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Dunce is a mild insult in English meaning "a person who is slow at learning or stupid". The etymology given by Richard Stanyhurst is that the word is derived from the name of the Scottish scholastic theologian and philosopher John Duns Scotus.^[1]

Dunce cap

A dunce cap, also variously known as a dunce hat, dunce's cap or dunce's hat, is a pointed hat, formerly used as an article of discipline in schools in Europe and the United States—especially in the 19th and early 20th centuries—for children who were disruptive or were considered slow in learning.^[2]^[3] In the 19th century, it was seen by some as degrading: in 1831, children's book author Sidney Babcock wrote of the dunce cap as debasing and harsh, and in 1899, historian Alice Morse Earle compared it to other forms of school discipline she saw as degrading and outdated. It became unpopular in the early 20th century.^[4] Some North American schools still permitted caps as late as the 1950s, however, and it was more recently banned in several areas in England and Wales in 2010.^[5]^[6] In modern pedagogy, punishments like dunce caps have fallen out of favor:^[7] By 1927 an editorial in the Educational Research Bulletin stated: "The rod and the cap were not eminently successful ... we have our doubts about exclusion being the solution to the problem. ... High scholarship is not produced by students who have their curiosity stifled by their teachers. Curiosity must be stimulated if scholarship is desired, and sympathy is essential to this stimulation."^[8]

The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd edition) cites mid-16th century examples of the term dunce used to describe a follower of Duns Scotus, a person engaged in ridiculous pedantry, or a person regarded as a "fool" or "dimwit".^[9] A visual depiction of the hat was first shown in the 1727 edition of The New England Primer,^[4] and the term dunce's cap is recorded as early as 1791.^[9] The first use of the term in literature was in 1840, in Charles Dickens' The Old Curiosity Shop.^[4] Scotus apparently believed that the hat would funnel knowledge into the brain, and in the centuries before his followers became unpopular, was a social signal of an intelligent person.^[10]^[11]

The dunce cap has also been connected with donkeys to portray the student as asinine. An engraving featured in an early 1900s textbook depicts a child sitting on a wooden donkey in an "eighteenth-century" classroom, wearing a dunce cap with donkey ears.^[4]^[12]

A similar cap made of paper and called a capirote was prescribed for sinners and penitents during the Spanish Inquisition.^[13]

References

^ Jeaffreson, John Cordy (1870). A Book About Clergy. Hurst and Blackett. p. 81. ISBN 9780598437297.
^ Chico, Beverly (3 October 2013). "The Dunce Cap". Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopaedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-61069-063-8.
^ Grundhauser, Eric (10 September 2015). "The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weaver, Heather A. (2012). "Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education". Paedagogica Historica. 48 (2): 215–241. doi:10.1080/00309230.2011.560856. ISSN 0030-9230. S2CID 143950402 – via EBSCOhost.
^ Grundhauser, Eric (10 September 2015). "The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^ "Dunce's corner 'banned in schools over human rights fears'". The Daily Telegraph. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
^ Ryback, David (2022). "Eastern Sources of Invitational Education". Journal of Invitational Theory and Practice. 2 (2). Atlanta, Georgia: 79. doi:10.26522/jitp.v2i2.3760. S2CID 141095154.
^ E. J. A. (19 January 1927). "Editorial Comment: Better Scholarship". Educational Research Bulletin. 6 (2): 32–33. JSTOR 1470231. Quoted in Weaver, Heather A. (2012). "Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education". Paedagogica Historica. 48 (2): 215–241. doi:10.1080/00309230.2011.560856.
^ ^a ^b "dunce". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 March 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ How The Dunce Cap Went From A Sign Of High Intelligence To A Humiliating Classroom Punishment
^ The Dunce Cap Wasn’t Always So Stupid
^ Duggan, Stephen (1916). A student's textbook in the history of education. New York: D. Appleton. p. 239. OCLC 881816892.
^ Viar, Lucas (29 March 2021). "Traditions of Holy Week in Spain: The Capirote". Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2023.

External links

Etymology of "dunce"

[clergy-1] Jeaffreson, John Cordy (1870). A Book About Clergy. Hurst and Blackett. p. 81. ISBN 9780598437297.

[Chico2013-2] Chico, Beverly (3 October 2013). "The Dunce Cap". Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopaedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-61069-063-8.

[3] Grundhauser, Eric (10 September 2015). "The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 1 September 2018.

[:0-4] Weaver, Heather A. (2012). "Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education". Paedagogica Historica. 48 (2): 215–241. doi:10.1080/00309230.2011.560856. ISSN 0030-9230. S2CID 143950402 – via EBSCOhost.

[5] Grundhauser, Eric (10 September 2015). "The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 1 September 2018.

[6] "Dunce's corner 'banned in schools over human rights fears'". The Daily Telegraph. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2022.

[7] Ryback, David (2022). "Eastern Sources of Invitational Education". Journal of Invitational Theory and Practice. 2 (2). Atlanta, Georgia: 79. doi:10.26522/jitp.v2i2.3760. S2CID 141095154.

[8] E. J. A. (19 January 1927). "Editorial Comment: Better Scholarship". Educational Research Bulletin. 6 (2): 32–33. JSTOR 1470231. Quoted in Weaver, Heather A. (2012). "Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education". Paedagogica Historica. 48 (2): 215–241. doi:10.1080/00309230.2011.560856.

[OED-9] "dunce". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 March 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[10] How The Dunce Cap Went From A Sign Of High Intelligence To A Humiliating Classroom Punishment

[11] The Dunce Cap Wasn’t Always So Stupid

[12] Duggan, Stephen (1916). A student's textbook in the history of education. New York: D. Appleton. p. 239. OCLC 881816892.

[13] Viar, Lucas (29 March 2021). "Traditions of Holy Week in Spain: The Capirote". Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Pejorative term}}
+{{Italics title}}
-'''Dunce''' is a mild insult in English meaning "a person who is slow at learning or stupid". The etymology given by [[Richard Stanyhurst]] is that the word is derived from the name of the Scottish [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] [[theologian]] and [[philosopher]] [[John Duns Scotus]].<ref name=clergy>{{cite book | title=A Book About Clergy | isbn=9780598437297 | page=81 | year=1870 | publisher=[[Hurst and Blackett]] | first=John Cordy | last=Jeaffreson}}</ref>
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
+'''''Dunce''''' is a mild insult in English meaning "a person who is slow at learning or stupid". The etymology given by [[Richard Stanyhurst]] is that the word is derived from the name of the Scottish [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] [[theologian]] and [[philosopher]] [[John Duns Scotus]].<ref name=clergy>{{cite book |last=Jeaffreson |first=John Cordy |year=1870 |title=A Book About Clergy |publisher=[[Hurst and Blackett]] |page=81 |isbn=9780598437297}}</ref>
 ==Dunce cap==
 {{Redirect|Dunce hat|the topological space|Dunce hat (topology)}}
-[[File:Dunce cap from LOC 3c04163u.png|thumb|upright|A young boy wearing a dunce cap in class, from a staged photo {{circa|lk=no|1906}}]]
+[[File:Dunce cap from LOC 3c04163u.png|thumb|upright|A young boy wearing a dunce cap in class, from a staged photo {{circa}}&nbsp;1906]]
+[[File:Contrast a child that’s good with one who hates his book and school.png|alt=1828 engraving showing a boy standing on a stool wearing a dunce cap with the ears of an ass.|thumb|1828 engraving showing a boy standing on a stool wearing a dunce cap with the ears of an ass.]]
+A '''dunce cap''', also variously known as a '''dunce hat''', '''dunce's cap''' or '''dunce's hat''', is a [[pointed hat]], formerly used as an article of discipline in schools in Europe and the [[United States]]—especially in the 19th and early 20th centuries—for children who were disruptive or were considered slow in learning.<ref name="Chico2013">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Chico|first=Beverly|encyclopedia=Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopaedia| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdbYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |title=The Dunce Cap |date=3 October 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-063-8|pages=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grundhauser |first=Eric |title=The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-dunce-cap-wasnt-always-so-stupid |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=Atlas Obscura |date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In the 19th century, it was seen by some as degrading: in 1831, children's book author Sidney Babcock wrote of the dunce cap as debasing and harsh, and in 1899, historian [[Alice Morse Earle]] compared it to other forms of school discipline she saw as degrading and outdated. It became unpopular in the early 20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Weaver |first=Heather A. |date=2012 |title=Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2011.560856 |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=215–241 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2011.560856 |s2cid=143950402 |issn=0030-9230 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> Some North American schools still permitted caps as late as the 1950s, however, and it was more recently banned in several areas in England and Wales in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grundhauser |first=Eric |title=The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-dunce-cap-wasnt-always-so-stupid |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=Atlas Obscura |date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-04 |title=Dunce's corner 'banned in schools over human rights fears' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/6929252/Dunces-corner-banned-in-schools-over-human-rights-fears.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> In modern [[pedagogy]], punishments like dunce caps have fallen out of favor:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryback |first=David |year=2022 |title=Eastern Sources of Invitational Education |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234074320 |journal=Journal of Invitational Theory and Practice |page=79 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |volume=2 |number=2 |doi=10.26522/jitp.v2i2.3760 |s2cid=141095154|doi-access=free }}</ref> By 1927 an editorial in the ''Educational Research Bulletin'' stated: "The rod and the cap were not eminently successful&nbsp;... we have our doubts about exclusion being the solution to the problem.&nbsp;... High scholarship is not produced by students who have their curiosity stifled by their teachers. Curiosity must be stimulated if scholarship is desired, and sympathy is essential to this stimulation."<ref>{{Cite journal |author=E. J. A.<!--sic: no surname given--> |date=January 19, 1927 |title=Editorial Comment: Better Scholarship |journal=Educational Research Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=32–33|jstor=1470231}} Quoted in  {{cite journal |first=Heather A. |last=Weaver |year=2012 |title=Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=215–241 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2011.560856}}</ref>
+The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (3rd edition) cites mid-16th century examples of the term ''dunce'' used to describe a follower of [[Duns Scotus]], a person engaged in ridiculous pedantry, or a person regarded as a "fool" or "dimwit".<ref name="OED">{{cite OED|dunce|access-date=1<!--Day was previously omitted; fabricating one to shut up CS1 errors. A fresh verification and access date would be appreciated--> March 2022}}</ref> A visual depiction of the hat was first shown in the 1727 edition of ''[[The New England Primer]]'',<ref name=":0" /> and the term ''dunce's cap'' is recorded as early as 1791.<ref name="OED"/> The first use of the term in literature was in 1840, in Charles Dickens' ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Scotus apparently believed that the hat would funnel knowledge into the brain, and in the centuries before his followers became unpopular, was a social signal of an intelligent person.<ref>[https://allthatsinteresting.com/dunce-cap How The Dunce Cap Went From A Sign Of High Intelligence To A Humiliating Classroom Punishment]</ref><ref>[https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/10/john-duns-scotus-and-the-dunce-cap-a-brief-history-of-a-pointy-hat-that-was-once-a-symbol-of-respected-scholars.html The Dunce Cap Wasn’t Always So Stupid]</ref>
-A '''dunce cap''', also variously known as a '''dunce hat''', '''dunce's cap''' or '''dunce's hat''', is a [[pointed hat]], formerly used as an article of discipline in schools in Europe and the [[United States]] especially in the 19th and early 20th centuries for children who were disruptive or were considered slow in learning.<ref name="Chico2013">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Chico|first=Beverly|encyclopedia= Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopaedia| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdbYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116| title= The Dunce Cap |date= 3 October 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-063-8|pages=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grundhauser |first1=Eric |title=The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-dunce-cap-wasnt-always-so-stupid |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=Atlas Obscura |date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Some schools still permitted caps as late as the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grundhauser |first1=Eric |title=The Dunce Cap Wasn't Always So Stupid |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-dunce-cap-wasnt-always-so-stupid |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=Atlas Obscura |date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In modern [[pedagogy]], punishments like dunce caps have fallen out of favor.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Eastern Sources of Invitational Education|journal=Journal of Invitational Theory and Practice|year=2022|page=79|location=Atlanta, Georgia|last=Ryback|first=David|volume=2|number=2|doi=10.26522/jitp.v2i2.3760 |s2cid=141095154 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234074320}}</ref>{{why|date=June 2022}}
+The dunce cap has also been connected with donkeys to portray the student as asinine. An engraving featured in an early 1900s textbook depicts a child sitting on a wooden donkey in an "eighteenth-century" classroom, wearing a dunce cap with donkey ears.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggan |first=Stephen |year=1916 |title=A student's textbook in the history of education |url=https://archive.org/details/studentstextbook00duggrich |publisher=D. Appleton |location=New York |pages=239 |oclc=881816892}}</ref>
-According to ''[[The Straight Dope]]'', [[Duns Scotus]] recommended the wearing of conical hats to stimulate the brain – so-called "thinking caps".<ref name= "cecil-adams">{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1793/whats-the-origin-of-the-dunce-cap |title= What's the origin of the dunce cap?|author-link= Cecil Adams| author= Gaudere | work= The Straight Dope| date= June 21, 2000 | access-date= April 6, 2017}}</ref> The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (3rd edition) cites mid-16th century examples of the term ''dunce'' used to describe a follower of Duns Scotus, a person engaged in ridiculous pedantry, or a person regarded as a "fool" or "dimwit".<ref name="OED">"dunce, n.". OED Online. March 2022. Oxford University Press.</ref> The term "dunce's cap" is recorded as early as 1791.<ref name="OED"/>
-A similar cap made of paper, and called a [[capirote]] was prescribed for sinners and penitents during the [[Spanish Inquisition]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
+A similar cap made of paper and called a [[capirote]] was prescribed for sinners and penitents during the [[Spanish Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Viar |first1=Lucas |title=Traditions of Holy Week in Spain: The Capirote |url=https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2021/03/traditions-of-holy-week-in-spain.html |website=Liturgical Arts Journal |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=29 March 2021}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Capirote]]
-* [[Cap and bells|Fool's Cap]]
+* [[Cap and bells|Fool's cap]]
 * [[Sanbenito]]
 * [[Tin foil hat]]
+* [[Donkeys in France]]
-==Notes==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-==References==
+==Further reading==
+<!-- * {{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mduncecap.html |title=What's the origin of the dunce cap? |publisher=[[The Straight Dope]] |author=Gaudere |date=June 2000 |access-date=8 December 2016}} - Unreliable source. Per the Wikipedia page for The Straight Dope, it has often had to retract claims, and the article on the site itself provides no historical source. November 2022 -->
-*[http://blogs.pjjk.net/omniana/2-etymology-of-dunce/ Etymology of "dunce"]
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdrdng.com/posts/dunces-corner-banned-but-how-did-it-all-start |title=Dunce's corner banned – but how did it all start? What's the origin of the dunce cap? |publisher=Spd Rdng |date=January 2010 |access-date=8 December 2016}}
 ==External links==
 {{commons category|Dunce caps}}
+* [http://blogs.pjjk.net/omniana/2-etymology-of-dunce/ Etymology of "dunce"]
-* {{cite web
- | url = http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mduncecap.html
- | title = What's the origin of the dunce cap?
- | publisher = [[The Straight Dope]]
- | author = Gaudere
- | date = June 2000 | access-date = 8 December 2016
-}}
-* {{cite web
- | url = http://www.spdrdng.com/posts/dunces-corner-banned-but-how-did-it-all-start
- | title = Dunce's corner banned - but how did it all start? What's the origin of the dunce cap?
- | publisher = Spd Rdng
- | date = January 2010 | access-date = 8 December 2016
-}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
 [[Category:History of education]]
-[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
+[[Category:Slurs related to low intelligence]]
 [[Category:Pointed hats]]
+[[Category:Child abuse]]
+[[Category:Human rights abuses]]