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{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Astra 1B
| name = Astra 1B
| image =
| names_list = [[Satcom (satellite)|Satcom K3]]
| image_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator = [[SES (company)|SES]]
| COSPAR_ID = 1991-015A
| SATCAT = 21139
| website = {{URL|ses.com}}
| mission_duration = 12 years (planned)<br/>15 years (achieved)
| spacecraft =
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus = GE-5000 (formerly AS-5000)
| manufacturer = [[Lockheed Martin Space|GE Astro Space]]<br/>(formerly [[Lockheed Martin Space|RCA Astro Electronics]])
| launch_mass = {{cvt|2580|kg}}
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 2,136 watts
| launch_date = 2 March 1991, 23:36:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 4|Ariane 44 LP H10]] (V42)
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]], [[ELA-2]]
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]
| entered_service = May 1991
| disposal_type = [[Graveyard orbit]]
| deactivated = 14 July 2006
| last_contact = 2002
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=21139|title=ASTRA 1B|publisher=N2YO.com|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]
| orbit_longitude = 19.2° East
| apsis = gee
| trans_band = 16 [[Ku band|Ku-band]]
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth = 26 [[Hertz|MHz]]
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage = Europe
| programme = [[Astra (satellite)|Astra constellation]]
| previous_mission = [[Astra 1A]]
| next_mission = [[Astra 1C]]
}}


'''Astra 1B''' was the second of the [[Astra (satellites)|Astra]] [[communications satellite]]s launched and operated by [[SES (company)|SES]] (Société Européenne des Satellites) to add extra capacity to the [[satellite television]] (direct broadcasting) services from [[Astra 19.2°E|19.2° East]], serving Germany, the United Kingdom and Ireland.
| mission_type =
| operator = [[SES S.A.]]<br/>[[SES Astra]]
| website =
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT = 21139
| mission_duration = 10 years

| spacecraft_bus = GE-5000 (formerly known as AS-5000)
| manufacturer = [[GE AstroSpace]] (formerly RCA Astro Electronics)
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|1562|kg|lb}}
| power = 2,136&nbsp;watts

| launch_date = {{start-date|March 2, 1991|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 4]] V42
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] [[ELA-2]]
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]
| entered_service =

| disposal_type = Decommissioned
| deactivated = {{end-date|14 July 2006}}

| auto = all
| orbit_epoch = 2 March 2015, 07:38:46&nbsp;UTC<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=21139|title=ASTRA 1B Satellite details 1991-015A NORAD 21139|publisher=N2YO|date=2 March 2016|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Supersynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous-belt graveyard orbit]]<!-- inclination is 7 degrees as of Oct 2013, period is greater than 24 hours -->
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|36253.7|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|36335.2|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination = 8.6&nbsp;degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period = 1461.77&nbsp;minutes<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_longitude = 19.2°E {{coord|0|19.2|display=title}}
| orbit_slot = [[Astra 19.2°E|Astra 1]]
| apsis = gee

| trans_band = 22 [[Ku-band]]<br/>(16 main, 6 backup)
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth = 26&nbsp;MHz
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage =
| trans_TWTA = 60&nbsp;watts
| trans_EIRP = 52.5&nbsp;decibel-watts
| trans_HPBW =
}}
'''Astra 1B''' was the second of the [[Astra (satellites)|Astra]] [[communications satellite]]s launched and operated by [[SES S.A.|SES]] (Société Européenne des Satellites) to add extra capacity to the [[satellite television]] services from [[Astra 19.2°E|19.2° east]], serving [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Republic of Ireland]]. SES bought the satellite in 1989 from failed [[Direct broadcast satellite|DBS]] company Crimson Satellite Associates while still under construction by [[GE AstroSpace]] (as [[Satcom (satellite)|Satcom K3]]).<ref>[https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/satcom-k3.htm ''Satcom K3, K4''] Gunter's Space Page. Accessed January 25, 2021</ref> Twelve years later, in 2001, SES acquired [[GE Americom]], which originally was to operate the Satcom K3 satellite (and was itself the result of [[General Electric]]’s purchase of [[RCA Corporation]] in 1986) and renamed it "SES Americom".


== Satcom K3 ==
On June 4, 1991 Astra 1B suffered an attitude control failure, causing minor drift in north–south direction, meaning that it became difficult to obtain a steady lock on the satellite. This was most notable on [[analog television|analogue]] transmissions where the picture would move from clear to carrying [[sparklies]] and back again. The failure was likely caused by recent [[solar wind]]s which impacted the electronics on both the primary and the backup [[Reaction wheel|momentum wheels]]. In September 1991 SES dealt with the failure by permanently deactivating the automatic control mode for the attitude subsystem.<ref name="failure">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117873-800-technology-engineers-snatch-back-control-of-wobbly-satellite/|title=Engineers snatch back control of 'wobbly' satellite|publisher=New Scientist|date=21 September 1991|accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref>
SES bought the satellite in 1989 from failed [[Satellite television|direct broadcast satellite]] (DBS) company Crimson Satellite Associates while still under construction by [[Lockheed Martin Space|GE Astro Space]] (as [[Satcom (satellite)|Satcom K3]]).<ref name="Gunter">{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/satcom-k3.htm|title=Satcom K3, K4|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|date=21 July 2019|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Twelve years later, in 2001, [[SES (company)|SES]] acquired [[SES Americom|GE Americom]], which originally was to operate the Satcom K3 satellite (and was itself the result of [[General Electric]]'s purchase of [[RCA Corporation]] in 1986) and renamed it "SES Americom". It was merged with [[SES New Skies]] to form [[SES World Skies]] before the company was merged into its parent company, SES S.A. in 2011.


== Mission ==
Along with [[Astra 1C]], Astra 1B was to be replaced in 2002 with [[Astra 1K]], which failed to launch successfully, and as a result it continued to serve a longer life than expected, only falling from use when [[digital television]] on [[Astra 2A]] removed the majority of UK and Ireland targeted channels from 19.2° east.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
On 4 June 1991, Astra 1B suffered an [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] failure, causing minor drift in north–south direction, meaning that it became difficult to obtain a steady lock on the satellite. This was most notable on [[analog television|analogue]] transmissions where the picture would move from clear to carrying [[sparklies]] and back again. The failure was likely caused by recent [[solar wind]]s which impacted the electronics on both the primary and the backup [[Reaction wheel|momentum wheels]]. In September 1991, SES dealt with the failure by permanently deactivating the automatic control mode for the attitude subsystem.<ref name="Failure">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117873-800-technology-engineers-snatch-back-control-of-wobbly-satellite/|title=Engineers snatch back control of "wobbly" satellite|publisher=New Scientist|date=21 September 1991|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>


From 2005, SES claimed that the satellite was in use for [[VSAT]] services, however no transponders were powered, and the satellite drifted to around 19.5° east. One transponder was reactivated in October 2005, but was carrying only colour bars.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Along with [[Astra 1C]], Astra 1B was to be replaced in 2002 with [[Astra 1K]], which failed to launch successfully, and as a result it continued to serve a longer life than expected, only falling from use when [[digital television]] on [[Astra 2A]] removed the majority of United Kingdom and Ireland targeted channels from 19.2° East.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} From 2005, [[SES (company)|SES]] claimed that the satellite was in use for [[Very-small-aperture terminal|VSAT]] services, however no transponders were powered, and the satellite drifted to around 19.5° East. One transponder was reactivated in October 2005, but was carrying only colour bars.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}


== Decommissioning ==
On June 16, 2006 SES confirmed that Astra 1B would be decommissioned and de-orbited within weeks after [[Astra 1KR]], the satellite which would replace Astra 1B and 1C, reached the operational orbital position of 19.2° east.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=SES ASTRA |date=June 16, 2006 |url=http://www.ses.com/4233325/news/2006/4429509|title=ASTRA 1KR OPERATIONAL AT ORBITAL POSITION 19.2° EAST}}</ref> It was officially end-of-lifed on July 14, 2006; close to four years after it had ceased carrying signals, ending SES's claims that the craft was operational.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
On 16 June 2006, SES confirmed that Astra 1B would be decommissioned and de-orbited within weeks after [[Astra 1KR]], the satellite which would replace Astra 1B and 1C, reached the operational orbital position of 19.2° East.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ses.com/4233325/news/2006/4429509|title=ASTRA 1KR OPERATIONAL AT ORBITAL POSITION 19.2° EAST|publisher=SES ASTRA|date=16 June 2006}}</ref> It was officially end-of-lifed on 14 July 2006; close to four years after it had ceased carrying signals, ending SES's claims that the craft was operational.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}


==Transponders==
== Transponders ==
Astra 1B transponders were used in the following ways during the operational life of the satellite:{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
Astra 1B transponders were used in the following ways during the operational life of the satellite:{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
Line 67: Line 66:
|17
|17
|11,464 H
|11,464 H
|[[Premiere (pay television network)|Premiere]] (1991–2003), [[Sonnenklar.TV]] (2003-2009)
|[[Sky Deutschland|Premiere]] (1991–2003), [[Sonnenklar.TV]] (2003–2009)
|-
|-
|18
|18
|11,479 V
|11,479 V
|[[The Movie Channel (UK)|The Movie Channel]] (1991–1997), [[Sky Movies Screen 2]] (1997–1998), [[Sky Premier]] (1998–2001)
|[[The Movie Channel (British TV channel)|The Movie Channel]] (1991–1997), [[Sky Cinema|Sky Movies Screen 2]] (1997–1998), [[Sky Cinema|Sky Premier]] (1998–2001)
|-
|-
|19
|19
Line 79: Line 78:
|20
|20
|11,509 V
|11,509 V
|[[Sky Sports]] (1991–2001), Sky Sports 2 (2001)
|[[Sky Sports]] (1991–2001), [[Sky Sports|Sky Sports 2]] (2001-2002)
|-
|-
|21
|21
|11,523 H
|11,523 H
|[[Tele 5]] (1991–1992), [[Sport1 (Germany)|DSF]] (1993-2010), [[Sport1 (Germany)|Sport 1]] (2010-2012)
|[[Tele 5]] (1991–1992), [[Sport1 (Germany)|DSF]] (1993-2010)
|-
|-
|22
|22
|11,538 V
|11,538 V
|[[Eurosport]] (1991–1992), [[MTV Europe]] (1992–1993), [[VH1 UK]] (1993–2001), [[GOD TV|GOD]] (2001-2002)
|[[Eurosport]] (1991–1992), [[MTV (European TV channel)|MTV Europe]] (1992–1993), [[VH1 (British and Irish TV channel)|VH1 UK]] (1994–2001), [[GOD TV|GOD]] (2001-2002)
|-
|-
|23
|23
|11,553 H
|11,553 H
|[[SES Astra|Astra Video]] (1991), [[FilmNet]] (1991–1992), [[Gold (UK TV channel)|UK Gold]] (1992–2001), [[What's In Store]] (1993-1997), [[Home Shopping Network|HSN]] (1997), [[Screenshop]] (1997-2000), [[SES Astra|Astra Vision]] (2001-2002), [[Tele 5]] (2002-2012)
|[[SES Astra|Astra Video]] (1991), [[Filmnet|FilmNet]] (1991–1992), [[Gold (British TV channel)|UK Gold]] (1992–2001), What's In Store (1993-1997), [[HSN]] (1997), [[Screenshop]] (1997-2000), [[SES Astra|Astra Vision]] (2001-2002), [[Tele 5]] (2002-2012)
|-
|-
|24
|24
|11,568 V
|11,568 V
|[[JSTV]] (1991-1996), [[The Children's Channel]] (1991-1994), [[CMT Europe]] (1994–1996), [[Sky Barker]] (1996–1997), [[Sky Soap]] (1997–1999), [[The History Channel UK]] (1997–2001), [[Sci-fi Channel UK]] (1997–2001), [[GOD TV|GOD]] (1997-2001), [[Home Video Channel|Adult Channel]] (1997-2000), Bloomberg UK (2001-2002), [[Rbb Fernsehen|SFB1]] (2001-2002)
|[[JSTV]] (1991-1996), [[The Children's Channel]] (1991-1994), [[CMT Europe]] (1994–1996), Sky Barker (1996–1997), [[Sky Soap]] (1997–1999), [[History (European TV channel)|The History Channel UK]] (1997–2001), [[Syfy (British and Irish TV channel)|Sci-fi Channel UK]] (1997–2001), [[GOD TV|GOD]] (1997-2001), [[Home Video Channel|Adult Channel]] (1997-2000), [[BTVI|Bloomberg UK]] (2001-2002), [[RBB Fernsehen|SFB1]] (2001-2002)
|-
|-
|25
|25
|11,582 H
|11,582 H
|[[Nord 3]] (1991–2001), [[NDR Fernsehen]] (2001-2012)
|[[NDR Fernsehen|Nord 3]] (1991–2001), [[NDR Fernsehen]] (2001-2012)
|-
|-
|26
|26
|11,597 V
|11,597 V
| [[SES Astra|Astra Info]] (1991), [[The Comedy Channel (UK)|Comedy Channel]] (1991-1992), [[TV Asia]] (1991-1994) [[The Adult Channel]] (1991-1993), [[Sky Movies Gold]] (1992-1997), [[Disney Channel UK]] (1995–2001), [[Sky Box Office 1]] (1997-1999)
| [[SES Astra|Astra Info]] (1991), [[The Comedy Channel (British TV channel)|Comedy Channel]] (1991-1992), [[TV Asia]] (1991-1994), [[The Adult Channel]] (1991-1993), [[Sky Movies Gold]] (1992-1997), [[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel UK]] (1995–2001), [[Sky Box Office|Sky Box Office 1]] (1997-1999)
|-
|-
|27
|27
|11,612 H
|11,612 H
|[[TV3 Denmark]] (1991–1996), [[Nickelodeon (Sweden)|Nickelodeon Nordic]]/[[Syfy Universal|Sci-Fi Channel Nordic]]/[[Nova Shop]] (1996), [[VH1 Germany]]/[[Nickelodeon Germany]] (1996-1998), [[MTV Germany]] (1999-2010), [[Viva (tv)|VIVA]] (2011)
|[[TV3 (Denmark)|TV3 Denmark]] (1991–1996), [[Nickelodeon (Swedish TV channel)|Nickelodeon Nordic]]/[[List of Syfy TV channels|Sci-Fi Channel Nordic]]/Nova Shop (1996), [[VH-1 (German TV channel)|VH-1 Germany]]/[[Nickelodeon (German TV channel)|Nickelodeon Germany]] (1996-1998), [[MTV Germany]] (1999-2010)
|-
|-
|28
|28
Line 115: Line 114:
|29
|29
|11,641 H
|11,641 H
|[[TV3 Denmark]] (1991), [[SES Astra|Astra Info]] (1992), [[n-tv]] (1992-2012)
|[[TV3 (Denmark)|TV3 Denmark]] (1991), [[SES Astra|Astra Info]] (1992), [[n-tv]] (1992-2012)
|-
|-
|30
|30
|11,656 V
|11,656 V
|[[SES Astra|Astra Info]] (1991-1992), [[Cinemanía]] (1992-1997), [[Rbb Fernsehen|ORB Fernsehen]] (1997-2003), [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|RBB Brandenburg]] (2003-2012)
|[[SES Astra|Astra Info]] (1991-1992), [[Cinemanía]] (1992-1997), [[RBB Fernsehen|ORB Fernsehen]] (1997-2003)
|-
|-
|31
|31
|11,671 H
|11,671 H
|[[TV3 Norway]] (1991–1996) [[Sky Sports 3]] (1996–2001), [[TV Shop]] (1996-2000), [[Playboy TV]] (1996-1999), [[Midnight Blue Erotic|Midnight Blue]] (1999-2001), [[Nick Jr.|Nick Junior]] (1999-2000), [[TV Puls]] (2002-2003)
|[[TV3 (Norway)|TV3 Norway]] (1991–1996), [[Sky Sports|Sky Sports 3]] (1996–2001), [[TV Shop]] (1996-2000), [[Playboy TV]] (1996-1999), Midnight Blue (1999-2001), [[Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)|Nick Jr. UK]] (1999-2000), [[TV Puls]] (2002-2003)
|-
|-
|32
|32
|11,686 V
|11,686 V
|[[Documanía]] (1992–1996), [[Sportsmanía]] (1996-1997), [[SES Astra|Astra Vision]] (1997), [[BR alpha]] (1998-2002)
|Documanía (1992–1996), Sportsmanía (1996–1997), [[SES Astra|Astra Vision]] (1997), [[ARD-alpha|BR alpha]] (1998–2002)
|}
|}


==See also==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[SES S.A.|SES]] satellite operator
* [[SES (company)|SES]] (operator)
*[[Astra (satellites)|Astra]] satellite family
* [[Astra (satellites)|Astra]] satellite family
*[[Astra 19.2°E]]
* [[Astra 19.2°E]]
*[[Astra 1A]]
* [[Astra 1A]]
*[[Astra 1C]]
* [[Astra 1C]]
*[[Astra 1D]]
* [[Astra 1D]]
*[[Astra 1E]]
* [[Astra 1E]]
*[[Astra 1K]]
* [[Astra 1K]]
*[[Astra 1KR]]
* [[Astra 1KR]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>

== External links ==
*[https://www.ses.com/ Official SES website]
*[https://www.ses.com/our-coverage SES fleet information and map]
*[https://www.ses.com/case-study/astra SES Astra website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210412055530/https://www.astra.ses/channels SES guide to channels broadcasting on Astra satellites (archived)]


{{SES Astra}}
{{SES Astra}}
{{Orbital launches in 1991}}
{{Orbital launches in 1991}}


{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astra 1b}}
[[Category:Astra satellites]]
[[Category:Astra satellites]]
[[Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth]]

Latest revision as of 10:47, 28 August 2024

Astra 1B
NamesSatcom K3
Mission typeCommunications
OperatorSES
COSPAR ID1991-015A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.21139
Websiteses.com
Mission duration12 years (planned)
15 years (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
BusGE-5000 (formerly AS-5000)
ManufacturerGE Astro Space
(formerly RCA Astro Electronics)
Launch mass2,580 kg (5,690 lb)
Power2,136 watts
Start of mission
Launch date2 March 1991, 23:36:00 UTC
RocketAriane 44 LP H10 (V42)
Launch siteCentre Spatial Guyanais, ELA-2
ContractorArianespace
Entered serviceMay 1991
End of mission
DisposalGraveyard orbit
Deactivated14 July 2006
Last contact2002
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[1]
RegimeGeostationary orbit
Longitude19.2° East
Transponders
Band16 Ku-band
Bandwidth26 MHz
Coverage areaEurope

Astra 1B was the second of the Astra communications satellites launched and operated by SES (Société Européenne des Satellites) to add extra capacity to the satellite television (direct broadcasting) services from 19.2° East, serving Germany, the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Satcom K3

[edit]

SES bought the satellite in 1989 from failed direct broadcast satellite (DBS) company Crimson Satellite Associates while still under construction by GE Astro Space (as Satcom K3).[2] Twelve years later, in 2001, SES acquired GE Americom, which originally was to operate the Satcom K3 satellite (and was itself the result of General Electric's purchase of RCA Corporation in 1986) and renamed it "SES Americom". It was merged with SES New Skies to form SES World Skies before the company was merged into its parent company, SES S.A. in 2011.

Mission

[edit]

On 4 June 1991, Astra 1B suffered an attitude control failure, causing minor drift in north–south direction, meaning that it became difficult to obtain a steady lock on the satellite. This was most notable on analogue transmissions where the picture would move from clear to carrying sparklies and back again. The failure was likely caused by recent solar winds which impacted the electronics on both the primary and the backup momentum wheels. In September 1991, SES dealt with the failure by permanently deactivating the automatic control mode for the attitude subsystem.[3]

Along with Astra 1C, Astra 1B was to be replaced in 2002 with Astra 1K, which failed to launch successfully, and as a result it continued to serve a longer life than expected, only falling from use when digital television on Astra 2A removed the majority of United Kingdom and Ireland targeted channels from 19.2° East.[citation needed] From 2005, SES claimed that the satellite was in use for VSAT services, however no transponders were powered, and the satellite drifted to around 19.5° East. One transponder was reactivated in October 2005, but was carrying only colour bars.[citation needed]

Decommissioning

[edit]

On 16 June 2006, SES confirmed that Astra 1B would be decommissioned and de-orbited within weeks after Astra 1KR, the satellite which would replace Astra 1B and 1C, reached the operational orbital position of 19.2° East.[4] It was officially end-of-lifed on 14 July 2006; close to four years after it had ceased carrying signals, ending SES's claims that the craft was operational.[citation needed]

Transponders

[edit]

Astra 1B transponders were used in the following ways during the operational life of the satellite:[citation needed]

Transponder Frequency Channels carried
17 11,464 H Premiere (1991–2003), Sonnenklar.TV (2003–2009)
18 11,479 V The Movie Channel (1991–1997), Sky Movies Screen 2 (1997–1998), Sky Premier (1998–2001)
19 11,494 H ARD 1 Plus (1991–1993), Das Erste (1993-2012)
20 11,509 V Sky Sports (1991–2001), Sky Sports 2 (2001-2002)
21 11,523 H Tele 5 (1991–1992), DSF (1993-2010)
22 11,538 V Eurosport (1991–1992), MTV Europe (1992–1993), VH1 UK (1994–2001), GOD (2001-2002)
23 11,553 H Astra Video (1991), FilmNet (1991–1992), UK Gold (1992–2001), What's In Store (1993-1997), HSN (1997), Screenshop (1997-2000), Astra Vision (2001-2002), Tele 5 (2002-2012)
24 11,568 V JSTV (1991-1996), The Children's Channel (1991-1994), CMT Europe (1994–1996), Sky Barker (1996–1997), Sky Soap (1997–1999), The History Channel UK (1997–2001), Sci-fi Channel UK (1997–2001), GOD (1997-2001), Adult Channel (1997-2000), Bloomberg UK (2001-2002), SFB1 (2001-2002)
25 11,582 H Nord 3 (1991–2001), NDR Fernsehen (2001-2012)
26 11,597 V Astra Info (1991), Comedy Channel (1991-1992), TV Asia (1991-1994), The Adult Channel (1991-1993), Sky Movies Gold (1992-1997), Disney Channel UK (1995–2001), Sky Box Office 1 (1997-1999)
27 11,612 H TV3 Denmark (1991–1996), Nickelodeon Nordic/Sci-Fi Channel Nordic/Nova Shop (1996), VH-1 Germany/Nickelodeon Germany (1996-1998), MTV Germany (1999-2010)
28 11,627 V CNN International (1992-2010)
29 11,641 H TV3 Denmark (1991), Astra Info (1992), n-tv (1992-2012)
30 11,656 V Astra Info (1991-1992), Cinemanía (1992-1997), ORB Fernsehen (1997-2003)
31 11,671 H TV3 Norway (1991–1996), Sky Sports 3 (1996–2001), TV Shop (1996-2000), Playboy TV (1996-1999), Midnight Blue (1999-2001), Nick Jr. UK (1999-2000), TV Puls (2002-2003)
32 11,686 V Documanía (1992–1996), Sportsmanía (1996–1997), Astra Vision (1997), BR alpha (1998–2002)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ASTRA 1B". N2YO.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Satcom K3, K4". Gunter's Space Page. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Engineers snatch back control of "wobbly" satellite". New Scientist. 21 September 1991. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  4. ^ "ASTRA 1KR OPERATIONAL AT ORBITAL POSITION 19.2° EAST" (Press release). SES ASTRA. 16 June 2006.
[edit]
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