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Gounder is a title used by various communities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.^[1] It may refer to various communities such as Kongu Vellalar, Vettuva Gounder, Thuluva Vellalar,^[2] Urali Gounders,^[3] Kurumba, Vanniyars, Vokkaligas.^[4]^[5]

Etymology

There are a number of derivations for the title. One theory derives it from the Tamil word Kaamindan, meaning "noble protector of the country", later modified as Kavundan or Gounder.^[6]

According to S. N. Sadasivan, some of these Vellalars branched off from the Vokkaligas and both might have a common origin from the Kurumba.^[7]

History

During the British Raj era, some Gounders migrated to Malayan rubber plantations as Kanganis to manage the coolies.^[8]

References

^ "Gounder consolidation could pose headache to major parties". The Times of India. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.
^ Haswell, M. R. (2013), "Dusi (North Arcot District)", Econ Dev Village India Ils 59, Routledge, pp. 32–39, doi:10.4324/9781315888736, ISBN 978-1-315-88873-6
^ Evans, Harold (12 October 2004). They made America : From the steam engine to the search engine. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-27766-5. OCLC 999370982.
^ Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa (2011). Analysis of Y-chromosome Diversity in Lingayat and Vokkaliga Populations of Southern India (Thesis). Florida International University. doi:10.25148/etd.fi11072506.
^ List of subcastes (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ Madhvan, Karthik (2 August 2008). "Steeped in history". Frontline. Chennai, India: The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
^ Sadasivan, S. N (2000). A social history of India. New Delhi, India: APH Pub. Corp. p. 254. ISBN 9788176481700. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021. In all probability the Tamil Kavandans or Goundans might have branched of from them and both might be descendants of Kurumbas of yore.
^ Basu, Raj Sekhar (2011). Nandanar's Children: The Paraiyans' Tryst with Destiny, Tamil Nadu 1850 - 1956. SAGE. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-321-0679-1.

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[1] "Gounder consolidation could pose headache to major parties". The Times of India. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.

[auto1-2] Haswell, M. R. (2013), "Dusi (North Arcot District)", Econ Dev Village India Ils 59, Routledge, pp. 32–39, doi:10.4324/9781315888736, ISBN 978-1-315-88873-6

[3] Evans, Harold (12 October 2004). They made America : From the steam engine to the search engine. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-27766-5. OCLC 999370982.

[4] Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa (2011). Analysis of Y-chromosome Diversity in Lingayat and Vokkaliga Populations of Southern India (Thesis). Florida International University. doi:10.25148/etd.fi11072506.

[auto-5] List of subcastes (PDF) (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

[Madhavan-6] Madhvan, Karthik (2 August 2008). "Steeped in history". Frontline. Chennai, India: The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2011.

[7] Sadasivan, S. N (2000). A social history of India. New Delhi, India: APH Pub. Corp. p. 254. ISBN 9788176481700. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021. In all probability the Tamil Kavandans or Goundans might have branched of from them and both might be descendants of Kurumbas of yore.

[8] Basu, Raj Sekhar (2011). Nandanar's Children: The Paraiyans' Tryst with Destiny, Tamil Nadu 1850 - 1956. SAGE. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-321-0679-1.

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 {{short description|Title used by certain communities in Tamil Nadu, South India}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
-'''Gounder''' is a title used by various communities in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-21/chennai/28179309_1_poll-observers-assembly-polls-poll-eve | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104013919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-21/chennai/28179309_1_poll-observers-assembly-polls-poll-eve | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Gounder consolidation could pose headache to major parties |date=21 May 2009 }}</ref> It may refer to various unrelated communities such as [[Vettuva Gounders]], [[Kongu Vellalar]]s, [[Thuluva Vellala|Tuluva Vellalars]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Dusi (North Arcot District) |date=2013-10-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315888736-9 |work=Econ Dev Village India Ils 59 |pages=32–39 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315888736-9 |isbn=978-1-315-88873-6 |access-date=2022-07-22}}</ref> [[:ta:Urali_Gounder|Urali Gounders]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Harold |last=Evans |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/999370982 |title=They made America : From the steam engine to the search engine. |date=12 October 2004 |isbn=0-316-27766-5 |oclc=999370982}}</ref> [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumba]], [[Vanniyars]], and [[Vokkaliga]]s.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Analysis of Y-chromosome Diversity in Lingayat and Vokkaliga Populations of Southern India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/etd.fi11072506 |publisher=Florida International University |first=Shilpa |last=Chennakrishnaiah |year=2011 |doi=10.25148/etd.fi11072506 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318194756/https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/423/ |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+'''Gounder''' is a title used by various communities in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-21/chennai/28179309_1_poll-observers-assembly-polls-poll-eve | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104013919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-21/chennai/28179309_1_poll-observers-assembly-polls-poll-eve | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Gounder consolidation could pose headache to major parties |date=21 May 2009 }}</ref> It may refer to various communities such as [[Kongu Vellalar]], [[Vettuva Gounder]], [[Thuluva Vellalar]],<ref name="auto1">{{Citation |last1=Haswell |first1=M. R. |title=Dusi (North Arcot District) |date=2013 |work=Econ Dev Village India Ils 59 |pages=32–39 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315888736 |isbn=978-1-315-88873-6}}</ref> [[:ta:Urali_Gounder|Urali Gounders]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Harold |last=Evans |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/999370982 |title=They made America : From the steam engine to the search engine|date=12 October 2004 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-316-27766-5 |oclc=999370982}}</ref> [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumba]], [[Vanniyar]]s, [[Vokkaliga]]s.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Analysis of Y-chromosome Diversity in Lingayat and Vokkaliga Populations of Southern India |publisher=Florida International University |first=Shilpa |last=Chennakrishnaiah |year=2011 |doi=10.25148/etd.fi11072506 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite report |url=https://drbtheni.net/doc_pdf/subcaste.pdf |title=List of subcastes |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-There are number of derivations for the title. One theory derives it from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word ''Kaamindan'', meaning "noble protector of the country", later modified as ''Kavundan'' or Gounder.<ref name="Madhavan">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2516/stories/20080815251611400.htm|title=Steeped in history|last=Madhvan|first=Karthik|date=2 August 2008|work=Frontline|publisher=The Hindu Group|access-date=22 January 2011|location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050939/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2516/stories/20080815251611400.htm|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+There are a number of derivations for the title. One theory derives it from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word ''Kaamindan'', meaning "noble protector of the country", later modified as ''Kavundan'' or Gounder.<ref name="Madhavan">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2516/stories/20080815251611400.htm|title=Steeped in history|last=Madhvan|first=Karthik|date=2 August 2008|work=Frontline|publisher=The Hindu Group|access-date=22 January 2011|location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050939/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2516/stories/20080815251611400.htm|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-According to [[S. N. Sadasivan]], the Tamil  Vellalars branched off from the [[Vokkaliga]]s and both might have a common origin from the [[Kuruba|Kurumba]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=S. N|date=2000|title=A social history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=Kavundans+&pg=PA254|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=APH Pub. Corp|page=254|isbn=9788176481700|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318194726/https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=Kavundans+&pg=PA254|url-status=live|quote="In all probability the Tamil Kavandans or Goundans might have branched of from them and both might be descendants of Kurumbas of yore."}}</ref>
+According to [[S. N. Sadasivan]], some of these  Vellalars branched off from the [[Vokkaliga]]s and both might have a common origin from the [[Kuruba|Kurumba]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=S. N|date=2000|title=A social history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=Kavundans+&pg=PA254|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=APH Pub. Corp|page=254|isbn=9788176481700|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318194726/https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=Kavundans+&pg=PA254|url-status=live|quote="In all probability the Tamil Kavandans or Goundans might have branched of from them and both might be descendants of Kurumbas of yore."}}</ref>
 ==History==