?|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FOR+LIBERTY%2c+PROSPERITY%2c+FRATERNITY%3f-a066211058|access-date=25 March 2013|newspaper=The Middle East|date=1 October 2000|location=Beirut}}</ref> al-Huss resigned as prime minister, declaring an end to his political career.<ref name="gary2001july">{{cite journal |last=Gambill |first=Gary C. |author2=Ziad K. Abdelnour |date=July 2001 |title=Dossier: Rafiq Hariri |url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0107_ld1.htm |journal=[[Middle East Intelligence Bulletin]] |volume=3 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508004255/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0107_ld1.htm |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="aps28oct">{{cite news |date=28 October 2000 |title=Hariri Forms Govt |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEBANON+-+Oct.+26+-+Hariri+Forms+Govt.-a073739516 |access-date=19 March 2013 |work=APS Diplomat Recorder}}</ref>


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He was a member of the anti-imperialist conference [[Axis for Peace]]. Al-Huss was a strong opponent of [[capital punishment]], and during his term as prime minister he refused to sign any execution warrants, temporarily halting executions in Lebanon, which remain rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3404691.stm |title=Death penalty resumes in Lebanon |website=BBC |date=17 January 2004 |access-date=15 January 2008 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423145723/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3404691.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
In March 2005, he was considered as a candidate to form a new government following the resignation of [[Omar Karami]] (Prime Minister again), but he reportedly refused to accept the position for health reasons; [[Najib Mikati]] was subsequently appointed.<ref name="rulers2">{{cite web |title=February 2005 |url=http://rulers.org/2005-02.html |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=Rulers}}</ref>


=== First premiership ===
⚫
During his political career, he served as [[foreign minister]], [[industry minister]], [[education minister]], [[labor minister]], [[information minister]], and [[Ministry of the economy|economy minister]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lebanon’s Salim Al-Huss, former Prime Minister and statesman, passes away |url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/lebanon-news/792054/lebanons-salim-al-huss-former-prime-minister-and-statesman-passes-away/en |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[LBCI]] |date=25 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
Al-Huss was appointed Prime Minister by President Elias Sarkis in December 1976. His government was formed amidst the ongoing civil war, which began in 1975 and involved various factions, including Palestinian groups, Christian militias, and Syrian forces. Despite his efforts to restore peace, al-Huss faced significant challenges, including renewed fighting between militias and the Syrian army, as well as the Israeli invasion in 1978. The internal political situation deteriorated, leading to his resignation on 20 July 1980, as he was unable to manage the ongoing violence and instability effectively. He was succeeded by [[Takieddin as-Solh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=prestige |date=6 February 2015 |title=Salim Hoss |url=https://www.prestigemag.co/2015/02/salim-hoss/ |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=Prestige Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>


===Rival governments===
⚫
He was a member of the anti-imperialist conference [[Axis for Peace]]. Al-Huss was a strong opponent of [[capital punishment]], and during his term as prime minister he refused to sign any execution warrants, temporarily halting executions in Lebanon, which remain rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3404691.stm |title=Death penalty resumes in Lebanon |website=BBC |date=17 January 2004 }}</ref>
⚫
From January to September 1988, he boycotted meetings of his own cabinet, in protest against the policies of [[List of presidents of Lebanon|President]] [[Amine Gemayel]]. On 22 September, he refused to accept his dismissal in favour of General [[Michel Aoun]], a [[Maronite]] Christian. The crisis was precipitated by the failure of the [[National Assembly of Lebanon|National Assembly]] to elect a new president (in Lebanon, the president by convention is a Maronite Christian, while the Prime Minister by convention is a [[Sunni Muslim]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94 |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-died-obituary-2612d4cc9d551c9fd9c319a78ebb8dd9 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=AP News |date=25 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826004933/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-died-obituary-2612d4cc9d551c9fd9c319a78ebb8dd9 |url-status=live }}</ref>).


⚫
Since the Lebanese constitution states that in the event of a presidential vacancy, the outgoing president appoint a temporary prime minister to act as president, outgoing president Gemayel decided to appoint Maronite army commander Michel Aoun to that office, notwithstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim. al-Huss refused to concede the prime minister's post to Aoun, so the two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace in [[East Beirut]], al-Huss established his own office in [[West Beirut]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Michel Aoun |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=13 November 2019 |last=Zeidan |first=Adam |publisher= |location= |id= |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Aoun |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812163629/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Aoun |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Al-Huss's first term===
⚫
From January to September 1988, he boycotted meetings of his own cabinet, in protest against the policies of [[List of presidents of Lebanon|President]] [[Amine Gemayel]]. On 22 September, he refused to accept his dismissal in favour of General [[Michel Aoun]], a [[Maronite]] Christian. The crisis was precipitated by the failure of the [[National Assembly of Lebanon|National Assembly]] to elect a new president (in Lebanon, the president by convention is a Maronite Christian, while the Prime Minister by convention is a Sunni Muslim<ref>{{cite news |title=Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94 |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-died-obituary-2612d4cc9d551c9fd9c319a78ebb8dd9 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=AP News |date=25 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>).


⚫
Lebanon was thus left with no president and two rival governments: one constitutional and the other recognized by many states. However, although Syria, at the time occupying much of Lebanon, supported al-Huss, and although al-Huss's cabinet was already operational, most of the international community dealt with administrations on both sides of the [[Green Line (Lebanon)|Green Line]] and recognized both as Lebanon's prime ministers even though, constitutionally speaking, Aoun was the lawfully-appointed prime minister and acting president of Lebanon.<ref name="BBC_Timeline">{{cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Timeline: Lebanon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14649284 |access-date=18 May 2008 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=Lebanon now has two governments – one mainly Muslim in West Beirut, headed by Al Huss, the other, exclusively Christian, in East Beirut, led by the Maronite Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Gen Michel Aoun.}}</ref>
⚫
Since the Lebanese constitution states that in the event of a presidential vacancy, the outgoing president appoint a temporary prime minister to act as president, outgoing president Gemayel decided to appoint Maronite army commander Michel Aoun to that office, notwithstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim. al-Huss refused to concede the prime minister's post to Aoun, so the two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace in [[East Beirut]], al-Huss established his own office in [[West Beirut]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Michel Aoun |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=13 November 2019 |year= |last=Zeidan |first=Adam |publisher= |location= |id= |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Aoun |access-date=26 August 2024 }}</ref>


⚫
Violent conflict between the two prime ministers soon arose over Aoun's refusal to accept the presence of [[Syrian]] troops in Lebanon. In competition with Aoun, al-Huss remained acting president from 1988 until 5 November 1989, when [[René Moawad]] took office. When Moawad was assassinated seventeen days later, al-Huss reprised his role as acting president for two days, at which point [[Elias Hrawi]] was elected to succeed Moawad.<ref name="BBC_Timeline" />
⚫
Lebanon was thus left with no president and two rival governments: one constitutional and the other recognized by many states. However, although Syria, at the time occupying much of Lebanon, supported al-Huss, and although al-Huss' cabinet was already operational, most of the international community dealt with administrations on both sides of the [[Green Line (Lebanon)|Green Line]] and recognized both as Lebanon's prime ministers even though, constitutionally speaking, Aoun was the lawfully-appointed prime minister and acting president of Lebanon.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}


⚫
In 1990, the civil war ended when Aoun was forced to surrender following an attack on the presidential palace by [[Military of Syria|Syrian]] and [[Military of Lebanon|Lebanese]] military forces. Al-Huss subsequently resigned as prime minister, in favour of [[Omar Karami]].<ref name=lat19nov>{{cite news|title=Hoss Resigns as Premier of Lebanon|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-19-mn-6434-story.html|access-date=19 March 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=19 November 1990|agency=AP|location=Beirut|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232531/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-19/news/mn-6434_1_lebanon-s-civil-war|url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫
Violent conflict between the two prime ministers soon arose over Michel Aoun's refusal to accept the presence of [[Syrian]] troops in Lebanon. In competition with Aoun, al-Huss remained acting president from 1988 until 5 November 1989, when [[René Moawad]] took office. When Moawad was assassinated seventeen days later, al-Huss reprised his role as acting president for two days, at which point [[Elias Hrawi]] was elected to succeed Moawad.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}


=== Final premiership ===
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In 1990, the civil war ended when Aoun was forced to surrender following an attack on the presidential palace by [[Military of Syria|Syrian]] and [[Military of Lebanon|Lebanese]] military forces. Al-Huss subsequently resigned as prime minister, in favour of [[Omar Karami]].<ref name=lat19nov>{{cite news|title=Hoss Resigns as Premier of Lebanon|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-19-mn-6434-story.html|access-date=19 March 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=19 November 1990|agency=AP|location=Beirut}}</ref>
[[File:Arab Summit 1978.jpg|thumb|Salim Al-Hoss (far right) next to [[Saddam Hussein]] in the Arab Summit, 1978]]
⚫
Al-Huss was appointed Prime Minister after General [[Émile Lahoud]] was elected president. His government was notable for excluding many of the traditional feudal leaders and warlords who had dominated Lebanese politics. This shift aimed to create a more technocratic and reform-oriented administration. After losing his parliamentary seat to a previously unknown candidate running with former prime minister [[Rafik Hariri]] in [[2000 Lebanese general election|the general elections of 2000]],<ref name="sha1oct">{{cite news |last=Shahin |first=Mariam |date=1 October 2000 |title=For liberty, prosperity, fraternity? |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FOR+LIBERTY%2c+PROSPERITY%2c+FRATERNITY%3f-a066211058 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512163713/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/FOR+LIBERTY,+PROSPERITY,+FRATERNITY?-a066211058 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=25 March 2013 |newspaper=The Middle East |location=Beirut}}</ref> al-Huss resigned as prime minister, declaring an end to his political career.<ref name="gary2001july">{{cite journal |last=Gambill |first=Gary C. |author2=Ziad K. Abdelnour |date=July 2001 |title=Dossier: Rafiq Hariri |url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0107_ld1.htm |journal=[[Middle East Intelligence Bulletin]] |volume=3 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508004255/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0107_ld1.htm |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="aps28oct">{{cite news |date=28 October 2000 |title=Hariri Forms Govt |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEBANON+-+Oct.+26+-+Hariri+Forms+Govt.-a073739516 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925230844/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEBANON+-+Oct.+26+-+Hariri+Forms+Govt.-a073739516 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=19 March 2013 |work=APS Diplomat Recorder}}</ref>


==Retirement and death==
==Retirement and death==
On 2 May 2017, aged 87, al-Huss took part in a one-day hunger strike in a show of solidarity with the ongoing hunger strike of some 1,500 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lebanon's ex-PM Salim Hoss joins Palestinian prisoners' hunger strike|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/3/lebanons-ex-pm-salim-hoss-joins-palestinian-prisoners-hunger-strike|website=The New Arab|date=3 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DFLP-affiliated hunger strikers set to refuse water if Israel ignores demands|url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=776813|access-date=2 May 2017|agency=Ma'an News Agency}}</ref>
In March 2005, he was considered as a candidate to form a new government following the resignation of [[Omar Karami]] (Prime Minister again), but he reportedly refused to accept the position for health reasons; [[Najib Mikati]] was subsequently appointed.<ref name="rulers2">{{cite web |title=February 2005 |url=http://rulers.org/2005-02.html |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=Rulers}}</ref> On 2 May 2017, aged 87, al-Huss took part in a one-day [[hunger strike]] in a show of solidarity with the ongoing hunger strike of some 1,500 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lebanon's ex-PM Salim Hoss joins Palestinian prisoners' hunger strike|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/3/lebanons-ex-pm-salim-hoss-joins-palestinian-prisoners-hunger-strike|website=The New Arab|date=3 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DFLP-affiliated hunger strikers set to refuse water if Israel ignores demands|url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=776813|access-date=2 May 2017|agency=Ma'an News Agency|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922164134/https://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=776813|url-status=live}}</ref>


Salim Hoss died on 25 August 2024, at the age of 94.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Prime Minister Salim Hoss Passed Away |url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/1475457/former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-passed-away |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=MTV Lebanon |language=en}}</ref><ref> https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2024-08-25/former-five-time-lebanese-prime-minister-salim-hoss-dies-at-94</ref>
Al-Huss died on 25 August 2024 at the age of 94.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Prime Minister Salim Hoss Passed Away |url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/1475457/former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-passed-away |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=MTV Lebanon |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825152757/https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/1475457/former-prime-minister-salim-hoss-passed-away |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2024-08-25/former-five-time-lebanese-prime-minister-salim-hoss-dies-at-94 |title=Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825185426/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2024-08-25/former-five-time-lebanese-prime-minister-salim-hoss-dies-at-94 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Works==
* ''The Development of Lebanon as Financial Market'' (in English), 1974.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoss |first1=Salim |title=The Development of Lebanon’s Financial Markets. {{!}} Folios |url=https://foliosltd.com/product/the-development-of-lebanons-financial-markets/ |website=Folios Ltd. |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
* {{cite web |last1=Hoss |first1=Salim |title=The Development of Lebanon's Financial Markets|lang=en |via=Folios Ltd.|url=https://foliosltd.com/product/the-development-of-lebanons-financial-markets/ |year=1974|access-date=26 August 2024}}
* ''Window on the Future'' (in Arabic), 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ḥuṣṣ |first1=Salīm |title=نافذة على المستقبل ؛ محاضرات وبحوث في القضية اللبنانية |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD.html?id=arULAAAAIAAJ |publisher=دار العلم للملايين، |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=1981}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Ḥuṣṣ |first1=Salīm |title=نافذة على المستقبل ؛ محاضرات وبحوث في القضية اللبنانية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arULAAAAIAAJ |trans-title=Window on the Future|publisher=دار العلم للملايين، |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=1981 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084541/https://books.google.com/books/about/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B0%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD.html?id=arULAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* ''Lebanon: Agony and Peace'' (in English), 1982.<ref>{{cite web |title=Books: Lebanon, Agony & Peace |url=https://www.umambiblio.org/EN/book_detail/9554/ |website=UMAM BIBLIO |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=Lebanon: Agony & Peace |url=https://www.umambiblio.org/EN/book_detail/9554/ |via=UMAM BIBLIO |access-date=26 August 2024 |date=1982|language=en}}
* ''Lebanon at the Crossroads'' (in Arabic), 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=لبنان على المفترق / سليم الحص |url=https://library.palestine-studies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=28598 |website=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]] |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=لبنان على المفترق |trans-title=Lebanon at the Crossroads|date=1984|lang=ar|url=https://library.palestine-studies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=28598 |via=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]] |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* ''Dots on the Is'' (in Arabic), 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=نقاط على الحروف / سليم الحص |url=https://library.palestine-studies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=33180&query_desc=an%3A%2231573%22 |website=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=نقاط على الحروف / سليم الحص |trans-title=Dots on the Is|year=1987|lang=ar|url=https://library.palestine-studies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=33180&query_desc=an%3A%2231573%22 |via=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* ''A War Among Victims'' (in Arabic), 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=حرب الضحايا على الضحايا سليم الحص |url=https://koha.birzeit.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21795 |website=koha.birzeit.edu |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=حرب الضحايا على الضحايا |trans-title=A War Among Victims|lang=ar|date=1988|url=https://koha.birzeit.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21795 |via=koha.birzeit.edu |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ḥuṣṣ |first1=Salīm |title=على طريق الجمهورية الجديدة: مواقف ووثائق |trans-title=On the Road to a New Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sszzzwEACAAJ |publisher=المركز الاسلامي للاعلام والانماء |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=1991 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084547/https://books.google.com/books/about/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84.html?id=sszzzwEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* ''On the Road to a New Republic'' (In Arabic), 1991.
* {{cite book |last1=Ḥuṣṣ |first1=Salīm |title=عهد القرار والهوى: تجارب الحكم في حقبة الانقسام، ١٩٨٧-١٩٩٠ |trans-title=The Epoch of Resolution and Whim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkotzwEACAAJ |publisher=دار العلم للملايين، |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=1991 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084459/https://books.google.com/books/about/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%89.html?id=VkotzwEACAAJ&hl=en&output=html_text |url-status=live }}
* ''The Epoch of Resolution and Whim'' (in Arabic), 1991.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=زمن الأمل والخيبة: تجارب الحكم ما بين 1976 و 1980 |trans-title=A Time of Hope and Disappointment|url=https://librarycatalog.usj.edu.lb/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=121683&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=744338 |publisher=دار العلم للملايين |access-date=26 August 2024 |lang=ar|date=1992}}
* ''A Time of Hope and Disappointment'' (in Arabic), 1992.
* {{cite book |title=ذكريات وعبر |trans-title=Reminiscences and Lessons|url=https://library.palestine-studies.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22429 |year=1994|lang=ar|via=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* ''Reminiscences and Lessons'' (in Arabic), 1994.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=للحقيقة والتاريخ تجارب الحكم ما بين 1998 و2000 |trans-title=For Fact and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqBtAAAAMAAJ&q=%E2%80%8F%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+:+%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A9%D9%A8+%D9%88%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A0%D9%A0 |publisher=شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=2001}}
* ''For Fact and History'' (in Arabic), 2001.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=محطات وطنية وقومية |trans-title=Nationalist Landmarks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8ctAQAAIAAJ&q=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2002) |publisher=شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=2002 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084953/https://books.google.com/books?id=W8ctAQAAIAAJ&q=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2002)&dq=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2002)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeyqCrl5KIAxXYk4kEHSBTDJMQ6AF6BAgFEAI |url-status=live }}
* ''Nationalist Landmarks'' (in Arabic), 2002.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=نحن والطائفية |trans-title=Face-to-Face with Sectarianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LstAQAAIAAJ&q=%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2003) |publisher=شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=2003 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LstAQAAIAAJ&q=%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2003)&dq=%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2003)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih0a7Sl5KIAxU_KzQIHRFvACEQ6AF6BAgMEAI |url-status=live }}
* ''Face-to-Face with Sectarianism'' (in Arabic), 2003.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=عصارة العمر |trans-title=Gist of a Lifetime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvUSAQAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2004) |publisher=شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر، |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=2004 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084945/https://books.google.com/books?id=zvUSAQAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2004)&dq=%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2004)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji5fzml5KIAxXtGDQIHcOoKzMQ6wF6BAgLEAE |url-status=live }}
* ''Gist of a Life Time'' (in Arabic), 2004.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=صوت بلا صدى |trans-title=Sound without Echo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMaFAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8C+%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%89+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2004) |publisher=شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر، |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=2005 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826084946/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMaFAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8C+%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%89+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2004)&dq=%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8C+%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%89+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2004)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuwOr-l5KIAxX0AzQIHXZ4PLgQ6AF6BAgIEAI |url-status=live }}
* ''Sound without Echo'' (in Arabic), 2004
* {{cite book |title=سلاح الموقف |url=https://koha.birzeit.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=33781 |via=koha.birzeit.edu |trans-title=Stance as weapon|year=2006|access-date=26 August 2024}}
* ''A call for an Open Dialogue'' (in Arabic), 2005.
* {{cite book |last1=Huss |first1=Salim |title=في زمن الشدائد لبنانياً وعربياً |trans-title=Epoch of Agonies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fEuAQAAIAAJ&q=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2007) |publisher=شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=ar |date=2008 |isbn=978-9953-88-215-4 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826085021/https://books.google.com/books?id=_fEuAQAAIAAJ&q=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2007)&dq=%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF+%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%8C+2007)&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLjNrQmJKIAxWOEDQIHXvoKxYQ6wF6BAgKEAE |url-status=live }}
* ''Stance as weapon'' (in Arabic), 2006.
* ''Epoch of Agonies'' (in Arabic), 2007.
* ''Ma Qalla wa dall'' (in Arabic), 2008.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:20th-century Lebanese politicians]]

Revision as of 12:22, 30 August 2024

In this Lebanese name, the father's name is Ahmad and the family name is al-Huss.

Salim al-Huss
سليم الحص
Al-Huss in 2005
34th Prime Minister of Lebanon
In office
8 December 1976 – 20 July 1980
PresidentElias Sarkis
Preceded byRashid Karami
Succeeded byTakieddin el-Solh
In office
2 June 1987 – 24 December 1990*
President
See list
Preceded byRashid Karami
Succeeded byOmar Karami
In office
6 December 1998 – 23 October 2000
PresidentÉmile Lahoud
Preceded byRafic Hariri
Succeeded byRafic Hariri
Acting President of Lebanon
In office
24 September 1988 – 5 November 1989*
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byAmine Gemayel
Succeeded byRené Moawad
In office
22 November 1989 – 24 November 1989*
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byRené Moawad
Succeeded byElias Hrawi
Personal details
Born
Salim Ahmad al-Huss

(1929-12-20)20 December 1929
Beirut, Lebanese Republic
Died25 August 2024(2024-08-25) (aged 94)
Spouse
Leila Pharaoun
​
(died 1990)​
Children1
Alma materAmerican University of Beirut
Indiana University Bloomington
*Al-Huss's term was disputed between 22 September 1988 and 13 October 1990 by Michel Aoun.

Salim Ahmad al-Huss (Arabic: سليم أحمد الحص, romanized: Salīm ʾAḥmad al-Ḥuṣṣ; 20 December 1929 – 25 August 2024), also spelled Selim El-Hoss, was a Lebanese politician who served as the prime minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut. He was known as a technocrat.[1]

Early life and personal life

Salim al-Huss was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Beirut on 20 December 1929.[2] His father died when he was 7 months old. In 1941, he fled with his mother and grandmother from Beirut to Sawfar.[3] He received his undergraduate degree in economics from the American University of Beirut and a PhD in business and economics from Indiana University in the United States in 1961.[4][3]

Al-Huss was married to Leila Pharaoun, a Maronite Christian who converted to Islam at the end of her life in order to be buried next to her husband in a Muslim cemetery, according to a 2000 interview with al-Huss.[5][6]

Political career

Al-Huss served as prime minister of Lebanon four times. The first was from 1976 until 1980 during the first years of the Lebanese Civil War.[7] His second, and most controversial term, was from 1987 until 1989, when in 1988 he unconstitutionally nominated himself as prime minister but was recognized by many nations and statesmen of the international community.[8] Al-Huss was chosen a third time to serve as prime minister by President Elias Hrawi from November 1989 until December 1990. He served as prime minister again from December 1998 to October 2000.[9]

During his political career, he served as foreign minister, industry minister, education minister, labor minister, information minister, and economy minister.[10]

He was a member of the anti-imperialist conference Axis for Peace. Al-Huss was a strong opponent of capital punishment, and during his term as prime minister he refused to sign any execution warrants, temporarily halting executions in Lebanon, which remain rare.[11]

First premiership

Al-Huss was appointed Prime Minister by President Elias Sarkis in December 1976. His government was formed amidst the ongoing civil war, which began in 1975 and involved various factions, including Palestinian groups, Christian militias, and Syrian forces. Despite his efforts to restore peace, al-Huss faced significant challenges, including renewed fighting between militias and the Syrian army, as well as the Israeli invasion in 1978. The internal political situation deteriorated, leading to his resignation on 20 July 1980, as he was unable to manage the ongoing violence and instability effectively. He was succeeded by Takieddin as-Solh.[12]

Rival governments

From January to September 1988, he boycotted meetings of his own cabinet, in protest against the policies of President Amine Gemayel. On 22 September, he refused to accept his dismissal in favour of General Michel Aoun, a Maronite Christian. The crisis was precipitated by the failure of the National Assembly to elect a new president (in Lebanon, the president by convention is a Maronite Christian, while the Prime Minister by convention is a Sunni Muslim[13]).

Since the Lebanese constitution states that in the event of a presidential vacancy, the outgoing president appoint a temporary prime minister to act as president, outgoing president Gemayel decided to appoint Maronite army commander Michel Aoun to that office, notwithstanding the tradition of reserving it for a Sunni Muslim. al-Huss refused to concede the prime minister's post to Aoun, so the two ended up heading rival administrations; with Aoun occupying the presidential palace in East Beirut, al-Huss established his own office in West Beirut.[14]

Lebanon was thus left with no president and two rival governments: one constitutional and the other recognized by many states. However, although Syria, at the time occupying much of Lebanon, supported al-Huss, and although al-Huss's cabinet was already operational, most of the international community dealt with administrations on both sides of the Green Line and recognized both as Lebanon's prime ministers even though, constitutionally speaking, Aoun was the lawfully-appointed prime minister and acting president of Lebanon.[15]

Violent conflict between the two prime ministers soon arose over Aoun's refusal to accept the presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon. In competition with Aoun, al-Huss remained acting president from 1988 until 5 November 1989, when René Moawad took office. When Moawad was assassinated seventeen days later, al-Huss reprised his role as acting president for two days, at which point Elias Hrawi was elected to succeed Moawad.[15]

In 1990, the civil war ended when Aoun was forced to surrender following an attack on the presidential palace by Syrian and Lebanese military forces. Al-Huss subsequently resigned as prime minister, in favour of Omar Karami.[16]

Final premiership

Salim Al-Hoss (far right) next to Saddam Hussein in the Arab Summit, 1978

Al-Huss was appointed Prime Minister after General Émile Lahoud was elected president. His government was notable for excluding many of the traditional feudal leaders and warlords who had dominated Lebanese politics. This shift aimed to create a more technocratic and reform-oriented administration. After losing his parliamentary seat to a previously unknown candidate running with former prime minister Rafik Hariri in the general elections of 2000,[17] al-Huss resigned as prime minister, declaring an end to his political career.[18][19]

Retirement and death

In March 2005, he was considered as a candidate to form a new government following the resignation of Omar Karami (Prime Minister again), but he reportedly refused to accept the position for health reasons; Najib Mikati was subsequently appointed.[20] On 2 May 2017, aged 87, al-Huss took part in a one-day hunger strike in a show of solidarity with the ongoing hunger strike of some 1,500 Palestinian prisoners.[21][22]

Al-Huss died on 25 August 2024 at the age of 94.[23][24]

Works

  • Hoss, Salim (1974). "The Development of Lebanon's Financial Markets". Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via Folios Ltd.
  • Ḥuṣṣ, Salīm (1981). نافذة على المستقبل ؛ محاضرات وبحوث في القضية اللبنانية [Window on the Future] (in Arabic). دار العلم للملايين،. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Lebanon: Agony & Peace. 1982. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via UMAM BIBLIO.
  • لبنان على المفترق [Lebanon at the Crossroads] (in Arabic). 1984. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • نقاط على الحروف / سليم الحص [Dots on the Is] (in Arabic). 1987. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • حرب الضحايا على الضحايا [A War Among Victims] (in Arabic). 1988. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via koha.birzeit.edu.
  • Ḥuṣṣ, Salīm (1991). على طريق الجمهورية الجديدة: مواقف ووثائق [On the Road to a New Republic] (in Arabic). المركز الاسلامي للاعلام والانماء. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Ḥuṣṣ, Salīm (1991). عهد القرار والهوى: تجارب الحكم في حقبة الانقسام، ١٩٨٧-١٩٩٠ [The Epoch of Resolution and Whim] (in Arabic). دار العلم للملايين،. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Huss, Salim (1992). زمن الأمل والخيبة: تجارب الحكم ما بين 1976 و 1980 [A Time of Hope and Disappointment] (in Arabic). دار العلم للملايين. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • ذكريات وعبر [Reminiscences and Lessons] (in Arabic). 1994. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Huss, Salim (2001). للحقيقة والتاريخ تجارب الحكم ما بين 1998 و2000 [For Fact and History] (in Arabic). شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Huss, Salim (2002). محطات وطنية وقومية [Nationalist Landmarks] (in Arabic). شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Huss, Salim (2003). نحن والطائفية [Face-to-Face with Sectarianism] (in Arabic). شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Huss, Salim (2004). عصارة العمر [Gist of a Lifetime] (in Arabic). شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر،. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • Huss, Salim (2005). صوت بلا صدى [Sound without Echo] (in Arabic). شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر،. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  • سلاح الموقف [Stance as weapon]. 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via koha.birzeit.edu.
  • Huss, Salim (2008). في زمن الشدائد لبنانياً وعربياً [Epoch of Agonies] (in Arabic). شركة المطبوعات للتوزيع والنشر. ISBN 978-9953-88-215-4. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.

References

  1. ^ "Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94". AP News. 25 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  2. ^ Profile of Selim Hoss. International Who's Who of the Arab World Limited. 1984. ISBN 978-0-9506122-1-8. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b "رحيل سليم الحص عن 95 عاما". موقع عرب 48 (in Arabic). 25 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  4. ^ "HE Salim El-Hoss, PhD". aub.edu.lb. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  5. ^ Boustany, Nora (14 November 1989). "Hoss Named Premier in Lebanon". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  6. ^ "Salim Hoss, A prime minister so misunderstood". Prestige. February 2000. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Salim Hoss – Prestige Magazine". Prestige Magazine. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  8. ^ "Syria's Ignominious Role in the Lebanese Civil War". The International Magz. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  9. ^ "الرؤساء السابقون". www.pcm.gov.lb. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Lebanon's Salim Al-Huss, former Prime Minister and statesman, passes away". LBCI. 25 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Death penalty resumes in Lebanon". BBC. 17 January 2004. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  12. ^ prestige (6 February 2015). "Salim Hoss". Prestige Magazine. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  13. ^ "Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94". AP News. 25 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  14. ^ Zeidan, Adam (13 November 2019). "Michel Aoun". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Timeline: Lebanon". BBC News. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008. Lebanon now has two governments – one mainly Muslim in West Beirut, headed by Al Huss, the other, exclusively Christian, in East Beirut, led by the Maronite Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Gen Michel Aoun.
  16. ^ "Hoss Resigns as Premier of Lebanon". Los Angeles Times. Beirut. AP. 19 November 1990. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  17. ^ Shahin, Mariam (1 October 2000). "For liberty, prosperity, fraternity?". The Middle East. Beirut. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  18. ^ Gambill, Gary C.; Ziad K. Abdelnour (July 2001). "Dossier: Rafiq Hariri". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 3 (7). Archived from the original on 8 May 2014.
  19. ^ "Hariri Forms Govt". APS Diplomat Recorder. 28 October 2000. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  20. ^ "February 2005". Rulers. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  21. ^ "Lebanon's ex-PM Salim Hoss joins Palestinian prisoners' hunger strike". The New Arab. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  22. ^ "DFLP-affiliated hunger strikers set to refuse water if Israel ignores demands". Ma'an News Agency. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  23. ^ "Former Prime Minister Salim Hoss Passed Away". MTV Lebanon. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  24. ^ "Former five-time Lebanese prime minister Salim Hoss dies at 94". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Lebanon
1976–1980 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Lebanon
1987–1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Lebanon
Acting
1988–1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Lebanon
Acting
1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Lebanon
1998–2000 		Succeeded by
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