Geommu: Difference between revisions

Geommu
	Jinju geommu
Korean name
Hangul	검무
Hanja	劍舞
Revised Romanization	Geommu
McCune–Reischauer	Kŏmmu

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Geommu (also transliterated Gummu, Kommu) is a traditional sword dance practiced in Korea. Geommu is performed with special costume, dance moves, and music. The dance is known for its grace in performance. Extra emphasis is placed on the movement of the costuming, notably the sleeves, in harmony with the movements of the dancer. The symbolic use of ssang dan geom, i.e. a replica of dual short swords, keeps to the militaristic origins of this dance. Geom-mu has become a dance of great beauty and is treasured as the South Korea's 12th Important Intangible Cultural Property.

History

Detail from an early-19th-century Korean painting titled "Ssanggeom daemu" (雙劍對舞) by Hyewon, depicting a kisaeng performing Geommu.

According to legend, Geommu originated during the later portion of the Three Kingdoms of Korea with estimates placing it near 660 AD. At that time, Korea was divided into the three kingdoms, Silla, Baekje, and Goguryeo. The legend of Geommu states that a young boy in Silla named Hwangchang had an unusual talent for sword dance.^[1] His talent brought him great fame, even in the enemy kingdom, Baekje. One day, a king of Baekje invited him to his court to perform his great skill. The boy performed but in an act of great defiance killed the king before the royal assembly. Hwangchang was executed by the Baekje military. People in Shilla expressed their respect and sorrow at Hwangchang’s death by dancing in imitation of Hwangchang’s abilities, adorning a mask which was made to resemble his face. Thereafter, people named this dance "Hwangchangmu”.^[2]

Surviving as a folk dance and cultural asset, Geommu was considerably changed during the Joseon Dynasty period from 1392 through 1910. At that point Geommu was rearranged by the Royal Court and recreated by the Kisaeng. The Kisaeng learned the formalized dance through the Gwonbeon, a pre-Korean War performance institution comparable to the Geisha tradition of Japan. One major change was the Kisaeng performers discontinued wearing the traditional mask while dancing Geommu. Geommu has remained a Court dance in the form of Jinju Geommu but has also retained its status as a primarily female dance.^{[citation needed]}

Costume and sword

Dancers of Geommu wear Hanbok, Kwaeja (overcoat), Jeon-Dae (belt), and Jeon-Rip (military style cap). Hanbok is the traditional Korean dress that consists of Chima (a skirt) and Jeogori (a jacket). These elements combine to form a stylized version of the Joseon Dynasty military uniform. The costume traditionally has the colors of blue, red, yellow, green and black but many regional variations exist. The Jinju region has a blue Chima and a jade green Jeogori. Gwangju in the Jeolla province has a red Chima and a light green Jeogori.

The knife or Kal (칼) is the replica sword used in Geom-mu, also referred to as a short sword, dan geom or dan do (단검/단도). Between the blade and the handle of a Kal are three rings. These three rings have varying sizes and make sounds when performers dance the Geom-mu.

Performing Geommu

Geommu is a group dancing activity performed by 6 to 8 performers. It has two unique characters which are Chum-sawi, a dance motion, and 'Changdan, rhythmic cycle or ‘long and short’. There are three typical motions, Ipchum-sawi, Anjeon-sawi, and Yeonpungdae. In Ipchum-sawi the dancers form two rows and stand face to face. Anjeon-sawi is to dance kneeling down while maintaining the two rows of Ipchum-sawi. The last motion, Yeonpungdae, the dancers form a circle and rotate in pattern.

Variations

Geommu is a compound of the Korean words "Geom", meaning sword, and "mu", meaning dance. This name applies to the base martial form of the dance. The dance is also known by the term Hwangchangmu in reference to its origin story. The royal court version of the dance is called Jinju Geommu.

Geommu and Changdan rhythmic patterns

In Geommu, special rhythmic cycles called Changdan appear. Changdan is usually made by Janggu, a double-headed hourglass drum and Buk, a barrel drum. In Korea there are many variations of Changdan with each name designating a certain type of meter, tempo, and beat. Basic nature of Korean rhythmic patterns may be described as having these four main characteristics (Garland encyclopedia of world: East Asia- China, Japan, Korea, p. 901).

A length of time, short enough to be held easily in memory and quickly recognized.
A sense of speed (not tempo, which is related to beat)
A typical meter, which fills the length of time
Characteristic events the rhythmic pattern

Types of traditional Korean music in Geommu

The traditional Korean music of Geommu is Samhyeon-Nyukgak. Originally, Samhyeon designated three chordophones, Geomungo, Gayageum, and Hyangbipa and Nyukgak designated Buk, Janggu, Haegeum, and Piri at the Unified Shilla period from 654 to 780. The significance of Samhyeon had disappeared and remained the import of Nyukgak. Nowadays Samhyeonnyukgak indicates the wind instrumental music. It is used to accompany marching and dancing with 6 instruments, Haegeum, Janggu, Buk, Daegeum, and two Piri. Haegeum is a string instrument, resembling a violin. [Jangu] and [buk] are drums. Janggu is made from a hollow wooden body and two leather skins. The two sides produce sounds of different pitch and tone. Puk is a barrel-shaped with a round wooden body covered on both ends with animal skin. It is played with both an open hand and a wooden stick in the other hand. Daegeum and Piri are aerophones. Daegeum is a large bamboo transverse flute and Piri is a double reed instrument made of bamboo. Its large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound mellower than that of many other types of oboe.

Preservation

Many parts of Geommu have been lost over time. South Korea established a law in 1962 named the Cultural Properties Protection Act in order to protect Geommu and other intangible cultural properties. Geommu was named as the 12th intangible cultural property by law in 1967. Geommu is actively preserved and practiced primarily in the Jinju, Gyeongsangnamdo, South Korea.

References

^ "Korea National University of Arts presents: K-Arts Dance Company". Koreaculturedc.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ "Geommu". Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

Bibliography

Kim, Mal-bok. Korean Dance. Korea: Univ of Ehwa Women. July, 2005.
Weatherhill, Korean Intangible Cultural Properties. Weatherhill. December, 2001.
Provine., ed. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music-East Asia : China, Japan, and Korea. Volume7. Routledge. December, 2001.

External links

(in Korean) Geommu/ Geomgimu
Traditional Korean dance
Traditional Korean dance and Music Archived 2008-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
Traditional Korean clothing
Information of Korean Music

[1] "Korea National University of Arts presents: K-Arts Dance Company". Koreaculturedc.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

[2] "Geommu". Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox Korean name|
+{{Infobox Korean name
+|img=Geommu(Sword dance) (4420816591).jpg
-hangul=검무|
+|imgwidth=
-hanja=劍舞|
+|caption=''Jinju geommu''
-rr=Geommu|
+|hangul=검무
-mr=Kŏmmu}}
+|hanja=劍舞
-'''Geommu''' is a traditional [[sword dance]] practiced in [[Korea]]. Geommu is performed with special costume, dance motions, and music. The dance is known for its grace in performance. Extra emphasis is placed on the movement of the costuming, notably the sleeves, in harmony with the movements of the dancer. The symbolic use of a Kal, a replica sword, keeps to the militaristic origins of this dance. Geom-mu has become a dance of great beauty and is treasured as the [[South Korea]]'s 12th [[Important Intangible Cultural Property]].
+|rr=Geommu
+|mr=Kŏmmu}}
+'''Geommu''' (also transliterated ''Gummu'', ''Kommu'') is a traditional [[sword dance]] practiced in [[Korea]]. Geommu is performed with special costume, [[dance move]]s, and music. The dance is known for its grace in performance. Extra emphasis is placed on the movement of the costuming, notably the sleeves, in harmony with the movements of the dancer. The symbolic use of ssang dan geom, i.e. a replica of dual short swords, keeps to the militaristic origins of this dance. Geom-mu has become a dance of great beauty and is treasured as the [[South Korea]]'s 12th [[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea|Important Intangible Cultural Property]].
-==Variations==
-Geommu is a compound of the Korean words "Geom", meaning sword, and "mu", meaning dance. This name applies to the base martial form of the dance. The dance is also known by the term '''Hwangchangmu''' in reference to its origin story. The royal court version of the dance is called '''Jinju Geommu'''.
-==Origin==
-Geommu originated during the later portion of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] with estimates placing it near 660 AD. At that time, Korea was divided into the three kingdoms, [[Shilla]], [[Baekje]], and [[Goguryo]]. The legend of Geommu states that a young boy in Shilla named Hwangchang had an unusual talent for sword dance. His talent brought him great fame, even in the enemy kingdom, Baekje. One day, a king of [[Baekje]] invited him to his court to perform his great skill. The boy performed but in an act of great defiance killed the king before the royal assembly. Hwangchang was executed by the [[Baekje]] military. People in [[Shilla]] expressed their respect and sorrow at Hwangchang’s death by dancing in imitation of Hwangchang’s abilities, adorning a mask which resembled face. Thereafter, people named this dance "Hwangchangmu”.
 ==History==
+[[Image:Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu-detail-01.jpg|thumb|Detail from an early-19th-century Korean painting titled "Ssanggeom daemu" (雙劍對舞) by [[Hyewon]], depicting a [[kisaeng]] performing Geommu.]]
+According to legend, Geommu originated during the later portion of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] with estimates placing it near 660 AD. At that time, Korea was divided into the three kingdoms, [[Silla]], [[Baekje]], and [[Goguryeo]]. The legend of Geommu states that a young boy in Silla named Hwangchang had an unusual talent for sword dance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaculturedc.org/En/Explore/Content.asp?Idx=479&Part=PA |title=Korea National University of Arts presents: K-Arts Dance Company |publisher=Koreaculturedc.org |accessdate=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728183133/http://www.koreaculturedc.org/En/Explore/Content.asp?Idx=479&Part=PA |archivedate=28 July 2014 }}</ref> His talent brought him great fame, even in the enemy kingdom, Baekje. One day, a king of [[Baekje]] invited him to his court to perform his great skill. The boy performed but in an act of great defiance killed the king before the royal assembly. Hwangchang was executed by the [[Baekje]] military. People in [[Silla|Shilla]] expressed their respect and sorrow at Hwangchang’s death by dancing in imitation of Hwangchang’s abilities, adorning a mask which was made to resemble his face. Thereafter, people named this dance "Hwangchangmu”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_KOR8.html|title= Geommu|publisher=Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
-Surviving as a folk dance and cultural asset, Geommu was considerably changed during the [[Joseon]] Dynasty period from 1392 through 1910. At that point Geommu was rearranged by the Royal Court and recreated by the [[Kisaeng]]. The Kisaeng learned the formalized dance through the [[Gwonbeon]], a pre-[[Korean War]] performance institution comparable to the [[Geisha]] tradition of [[Japan]]. One major change was the [[Kisaeng]]  performers discontinued wearing the traditional mask while dancing Geommu. Geommu has  remained a Court dance in the form of Jinju Geommu but has also retained its status as a primarily female dance. Geommu was also modified to use a replica sword while performing to prevent accidental injuries to the performer and audience.
+Surviving as a folk dance and cultural asset, Geommu was considerably changed during the [[Joseon Dynasty|Joseon]] Dynasty period from 1392 through 1910. At that point Geommu was rearranged by the Royal Court and recreated by the [[Kisaeng]]. The Kisaeng learned the formalized dance through the [[Gwonbeon]], a pre-[[Korean War]] performance institution comparable to the [[Geisha]] tradition of [[Japan]]. One major change was the [[Kisaeng]]  performers discontinued wearing the traditional mask while dancing Geommu. Geommu has  remained a Court dance in the form of Jinju Geommu but has also retained its status as a primarily female dance.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
-==Costume==
+==Costume and sword==
-[[Image:Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu-detail-01.jpg|thumb|Detail from an early 19th-century Korean painting titled "Ssanggeomdaemu" (雙劍對舞) by [[Hyewon]], depicting a female entertainer performing Geommu.]]
+[[Image:Korean_sword_dance-Jinju_geommu-04.jpg|thumb|left|Swords]]
 Dancers of Geommu wear [[Hanbok]], Kwaeja (overcoat), Jeon-Dae (belt), and Jeon-Rip (military style cap). Hanbok is the traditional Korean dress that consists of Chima (a skirt) and Jeogori (a jacket). These elements combine to form a stylized version of the Joseon Dynasty military uniform. The costume traditionally has the colors of blue, red, yellow, green and black but many regional variations exist. The [[Jinju]] region has a blue Chima and a jade green Jeogori. [[Gwangju]] in the [[Jeolla]] province has a red Chima and a light green Jeogori.
-The Kal is the replica sword used in Geom-mu. Between the blade and the handle of a Kal are three rings called Kukhwa. These three rings have varying sizes and make sounds when performers dance the Geom-mu.
+The knife or Kal (칼) is the replica sword used in Geom-mu, also referred to as a short sword, dan geom or dan do (단검/단도). Between the blade and the handle of a Kal are three rings. These three rings have varying sizes and make sounds when performers dance the Geom-mu.
+{{clear}}
 ==Performing Geommu==
 Geommu is a group dancing activity performed by 6 to 8 performers. It has two unique characters which are '''Chum-sawi''', a dance motion, and ''''Changdan''', rhythmic cycle or ‘long and short’. There are three typical motions, Ipchum-sawi, Anjeon-sawi, and Yeonpungdae. In Ipchum-sawi the dancers form two rows and stand face to face. Anjeon-sawi is to dance kneeling down while maintaining the two rows of Ipchum-sawi. The last motion, Yeonpungdae, the dancers form a circle and rotate in pattern.
+==Variations==
+Geommu is a compound of the Korean words "Geom", meaning sword, and "mu", meaning dance. This name applies to the base martial form of the dance. The dance is also known by the term '''Hwangchangmu''' in reference to its origin story. The royal court version of the dance is called '''Jinju Geommu'''.
 ==Geommu and Changdan rhythmic patterns==
+[[Image:Korean sword dance-Jinju geommu-03.jpg|thumb|]]
-In Geommu, special rhythmic cycles called Changdan appear. Changdan is usually made by [[Janggu]], a double-headed hourglass drum and [[Buk]], a barrel drum. In Korea there are many variations of Changdan with each name designating a certain type of meter, tempo, and beat. Basic nature of Korean rhythmic patterns may be described as having these four main characteristics (Garland encyclopedia of world: East Asia- China, Japan, Korea, p. 901).
+In Geommu, special rhythmic cycles called Changdan appear. Changdan is usually made by [[Janggu]], a double-headed hourglass drum and [[Buk (drum)|Buk]], a barrel drum. In Korea there are many variations of Changdan with each name designating a certain type of meter, tempo, and beat. Basic nature of Korean rhythmic patterns may be described as having these four main characteristics (Garland encyclopedia of world: East Asia- China, Japan, Korea, p.&nbsp;901).
 * A length of time, short enough to be held easily in memory and quickly recognized.
 * A sense of speed (not tempo, which is related to beat)
 * A typical meter, which fills the length of time
 * Characteristic events the rhythmic pattern
+==Types of traditional Korean music in Geommu==
+The traditional Korean music of Geommu is '''Samhyeon-Nyukgak'''. Originally, Samhyeon designated three chordophones, Geomungo, Gayageum, and Hyangbipa and Nyukgak designated [[Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Buk]], [[Janggu]], [[Haegeum]], and [[Piri (instrument)|Piri]] at the Unified [[Silla|Shilla]] period from 654 to 780. The significance of Samhyeon had disappeared and remained the import of Nyukgak. Nowadays Samhyeonnyukgak indicates the wind instrumental music. It is used to accompany marching and dancing with 6 instruments, Haegeum, Janggu, Buk, Daegeum, and two Piri. Haegeum is a string instrument, resembling a violin. [Jangu] and [buk] are [[drum]]s. Janggu is made from a hollow wooden body and two leather skins. The two sides produce sounds of different pitch and tone. Puk is a barrel-shaped with a round wooden body covered on both ends with animal skin. It is played with both an open hand and a wooden stick in the other hand. Daegeum and Piri are aerophones. Daegeum is a large bamboo transverse flute and [[Piri (instrument)|Piri]] is a double reed instrument made of bamboo. Its large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound mellower than that of many other types of oboe.
-==Types of Korean traditional music in Geommu==
-Korean traditional music of Geommu is '''Samhyeon-Nyukgak'''. Originally, Samhyeon designated three chordophones, Geomungo, Gayageum, and Hyangbipa and Nyukgak designated [[Buk]], [[Janggu]], [[Haegeum]], and [[Piri]] at the Unified [[Shilla]] period from 654 to 780. The significance of Samhyeon had disappeared and remained the import of Nyukgak. Nowadays Samhyeonnyukgak indicates the wind instrumental music. It is used to accompany marching and dancing with 6 instruments, Haegeum, Janggu, Buk, Daegeum, and two Piri. Haegeum is a string instrument, resembling a violin. [Jangu] and [buk] are [[drums]]. Janggu is made from a hollow wooden body and two leather skins. The two sides produce sounds of different pitch and tone. Puk is a barrel-shaped with a round wooden body covered on both ends with animal skin. It is played with both an open hand and a wooden stick in the other hand. Daegeum and Piri are aerophones. Daegeum is a large bamboo transverse flute and [[Piri]] is a double reed instrument made of bamboo. Its large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound mellower than that of many other types of oboe.
 ==Preservation==
+Many parts of Geommu have been lost over time. South Korea established a law in 1962 named the Cultural Properties Protection Act in order to protect Geommu and other intangible cultural properties. Geommu was named as the 12th intangible cultural property by law in 1967. Geommu is actively preserved and practiced primarily in the [[Jinju]], [[Gyeongsangnamdo]], [[South Korea]].
-Many parts of Geommu have been lost over time. South Korea established a law in 1962 named the Cultural Properties Protection Act in order to protect Geommu and other intangible cultural properties. Geommu was named as the 12th intangible cultural property by law in 1967. Geommu is actively preserved and practiced primarily in the [[Jinju]], [[Gyeongsangnamdo]], [[South Korea]].
 ==See also==
 * [[Korean dance]]
 * [[Seungjeonmu]]
@@ Line 57: / Line 50: @@
 * [[Korean culture]]
 * [[Korean sword]]
-* [[Korean traditional music]]
+* [[Traditional Korean music]]
-* [[Admiral Yi sun sin]]
+* [[Yi Sun-sin]]
-* [[Important Intangible Cultural Property]]
+* [[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of South Korea|Important Intangible Cultural Property]]
 * [[Hwarang]]
+* [[Gumdo]]
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+;Bibliography
 * '''Kim, Mal-bok'''. ''Korean Dance''. Korea: Univ of Ehwa Women. July, 2005.
 * '''Weatherhill''', ''Korean Intangible Cultural Properties''. Weatherhill. December, 2001.
 * '''Provine., ed'''. ''Garland Encyclopedia of World Music-East Asia'' : China, Japan, and Korea. Volume7. Routledge. December, 2001.
 ==External links==
+{{Commons}}
+* {{in lang|ko}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090701171943/http://www.art.go.kr/vli_dir/vli_dir04_detail.jsp?ar_vvm_cd_seq=5295 Geommu/ Geomgimu]
-* [http://english.tour2korea.com/02Culture/TraditionalCulture/dance.asp?kosm=m2_3&konum=3 Korean traditional dance]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070413000704/http://english.tour2korea.com/02Culture/TraditionalCulture/dance.asp?kosm=m2_3&konum=3 Traditional Korean dance]
-* [http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/dance_and_music/7-1.htm Korean traditional dance and Music]
+* [http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/dance_and_music/7-1.htm Traditional Korean dance and Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723224103/http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/dance_and_music/7-1.htm |date=2008-07-23 }}
-* [http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Culture/Clothes/clothes.cfm Korean traditional clothing]
-* [http://ailab.kyungpook.ac.kr/kmd/korea_music.htm Information of Korean Music]
+* [http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Culture/Clothes/clothes.cfm Traditional Korean clothing]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705071737/http://ailab.kyungpook.ac.kr/kmd/korea_music.htm Information of Korean Music]
 [[Category:Korean dance]]
-[[Category:Korean culture]]
+[[Category:Group dances]]
-[[Category:Important Intangible Cultural Properties of South Korea]]
+[[Category:National Intangible Cultural Heritage of South Korea]]