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{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| image = Hydnellum_ferrugineum_Glieres.jpg
| image = Hydnellum ferrugineum Glieres.jpg
| genus = Hydnellum
| image_width = 245px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| species = ferrugineum
| authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Petter Karsten|P.Karst.]] (1879)
| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Hydnellum ferrugineum"/><ref name="Pegler p.86">Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p.&nbsp;86.</ref>
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| synonyms =
| ordo = [[Thelephorales]]
*''Hydnum ferrugineum'' <small>Fr. (1815)<ref name="Fries 1815"/></small>
| familia=[[Bankeraceae]]
*''Hydnum carbunculus'' <small>[[Louis Secretan|Secr.]] (1833)<ref name="Secretan 1833"/></small>
| genus=''[[Hydnellum]]''
*''Calodon ferrugineus'' <small>(Fr.) P.Karst. (1881)<ref name="Karsten 1881"/></small>
| species='''''H. ferrugineum'''''
*''Phaeodon ferrugineus'' <small>(Fr.) [[J.Schröt.]] (1888)<ref name="Schröter 1888"/></small>
| binomial=''Hydnellum ferrugineum''
*''Hydnellum sanguinarium'' <small>[[Howard James Banker|Banker]] (1906)<ref name="Banker 1906"/></small>
| binomial_authority= ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Petter Karsten|Karst.]]
*''Calodon hybridus'' <small>(Bull.) Lindau (1911)<ref name="Lindau 1911"/></small>
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = *1833 ''Hydnum carbunculus'' <small>Secr.</small>
*''Hydnellum hybridum'' <small>([[Bull.]]) Banker (1913)<ref name="Bulliard 1790"/></small>
*1815 ''Hydnum ferrugineum'' <small>Fr.</small>
*''Hydnellum pineticola'' <small>[[K.A.Harrison]] (1964)</small>
*1881 ''Calodon ferrugineus'' <small>(Fr.) P. Karst.</small>
*1888 ''Phaeodon ferrugineus'' <small>(Fr.) [[Joseph Schröter|J. Schröt.]]</small>
*1913 ''Hydnellum hybridum'' <small>([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Howard James Banker|Banker]]</small>
*1911 ''Calodon hybridus'' <small>(Bull.) Lindau</small>
*1906 ''Hydnellum sanguinarium'' <small>Banker</small>
*1964 ''Hydnellum pineticola'' <small>K.A. Harrison</small>
}}
}}

'''''Hydnellum ferrugineum''''' is an inedible [[fungus]] often found beneath [[conifer]]s. It was given its current name by German mycologist [[Petter Karsten]] in 1879.<ref name=Karsten1879/>
'''''Hydnellum ferrugineum''''', [[common name|commonly]] known as the '''mealy tooth''' or the '''reddish-brown corky spine fungus''', is a species of [[tooth fungus]] in the family [[Bankeraceae]]. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in [[conifer forest]], usually in poor (low nutrient) or sandy soil. [[basidiocarp|Fruit bodies]] are somewhat [[Spinning top|top]]-shaped, measuring {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6&nbsp;mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar ''[[Hydnellum]]'' species. ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'' forms a mat of [[mycelia]] in the [[humus]] and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more [[podzol]]ized.

==Taxonomy==
The species was originally [[species description|described]] scientifically by [[Elias Magnus Fries]], who named it ''Hydnum ferrugineum'' in 1815. Its [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] history includes transfers to the genera ''Calodon'' by [[Petter Karsten]] in 1881, and ''Phaeodon'' by [[Joseph Schröter]] in 1888.<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Hydnellum ferrugineum"/><ref name="Pegler p.86"/> It was assigned its current binomial name by Karsten when he transferred it to its current genus, ''[[Hydnellum]]'', in 1879.<ref name="Karsten 1879"/>

In 1964, Canadian mycologist [[Kenneth A. Harrison]] described a [[hydnoid fungus]] found with ''[[Pinus resinosa]]'' in [[Michigan]] and ''[[Pinus banksiana]]'' in [[Nova Scotia]]. The fungus, which Harrison named ''Hydnellum pineticola'',<ref name="Harrison 1964"/> is considered to be [[synonym (biology)|synonymous]] with ''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' by the nomenclatural database [[Index Fungorum]].<ref name="urlFungorum: Hydnellum pineticola"/> Harrison noted "The attempts to recognize European species in North American collections has only increased the confusion in this country, and until someone has worked critically in the field on both continents, it is better to make a recognizable grouping of our own population as that to guess that they may be the same as those that grow in Europe."<ref name="Harrison 1964"/> Other taxa considered synonymous with ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'' are [[Pierre Bulliard]]'s 1791 ''Hydnum hybridum'' (including later synonyms ''Calodon hybridus'' (Bull.) Lindau, and ''Hydnellum hybridum'' (Bull.) Banker); [[Louis Secretan]]'s ''Hydnum carbunculus'' (1833); and [[Howard James Banker]]'s 1906 ''Hydnellum sanguinarium''.<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Hydnellum ferrugineum"/> Banker explained the difficulty in identifying old ''Hydnellum'' specimens: "A considerable number of collections have had to be set aside, as in the dried state, with no notes on the fresh characters, it was impossible to decide with any degree of satisfaction whether the plants represented ''H.&nbsp;sanguinarium'', ''H.&nbsp;concrescens'', ''H.&nbsp;scrobiculatum'', or some undescribed form."<ref name="Banker 1906"/>

[[Common name]]s given to the species include the "reddish-brown corky spine fungus",<ref name="Pegler p.86"/> and the [[British Mycological Society]]-sanctioned name "mealy fungus".<ref name="urlBMS"/> The [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''ferrugineum'' is [[Latin]] for "rust-colored".<ref name="Harrison 2012"/>

==Description==
[[File:Hydnellum ferrugineum 59272.jpg|thumb|left|Closeup of [[hymenium]] showing the spines]]
The fruit bodies of ''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' are more or less top-shaped with [[pileus (mycology)|caps]] that are {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are at first convex, then pulvinate (cushion-shaped), later flattening or becoming slightly depressed in the center. The cap surface of young fruit bodies is uneven, with a velvety to felted texture, and a whitish to pink color. It sometimes exudes blood-red drops of fluid in the depressions. The surface later becomes flesh-colored to dark reddish brown, but with wavy margin remaining whitish. The lower surface of the fruit body bears the [[hymenium]], the fertile [[spore]]-bearing tissue. It comprises a dense arrangement of white to reddish brown spines up to 6&nbsp;mm long, hanging vertically downwards. The stout [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] measures {{convert|1|–|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|–|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick, and is the same color as the cap.<ref name="Ellis 1990"/> Fruit bodies have a "distinctly mealy" odor (similar to the smell of freshly ground flour),<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> but are inedible.<ref name="Deconchat 2002"/>
[[File:Hydnellum ferrugineum 181546.jpg|thumb|right|Fruit bodies can envelop obstacles as they grow.]]
The [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is reddish or purplish-brown with white flecks.<ref name="Ellis 1990"/> Initially spongy and soft, it becomes tough and corky as the fruit body matures. In the stipe, the flesh can become blackish in age.<ref name="Rea 1922"/> Like other ''Hydnellum'' species, fruit body tissue is made of generative [[hypha]]e that do not expand. This slows the growth of the fruit body, often enabling it to persist for several months.<ref>Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p.&nbsp;3.</ref> The fungus employs an indeterminate growth pattern, in which the fruit body formation begins from a vertical column of hyphae that eventually expand at the top to form the cap. Any solid objects encountered during growth, such as grass or twigs, can be enveloped by the expanding fruit body. Similarly, closely neighboring caps can fuse together during growth.<ref>Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p.&nbsp;5.</ref>

The broadly [[ellipsoid]] to roughly spherical [[basidiospore|spores]] are 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]]. Their surfaces are covered with small rounded bumps. The [[basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–30 by 6–7.5&nbsp;μm. The hyphae of the flesh are brownish with thin walls, and measure 4–6&nbsp;μm; hyphae in the spines are thin-walled, [[septum|septate]], and sometimes branched, measuring 3.5–4.5&nbsp;μm. The hyphae do not have [[clamp connection]]s.<ref name="Pegler p.86"/>

===Similar species===
''[[Hydnellum peckii]]'' is similar in appearance, but has an acrid taste, and clamp connections in its hyphae.<ref name="Pegler p.86"/> ''[[Hydnellum spongiosipes]]'' is readily confused with ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'', and several authors have historically considered the two species to be the same; [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] studies, however, indicate that the two fungi are closely related, but distinct.<ref name="ENRR 2004"/> In contrast with ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'', ''H.&nbsp;spongiosipes'' has a darker cap when young, darker flesh, and occurs in deciduous woods.<ref name="Pegler p.86"/> Old fruit bodies of ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'' can be confused with those of ''[[Hydnellum concrescens]]''.<ref name="Deconchat 2002"/>

==Habitat and distribution==
[[File:Hydnellum ferrugineum 59273.jpg|thumb|right|Young fruit bodies]]
''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' is found mainly in [[coniferous forest|coniferous woodland]], often near [[pine]]s, but occasionally with [[spruce]]. Fruit bodies have a preference for sandy soil with low levels of [[organic matter]] and nutrients,<ref name="Pegler p.86"/> and grow singly or in clusters.<ref name="Ellis 1990"/> They are more likely to be found in [[Old-growth forest|older-growth forests]].<ref name="Nitare 2006"/> The fungus occurs in North America, including Mexico. It is widespread but generally uncommon throughout Europe, although there may be local areas where it is common. In Britain, ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'' is provisionally classified as [[endangered species|endangered]], and is protected under the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]];<ref name="Marren 2000"/> it was included as one of 14 species considered in the [[United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan]] for stipitate hydnoid fungi (i.e., hydnoid fungi with a cap and stipe) in 2004.<ref name="ENRR 2004"/> The fungus is [[protected species|protected]] in [[Montenegro]].<ref name="Kasom 2010"/> It has been collected in India<ref name="Sultana 2007"/> and North Africa.<ref name="Pegler p.86"/>

The fungus forms a tough mat of [[mycelium|mycelia]] in the [[humus]] and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows larger with old trees, and can cover an area of several square meters. These areas generally lack dwarf shrubs and promote the vigorous growth of mosses; [[reindeer lichen]]s often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus changes the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, decreased [[groundwater]] penetration, decreased [[soil pH]], and increases in the level of [[soil gas|root respiration]] as well as the quantity of roots.<ref name="Hintikka 1967"/> The fungus also decreases the organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Soil with the mycelium becomes more [[podzol]]ized than the surrounding soil.<ref name="Hintikka 1967"/> Similar to some other ''Hydnellum'' species, ''H.&nbsp;ferrugineum'' is sensitive to the increased nitrogen deposition resulting from [[clear-cutting]], a [[forestry]] practice used in some areas of Europe.<ref name="Arnolds 2010"/> The fungus forms an unusual type of [[mycorrhiza]] with [[Scots pine]] (''Pinus sylvestris'') in which the [[ectomycorrhiza]] appears normal at the leading edge of the mycelial mat, but leaves behind dead and atrophied roots at the trailing edge, showing [[saprophytic]] tendencies.<ref name="Trappe 2012"/>

==Bioactive compounds==
''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' fruit bodies contain the [[biological pigment|pigment]]s hydnuferrigin (dark violet) and hydnuferruginin (yellow), as well as small amounts of the [[polyphenol]] compound [[atromentin]]. Hydnuferrigin has a chemical structure that closely resembles that of [[thelephoric acid]], a pigment found in other species of ''Hydnellum'' and ''[[Hydnum]]'', and they may originate from a common [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]] compound.<ref name="Gripenberg 1981"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=


<ref name=Karsten1879>{{cite journal |author=Karsten P. |title=Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI |journal=Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica |volume=5 |pages=15–46 |year=1879 |language=Latin}}</ref>
<ref name="Arnolds 2010">{{cite journal |author=Arnolds E. |title=The fate of hydnoid fungi in The Netherlands and Northwestern Europe |journal=Fungal Ecology |year=2010 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2009.05.005}}</ref>

<ref name="Banker 1906">{{cite journal |author=Banker HJ. |title=A contribution to a revision of the North American Hydnaceae |journal=Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club |year=1906 |volume=12 |pages=99–194 (see p.&nbsp;152) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31682588}}</ref>

<ref name="Bulliard 1790">{{cite book |author=Bulliard JBF. |title=Herbier de la France |year=1790 |volume=10 |location=Paris |page=t. 453:2 |language=French |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4303732}}</ref>

<ref name="Deconchat 2002">{{cite book |vauthors=Deconchat C, Polèse JM |title=Champignons: l'encyclopédie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRH1yzMYsx4C&pg=PA138 |year=2002 |location=Paris |publisher=Editions Artemis |isbn=978-2-84416-145-1 |page=138}}</ref>

<ref name="Ellis 1990">{{cite book |vauthors=Ellis JB, Ellis MB |title=Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1990 |page=106 |isbn=978-0-412-36970-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&pg=PA106}}</ref>

<ref name="ENRR 2004">{{cite report |vauthors=Brodge PD, Panchal G |title=Number 557. Population diversity and speciation in ''Hydnellum'' and ''Phellodon'' species |series=English Nature Research Reports |year=2004 |publisher=[[English Nature]] |url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/6167520566312960 |format=PDF |issn=0967-876X}}</ref>

<ref name="Fries 1815">{{cite book |author=Fries EM. |title=Observationes mycologicae |year=1815 |publisher=Gerhard Bonnier |location=Copenhagen |page=133 |language=Latin |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/01532/0133.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Gripenberg 1981">{{cite journal |author=Gripenberg J. |title=Fungus Pigments. XXIX. The pigments of ''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' (Fr.) Karsten and ''H. zonatum'' (Batsch) Karsten. |journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica |year=1981 |volume=35b |pages=513–519 |doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35b-0513 |url=http://actachemscand.dk/pdf/acta_vol_35b_p0513-0519.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Harrison 1964">{{cite journal |author=Harrison KA. |title=New or little known North American stipitate Hydnums |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |year=1964 |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=1205–33 (see p.&nbsp;1226) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/b64-116 |format=PDF |doi=10.1139/b64-116}}</ref>

<ref name="Harrison 2012">{{cite book |author=Harrison L. |title=Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-2JTa3Gi8AC&pg=PA88 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-00919-3 |page=88}}</ref>

<ref name="Hintikka 1967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hintikka V, Näykki O |title=Tutkimuksia ruosteorakkaan, ''Hydnellum ferrugineum'', vaikutuksesta metsämaaperään ja-kasvillisuuteen [Notes on the effects of the fungus ''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' (Fr.) Karst. on forest soil and vegetation] |journal=Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae |year=1967 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=1–23}}</ref>

<ref name="Karsten 1879">{{cite journal |author=Karsten PA. |title=Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI |journal=Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica |year=1879 |volume=5 |pages=15–46 (see p.&nbsp;41) |language=Latin |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3768952}}</ref>

<ref name="Karsten 1881">{{cite journal |author=Karsten P. |title=Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum |journal=Revue Mycologique Toulouse |year=1881 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=19–21 |language=Latin |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11599314}}</ref>

<ref name="Kasom 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kasom G, Miličković N |title=Protected species of macrofungi in Montenegro |journal=Natura Montenegrina, Podgorica |year=2010 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |url=http://www.pmcg.co.me/natura-web/NATURA%209/Data/ARTICLES%20pdf/Kasom_%26_Milickovic_NM9.pdf |access-date=2017-01-24 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202033948/http://www.pmcg.co.me/natura-web/NATURA%209/Data/ARTICLES%20pdf/Kasom_%26_Milickovic_NM9.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Lindau 1911">{{cite book |author=Lindau G. |title=Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger |year=1911|publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |page=44 |language=German |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2981704}}</ref>

<ref name="Marren 2000">{{cite report |author1-last=Marren|author1-first=Peter|author1-link=Peter Marren|year=2000 |title=Stipitate hydnoid fungi in Britain. English Nature Research Report No. 420. |publisher=English Nature |location=Peterborough |url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/6292262992478208 |format=PDF}}</ref>

<ref name="Nitare 2006">{{cite book |author=Nitare J. |year=2006 |title=Signalarter. Indikatorer på skyddsvärd skog. Flora över kryptogamer [Signal-species – indicators of forests in need of protection] |edition=3 |publisher=Skogsstyrelsens Förlag |location=Jönköping, Sweden |isbn=978-9188462688 |language=Swedish}}</ref>

<ref name="Rea 1922">{{cite book |author=Rea C. |title=British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi |year=1922 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge at the University Press |pages=634–5 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17128469}}</ref>

<ref name="Roberts 2011">{{cite book |vauthors=Roberts P, Evans S |title=The Book of Fungi |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=470 |isbn=978-0-226-72117-0}}</ref>

<ref name="Schröter 1888">{{cite book |author=Schröter J. |title=Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien |year=1888 |volume=3–1(4) |page=459 |publisher=Cramer |location=Lehre, Germany |language=German}}</ref>

<ref name="Secretan 1833">{{cite book |author=Secretan L. |title=Mycographie Suisse, ou Description des Champignons, qui Croissent en Suisse, Particulièrment dans le Canton de Vaud, aux Environs de Lausanne |year=1833 |volume=2 |publisher=Bonnant |location=Geneva |page=515 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2992475 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name="Sultana 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sultana K, Aleem Qureshi R |title=Checklist of Basidiomycetes (Aphyllo. and Phragmo.) of Kaghan Valley II |journal=Pakistan Journal of Botany |year=2007 |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=2626–49 |url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/39(7)/PJB39(7)2629.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="Trappe 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trappe MJ, Cromack Jr K, Caldwell BA, Griffiths RP, Trappe JM |title=Diversity of mat-forming fungi in relation to soil properties, disturbance, and forest ecotype at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USA |journal=Diversity |year=2012 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=196–223 |doi=10.3390/d4020196|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="urlBMS">{{cite web |title=English Names for Fungi 2014 |url=http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/english-names/ |publisher=British Mycological Society |date=June 2014 |access-date=2014-12-14 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194645/http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/english-names/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Hydnellum ferrugineum">{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=100986 |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Hydnellum ferrugineum'' (Fr.) P. Karst. |work=Species Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2014-12-14}}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum: Hydnellum pineticola">{{cite web |title=''Hydnellum pineticola'' K.A. Harrison |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=332089 |publisher=Index Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2014-12-14}}</ref>


}}
}}

===Cited works===
*{{cite book |vauthors=Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM |title=British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi |year=1997 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew, UK |isbn=978-1-900347-15-0}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{MycoBank|100986}}
*{{IndexFungorum|100986}}
*[http://www.apasseggionelbosco.it/forum/lofiversion/index.php?t4885.html Photos of Hydnellum ferrugineum]


{{Good article}}
[[Category:Inedible fungi]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5954059}}
[[Category:Thelephorales]]


[[Category:Inedible fungi]]

[[Category:Fungi described in 1815]]
{{Agaricomycetes-stub}}
[[Category:Fungi of Africa]]
[[Category:Fungi of Asia]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Hydnellum|ferrugineum]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Latest revision as of 02:45, 27 August 2024

Hydnellum ferrugineum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Bankeraceae
Genus: Hydnellum
Species:
H. ferrugineum
Binomial name
Hydnellum ferrugineum
(Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)
Synonyms[8][9]
  • Hydnum ferrugineum Fr. (1815)[1]
  • Hydnum carbunculus Secr. (1833)[2]
  • Calodon ferrugineus (Fr.) P.Karst. (1881)[3]
  • Phaeodon ferrugineus (Fr.) J.Schröt. (1888)[4]
  • Hydnellum sanguinarium Banker (1906)[5]
  • Calodon hybridus (Bull.) Lindau (1911)[6]
  • Hydnellum hybridum (Bull.) Banker (1913)[7]
  • Hydnellum pineticola K.A.Harrison (1964)

Hydnellum ferrugineum, commonly known as the mealy tooth or the reddish-brown corky spine fungus, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in conifer forest, usually in poor (low nutrient) or sandy soil. Fruit bodies are somewhat top-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar Hydnellum species. H. ferrugineum forms a mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more podzolized.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The species was originally described scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries, who named it Hydnum ferrugineum in 1815. Its taxonomic history includes transfers to the genera Calodon by Petter Karsten in 1881, and Phaeodon by Joseph Schröter in 1888.[8][9] It was assigned its current binomial name by Karsten when he transferred it to its current genus, Hydnellum, in 1879.[10]

In 1964, Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison described a hydnoid fungus found with Pinus resinosa in Michigan and Pinus banksiana in Nova Scotia. The fungus, which Harrison named Hydnellum pineticola,[11] is considered to be synonymous with Hydnellum ferrugineum by the nomenclatural database Index Fungorum.[12] Harrison noted "The attempts to recognize European species in North American collections has only increased the confusion in this country, and until someone has worked critically in the field on both continents, it is better to make a recognizable grouping of our own population as that to guess that they may be the same as those that grow in Europe."[11] Other taxa considered synonymous with H. ferrugineum are Pierre Bulliard's 1791 Hydnum hybridum (including later synonyms Calodon hybridus (Bull.) Lindau, and Hydnellum hybridum (Bull.) Banker); Louis Secretan's Hydnum carbunculus (1833); and Howard James Banker's 1906 Hydnellum sanguinarium.[8] Banker explained the difficulty in identifying old Hydnellum specimens: "A considerable number of collections have had to be set aside, as in the dried state, with no notes on the fresh characters, it was impossible to decide with any degree of satisfaction whether the plants represented H. sanguinarium, H. concrescens, H. scrobiculatum, or some undescribed form."[5]

Common names given to the species include the "reddish-brown corky spine fungus",[9] and the British Mycological Society-sanctioned name "mealy fungus".[13] The specific epithet ferrugineum is Latin for "rust-colored".[14]

Description

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Closeup of hymenium showing the spines

The fruit bodies of Hydnellum ferrugineum are more or less top-shaped with caps that are 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter. They are at first convex, then pulvinate (cushion-shaped), later flattening or becoming slightly depressed in the center. The cap surface of young fruit bodies is uneven, with a velvety to felted texture, and a whitish to pink color. It sometimes exudes blood-red drops of fluid in the depressions. The surface later becomes flesh-colored to dark reddish brown, but with wavy margin remaining whitish. The lower surface of the fruit body bears the hymenium, the fertile spore-bearing tissue. It comprises a dense arrangement of white to reddish brown spines up to 6 mm long, hanging vertically downwards. The stout stipe measures 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) long by 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) thick, and is the same color as the cap.[15] Fruit bodies have a "distinctly mealy" odor (similar to the smell of freshly ground flour),[16] but are inedible.[17]

Fruit bodies can envelop obstacles as they grow.

The flesh is reddish or purplish-brown with white flecks.[15] Initially spongy and soft, it becomes tough and corky as the fruit body matures. In the stipe, the flesh can become blackish in age.[18] Like other Hydnellum species, fruit body tissue is made of generative hyphae that do not expand. This slows the growth of the fruit body, often enabling it to persist for several months.[19] The fungus employs an indeterminate growth pattern, in which the fruit body formation begins from a vertical column of hyphae that eventually expand at the top to form the cap. Any solid objects encountered during growth, such as grass or twigs, can be enveloped by the expanding fruit body. Similarly, closely neighboring caps can fuse together during growth.[20]

The broadly ellipsoid to roughly spherical spores are 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5 μm. Their surfaces are covered with small rounded bumps. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–30 by 6–7.5 μm. The hyphae of the flesh are brownish with thin walls, and measure 4–6 μm; hyphae in the spines are thin-walled, septate, and sometimes branched, measuring 3.5–4.5 μm. The hyphae do not have clamp connections.[9]

Similar species

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Hydnellum peckii is similar in appearance, but has an acrid taste, and clamp connections in its hyphae.[9] Hydnellum spongiosipes is readily confused with H. ferrugineum, and several authors have historically considered the two species to be the same; molecular studies, however, indicate that the two fungi are closely related, but distinct.[21] In contrast with H. ferrugineum, H. spongiosipes has a darker cap when young, darker flesh, and occurs in deciduous woods.[9] Old fruit bodies of H. ferrugineum can be confused with those of Hydnellum concrescens.[17]

Habitat and distribution

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Young fruit bodies

Hydnellum ferrugineum is found mainly in coniferous woodland, often near pines, but occasionally with spruce. Fruit bodies have a preference for sandy soil with low levels of organic matter and nutrients,[9] and grow singly or in clusters.[15] They are more likely to be found in older-growth forests.[22] The fungus occurs in North America, including Mexico. It is widespread but generally uncommon throughout Europe, although there may be local areas where it is common. In Britain, H. ferrugineum is provisionally classified as endangered, and is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981;[23] it was included as one of 14 species considered in the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan for stipitate hydnoid fungi (i.e., hydnoid fungi with a cap and stipe) in 2004.[21] The fungus is protected in Montenegro.[24] It has been collected in India[25] and North Africa.[9]

The fungus forms a tough mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows larger with old trees, and can cover an area of several square meters. These areas generally lack dwarf shrubs and promote the vigorous growth of mosses; reindeer lichens often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus changes the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, decreased groundwater penetration, decreased soil pH, and increases in the level of root respiration as well as the quantity of roots.[26] The fungus also decreases the organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Soil with the mycelium becomes more podzolized than the surrounding soil.[26] Similar to some other Hydnellum species, H. ferrugineum is sensitive to the increased nitrogen deposition resulting from clear-cutting, a forestry practice used in some areas of Europe.[27] The fungus forms an unusual type of mycorrhiza with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in which the ectomycorrhiza appears normal at the leading edge of the mycelial mat, but leaves behind dead and atrophied roots at the trailing edge, showing saprophytic tendencies.[28]

Bioactive compounds

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Hydnellum ferrugineum fruit bodies contain the pigments hydnuferrigin (dark violet) and hydnuferruginin (yellow), as well as small amounts of the polyphenol compound atromentin. Hydnuferrigin has a chemical structure that closely resembles that of thelephoric acid, a pigment found in other species of Hydnellum and Hydnum, and they may originate from a common precursor compound.[29]

References

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  1. ^ Fries EM. (1815). Observationes mycologicae (in Latin). Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier. p. 133.
  2. ^ Secretan L. (1833). Mycographie Suisse, ou Description des Champignons, qui Croissent en Suisse, Particulièrment dans le Canton de Vaud, aux Environs de Lausanne (in French). Vol. 2. Geneva: Bonnant. p. 515.
  3. ^ Karsten P. (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19–21.
  4. ^ Schröter J. (1888). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien (in German). Vol. 3–1(4). Lehre, Germany: Cramer. p. 459.
  5. ^ a b Banker HJ. (1906). "A contribution to a revision of the North American Hydnaceae". Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 12: 99–194 (see p. 152).
  6. ^ Lindau G. (1911). Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger (in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 44.
  7. ^ Bulliard JBF. (1790). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 10. Paris. p. t. 453:2.
  8. ^ a b c "GSD Species Synonymy: Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 86.
  10. ^ Karsten PA. (1879). "Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI". Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 5: 15–46 (see p. 41).
  11. ^ a b Harrison KA. (1964). "New or little known North American stipitate Hydnums" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Botany. 42 (9): 1205–33 (see p. 1226). doi:10.1139/b64-116.
  12. ^ "Hydnellum pineticola K.A. Harrison". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  13. ^ "English Names for Fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  14. ^ Harrison L. (2012). Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored. University of Chicago Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-226-00919-3.
  15. ^ a b c Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-412-36970-4.
  16. ^ Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
  17. ^ a b Deconchat C, Polèse JM (2002). Champignons: l'encyclopédie. Paris: Editions Artemis. p. 138. ISBN 978-2-84416-145-1.
  18. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge at the University Press. pp. 634–5.
  19. ^ Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 3.
  20. ^ Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 5.
  21. ^ a b Brodge PD, Panchal G (2004). Number 557. Population diversity and speciation in Hydnellum and Phellodon species (PDF) (Report). English Nature Research Reports. English Nature. ISSN 0967-876X.
  22. ^ Nitare J. (2006). Signalarter. Indikatorer på skyddsvärd skog. Flora över kryptogamer [Signal-species – indicators of forests in need of protection] (in Swedish) (3 ed.). Jönköping, Sweden: Skogsstyrelsens Förlag. ISBN 978-9188462688.
  23. ^ Marren, Peter (2000). Stipitate hydnoid fungi in Britain. English Nature Research Report No. 420 (PDF) (Report). Peterborough: English Nature.
  24. ^ Kasom G, Miličković N (2010). "Protected species of macrofungi in Montenegro" (PDF). Natura Montenegrina, Podgorica. 9 (2): 195–203. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  25. ^ Sultana K, Aleem Qureshi R (2007). "Checklist of Basidiomycetes (Aphyllo. and Phragmo.) of Kaghan Valley II" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39 (7): 2626–49.
  26. ^ a b Hintikka V, Näykki O (1967). "Tutkimuksia ruosteorakkaan, Hydnellum ferrugineum, vaikutuksesta metsämaaperään ja-kasvillisuuteen [Notes on the effects of the fungus Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) Karst. on forest soil and vegetation]". Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae. 62 (2): 1–23.
  27. ^ Arnolds E. (2010). "The fate of hydnoid fungi in The Netherlands and Northwestern Europe". Fungal Ecology. 3 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.05.005.
  28. ^ Trappe MJ, Cromack Jr K, Caldwell BA, Griffiths RP, Trappe JM (2012). "Diversity of mat-forming fungi in relation to soil properties, disturbance, and forest ecotype at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USA". Diversity. 4 (2): 196–223. doi:10.3390/d4020196.
  29. ^ Gripenberg J. (1981). "Fungus Pigments. XXIX. The pigments of Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) Karsten and H. zonatum (Batsch) Karsten" (PDF). Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 35b: 513–519. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35b-0513.

Cited works

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  • Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM (1997). British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 978-1-900347-15-0.
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