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The Bengali Calendar or Bangla Calendar (Bengali: বঙ্গাব্দ, lit. 'Baṅgābda'), colloquially (Bengali: বাংলা সন, romanized: Baṅgla Śon), is a solar calendar^[1] used in the Bengal region of the South Asia. A revised version of the calendar is the national and official calendar in Bangladesh and an earlier version of the calendar is followed in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam. Unlike the traditional Indian Hindu calendar which starts with the month of Chaitra, the Bengali calendar starts with Boishakh because of the reforms made during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar in Mughal Bengal. The first day of the Bengali year is known as Pohela Boishakh (Boishakh 1st) which is a public holiday in Bangladesh.^[2]

The Bengali era is called Bengali Sambat (BS)^[3] or the Bengali year (বাংলা সন Bangla Sôn, বাংলা সাল Bangla sal, or Bangabda)^[4] has a zero year that starts in 593/594 CE. It is 594 less than the AD or CE year in the Gregorian calendar if it is before Pôhela Bôishakh, or 593 less if after Pôhela Bôishakh.

History

The Saka Era was the widely used in Bengal, prior to the arrival of Muslim rule in the region, according to various epigraphical evidence.^[5]^[6] The Bikrami calendar was in use by the Bengali people of the region. This calendar was named after king Vikramaditya with a zero date of 57 BCE.^[7] In rural Bengali communities, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BCE, the modern Bangladeshi and Bengali calendar starts from 593 CE suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.^[8]^[9]

Buddhist/Hindu influence

Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th century Bengali king Shashanka, whose reign covered the Bengali era of 594 CE.^[10]^[11]^[4] The term Bangabda (Bangla year) is found too in two Shiva temples many centuries older than Akbar era, suggesting that a Bengali calendar existed long before Akbar's time.^[4]

Hindus developed a calendar system in ancient times.^[12] Jyotisha, one of the six ancient Vedangas,^[13]^[14] was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time.^[13]^[14]^[15] The ancient Indian culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals.^[12]

The Hindu Vikrami calendar is named after king Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BC.^[16] In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BC, the Bengali calendar starts from 593 suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.^[8]^[9]

Various dynasties whose territories extended into Bengal, prior to the early 13th-century, used the Vikrami calendar. For example, Buddhist texts and inscriptions created in the Pala Empire era mention "Vikrama" and the months such as Ashvin, a system found in Sanskrit texts elsewhere in ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent.^[17]^[18]

Hindu scholars attempted to keep time by observing and calculating the cycles of the Sun (Surya), Moon, and the planets. These calculations about the Sun appear in various Sanskrit astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.^[19] These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.^[19] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century.^[19]

The current Bengali calendar in use by Bengali people in the Indian states such as West Bengal, Tripura, Assam and Jharkhand is based on the Sanskrit text Surya Siddhanta and includes the modifications introduced during the reign of Shashanka, the first independent ruler of Gauda. The timeline Shashanka becoming the sovereign ruler of Bengal rising from a territorial ruler matches with the first year of Bangabda. It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.^[10] Their calendar remains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals.^[10]

Influence of Islamic Calendar

Another theory is that the calendar was first developed by Alauddin Husain Shah (reign 1494–1519), a Hussain Shahi sultan of Bengal by combining the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri) with the solar calendar, prevalent in Bengal.^[4] Yet another theory states that the Sasanka calendar was adopted by Alauddin Husain Shah when he witnessed the difficulty with collecting land revenue by the Hijri calendar.^[4]

During the Mughal rule, land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar. This calendar was a lunar calendar, and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles. The current Bengali calendar owes its origin in Bengal to the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar who adopted it to time the tax year to the harvest. The Bangla year was therewith called Bangabda. Akbar asked the royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to create a new calendar by combining the lunar Islamic calendar and solar Hindu calendar already in use, and this was known as Fasholi shan (harvest calendar). According to some historians, this started the Bengali calendar.^[10]^[20] According to Shamsuzzaman Khan, it could be Nawab Murshid Quli Khan, a Mughal governor, who first used the tradition of Punyaho as "a day for ceremonial land tax collection", and used Akbar's fiscal policy to start the Bangla calendar.^[11]^[21]

It is unclear whether it was adopted by Hussain Shah or Akbar. The tradition to use the Bengali calendar may have been started by Hussain Shah before Akbar.^[4] According to Amartya Sen, Akbar's official calendar "Tarikh-ilahi" with the zero year of 1556 was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars. It was not used much in India outside of Akbar's Mughal court, and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned. However, adds Sen, there are traces of the "Tarikh-ilahi" that survive in the Bengali calendar.^[22] Regardless of who adopted the Bengali calendar and the new year, states Sen, it helped collect land taxes after the spring harvest based on traditional Bengali calendar, because the Islamic Hijri calendar created administrative difficulties in setting the collection date.^[4] The government and newspapers of Bangladesh widely use the term Bangla shal (B.S.). For example, the last paragraph in the preamble of the Constitution of Bangladesh reads "In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."^[23] The zero year in the Bangladeshi calendar era is 593 CE.^[22]^[8]^[9]^[24]

Shamsuzzaman Khan wrote, "that it is called Bangla san or saal, which are Arabic and Parsee words respectively, suggests that it was introduced by a Muslim king or sultan."^[11] In contrast, according to Sen, its traditional name is Bangabda.^[4]^[25] In the era of the Akbar, the calendar was called as Tarikh-e-Elahi (তারিখ-ই ইলাহি). In the "Tarikh-e-Elahi" version of the calendar, each day of the month had a separate name, and the months had different names from what they have now. According to Banglapedia, Akbar's grandson Shah Jahan reformed the calendar to use a seven-day week that begins on Sunday, and the names of the months were changed at an unknown time to match the month names of the existing Saka calendar.^[26] This calendar is the foundation of the calendar that has been in use by the people of Bangladesh.^[1]^[26]^[4]

Bengali calendar

The Bengali calendar used in Bangladesh is a solar calendar^[1]^[26] and the one used in India is a lunisolar calendar.

Months

Month name (Bengali)	Romanization	Days (Bangladesh, 1966/1987–2018)	Days (Bangladesh, 2019–)	Start date (Bangladesh, 2019–)	Days (India) (Exact Period in Days) ^{[citation needed]}	Traditional Season in Bengal	Month name (Gregorian calendar)	Month name (Hindu Vikrami solar)
বৈশাখ	Boishakh	31	31	April 14	30/31 (30.950)	গ্রীষ্ম (Grishshô) Summer	April–May	Mesha
জ্যৈষ্ঠ	Jyoishţho	31	31	May 15	31/32 (31.429)	গ্রীষ্ম (Grishshô) Summer	May–June	Vrshaba
আষাঢ়	Ashaŗh	31	31	June 15	31/32 (31.638)	বর্ষা (Bôrsha) Wet season/Monsoon	June–July	Mithuna
শ্রাবণ	Shrabon	31	31	July 16	31/32 (31.463)	বর্ষা (Bôrsha) Wet season/Monsoon	July–August	Karkataka
ভাদ্র	Bhadro	31	31	August 16	31/32 (31.012)	শরৎ (Shôrôd) Autumn	August–September	Simha
আশ্বিন	Ashshin	30	31	September 16	30/31 (30.428)	শরৎ (Shôrôd) Autumn	September–October	Kanya
কার্তিক	Kartik	30	30	October 17	29/30 (29.879)	হেমন্ত (Hemonto) Dry season	October–November	Tula
অগ্রহায়ণ	Ôgrohayon	30	30	November 16	29/30^[27]^[28] (29.475)	হেমন্ত (Hemonto) Dry season	November–December	Vrschika
পৌষ	Poush	30	30	December 16	29/30 (29.310)	শীত (Sheet) Winter	December–January	Dhanu
মাঘ	Magh	30	30	January 16	29/30 (29.457)	শীত (Sheet) Winter	January–February	Makara
ফাল্গুন	Falgun	30 / 31 (leap year)	29 / 30 (leap year)	February 14	29/30 (29.841)	বসন্ত (Bôsôntô) Spring	February–March	Kumbha
চৈত্র	Choitro	30	30	March 15	30/31 (30.377)	বসন্ত (Bôsôntô) Spring	March–April	Meena

2018 Revision of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, the government planned to modify the old Bengali calendar again after 2018.^[29] The new changes to match national days with West. As a result of the modification (see table), Kartik will start on Thursday (17 October 2019) and the season of Hemanta is delayed by a day as the revised calendar went into effect from Wednesday (16 October 2019).^[30]

The year 1430 is under way in line with the Bengali calendar.

The Language Martyrs' Day of 21 February, Independence Day of 26 March and Victory Day of 16 December will fall on Falgun 8, Chaitra 12, and Poush 1, respectively of the Bengali calendar for next 100 years now as they did in the Gregorian calendar years 1952 and 1971, according to new rules. In the old Bengali calendar, 21 February fell on Falgun 9 earlier this year. After the change 16 December will fall on Poush 1, not on the second day of the month.

Bengali New Year will also fall on 14 April, Rabindra Joyanti of Baishakh 25 on 8 May and Nazrul Joyanti of Jaishthha 11 on 25 May.

The Bengali calendar had been revised twice earlier (see below). Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha led the first revision in the 1950s (Indian national calendar) and Muhammad Shahidullah in 1963.

Days

The Bengali Calendar incorporates the seven-day week as used by many other calendars. The names of the days of the week in the Bengali Calendar are based on the Navagraha (Bengali: নবগ্রহ nôbôgrôhô). The day begins and ends at sunrise in the Bengali calendar, unlike in the Gregorian calendar, where the day starts at midnight.

According to some scholars, in the calendar originally introduced by Akbar in the year 1584 AD, each day of the month had a different name, but this was cumbersome, and his grandson Shah Jahan changed this to a 7-day week as in the Gregorian calendar, with the week also starting on a Sunday.^[26]

Day name (Bengali)	Romanization	Divine figure/celestial body	Day name (English)	Day name (Sylheti)	Day name (Rohingya)
রবিবার	Rôbibar	Robi/Sun	Sunday	Roibbár	Rooibar
সোমবার	Sombar	Som/Moon	Monday	Shombár	Cómbar
মঙ্গলবার	Mônggôlbar	Mongol/Mars	Tuesday	Mongolbár	Mongolbar
বুধবার	Budhbar	Budh/Mercury	Wednesday	Budbár	Buidbar
বৃহস্পতিবার	Brihôspôtibar	Brihospoti/Jupiter	Thursday	Bishudbár	Bicíbbar
শুক্রবার	Shukrôbar	Shukro/Venus	Friday	Shukkurbár	Cúkkurbar
শনিবার	Shônibar	Shoni/Saturn	Saturday	Shonibár	Cónibar

Traditional and revised versions

Differences

The current Bengali calendar in the Indian states is based on the Sanskrit text Surya Siddhanta. It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.^[10] Their calendar remains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals.^[10]

In Bangladesh, however, the old Bengali calendar was modified in 1966 by a committee headed by Muhammad Shahidullah, making the first five months 31 days long, the rest 30 days each, with the month of Falgun adjusted to 31 days in every leap year.^[10] This was officially adopted by Bangladesh in 1987.^[10]^[26]

Festivals

The following lists major festivals on the Bangladeshi calendar.

Pohela Boishakh

The first day of the month of Boishakh ushers the Bengali New Year and is known as Pohela Boishakh. The festival is similar to New Year's Day, Nowruz and Songkran. The cultural organization Chayanat hosts a notable concert in Ramna Park, starting at dawn on 14 April in Dhaka. The Mangal Shobhajatra parades are brought out in many Bangladeshi cities during the festival and is regarded by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.

The Bengali New Year's Day on 14 April is a national holiday in Bangladesh.

Haal Khata

Traders start a new Haal Khata book on Pohela Boishakh to keep financial records and settle debts.^[31]

Boishakhi Mela

The Boishakhi Mela are fairs organized on Pohela Boishakh.^[31]

Pahela Falgun

Pahela Falgun (Bengali: পহেলা ফাল্গুন romanised: Pohela Falgun), meaning the first of Falgun, is the first day of spring in the Bangladeshi calendar.

Boli Khela

In the Chittagong region, the Boli khela wrestling matches are organized during the month of Boishakh.^[31]

Cattle racing

Cattle races are a popular activity in Manikganj and Munshiganj districts during Boishakh.^[31]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). "Calendar". Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. pp. 114–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.
^ Raidah, Nazifa (14 April 2024). "The mystery of Pahela Baishakh and the Bengali calendar". The Daily Star. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
^ Ratan Kumar Das (1996). IASLIC Bulletin. Indian Association of Special Libraries & Information Centres. p. 76.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
^ Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
^ D. C. Sircar (1996) [First published 1965]. Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9.
^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c Morton Klass (1978). From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-7618-0420-8. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ralph W. Nicholas (2003). Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal. Orient Blackswan. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-81-8028-006-1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Guhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780822353188.
^ ^a ^b Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 10, 35–36, 67.
^ ^a ^b Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit–English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 353. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326–327
^ Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate. pp. 210–215.
^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ D. C. Sircar (1965). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ "Pahela Baishakh". Banglapedia. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
^ "Google Doodle Celebrates Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh". Time. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b Amartya Sen (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 319–322. ISBN 978-0-374-10583-9.
^ "Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh".
^ Jonathan Porter Berkey (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.
^ Syed Ashraf Ali, Bangabda Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Syed Ashraf Ali (2012). "Bangabda". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (2nd ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
^ পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৬ বঙ্গাব্দ. usingha.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ. usingha.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ Nandi, Deepak (14 April 2019). থমকে আছে বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি পরিবর্তন প্রক্রিয়া. Samakal (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ বাংলা দিনপঞ্জি বদল, আজ পয়লা কার্তিক. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shamsuzzaman Khan (14 April 2014). "Emergence of Bengali New Year and Calendar". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 April 2017.

Bibliography

Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6.

External links

[ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013-1] Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). "Calendar". Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. pp. 114–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.

[2] Raidah, Nazifa (14 April 2024). "The mystery of Pahela Baishakh and the Bengali calendar". The Daily Star. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

[3] Ratan Kumar Das (1996). IASLIC Bulletin. Indian Association of Special Libraries & Information Centres. p. 76.

[Sengupta2011-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.

[5] Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.

[6] D. C. Sircar (1996) [First published 1965]. Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9.

[7] Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.

[Klass1978p166-8] Morton Klass (1978). From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-7618-0420-8. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

[Nicholas2003p13-9] Ralph W. Nicholas (2003). Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal. Orient Blackswan. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-81-8028-006-1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

[Chakrabarti114-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2017.

[meghna-11] Guhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780822353188.

[FOOTNOTEKim_Plofker200910,_35–36,_67-12] Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 10, 35–36, 67.

[monierwilliamsnijyotisa-13] Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit–English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 353. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

[jameslochtefeldsca326-14] James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326–327

[mullerhaslp210-15] Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate. pp. 210–215.

[16] Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

[17] D. C. Sircar (1965). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2017.

[18] Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2017.

[Burgess1989vii-19] Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

[20] "Pahela Baishakh". Banglapedia. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2017.

[21] "Google Doodle Celebrates Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh". Time. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.

[amartyasen-22] Amartya Sen (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 319–322. ISBN 978-0-374-10583-9.

[23] "Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh".

[24] Jonathan Porter Berkey (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.

[25] Syed Ashraf Ali, Bangabda Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh

[Banglapedia-26] Syed Ashraf Ali (2012). "Bangabda". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (2nd ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2015.

[27] পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৬ বঙ্গাব্দ. usingha.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

[28] পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ. usingha.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

[29] Nandi, Deepak (14 April 2019). থমকে আছে বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি পরিবর্তন প্রক্রিয়া. Samakal (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

[30] বাংলা দিনপঞ্জি বদল, আজ পয়লা কার্তিক. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

[ds14Apr2014-31] Shamsuzzaman Khan (14 April 2014). "Emergence of Bengali New Year and Calendar". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 April 2017.

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 {{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
-The '''Bengali Calendar''' or '''Bangla Calendar''' ({{lang-bn|বঙ্গাব্দ ||Baṅgābda}}), colloquially ({{lang-bn|বাংলা সন|Baṅgla Śon}}), is a [[solar calendar]]<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013"/> used in the [[Bengal region]] of the [[South Asia]]. A revised version of the calendar is [[Bangladeshi calendar|the national and official calendar]] in [[Bangladesh]] and an earlier version of the calendar is followed in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]. Unlike the traditional Indian Hindu calendar which starts with the month of ''[[Chaitra]]'', the Bengali calendar starts with ''[[Boishakh]]'' because of the reforms made during the reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in [[Mughal Bengal]]. The first day of the Bengali year is known as ''[[Pohela Boishakh]]'' (Boishakh 1st) which is a public holiday in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raidah |first1=Nazifa |title=The mystery of Pahela Baishakh and the Bengali calendar |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/the-mystery-pahela-baishakh-and-the-bengali-calendar-3586941 |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=The Daily Star |date=14 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
+The '''Bengali Calendar''' or '''Bangla Calendar''' ({{lang-bn|বঙ্গাব্দ ||Baṅgābda}}), colloquially ({{lang-bn|বাংলা সন|Baṅgla Śon}}), is a [[solar calendar]]<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013">{{cite encyclopaedia |author1=Kunal Chakrabarti |author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |year=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=114–5 |entry=Calendar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ}}</ref> used in the [[Bengal region]] of the South Asia. A revised version of the calendar is [[Bangladeshi calendar|the national and official calendar]] in [[Bangladesh]] and an earlier version of the calendar is followed in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]. Unlike the traditional Indian Hindu calendar which starts with the month of ''[[Chaitra]]'', the Bengali calendar starts with ''[[Boishakh]]'' because of the reforms made during the reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in [[Mughal Bengal]]. The first day of the Bengali year is known as ''[[Pohela Boishakh]]'' (Boishakh 1st) which is a public holiday in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raidah |first1=Nazifa |title=The mystery of Pahela Baishakh and the Bengali calendar |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/the-mystery-pahela-baishakh-and-the-bengali-calendar-3586941 |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=The Daily Star |date=14 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
 The Bengali era is called ''Bengali Sambat'' (BS)<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratan Kumar Das|title=IASLIC Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcDgAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Indian Association of Special Libraries & Information Centres|page=76}}</ref> or the ''Bengali year'' ({{lang|bn|বাংলা সন}} ''Bangla Sôn'', {{lang|bn|বাংলা সাল}} ''Bangla sal'', or ''Bangabda'')<ref name="Sengupta2011"/> has a zero year that starts in 593/594 CE. It is 594 less than the [[Anno Domini|AD]] or [[Common Era|CE]] year in the [[Gregorian calendar]] if it is before ''Pôhela Bôishakh'', or 593 less if after ''Pôhela Bôishakh''.
 {{Bengalis}}
 ==History==
+The [[Saka Era]] was the widely used in [[Bengal]], prior to the arrival of Muslim rule in the region, according to various epigraphical evidence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=148, 246–247, 346}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=D. C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC |year=1996 |orig-year=First published 1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1166-9|pages=241, 272–273}}</ref> The [[Bikrami calendar]] was in use by the Bengali people of the region. This calendar was named after king [[Vikramaditya]] with a zero date of 57 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0|pages=122, 142}}</ref> In rural Bengali communities, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and [[Nepal]]. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BCE, the modern Bangladeshi and Bengali calendar starts from 593 CE suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.<ref name="Klass1978p166"/><ref name="Nicholas2003p13"/>
 ===Buddhist/Hindu influence===
 {{further|Bengali calendar}}
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 Hindus developed a calendar system in ancient times.{{Sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|pp=10, 35–36, 67}} ''Jyotisha'', one of the six ancient [[Vedanga]]s,<ref name=monierwilliamsnijyotisa>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=353|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164257/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jameslochtefeldsca326>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pages 326–327</ref> was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time.<ref name=monierwilliamsnijyotisa/><ref name=jameslochtefeldsca326/><ref name="mullerhaslp210">{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/210 210]–215}}</ref> The ancient Indian culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals.{{Sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|pp=10, 35–36, 67}}
-The Hindu Vikrami calendar is named after king [[Vikramaditya]] and starts in 57 BC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0|pages=122, 142|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073742/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122|url-status=live}}</ref> In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and [[Nepal]]. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BC, the Bengali calendar starts from 593 suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.<ref name="Klass1978p166">{{cite book|author=[[Morton Klass]]|title=From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAZ2JBQ2vwsC&pg=PA166|year=1978|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0420-8|pages=166–167|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073743/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAZ2JBQ2vwsC&pg=PA166|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas2003p13">{{cite book|author=Ralph W. Nicholas|title=Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA13|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-006-1|pages=13–23|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073750/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The Hindu Vikrami calendar is named after king Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BC.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eleanor Nesbitt |title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |pages=122, 142 |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073742/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |url-status=live}}</ref> In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BC, the Bengali calendar starts from 593 suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.<ref name="Klass1978p166">{{cite book |author=[[Morton Klass]] |title=From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAZ2JBQ2vwsC&pg=PA166 |year=1978 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-0420-8 |pages=166–167 |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073743/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAZ2JBQ2vwsC&pg=PA166 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas2003p13">{{cite book |author=Ralph W. Nicholas |title=Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA13 |year=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-8028-006-1 |pages=13–23 |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073750/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Various dynasties whose territories extended into [[Bengal]], prior to the early 13th-century, used the [[Vikrami calendar]]. For example, Buddhist texts and inscriptions created in the [[Pala Empire]] era mention "Vikrama" and the months such as [[Ashvin]], a system found in Sanskrit texts elsewhere in ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC|year=1965|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1166-9|pages=241, 272–273|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=148, 246–247, 346|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073744/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Various dynasties whose territories extended into Bengal, prior to the early 13th-century, used the [[Vikrami calendar]]. For example, Buddhist texts and inscriptions created in the [[Pala Empire]] era mention "Vikrama" and the months such as [[Ashvin]], a system found in Sanskrit texts elsewhere in ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC |year=1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1166-9 |pages=241, 272–273 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073744/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Salomon |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-509984-3 |pages=148, 246–247, 346 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073744/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 Hindu scholars attempted to keep time by observing and calculating the cycles of the Sun ([[Surya]]), Moon, and the planets. These calculations about the Sun appear in various Sanskrit astronomical texts in [[Sanskrit]], such as the 5th century ''Aryabhatiya'' by [[Aryabhata]], the 6th century ''Romaka'' by Latadeva and ''Panca Siddhantika'' by Varahamihira, the 7th century ''Khandakhadyaka'' by Brahmagupta and the 8th century ''Sisyadhivrddida'' by Lalla.<ref name="Burgess1989vii">{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=vii–xi|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073744/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|url-status=live}}</ref> These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/> Other texts such as ''Surya Siddhanta'' dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/>
-The current Bengali calendar in use by Bengali people in the Indian states such as [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]] and [[Jharkhand]] is based on the Sanskrit text ''Surya Siddhanta'' and includes the modifications introduced during the reign of [[Shashanka]], the first independent ruler of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]]. The timeline [[Shashanka]] becoming the sovereign ruler of [[Bengal]] rising from a territorial ruler matches with the first year of [[Bangabda]].  It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.<ref name= Chakrabarti114/> Their calendar remains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals.<ref name= Chakrabarti114/>
+The current Bengali calendar in use by Bengali people in the Indian states such as [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]] and [[Jharkhand]] is based on the Sanskrit text ''Surya Siddhanta'' and includes the modifications introduced during the reign of Shashanka, the first independent ruler of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]]. The timeline Shashanka becoming the sovereign ruler of Bengal rising from a territorial ruler matches with the first year of [[Bangabda]].  It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.<ref name= Chakrabarti114/> Their calendar remains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals.<ref name= Chakrabarti114/>
 ===Influence of Islamic Calendar===
 Another theory is that the calendar was first developed by [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] (reign 1494–1519), a [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi]] sultan of Bengal by combining the lunar [[Islamic calendar]] (Hijri) with the solar calendar, prevalent in Bengal.<ref name="Sengupta2011"/> Yet another theory states that the Sasanka calendar was adopted by Alauddin Husain Shah when he witnessed the difficulty with collecting land revenue by the Hijri calendar.<ref name="Sengupta2011"/>
-During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar. This calendar was a lunar calendar, and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles. The current Bengali calendar owes its origin in Bengal to the rule of Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] who adopted it to time the tax year to the harvest. The Bangla year was therewith called ''Bangabda''. Akbar asked the royal astronomer [[Fathullah Shirazi]] to create a new calendar by combining the lunar [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic calendar]] and solar [[Hindu calendar]] already in use, and this was known as ''Fasholi shan'' (harvest calendar). According to some historians, this started the Bengali calendar.<ref name= Chakrabarti114>{{cite book|author1=Kunal Chakrabarti|author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year=2013|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5|pages=114–115|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073820/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=banglapedia>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2015 |title=Pahela Baishakh |encyclopedia=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907065950/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Shamsuzzaman Khan, it could be Nawab [[Murshid Quli Khan]], a Mughal governor, who first used the tradition of ''Punyaho'' as "a day for ceremonial land tax collection", and used Akbar's fiscal policy to start the Bangla calendar.<ref name=meghna>{{Cite book |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |last1=Guhathakurta |first1=Meghna  |last2=Schendel |first2=Willem van  |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780822353188 |pages=17–18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4739604/google-doodle-pohela-boishakh-bangladesh/|title=Google Doodle Celebrates Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh|magazine=Time|access-date=2017-04-17|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416221721/http://time.com/4739604/google-doodle-pohela-boishakh-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar. This calendar was a lunar calendar, and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles. The current Bengali calendar owes its origin in Bengal to the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar who adopted it to time the tax year to the harvest. The Bangla year was therewith called ''Bangabda''. Akbar asked the royal astronomer [[Fathullah Shirazi]] to create a new calendar by combining the lunar [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic calendar]] and solar [[Hindu calendar]] already in use, and this was known as ''Fasholi shan'' (harvest calendar). According to some historians, this started the Bengali calendar.<ref name= Chakrabarti114>{{cite book |author1=Kunal Chakrabarti |author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |year=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=114–115 |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073820/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2015 |title=Pahela Baishakh |encyclopedia=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907065950/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Shamsuzzaman Khan, it could be Nawab [[Murshid Quli Khan]], a Mughal governor, who first used the tradition of ''Punyaho'' as "a day for ceremonial land tax collection", and used Akbar's fiscal policy to start the Bangla calendar.<ref name=meghna>{{Cite book |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |last1=Guhathakurta |first1=Meghna |last2=Schendel |first2=Willem van |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780822353188 |pages=17–18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://time.com/4739604/google-doodle-pohela-boishakh-bangladesh/ |title=Google Doodle Celebrates Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh |magazine=Time |access-date=2017-04-17 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416221721/http://time.com/4739604/google-doodle-pohela-boishakh-bangladesh/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-It is unclear whether it was adopted by Hussain Shah or Akbar. The tradition to use the Bengali calendar may have been started by Hussain Shah before Akbar. <ref name="Sengupta2011"/> According to [[Amartya Sen]], Akbar's official calendar "Tarikh-ilahi" with the zero year of 1556 was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars. It was not used much in India outside of Akbar's Mughal court, and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned. However, adds Sen, there are traces of the "Tarikh-ilahi" that survive in the Bengali calendar. <ref>{{cite book|author=Amartya Sen|title=The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bKvAAAAQBAJ|year=2005|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-10583-9|pages=319–322}}</ref> Regardless of who adopted the Bengali calendar and the new year, states Sen, it helped collect land taxes after the spring harvest based on traditional Bengali calendar, because the Islamic [[Lunar Hijri calendar|Hijri]] calendar created administrative difficulties in setting the collection date.<ref name="Sengupta2011"/>
+It is unclear whether it was adopted by Hussain Shah or Akbar. The tradition to use the Bengali calendar may have been started by Hussain Shah before Akbar.<ref name="Sengupta2011"/> According to [[Amartya Sen]], Akbar's official calendar "Tarikh-ilahi" with the zero year of 1556 was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars. It was not used much in India outside of Akbar's Mughal court, and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned. However, adds Sen, there are traces of the "Tarikh-ilahi" that survive in the Bengali calendar.<ref name="amartyasen"/> Regardless of who adopted the Bengali calendar and the new year, states Sen, it helped collect land taxes after the spring harvest based on traditional Bengali calendar, because the Islamic [[Lunar Hijri calendar|Hijri]] calendar created administrative difficulties in setting the collection date.<ref name="Sengupta2011"/> The government and newspapers of Bangladesh widely use the term Bangla shal (B.S.). For example, the last paragraph in the [[preamble]] of the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] reads "In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=367 |title=Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}</ref>
+The zero year in the Bangladeshi calendar era is 593 CE.<ref name=amartyasen>{{cite book|author=Amartya Sen|title=The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bKvAAAAQBAJ|year=2005|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-10583-9|pages=319–322}}</ref><ref name="Klass1978p166"/><ref name="Nicholas2003p13"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Porter Berkey|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&pg=PA61 |year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58813-3|page=61}}</ref>
 [[Shamsuzzaman Khan]] wrote, "that it is called Bangla san or saal, which are Arabic and Parsee words respectively, suggests that it was introduced by a Muslim king or sultan."<ref name=meghna/> In contrast, according to Sen, its traditional name is ''Bangabda''.<ref name="Sengupta2011"/><ref>Syed Ashraf Ali, [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda Bangabda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070149/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda |date=5 January 2018 }}, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</ref> In the era of the Akbar, the calendar was called as ''[[Bangladeshi calendar #Akbar's influence|Tarikh-e-Elahi]]'' ({{lang|bn|তারিখ-ই ইলাহি}}). In the "Tarikh-e-Elahi" version of the calendar, each day of the month had a separate name, and the months had different names from what they have now. According to Banglapedia, Akbar's grandson [[Shah Jahan]] reformed the calendar to use a seven-day week that begins on Sunday, and the names of the months were changed at an unknown time to match the month names of the existing [[Saka calendar]].<ref name=Banglapedia/> This calendar is the foundation of the calendar that has been in use by the people of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013"/><ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name="Sengupta2011"/>
 ==Bengali calendar==
-The Bengali calendar used in [[Bangladesh]] is a [[solar calendar]]<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013"/><ref name=Banglapedia/> and the one used in [[India]] is a [[lunisolar calendar]].
+The Bengali calendar used in [[Bangladesh]] is a [[solar calendar]]<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013"/><ref name=Banglapedia/> and the one used in India is a [[lunisolar calendar]].
 ===Months===
@@ Line 46: / Line 48: @@
 ! Days<br />([[Bangladesh]], 2019'''–''')
 ! Start date ([[Bangladesh]], 2019'''–''')
-! style="background: #ffdb99;" | Days<br />([[India]]) (Exact Period in Days)<br />{{Cn|date=November 2021|reason=Weirdly accurate with no ref. Looking for rāśi lengths (sauramāsa) may produce a ref.}}
+! style="background: #ffdb99;" | Days<br />(India) (Exact Period in Days)<br />{{Citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=Weirdly accurate with no ref. Looking for rāśi lengths (sauramāsa) may produce a ref.}}
 ! Traditional Season<br />in [[Bengal]]
 ! style="background: #ccccff;" |Month name<br />([[Gregorian calendar]])
-! style="background: #ffdb99;" | Month name<br/>([[Vikram Samvat|Hindu Vikrami]] solar)
+! style="background: #ffdb99;" | Month name<br />([[Vikram Samvat|Hindu Vikrami]] solar)
 |-
 |{{lang|bn|বৈশাখ}}
@@ Line 57: / Line 59: @@
 | April 14
 | 30/31 (30.950)
-| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|গ্রীষ্ম}} (''Grishshô'')<br/>[[Summer]]
+| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|গ্রীষ্ম}} (''Grishshô'')<br />[[Summer]]
 | April–May
 |[[Mesha (month)|Mesha]]
@@ Line 76: / Line 78: @@
 | June 15
 | 31/32 (31.638)
-| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|বর্ষা}} (''Bôrsha'')<br/>[[Wet season]]/[[Monsoon]]
+| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|বর্ষা}} (''Bôrsha'')<br />[[Wet season]]/[[Monsoon]]
 | June–July
 |[[Mithuna (month)|Mithuna]]
@@ Line 95: / Line 97: @@
 | August 16
 | 31/32 (31.012)
-| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|শরৎ}} (''Shôrôd'')<br/>[[Autumn]]
+| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|শরৎ}} (''Shôrôd'')<br />[[Autumn]]
 | August–September
 |[[Siṃha|Simha]]
@@ Line 114: / Line 116: @@
 | October 17
 | 29/30 (29.879)
-| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|হেমন্ত}} (''Hemonto'')<br/>[[Dry season]]
+| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|হেমন্ত}} (''Hemonto'')<br />[[Dry season]]
 | October–November
 |[[Tulā|Tula]]
@@ Line 123: / Line 125: @@
 | 30
 | November 16
-| 29/30<ref>{{cite web|title=পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৬ বঙ্গাব্দ|url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1136.html|work=usingha.com|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610112327/http://www.usingha.com/sal/1136.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ|url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1137.html|work=usingha.com|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419104458/http://www.usingha.com/sal/1137.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (29.475)
+| 29/30<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৬ বঙ্গাব্দ |url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1136.html |work=usingha.com |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610112327/http://www.usingha.com/sal/1136.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ |url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1137.html |work=usingha.com |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419104458/http://www.usingha.com/sal/1137.html |url-status=live}}</ref> (29.475)
 | November–December
 |[[Vṛścika|Vrschika]]
@@ Line 133: / Line 135: @@
 | December 16
 | 29/30 (29.310)
-| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|শীত}} (''Sheet'')<br/>[[Winter]]
+| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|শীত}} (''Sheet'')<br />[[Winter]]
 | December–January
 |[[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]]
@@ Line 152: / Line 154: @@
 | February 14
 | 29/30 (29.841)
-| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|বসন্ত}} (''Bôsôntô'')<br/>[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
+| rowspan="2"| {{lang|bn|বসন্ত}} (''Bôsôntô'')<br />[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
 | February–March
 |[[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]]
@@ Line 168: / Line 170: @@
 ==== 2018 Revision of Bangladesh ====
 {{More citations needed section|date=May 2022}}
-In Bangladesh, the government planned to modify the old Bengali calendar again after 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/19042705/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE|title=থমকে আছে বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি পরিবর্তন প্রক্রিয়া|lang=bn|date=14 April 2019|first=Deepak|last=Nandi|newspaper=Samakal|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702064003/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/19042705/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live}}</ref> The new changes to match national days with West. As a result of the modification (see table), Kartik will start on Thursday (17-10-2019) and the season of Hemanta is delayed by a day as the revised calendar went into effect from Wednesday (16-10-2019).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95|title=বাংলা দিনপঞ্জি বদল, আজ পয়লা কার্তিক|lang=bn|date=17 October 2019|newspaper=Prothom Alo|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704050201/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In Bangladesh, the government planned to modify the old Bengali calendar again after 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/19042705/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE |script-title=bn:থমকে আছে বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি পরিবর্তন প্রক্রিয়া |language=bn |date=14 April 2019 |first=Deepak |last=Nandi |newspaper=Samakal |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702064003/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/19042705/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE |url-status=live}}</ref> The new changes to match national days with West. As a result of the modification (see table), Kartik will start on Thursday (17 October 2019) and the season of Hemanta is delayed by a day as the revised calendar went into effect from Wednesday (16 October 2019).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95 |script-title=bn:বাংলা দিনপঞ্জি বদল, আজ পয়লা কার্তিক |language=bn |date=17 October 2019 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704050201/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 The year 1430 is under way in line with the Bengali calendar.
@@ Line 181: / Line 183: @@
 The Bengali Calendar incorporates the seven-day [[week]] as used by many other calendars. The names of the days of the week in the Bengali Calendar are based on the [[Navagraha]] ({{lang-bn|নবগ্রহ}} ''nôbôgrôhô''). The day begins and ends at sunrise in the Bengali calendar, unlike in the Gregorian calendar, where the day starts at midnight.
-According to some scholars, in the calendar originally introduced by [[Akbar]] in the year 1584 [[AD]], each day of the month had a different name, but this was cumbersome, and his grandson [[Shah Jahan]] changed this to a 7-day week as in the [[Gregorian calendar]], with the week also starting on a Sunday.<ref name=Banglapedia/>
+According to some scholars, in the calendar originally introduced by Akbar in the year 1584 [[AD]], each day of the month had a different name, but this was cumbersome, and his grandson [[Shah Jahan]] changed this to a 7-day week as in the [[Gregorian calendar]], with the week also starting on a Sunday.<ref name=Banglapedia/>
 {| class="wikitable" style="width:30%;"
@@ Line 249: / Line 251: @@
 In Bangladesh, however, the old Bengali calendar was modified in 1966 by a committee headed by [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], making the first five months 31 days long, the rest 30 days each, with the month of Falgun adjusted to 31 days in every leap year.<ref name= Chakrabarti114/> This was officially adopted by Bangladesh in 1987.<ref name= Chakrabarti114/><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book|author=Syed Ashraf Ali|chapter=Bangabda|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|editor=Sirajul Islam|editor2=Ahmed A. Jamal|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2012|edition=2nd|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070149/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangabda|url-status=live}}</ref>
+==Festivals==
+The following lists major festivals on the Bangladeshi calendar.
+===Pohela Boishakh===
+{{Main|Pohela Boishakh}}
+The first day of the month of [[Boishakh]] ushers the Bengali New Year and is known as [[Pohela Boishakh]]. The festival is similar to [[New Year's Day]], [[Nowruz]] and [[Songkran]]. The cultural organization Chayanat hosts a notable concert in [[Ramna Park]], starting at dawn on 14 April in Dhaka. The [[Mangal Shobhajatra]] parades are brought out in many Bangladeshi cities during the festival and is regarded by [[UNESCO]] as an [[intangible cultural heritage]].
+The Bengali New Year's Day on 14 April is a [[Public holiday|national holiday]] in Bangladesh.
+====Haal Khata====
+{{Main|Haal Khata}}
+Traders start a new [[Haal Khata]] book on Pohela Boishakh to keep financial records and settle debts.<ref name="ds14Apr2014">{{cite news |author=Shamsuzzaman Khan |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/emergence-of-bengali-new-year-and-calendar-20078 |title=Emergence of Bengali New Year and Calendar |work=The Daily Star |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>
+====Boishakhi Mela====
+{{Main|Boishakhi Mela}}
+The [[Boishakhi Mela]] are fairs organized on Pohela Boishakh.<ref name="ds14Apr2014"/>
+===Pahela Falgun===
+{{Main|Pahela Falgun}}
+Pahela Falgun ({{Lang-bn|পহেলা ফাল্গুন romanised: Pohela Falgun}}), meaning the first of [[Falgun]], is the first day of spring in the Bangladeshi calendar.
+===Boli Khela===
+{{Main|Boli khela}}
+In the Chittagong region, the [[Boli khela]] wrestling matches are organized during the month of Boishakh.<ref name="ds14Apr2014"/>
+===Cattle racing===
+Cattle races are a popular activity in [[Manikganj]] and [[Munshiganj]] districts during Boishakh.<ref name="ds14Apr2014"/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 263: / Line 293: @@
 ==External links==
 * [https://bengalicalendar.com/ Official Bengali Calendar]
-* [https://banglacalendar.online/ Official Bengali Calendar]
+* [https://ajkertarikh.com/bengali-date-today/ Bengali Date Today ( With Calendar)]
-* [https://coochbeharnewsapp.in/bengali-calendar-1430-pdf-download/ বাংলা ক্যালেন্ডার ১৪৩০ পিডিএফ ডাউনলোড করুন with Coochbehar News]
-*
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 * [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bengalicalendar Bengali calendar or বাংলা ক্যালেন্ডার with daily Ponjika]
 * [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.india.bengalicalendar Bengali calendar or বাংলা ক্যালেন্ডার with daily Ponjika]

v t e National symbols of Bangladesh
Main symbols	Amar Sonar Bangla (national anthem) Notuner Gaan (national march) National Emblem Government Seal Red-Green (national flag) Bengali (national language)
Monuments and Memorials	Shaheed Minar (1952, martyr monument) National Martyrs' Memorial (1971, national monument) Martyred Intellectuals Memorial (1971, martyr monument) Column of Independence (1971, independence monument)
People	Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Father of the Nation) Kazi Nazrul Islam (National poet)
Flora and fauna	Mango Tree (national tree) Doel (national bird) Water lily (national flower) Royal Bengal Tiger (national animal) Jackfruit (national fruit) Ilish (national fish)
Other symbols	Kabaddi (national game) Bengali calendar (national calendar) Bangamata (national personification)

v t e Months of the Bengali calendars
1. Bôishakh (বৈশাখ) 2. Jyôishţhô (জ্যৈষ্ঠ) 3. Ashaŗh (আষাঢ়) 4. Shrabôn (শ্রাবণ) 5. Bhadrô (ভাদ্র) 6. Ashbin (আশ্বিন)
7. Kartik (কার্তিক) 8. Ôgrôhayôn (অগ্রহায়ণ) 9. Poush (পৌষ) 10. Magh (মাঘ) 11. Falgun (ফাল্গুন) 12. Chôitrô (চৈত্র)