Troad: Difference between revisions
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DocWatson42 (talk | contribs) Cleaned up references and other matters. |
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| image = [[File:Walls of Troy (1).jpg|300px|Part of the walls of Troy]] |
| image = [[File:Walls of Troy (1).jpg|300px|Part of the walls of Troy]] |
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| caption = Part of the walls of Troy |
| caption = Part of the walls of Troy |
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| label1 = Location |
| label1 = Location |
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| data1 = Northwestern [[Anatolia]] |
| data1 = Northwestern [[Anatolia]], [[Turkey]] |
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| label2 = Historical capital |
| label2 = Historical capital |
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| data2 = [[Troy]]<br />(modern-day [[Hisarlik]], [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]], [[Turkey]]) |
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| data2 = [[Troy]] |
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| label3 = [[Roman provinces|Roman province]] |
| label3 = [[Roman provinces|Roman province]] |
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| data3 = [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] |
| data3 = [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] |
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[[File:Troas.png|thumb|right|340px|A map of the Troad (Troas).]] |
[[File:Troas.png|thumb|right|340px|A map of the Troad (Troas).]] |
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[[File:Asia Minor in the Greco-Roman period - general map - regions and main settlements.jpg|thumb|350px|Troas among the classical regions of Anatolia.]] |
[[File:Asia Minor in the Greco-Roman period - general map - regions and main settlements.jpg|thumb|350px|Troas among the classical regions of Anatolia.]] |
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The '''Troad''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|oʊ|ˌ|æ|d}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|oʊ|ə|d}}; {{lang-el|Τρωάδα}}, ''Troáda'') or '''Troas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|oʊ|ə|s}}; {{lang-grc|Τρῳάς}}, ''Trōiás'' or {{lang|grc|Τρωϊάς}}, ''Trōïás'') is a historical region in northwestern [[Anatolia]]. It corresponds with the [[Biga Peninsula]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Biga Yarımadası'') in the [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale province]] of modern [[Turkey]]. Bounded by the [[Dardanelles]] to the northwest, by the [[Aegean Sea]] to the west and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the [[massif]] that forms [[Mount Ida, Turkey|Mount Ida]], the Troad is drained by two main [[river]]s, the [[Scamander]] ([[Karamenderes]]) and the [[Simoeis|Simois]], which join at the area containing the [[ruins]] of [[Troy]]. |
The '''Troad''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|oʊ|ˌ|æ|d}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|oʊ|ə|d}}; {{lang-el|Τρωάδα}}, ''Troáda'') or '''Troas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|oʊ|ə|s}}; {{lang-grc|Τρῳάς}}, ''Trōiás'' or {{lang|grc|Τρωϊάς}}, ''Trōïás'') is a historical region in northwestern [[Anatolia]]. It corresponds with the [[Biga Peninsula]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Biga Yarımadası'') in the [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale province]] of modern [[Turkey]]. Bounded by the [[Dardanelles]] to the northwest, by the [[Aegean Sea]] to the west and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the [[massif]] that forms [[Mount Ida, Turkey|Mount Ida]], the Troad is drained by two main [[river]]s, the [[Scamander]] ([[Karamenderes]]) and the [[Simoeis|Simois]], which join at the area containing the [[ruins]] of [[Troy]]. |
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[[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Mount Ida]], called by Homer "many-fountain" (πολυπίδαξ), sourced several rivers, including Rhesos, Heptaporos, [[Caresus River|Caresus]], [[Rhodios]], [[Granicus River|Granicus]] (Granikos), [[Aesepus River|Aesepus]], Skamandros and [[Simoeis]] |
[[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Mount Ida]], called by Homer "many-fountain" (πολυπίδαξ), sourced several rivers, including Rhesos, Heptaporos, [[Caresus River|Caresus]], [[Rhodios]], [[Granicus River|Granicus]] (Granikos), [[Aesepus River|Aesepus]], Skamandros and [[Simoeis]];<ref>Iliad 12.18 ff</ref> these rivers were deified as a source of life by the Greeks, who depicted them on their coins as [[river-god]]s reclining by a stream and holding a reed. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The Troad gets its name from the [[Hittites]]' name for the region, ''Taruiša''.<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009, p. 1511.</ref> This identification was first put forth by [[Emil Forrer]], but largely disputed by most Hittite experts until 1983 when Houwink ten Cate showed that two fragments were from the same original [[cuneiform]] tablet and in his discussion of the restored letter showed that ''Taruiša'' and ''[[Wiluša]]'' (Troy) were correctly placed in northwestern Anatolia |
The Troad gets its name from the [[Hittites]]' name for the region, ''Taruiša''.<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009, p. 1511.</ref> This identification was first put forth by [[Emil Forrer]], but largely disputed by most Hittite experts until 1983 when Houwink ten Cate showed that two fragments were from the same original [[cuneiform]] tablet and in his discussion of the restored letter showed that ''Taruiša'' and ''[[Wiluša]]'' (Troy) were correctly placed in northwestern Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite journal| last= Bryce| first= Trevor| author-link= Trevor Bryce| title= AHHIYAWANS AND MYCENAEANS – AN ANATOLIAN VIEWPOINT| journal= Oxford Journal of Archaeology| volume= 8| issue= 3| pages= 297–310| date= November 1989| url= http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120006127/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130105152354/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120006127/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0| url-status= dead| archive-date= 2013-01-05| doi= 10.1111/j.1468-0092.1989.tb00207.x| access-date= 12 July 2010}}</ref> |
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Greek settlements flourished in Troas during the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece|Classical]] ages, as evidenced by the number of Greek ''[[polis|poleis]]'' that coined money in their own names.<ref>[http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=4 asiaminorcoins.com - Troas]</ref> |
Greek settlements flourished in Troas during the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece|Classical]] ages, as evidenced by the number of Greek ''[[polis|poleis]]'' that coined money in their own names.<ref>[http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=4 asiaminorcoins.com - Troas]</ref> |
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The region was part of the [[satrapy]] (province) of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] until its conquest by [[Alexander the Great]]. After this it fell to the Diadoch [[Seleucid Empire]], and then passed to Rome's ally, the kingdom of Pergamon. The [[Attalid dynasty|Attalid kings]] of [[Pergamon]] (now [[Bergama]]) later ceded Mysia, including the territory of the Troad, to the [[Roman Republic]], on the death of King [[Attalus III]] in 133 |
The region was part of the [[satrapy]] (province) of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] until its conquest by [[Alexander the Great]]. After this it fell to the Diadoch [[Seleucid Empire]], and then passed to Rome's ally, the kingdom of Pergamon. The [[Attalid dynasty|Attalid kings]] of [[Pergamon]] (now [[Bergama]]) later ceded Mysia, including the territory of the Troad, to the [[Roman Republic]], on the death of King [[Attalus III]] in 133 BC. |
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Under the [[Roman Empire]], the territory of the Troad became part of the [[Asia (Roman province)|province of Asia]], and later of the smaller [[Mysia]]n province Hellespontus; it was important enough to have [[suffragan]] bishoprics, including [[Pionia, Mysia|Pionia]] (now Avcılar). |
Under the [[Roman Empire]], the territory of the Troad became part of the [[Asia (Roman province)|province of Asia]], and later of the smaller [[Mysia]]n province Hellespontus; it was important enough to have [[suffragan]] bishoprics, including [[Pionia, Mysia|Pionia]] (now Avcılar). |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Acts of Apostles]] |
* [[Acts of Apostles]] |
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* [[Alexandria Troas]] |
* [[Alexandria Troas]] |
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* [[List of traditional Greek place names]] |
* [[List of traditional Greek place names]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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=== Citations === |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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=== |
=== General and cited references === |
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* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Troy and Troad|volume=27|pages=314–318}} |
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Troy and Troad|volume=27|pages=314–318}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=van Rookhuijzen |first1=Jan Zacharias |title=How not to Appease Athena: A Reconsideration of Xerxes' Purported Visit to the Troad (Hdt. 7.42–43) |journal=Klio |date=2017 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=464–484 |doi=10.1515/klio-2017-0033}} |
* {{cite journal |last1=van Rookhuijzen |first1=Jan Zacharias |title=How not to Appease Athena: A Reconsideration of Xerxes' Purported Visit to the Troad (Hdt. 7.42–43) |journal=Klio |date=2017 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=464–484 |doi=10.1515/klio-2017-0033}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Commonscat|Troas}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Along the Troad Coast}} |
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{{Historical regions of Anatolia}} |
{{Historical regions of Anatolia}} |
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{{Peninsulas of Turkey}} |
{{Peninsulas of Turkey}} |
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{{Third Journey of Paul of Tarsus}} |
{{Third Journey of Paul of Tarsus}} |
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[[Category:Troad| ]] |
[[Category:Troad| ]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]] |
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Historical regions of Anatolia]] |
[[Category:Historical regions of Anatolia]] |
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[[Category:Peninsulas of Turkey]] |
[[Category:Peninsulas of Turkey]] |
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Revision as of 08:14, 28 August 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2010) |
Troad | |
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Ancient region of Anatolia | |
Location | Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey |
Historical capital | Troy (modern-day Hisarlik, Çanakkale, Turkey) |
Roman province | Asia |
The Troad (/ˈtroʊˌæd/ or /ˈtroʊəd/; Greek: Τρωάδα, Troáda) or Troas (/ˈtroʊəs/; Ancient Greek: Τρῳάς, Trōiás or Τρωϊάς, Trōïás) is a historical region in northwestern Anatolia. It corresponds with the Biga Peninsula (Turkish: Biga Yarımadası) in the Çanakkale province of modern Turkey. Bounded by the Dardanelles to the northwest, by the Aegean Sea to the west and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the massif that forms Mount Ida, the Troad is drained by two main rivers, the Scamander (Karamenderes) and the Simois, which join at the area containing the ruins of Troy.
Mount Ida, called by Homer "many-fountain" (πολυπίδαξ), sourced several rivers, including Rhesos, Heptaporos, Caresus, Rhodios, Granicus (Granikos), Aesepus, Skamandros and Simoeis;[1] these rivers were deified as a source of life by the Greeks, who depicted them on their coins as river-gods reclining by a stream and holding a reed.
History
The Troad gets its name from the Hittites' name for the region, Taruiša.[2] This identification was first put forth by Emil Forrer, but largely disputed by most Hittite experts until 1983 when Houwink ten Cate showed that two fragments were from the same original cuneiform tablet and in his discussion of the restored letter showed that Taruiša and Wiluša (Troy) were correctly placed in northwestern Anatolia.[3]
Greek settlements flourished in Troas during the Archaic and Classical ages, as evidenced by the number of Greek poleis that coined money in their own names.[4]
The region was part of the satrapy (province) of Hellespontine Phrygia of the Achaemenid Empire until its conquest by Alexander the Great. After this it fell to the Diadoch Seleucid Empire, and then passed to Rome's ally, the kingdom of Pergamon. The Attalid kings of Pergamon (now Bergama) later ceded Mysia, including the territory of the Troad, to the Roman Republic, on the death of King Attalus III in 133 BC.
Under the Roman Empire, the territory of the Troad became part of the province of Asia, and later of the smaller Mysian province Hellespontus; it was important enough to have suffragan bishoprics, including Pionia (now Avcılar).
Under the later Byzantine Empire, it was included in the thema of the Aegean Islands.
Following its conquest by the Ottoman Empire, the Troad formed part of the sanjak of Biga.
New Testament
The apostles Paul and Silas first visited Troas during their journey from Galatia to Macedonia.[5] Paul also referred to Troas when he asked his fellow evangelist Timothy out of Ephesus, to bring the cloak he had left there,[6] a journey of about 500 kilometres (310 mi). The changes from the story, being recounted as "they" to "we" in Acts 16 and Acts 20, imply that Paul was joined by Luke when he went through Troas.[7]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Iliad 12.18 ff
- ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 1511.
- ^ Bryce, Trevor (November 1989). "AHHIYAWANS AND MYCENAEANS – AN ANATOLIAN VIEWPOINT". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 8 (3): 297–310. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1989.tb00207.x. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
- ^ asiaminorcoins.com - Troas
- ^ Acts 16:8 and 2 Corinthians 2:12
- ^ 2 Timothy 4:13.
- ^ Acts 20:5
General and cited references
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 314–318.
- van Rookhuijzen, Jan Zacharias (2017). "How not to Appease Athena: A Reconsideration of Xerxes' Purported Visit to the Troad (Hdt. 7.42–43)". Klio. 99 (2): 464–484. doi:10.1515/klio-2017-0033.
- Trevor R. Bryce. Chapter 14, "The Trojan War: Myth or Reality" in The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-924010-8
External links
- Along the Troad Coast travel guide from Wikivoyage