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{{Short description|Chinese central government education agency}}
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{{For|the Ministry of Education in Republic of China|Ministry of Education (Taiwan)}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
⚫
{{Short description|China central government education department}}
⚫
{{For|the Ministry of Education in Republic of China|Ministry of Education (Taiwan)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}

{{Infobox government agency
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Education of<br>the People's Republic of China
| agency_name = Ministry of Education of<br>the People's Republic of China
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| employees =
| employees =
| budget = {{CNY|5.3 trillion}} (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://t.m.china.org.cn/convert/c_vBZG6Zc2.html |title=China spends over 5.3 trillion yuan on education in 2020_china.org.cn |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164115/http://t.m.china.org.cn/convert/c_vBZG6Zc2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget = {{CNY|5.3 trillion}} (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://t.m.china.org.cn/convert/c_vBZG6Zc2.html |title=China spends over 5.3 trillion yuan on education in 2020_china.org.cn |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164115/http://t.m.china.org.cn/convert/c_vBZG6Zc2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| minister1_name =
| minister1_name = [[Huai Jinpeng]]
| minister1_pfo =
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Education (China)|Minister of Education]]
| chief1_name = [[Huai Jinpeng]]
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position = Minister of Education
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief2_position =
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| child1_agency = [[Hanban|Center for Language Education and Cooperation]]
| child1_agency = [[Hanban|Center for Language Education and Cooperation]]
| child2_agency = [[China Scholarship Council]]
| child2_agency = [[China Scholarship Council]]
| website = {{url|https://www.moe.gov.cn|moe.gov.cn}}<br>{{url|http://en.moe.gov.cn|en.moe.gov.cn}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| agency_type = [[Ministries of the People's Republic of China|Constituent Department of the State Council]] (cabinet-level executive department)
| agency_type = [[Ministries of the People's Republic of China|Constituent Department of the State Council]] (cabinet-level executive department)
}}
}}


The '''Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China''' is the constitute department of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]], responsible for [[basic education]], [[vocational education]], [[higher education]], and other educational affairs throughout the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=教育部主要职责 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A01/s179/200904/t20090417_76195.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China |archive-date=May 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529221117/http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A01/s179/200904/t20090417_76195.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=教育部直属高等学校 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611022011/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ministry also accredits [[Tertiary education|tertiary institutions]], [[curriculum|degree curriculum]], and [[Teacher|school teachers]] of the country.<ref name=":0" />
The '''Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China''' is a [[Constituent departments of the State Council|constituent department]] of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]], responsible for [[basic education]], [[vocational education]], [[higher education]], and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits [[Tertiary education|tertiary institutions]], [[curriculum|degree curriculum]], and [[Teacher|school teachers]] of the country.


The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. There are 75 [[Ministry of Education (China)#Affiliate public institutions|colleges and universities]] affiliated with the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=国务院办公厅关于印发教育部主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Regulations on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the Ministry of Education |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_188/202006/t20200604_462577.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. {{As of|2022}}, there were 75 [[Ministry of Education (China)#Affiliate higher education institutions|colleges and universities]] affiliated with the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=国务院办公厅关于印发教育部主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Regulations on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the Ministry of Education |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_188/202006/t20200604_462577.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=教育部直属高等学校 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611022011/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>


== Establishment ==
== History ==
The Ministry of Education was founded in October 1949. The work of the ministry was overseen by the Culture and Education Commission that was created at the same time. On October 19, writer and poet [[Guo Moruo]] was made the director of the commission, and linguist [[Ma Xulun]] was made the first education minister of the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Ming |title=Educational Governance in China |last2=Ni |first2=Hao |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore}}</ref>
⚫
The Ministry of Education was one of the first central government departments created. In October 1949, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Cultural and Education Committee of the Government Affairs Council and the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government were established. In November 1952, the Ministry of Higher Education of the Central People's Government, the Sports Committee of the Central People's Government, and the Illiteracy Eradication Working Committee of the Central People's Government were added. In 1954, the Ministry of Education was reorganized and the responsibilities of the Illiteracy Elimination Committee were merged into the Ministry of Education. In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964, the Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=我国教育体制改革大事记（1949-2010）_改革大数据服务平台 |url=http://www.reformdata.org/2012/1105/1072.shtml |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.reformdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=新中国70年基础教育改革发展历程 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/201909/t20190926_401046.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref>


⚫
In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964, the Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=我国教育体制改革大事记（1949-2010）_改革大数据服务平台 |url=http://www.reformdata.org/2012/1105/1072.shtml |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.reformdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=新中国70年基础教育改革发展历程 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/201909/t20190926_401046.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref>
In June 1970, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council. In January 1975, the Fourth National People's Congress decided to restore the Ministry of Education. On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China. In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the Ninth National People's Congress, and the National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


In June 1970, the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council.
== Responsibilities ==
According to the "Regulations on the Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education" (《教育部职能配置、内设机构和人员编制规定》), the Ministry of Education assumes the following responsibilities:<ref>{{Cite web |title=国务院办公厅关于印发教育部主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Regulations on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_188/202006/t20200604_462577.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=中华人民共和国教育部 Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China}}</ref><ref name=":4" />


The Ministry of Education was restored after the disruptions of the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1975<ref name=":Minami">{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501774157 |location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=92}} by the [[4th National People's Congress]]. Until the Ministry's 1975 restoration, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]'s Science and Education Group was the most important government body in the education bureaucracy.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=92}}
# Formulate guidelines, policies and plans for education reform and development, draft relevant laws and regulations and supervise their implementation.

# Responsible for the overall planning and coordinated management of all types of education at all levels, working with relevant departments to formulate standards for the establishment of schools at all levels and types, guiding the education and teaching reform of all types of schools at all levels, and responsible for the statistics, analysis and release of basic education information.
On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the [[6th National People's Congress]] decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China.
# Responsible for promoting the balanced development of compulsory education and promoting educational equity, responsible for the macro guidance and coordination of compulsory education, and guiding general high school education, early childhood education and special education. Formulate basic education teaching requirements and basic teaching documents, organize the review and approval of basic education national curriculum materials, and fully implement quality education.

# Guide the national education supervision work, be responsible for organizing and guiding the supervision, inspection, evaluation and acceptance of secondary and lower secondary education and the eradication of illiteracy among young adults, and guide the monitoring of the development level and quality of basic education.
In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the [[9th National People's Congress]], and the National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
# Guide the development and reform of employment-oriented vocational education, formulate secondary vocational education professional catalogs, teaching guidance documents and teaching evaluation standards, and guide the construction of secondary vocational education teaching materials and career guidance.

# Guide the development and reform of higher education and assume the responsibility of deepening the reform of the management system of directly affiliated universities. Develop higher education discipline catalogs and teaching guidance documents, review the establishment, renaming, cancellation and adjustment of higher education institutions together with relevant departments, be responsible for the implementation and coordination of the "Project 211" and "Project 985", and coordinate and guide all types of higher education and continuing education , to guide the improvement of higher education evaluation work.
In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through the second year of high school.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Efird |first=Rob |title=Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-74791-0 |editor-last=Esarey |editor-first=Ashley |location=Seattle |chapter=Nature for Nurture in Urban Chinese Childrearing |jstor=j.ctv19rs1b2 |editor-last2=Haddad |editor-first2=Mary Alice |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Joanna I. |editor-last4=Harrell |editor-first4=Stevan}}</ref>{{Rp|page=138}} Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities".<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=138}}
# Responsible for the overall management of the department’s education funds, participating in the formulation of policies for education fund raising, education appropriation, and education infrastructure investment, and responsible for statistics on national education funding investment.

# Coordinate and guide the education work of ethnic minorities, and coordinate educational assistance to ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas.
=== Development of the political counselor system ===
# Guide the ideological and political work, moral education work, physical health and art education work, and national defense education work in all types of schools at all levels, and guide the party building and stabilization work in colleges and universities.
In 1952, the Ministry of Education sought to develop a system of political counselors as a pilot program in universities.<ref name=":032">{{Cite book |last=Doyon |first=Jérôme |title=Rejuvenating Communism: Youth Organizations and Elite Renewal in Post-Mao China |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-472-90294-1 |pages= |doi=10.3998/mpub.12291596 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Rp|page=107}} [[Tsinghua University]] established a political counselor program in 1953, becoming the first university to do so.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=107}} In this program, new graduates who were also [[Chinese Communist Party]] members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]] secretaries.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=107}}
# Be in charge of the work of teachers nationwide, work with relevant departments to formulate qualification standards for teachers at all levels and guide their implementation, and guide the construction of talent teams in the education system.

# Responsible for various types of higher education admissions examinations and student status and academic qualification management, work with relevant departments to formulate higher education enrollment plans, participate in the formulation of employment policies for graduates of ordinary colleges and universities, and guide ordinary colleges and universities to carry out employment and entrepreneurship for college students.
The program was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution but resumed in 1977.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=108}} After its endorsement by [[Deng Xiaoping]], the program expanded across higher educational institutions.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=108}}
# Plan and guide the natural sciences, philosophy, and social science research of colleges and universities, coordinate and guide colleges and universities to participate in the construction of the national innovation system and undertake the implementation of various science and technology plans such as major national science and technology projects, and guide the science and technology innovation platforms of colleges and universities The development and construction of education informatization and the integration of industry, academia and research will be guided.

# Organize and guide international exchanges and cooperation in education, formulate policies for studying abroad, studying in China, Sino-foreign cooperative education and school management for foreigners’ children, plan, coordinate and guide the international promotion of Chinese, and carry out cooperation with Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan educational cooperation and exchange.
Beginning in the 1990s, the political counselor system was further institutionalized and expanded in higher educational institutions throughout China, with the Ministry issuing standardized rules such as term limits and age limits in 2000.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=108}}
# Formulate guidelines and policies for national language and writing work, formulate medium- and long-term plans for language and writing work, formulate norms and standards for Chinese and minority languages and writing, organize and coordinate supervision and inspections, and guide and promote Putonghua work and Putonghua teacher training.
# Responsible for the national degree awarding work, the implementation of the national degree system, and the international degree equivalence and mutual recognition of degrees.
# Responsible for coordinating relevant Chinese departments to carry out international cooperation with UNESCO in the fields of education, science and technology, culture and other fields, and responsible for liaison work with the UNESCO Secretariat and related institutions and organizations.
# Undertake other matters assigned by the State Council.


== Organizational structure ==
== Organizational structure ==
{{See also|Ministry of Education (China)}}
According to the "Regulations on the Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education" (《教育部职能配置、内设机构和人员编制规定》), the Ministry of Education has set up the following institutions:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
According to the "Regulations on the Main Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education," the Ministry of Education has set up the following institutions:<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=教育部司局机构 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":3" />


=== Internal departments ===
=== Internal departments ===
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*** China Audio and Video Publishing House
*** China Audio and Video Publishing House
* Educational Science Press Co., Ltd.
* Educational Science Press Co., Ltd.
The Ministry has a role in the [[Chinese foreign aid|foreign aid]] process thorough scholarships it provides for study in China.<ref name=":Chen2">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Muyang |title=The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501775857 |location=Ithaca and London}}</ref>{{Rp|page=73}}

==List of Education Ministers==
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Name !! Took office !! Left office
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Education Minister of the Central People's Government'''
|-
| 1 || [[Ma Xulun]] || October 1949 || November 1952
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Education Minister'''
|-
| 2 || [[Zhang Xiruo]]|| November 1952 || February 1958
|-
| 3 || [[Yang Xiufeng]] || February 1958 || February 1964
|-
| 4 || [[Liu Jiping]]|| February 1964 || October 1964
|-
| 5 || [[He Wei]] || October 1964 || June 1966
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | ''Vacant during the [[Cultural Revolution]]''
|-
| 6 || [[Zhou Rongxin]] || January 1975 || April 1976
|-
| 7 || [[Liu Xiyao]]|| January 1977 || February 1979
|-
| 8 || [[Jiang Nanxiang]]|| February 1979 || May 1982
|-
| 9 || [[He Dongchang]]|| May 1982 || June 1985
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Chairman of State Education Commission'''
|-
| 10 || [[Li Peng]] || June 1985 || April 1988
|-
| 11 || [[Li Tieying]] || April 1988 || March 1993
|-
| 12 || [[Zhu Kaixuan]]|| March 1993 || March 1998
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Education Minister'''
|-
| 13 || [[Chen Zhili]] || March 1998 || March 2003
|-
| 14 || [[Zhou Ji (born 1946)|Zhou Ji]] || March 2003 || November 2009
|-
| 15 || [[Yuan Guiren]] || November 2009 || July 2016
|-
| 16 || [[Chen Baosheng]] || July 2016 || August 2021
|-
| 17 || [[Huai Jinpeng]] || August 2021 || Incumbent
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 279: Line 227:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.moe.gov.cn}}
* {{Official website}}

{{-}}
{{State Council of the People's Republic of China}}
{{State Council of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Primary/secondary education departments in China}}
{{Primary/secondary education departments in China}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry Of Education Of The People's Republic Of China}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry Of Education Of The People's Republic Of China}}
[[Category:Government ministries of the People's Republic of China|Education]]
[[Category:Government ministries of the People's Republic of China|Education]]
[[Category:Education ministries|China]]
[[Category:Ministries of education|China]]
[[Category:Education in China]]
[[Category:Education in China]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1998|China, Education]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1998|China, Education]]

Revision as of 21:35, 29 August 2024

For the Ministry of Education in Republic of China, see Ministry of Education (Taiwan).

Ministry of Education of
the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国教育部
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Jiàoyùbù
Logo of the Ministry

Ministry of Education headquarters in
the Xicheng of Beijing
Agency overview
FormedOctober 1949; 74 years ago (1949-10)
Preceding agencies
  • Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government (1949–1985)
  • State Education Commission (1985–1998)
TypeConstituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level executive department)
JurisdictionGovernment of China
HeadquartersBeijing
Annual budgetCN¥5.3 trillion (2020)[1]
Minister responsible
Parent agencyState Council
Child agencies
Websiteen.moe.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata

The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council, responsible for basic education, vocational education, higher education, and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions, degree curriculum, and school teachers of the country.

The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. As of 2022, there were 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.[2][3]

History

The Ministry of Education was founded in October 1949. The work of the ministry was overseen by the Culture and Education Commission that was created at the same time. On October 19, writer and poet Guo Moruo was made the director of the commission, and linguist Ma Xulun was made the first education minister of the People's Republic of China.[4]

In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964, the Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education.[5][6]

In June 1970, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council.

The Ministry of Education was restored after the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution in 1975[7]: 92  by the 4th National People's Congress. Until the Ministry's 1975 restoration, the State Council's Science and Education Group was the most important government body in the education bureaucracy.[7]: 92 

On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the 6th National People's Congress decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China.

In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the 9th National People's Congress, and the National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education.[5][6]

In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through the second year of high school.[8]: 138  Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities".[8]: 138 

Development of the political counselor system

In 1952, the Ministry of Education sought to develop a system of political counselors as a pilot program in universities.[9]: 107  Tsinghua University established a political counselor program in 1953, becoming the first university to do so.[9]: 107  In this program, new graduates who were also Chinese Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries.[9]: 107 

The program was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution but resumed in 1977.[9]: 108  After its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping, the program expanded across higher educational institutions.[9]: 108 

Beginning in the 1990s, the political counselor system was further institutionalized and expanded in higher educational institutions throughout China, with the Ministry issuing standardized rules such as term limits and age limits in 2000.[9]: 108 

Organizational structure

See also: Ministry of Education (China)

According to the "Regulations on the Main Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education," the Ministry of Education has set up the following institutions:[2][10][3]

Internal departments

  • General Department
  • Department of Policies and Regulations
  • Development Planning Department
  • Comprehensive Reform Department
  • Personnel Department
  • Finance Department
  • Teaching Materials Bureau (Office of the National Teaching Materials Committee)
  • Department of Basic Education
  • Off-campus Education and Training Supervision Department
  • Department of Vocational and Adult Education
  • higher education department
  • Education Supervision Bureau (Office of the State Council Education Supervision Commission)
  • Department of Ethnic Education
  • Department of Teacher Affairs
  • Department of Physical Education, Health and Arts Education
  • Ideological and Political Work Department
  • Social Sciences Division
  • Department of Science, Technology and Information Technology
  • Department of College and University Students
  • Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education (Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council)
  • Language and Words Application Management Department
  • Language and Words Information Management Department
  • Department of International Cooperation and Exchange (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office)
  • Office of the Inspector
  • Party Committee of the Ministry of Education
  • Retired Cadres Bureau
  • Secretariat of the Chinese National Commission for UNESCO

Affiliate national bureau

  • National Language and Words Work Committee (Deputy Ministerial Level)

Affiliate public institutions

  • Ministry of Education Service Center
  • National Institute of Educational Administration
  • Chinese Academy of Educational Sciences (Office of the National Educational Science Planning Leading Group)
  • Research Center for Scientific Development of Higher Education Institutions of the Ministry of Education
  • Vocational Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
  • Chinese and Foreign Language Exchange and Cooperation Center of the Ministry of Education
  • Institute of Language and Character Applications (State Language Commission Putonghua and Character Application Testing Center)
  • National Open University (National University for the Elderly)
  • Educational Technology and Resource Development Center of the Ministry of Education (Central Audio-visual Education Center, Basic Education Resource Center of the Ministry of Education)
  • China Educational Television
  • Ministry of Education Education Management Information Center
  • Curriculum Materials Research Institute
  • Secretariat of China Scholarship Council
  • Ministry of Education Fund Supervision Affairs Center
  • National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
  • China Education Press
  • Educational Examination Agency of the Ministry of Education (Teacher Qualification Examination Center of the Ministry of Education, International Educational Measurement Exchange and Cooperation Center)
  • Ministry of Education Study Abroad Service Center (China Study Abroad Service Center)
  • National Student Financial Aid Management Center
  • Ministry of Education Student Services and Quality Development Center
  • Degree and Graduate Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
  • Education Quality Assessment Center of the Ministry of Education
  • Chinese and Foreign Cultural Exchange Center of the Ministry of Education
  • Ministry of Education Communication and Education Center

Affiliate higher education institutions

There are 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.[3]

Affiliate enterprises

  • China Education Publishing and Media Group Co., Ltd.
    • People's Education Press Co., Ltd.
    • Higher Education Press Ltd.
    • Chinese Language Publishing House Co., Ltd.
      • Language and Culture Press
      • China Audio and Video Publishing House
  • Educational Science Press Co., Ltd.

The Ministry has a role in the foreign aid process thorough scholarships it provides for study in China.[11]: 73 

See also

References

  1. ^ "China spends over 5.3 trillion yuan on education in 2020_china.org.cn". Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "国务院办公厅关于印发教育部主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Regulations on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the Ministry of Education". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "教育部直属高等学校 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  4. ^ Yang, Ming; Ni, Hao (2018). Educational Governance in China. Singapore: Springer.
  5. ^ a b "我国教育体制改革大事记（1949-2010）_改革大数据服务平台". www.reformdata.org. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  6. ^ a b "新中国70年基础教育改革发展历程 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501774157.
  8. ^ a b Efird, Rob (2020). "Nature for Nurture in Urban Chinese Childrearing". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.). Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-74791-0. JSTOR j.ctv19rs1b2.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Doyon, Jérôme (2023). Rejuvenating Communism: Youth Organizations and Elite Renewal in Post-Mao China. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.12291596. ISBN 978-0-472-90294-1.
  10. ^ "教育部司局机构 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  11. ^ Chen, Muyang (2024). The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501775857.
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