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{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name = Nieuwe Republiek
| native_name = Nieuwe Republiek
|conventional_long_name = New Republic
| conventional_long_name = New Republic
|common_name = New Republic
| common_name = New Republic
|era =
| era =
|status = [[Boer republic]]
| status = [[Boer republic]]
|government_type = [[Republic]]
| government_type = [[Republic]]
<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --->
<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --->
<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration"-->
<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration"-->| year_start = 1884
|year_start = 1884
| date_start = 5 August
|date_start = 5 August
| year_end = 1888
|year_end = 1888
| date_end = 20 July
⚫
<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->| p1 = Zulu Kingdom
|date_end = 20 July
| flag_p1 =
⚫
<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|p1 = Zulu Kingdom
| s1 = South African Republic
|flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of Transvaal.svg
|s1 = South African Republic
| image_flag = Flag of Nieuwe Republiek.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of Transvaal.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Nieuwe Republiek|Flag]]
|image_flag = Flag of Nieuwe Republiek.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Nieuwe Republiek.svg
|flag_type = [[Flag of the Nieuwe Republiek|Flag]]
| coat_alt = <!--- Alt text for coat of arms --->
|image_coat = Coat of arms of the Nieuwe Republiek.svg
| image_map = LocationNewRepublic.svg
⚫
| image_map_caption = Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa (1884–1888)
|coat_alt = <!--- Alt text for coat of arms --->
|image_map = LocationNewRepublic.svg
| capital = [[Vryheid]]
⚫
| national_motto =
⚫
|image_map_caption = Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa (1884-1888)
|capital = [[Vryheid]]
| national_anthem =
⚫
| common_languages = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<br>[[Zulu language|Zulu]]
⚫
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
| religion =
| currency = [[South African pound|Pond]]
⚫
|common_languages = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<br>[[Zulu language|Zulu]]
|religion =
| leader1 = [[Lucas Johannes Meyer]]
|currency = [[South African pound|Pond]]
| year_leader1 = 1884–1888
|leader1 = [[Lucas Johannes Meyer]]
| title_leader = [[President (government title)|President]]
<!--- Area and population of a given year --->| stat_year1 = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --->
|year_leader1 = 1884–1888
⚫
| stat_area1 = <!--- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated --->
|title_leader = President
<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
| stat_pop1 = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --->
|stat_year1 = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --->
| footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
⚫
|stat_area1 = <!--- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated --->
|stat_pop1 = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --->
|footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
}}
}}
{{SouthAfrica state}}
{{SouthAfrica state}}
Line 46: Line 43:


== History ==
== History ==
The origins of the republic can be traced to the [[Anglo-Zulu War|Anglo-Zulu war]] of 1879, which had created a great deal of turmoil in the area bordering Zululand, with refugees overrunning the lands of border farmers, as well as disrupting the seasonal movement of livestock. This created a desire to impose order, as well as enticing its participants with the possibility of gaining new lands for the Boers, who were trying to extend their territories. To this end, the Boers from the Utrecht and Wakkerstroom regions initially approached the recently defeated [[Cetshwayo]] and offered support in return of grants of land. They were, however, rebuked.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuze |first=Magema |title=The Black People and whence they came |publisher=Killie Campbell Africana Library |year=1979 |edition=1st |location=Pietermaritzburg and Durban |pages=123}}</ref>
After [[Boer]] farmers, who lived in the area, helped [[Dinuzulu]] defeat his rival [[Zibhebhu]] for succession of the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] throne, land was given to them by way of cession by the new Zulu king along the banks of the [[Mfolozi River]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kruger|first=D. W.|title=Dictionary of South African biography: Vol III|publisher=Human Sciences Research Council|year=1977|isbn=0-624-00856-8|location=Pretoria|pages=607|oclc=20937}}</ref> On August 5, 1884, the Boers formed the ''Nieuwe Republiek'' (New Republic) with recognition by Germany, [[Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek]] (ZAR) and [[Portugal]] with [[Vryheid]] as its capital. The Nieuwe Republiek was finally recognized by the British on October 22, 1886, but within a few months the British annexed a stretch of the coastline of the Nieuwe Republiek and the [[Zulu Kingdom]] north of the [[Thukela]] river (1887) in order to prevent the new Boer republic from having access to the sea, which they needed for a harbor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/14/Natalia%20v14%20article%20p87-97%20C.pdf|title=The New Republicans: A Centennial Reappraisal of the 'Nieuwe Republiek' (1884-1888)}}</ref>


After Cetshwayo died, the Boers allied with the heir to the throne: Dinizulu, and offered their help in establishing his rule in exchange for land, to which Dinizulu agreed in April 1884. Around 150 Boers initially joined the expedition, as well as some Germans from the [[Lüneburg, KwaZulu-Natal|Luneburg]] settlement, with some Boers participating having resigned their posts in the government of Transvaal, due to the disapproval that the government had expressed for the expedition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Binns |first=C.T |title=Dinuzulu: The death of the Houses of Shaka |publisher=Longmans |year=1968 |edition=1sr |pages=62}}</ref> However, this disapproval was most probably nominal, due to the involvement of so many local officials in the affair, as well as the possibility of obtaining a coastal area from this expedition, in the form of [[St Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal|St Lucia]], which the landlocked country of Transvaal was desperately trying to achieve.<ref name=":2" />
⚫
British annexation of the Zulu territory resulted in a revolt, led by Dinuzulu (June 1888), who was defeated by the British. King Dinuzulu was tried for high treason in [[Eshowe]] and sentenced. The annexation of Zululand did not leave much hope for security in the Nieuwe Republiek against British imperialism. On July 20, 1888, the New Republic was incorporated with the [[South African Republic|Transvaal Republic]] on its own request, although enjoying considerable autonomy. The relations between the Boers and the Zulu remained stable until the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]] in 1899.


The expedition commenced in the May of 1884, by which time the number of volunteer Boers participating had doubled, with volunteers coming 'from as far afield as Grey town', and included the future prime minister of the Union of South Africa: [[Louis Botha]]. After [[Boer]] farmers, who lived in the area, helped [[Dinuzulu]] defeat his rival [[Zibhebhu]] for succession of the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] throne, land was given to them by way of cession by the new Zulu king along the banks of the [[Mfolozi River]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kruger |first=D. W. |title=Dictionary of South African biography: Vol III |publisher=Human Sciences Research Council |year=1977 |isbn=0-624-00856-8 |location=Pretoria |pages=607 |oclc=20937}}</ref> The republic therefore initially gained the whole of the Northwest of Zululand.
⚫
In June 1900 the British forces entered Vryheid, the capital. Arthur Jesse Shepstone,<ref name=geni>{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Arthur-Jesse-Shepstone/6000000022787976347 |title=Arthur Jesse Shepstone |last= |first= |date=1 December 2018 |website=geni.com |publisher=Geni. A MyHeritage Company |access-date=20 January 2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.angloboerwar.com/forum/11-research/9700-shepstone-magistrate-a-j-cmg |title=Shepstone, Magistrate A J CMG |last= |first= |date= |website=angloboerwar.com |publisher=David Biggins |access-date=20 January 2023 |quote=}}</ref> son of Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], the former secretary of native affairs in the British [[Colony of Natal]], was sent to the area and worked together with the official British military intelligence J. Roberts to conspire with some [[Zulus]] against the [[Boers]], and had victory achieved over the Boers in [[Schurweberg]], near Vryheid. In March 1901 he declared martial law in the region. After the Second Boer War the territory was transferred to the British Colony of Natal (1903).

On August the 5th, 1884, the Boers formed the ''Nieuwe Republiek'' (New Republic) with recognition by Germany, [[Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek]] (ZAR) and [[Portugal]] with [[Vryheid]] as its capital. However, the Boers and the Dinizulu were faced with a challenge by [[Zibhebhu kaMaphitha|Zibhebhu kaMapitha]], chief of the Mandlakazi, who was not prepared to accept Boer demands, and who had previously defeated the Zulu king Cetshwayo. The two forces met on the 5th of June, 1884, at the Battle of Tshaneni, where 100 Boers and an Usuthu impi of 7 000 Zulu defeated Zibhebhu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battlefield Route: Kwazulu-Natal |title=Battle of Tshaneni |url=https://www.battlefieldsroute.co.za/place/battle-of-tshaneni/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Battlefields Route: Kwazulu-Natal|date=29 January 2013 }}</ref>

The success of the Boers had attracted 500 more volunteers to the force, brought there by the prospect of gaining land.<ref name=":1" /> These volunteers were not only Boers, however, with [[Harriette Colenso|Harriet Colenso]] stating that Natal provided as many 'filibusters and landgrabbers' for the expedition as did the Transvaal. The arrivals of these volunteers prompted the Boers to make bigger demands of the Usuthu peoples and Dinizulu, in order to have enough land to distribute amongst the claimants as a reward for participation in the expedition, so as to have a substantial number of people to found a republic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiel |first=Adolf |title=23 Jahre Sturm Und Sonnenschein in Sudafrika |year=1903 |pages=138 |language=German}}</ref> This was initially resisted by the Usuthu, however, seeing that they were in no position to negotiate, were forced to give in, an thus, on the 16th of August, Dinuzulu issued a proclamation granting 1 355 000 morgen(1 morgen being about 2 acres) of Zulu territory to the Boers for the establishment of a republic.<ref name=":2" />

The surveying committees therefore went on to extend the border to the sea from the mouth of the Mhlatuze river to St Lucia Bay, since there were more claimants to the land than there was land itself.<ref name=":1" /> A lottery was held to allocate the lands, with a committee member(one of the initial founders of the enterprise) being entitled to a 3 000 morgen farm, a volunteer who had enlisted before the 10th of June 1884 to a 2 000 morgen farm and a volunteer who had enlisted after that date to a 1 000 morgen farm.<ref name=":2" />

The Nieuwe Republiek was finally recognized by the British on October 22, 1886. However, under the agreement by which the republic was recognised by Britain, it was agreed that, the area in the [[Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal|Melmouth]] district be administered by the British, something for which the president and the Volsraad of the new republic received as much and criticism as the British themselves. This caused the popularity of Lucas Meyer and the ruling clique to plummet. Seeking to maintain their position, Lucas Meyer therefore decided to not hold promised elections, and to seek the incorporation of the republic into Transvaal.<ref>Vryheid Museum, Herinneringe van Joseph Wiggett (dd. 12 June 1943), pp. 5-9</ref> Within a few months the British annexed a stretch of the coastline of the Nieuwe Republiek and the [[Zulu Kingdom]] north of the [[Thukela]] river (1887) in order to prevent the new Boer republic from having access to the sea, which they needed for a harbor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The New Republicans: A Centennial Reappraisal of the 'Nieuwe Republiek' (1884-1888) |url=http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/14/Natalia%20v14%20article%20p87-97%20C.pdf}}</ref>

⚫
British annexation of the Zulu territory resulted in a revolt, led by Dinuzulu in June 1888, which was quickly suppressed. Dinuzulu was tried for high treason in [[Eshowe]] and sentenced. The annexation of Zululand led to residents in the Nieuwe Republiek fearing they would be annexed by Britain. On July 20, 1888, the New Republic was incorporated with the [[South African Republic|Transvaal Republic]] on its own request, although enjoying considerable autonomy. The relations between the Boers and the Zulu remained stable until the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]] in 1899.

⚫
In June 1900, British forces entered Vryheid, the capital of the Nieuwe Republiek. Arthur Jesse Shepstone,<ref name=geni>{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Arthur-Jesse-Shepstone/6000000022787976347 |title=Arthur Jesse Shepstone |last= |first= |date=1 December 2018 |website=geni.com |publisher=Geni. A MyHeritage Company |access-date=20 January 2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.angloboerwar.com/forum/11-research/9700-shepstone-magistrate-a-j-cmg |title=Shepstone, Magistrate A J CMG |last= |first= |date= 30 March 2014|website=angloboerwar.com |publisher=David Biggins |access-date=20 January 2023 |quote=}}</ref> the son of Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], was sent to the area and worked together with British military intelligence officer J. Roberts to organise an alliance with the [[Zulus]] against the [[Boers]]. The British defeated a Boer force in [[Schurweberg]], near Vryheid. In March 1901, Shepstone declared martial law in the region. After the Second Boer War the territory was transferred to the British colony of Natal in 1903.


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
{{left|<gallery mode=packed>
<gallery>
File:Initial Area of the New Republic as annexed by the Boers.png|Initial Area of the New Republic as annexed by the Boers
File:Nieuwe Republiek.png|Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa
File:Nieuwe Republiek.png|Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa
File:Lucas meyer01.jpg|President Lucas Johannes Meijer
File:Lucas meyer01.jpg|President Lucas Johannes Meijer
Line 59: Line 69:
File:Flag of Nieuwe Republiek Alternative.png|The original approved design of the New Republic flag<ref>The original approved design of the New Republic flag taken from the South African Flag Book (2008) by A.P. Burgers</ref>
File:Flag of Nieuwe Republiek Alternative.png|The original approved design of the New Republic flag<ref>The original approved design of the New Republic flag taken from the South African Flag Book (2008) by A.P. Burgers</ref>
File:Coat of arms of the Nieuwe Republiek.svg|Original arms of the Nieuwe Republiek and subsequently taken over by the town of Vryheid
File:Coat of arms of the Nieuwe Republiek.svg|Original arms of the Nieuwe Republiek and subsequently taken over by the town of Vryheid
File:Vryheid in its infancy.png|Vryheid in its infancy
⚫
</gallery>}}
File:New republic as carved up by the british and boers.png|The division of Zululand by the British and the Boers
File:Area after the annexation of Zululand by Britain and the integration of the New Republic into Transvaal.png|Area after the annexation of Zululand by Britain and the integration of the New Republic into Transvaal
⚫
</gallery>


⚫
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
{{South African Governments}}
{{South African Governments}}
{{Boer republics}}
{{Boer republics}}
{{Political history of South Africa}}
{{Political history of South Africa}}

⚫
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Revision as of 06:37, 28 August 2024

"New Republic (South Africa)" redirects here. Not to be confused with New Republic Party (South Africa).
New Republic
Nieuwe Republiek
1884–1888
Coat of arms of New Republic
Coat of arms
Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa (1884–1888)
Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa (1884–1888)
StatusBoer republic
CapitalVryheid
Common languagesDutch
Zulu
GovernmentRepublic
President 
• 1884–1888
Lucas Johannes Meyer
History 
• Established
5 August 1884
• Disestablished
20 July 1888
CurrencyPond
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Zulu Kingdom
South African Republic
Historical states
in present-day
South Africa
before 1600
1600–1700
1700–1800
1800–1850
1850–1875
1875–1900
1900–present
flag South Africa portal

The Nieuwe Republiek ("New Republic") was a small Boer republic which existed from 1884 to 1888 in present-day South Africa. It was recognised only by Germany and the South African Republic. Its independence was proclaimed on August 16, 1884, with land donated by the Zulu Kingdom through a treaty. It covered 13,600 square kilometres (5,300 sq mi) and the capital was Vryheid or Vrijheid ("Freedom" in Afrikaans or Dutch, respectively), both being alternative names of the state. The founder and president until it requested incorporation into the South African Republic on 20 July 1888 was Lucas Johannes Meyer, while Daniel Johannes Esselen acted as Secretary of State during the same period.

History

The origins of the republic can be traced to the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879, which had created a great deal of turmoil in the area bordering Zululand, with refugees overrunning the lands of border farmers, as well as disrupting the seasonal movement of livestock. This created a desire to impose order, as well as enticing its participants with the possibility of gaining new lands for the Boers, who were trying to extend their territories. To this end, the Boers from the Utrecht and Wakkerstroom regions initially approached the recently defeated Cetshwayo and offered support in return of grants of land. They were, however, rebuked.[1]

After Cetshwayo died, the Boers allied with the heir to the throne: Dinizulu, and offered their help in establishing his rule in exchange for land, to which Dinizulu agreed in April 1884. Around 150 Boers initially joined the expedition, as well as some Germans from the Luneburg settlement, with some Boers participating having resigned their posts in the government of Transvaal, due to the disapproval that the government had expressed for the expedition.[2] However, this disapproval was most probably nominal, due to the involvement of so many local officials in the affair, as well as the possibility of obtaining a coastal area from this expedition, in the form of St Lucia, which the landlocked country of Transvaal was desperately trying to achieve.[3]

The expedition commenced in the May of 1884, by which time the number of volunteer Boers participating had doubled, with volunteers coming 'from as far afield as Grey town', and included the future prime minister of the Union of South Africa: Louis Botha. After Boer farmers, who lived in the area, helped Dinuzulu defeat his rival Zibhebhu for succession of the Zulu throne, land was given to them by way of cession by the new Zulu king along the banks of the Mfolozi River.[4] The republic therefore initially gained the whole of the Northwest of Zululand.

On August the 5th, 1884, the Boers formed the Nieuwe Republiek (New Republic) with recognition by Germany, Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek (ZAR) and Portugal with Vryheid as its capital. However, the Boers and the Dinizulu were faced with a challenge by Zibhebhu kaMapitha, chief of the Mandlakazi, who was not prepared to accept Boer demands, and who had previously defeated the Zulu king Cetshwayo. The two forces met on the 5th of June, 1884, at the Battle of Tshaneni, where 100 Boers and an Usuthu impi of 7 000 Zulu defeated Zibhebhu.[5]

The success of the Boers had attracted 500 more volunteers to the force, brought there by the prospect of gaining land.[2] These volunteers were not only Boers, however, with Harriet Colenso stating that Natal provided as many 'filibusters and landgrabbers' for the expedition as did the Transvaal. The arrivals of these volunteers prompted the Boers to make bigger demands of the Usuthu peoples and Dinizulu, in order to have enough land to distribute amongst the claimants as a reward for participation in the expedition, so as to have a substantial number of people to found a republic.[6] This was initially resisted by the Usuthu, however, seeing that they were in no position to negotiate, were forced to give in, an thus, on the 16th of August, Dinuzulu issued a proclamation granting 1 355 000 morgen(1 morgen being about 2 acres) of Zulu territory to the Boers for the establishment of a republic.[3]

The surveying committees therefore went on to extend the border to the sea from the mouth of the Mhlatuze river to St Lucia Bay, since there were more claimants to the land than there was land itself.[2] A lottery was held to allocate the lands, with a committee member(one of the initial founders of the enterprise) being entitled to a 3 000 morgen farm, a volunteer who had enlisted before the 10th of June 1884 to a 2 000 morgen farm and a volunteer who had enlisted after that date to a 1 000 morgen farm.[3]

The Nieuwe Republiek was finally recognized by the British on October 22, 1886. However, under the agreement by which the republic was recognised by Britain, it was agreed that, the area in the Melmouth district be administered by the British, something for which the president and the Volsraad of the new republic received as much and criticism as the British themselves. This caused the popularity of Lucas Meyer and the ruling clique to plummet. Seeking to maintain their position, Lucas Meyer therefore decided to not hold promised elections, and to seek the incorporation of the republic into Transvaal.[7] Within a few months the British annexed a stretch of the coastline of the Nieuwe Republiek and the Zulu Kingdom north of the Thukela river (1887) in order to prevent the new Boer republic from having access to the sea, which they needed for a harbor.[3]

British annexation of the Zulu territory resulted in a revolt, led by Dinuzulu in June 1888, which was quickly suppressed. Dinuzulu was tried for high treason in Eshowe and sentenced. The annexation of Zululand led to residents in the Nieuwe Republiek fearing they would be annexed by Britain. On July 20, 1888, the New Republic was incorporated with the Transvaal Republic on its own request, although enjoying considerable autonomy. The relations between the Boers and the Zulu remained stable until the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899.

In June 1900, British forces entered Vryheid, the capital of the Nieuwe Republiek. Arthur Jesse Shepstone,[8][9] the son of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, was sent to the area and worked together with British military intelligence officer J. Roberts to organise an alliance with the Zulus against the Boers. The British defeated a Boer force in Schurweberg, near Vryheid. In March 1901, Shepstone declared martial law in the region. After the Second Boer War the territory was transferred to the British colony of Natal in 1903.

  • Initial Area of the New Republic as annexed by the Boers
    Initial Area of the New Republic as annexed by the Boers
  • Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa
    Location of the Nieuwe Republiek in Southern Africa
  • President Lucas Johannes Meijer
    President Lucas Johannes Meijer
  • Postage stamp of the Nieuwe Republiek (1886)
    Postage stamp of the Nieuwe Republiek (1886)
  • The original approved design of the New Republic flag[10]
    The original approved design of the New Republic flag[10]
  • Original arms of the Nieuwe Republiek and subsequently taken over by the town of Vryheid
    Original arms of the Nieuwe Republiek and subsequently taken over by the town of Vryheid
  • Vryheid in its infancy
    Vryheid in its infancy
  • The division of Zululand by the British and the Boers
    The division of Zululand by the British and the Boers
  • Area after the annexation of Zululand by Britain and the integration of the New Republic into Transvaal
    Area after the annexation of Zululand by Britain and the integration of the New Republic into Transvaal

References

  1. ^ Fuze, Magema (1979). The Black People and whence they came (1st ed.). Pietermaritzburg and Durban: Killie Campbell Africana Library. p. 123.
  2. ^ a b c Binns, C.T (1968). Dinuzulu: The death of the Houses of Shaka (1sr ed.). Longmans. p. 62.
  3. ^ a b c d "The New Republicans: A Centennial Reappraisal of the 'Nieuwe Republiek' (1884-1888)" (PDF).
  4. ^ Kruger, D. W. (1977). Dictionary of South African biography: Vol III. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. p. 607. ISBN 0-624-00856-8. OCLC 20937.
  5. ^ Battlefield Route: Kwazulu-Natal (29 January 2013). "Battle of Tshaneni". Battlefields Route: Kwazulu-Natal. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  6. ^ Schiel, Adolf (1903). 23 Jahre Sturm Und Sonnenschein in Sudafrika (in German). p. 138.
  7. ^ Vryheid Museum, Herinneringe van Joseph Wiggett (dd. 12 June 1943), pp. 5-9
  8. ^ "Arthur Jesse Shepstone". geni.com. Geni. A MyHeritage Company. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  9. ^ "Shepstone, Magistrate A J CMG". angloboerwar.com. David Biggins. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  10. ^ The original approved design of the New Republic flag taken from the South African Flag Book (2008) by A.P. Burgers

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