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Coordinates: 50°43′35″N 1°36′53″E / 50.7264°N 1.6147°E / 50.7264; 1.6147
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|image flag = Drapeau ville fr Boulogne-sur-Mer.svg}}
|image flag = Drapeau ville fr Boulogne-sur-Mer.svg}}


'''Boulogne-sur-Mer''' ({{IPA-fr|bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ|lang|Fr-Paris--Boulogne-sur-Mer.ogg}}; {{lang-pcd|Boulonne-su-Mér}}; {{lang-nl|Bonen}}; {{lang-la|Gesoriacum}} or ''Bononia''), often called just '''Boulogne''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|b|ʊ|ˈ|l|ɔɪ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|b|uː|ˈ|l|oʊ|n|,_|b|uː|ˈ|l|ɔɪ|n}}), is a coastal city in [[Hauts-de-France|Northern France]]. It is a [[Subprefectures in France|sub-prefecture]] of the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Pas-de-Calais]]. Boulogne lies on the [[Côte d'Opale]], a touristic stretch of French coast on the [[English Channel]] between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after the [[Lille]] conurbation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/c-l-actu/598-cest-lactu-juillet-2010 |title=C'est l'Actu juillet 2010 |publisher=Ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821235114/http://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/c-l-actu/598-cest-lactu-juillet-2010# |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref> Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after [[Calais]], and the 183rd-largest in France.<ref name=pop2017>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017], [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]</ref> It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in [[herring]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationfrance.com/boulogne-sur-mer.php |title=Boulogne-sur-Mer Tourist Guide |publisher=Information France |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=8 August 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314002610/http://www.informationfrance.com/boulogne-sur-mer.php |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref>
'''Boulogne-sur-Mer''' ({{IPA|fr|bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ|lang|Fr-Paris--Boulogne-sur-Mer.ogg}}; {{lang-pcd|Boulonne-su-Mér}}; {{lang-nl|Bonen}}; {{lang-la|Gesoriacum}} or ''Bononia''), often called just '''Boulogne''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|b|ʊ|ˈ|l|ɔɪ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|b|uː|ˈ|l|oʊ|n|,_|b|uː|ˈ|l|ɔɪ|n}}), is a coastal city in [[Hauts-de-France|Northern France]]. It is a [[Subprefectures in France|sub-prefecture]] of the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Pas-de-Calais]]. Boulogne lies on the [[Côte d'Opale]], a touristic stretch of French coast on the [[English Channel]] between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after the [[Lille]] conurbation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/c-l-actu/598-cest-lactu-juillet-2010 |title=C'est l'Actu juillet 2010 |publisher=Ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821235114/http://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/c-l-actu/598-cest-lactu-juillet-2010# |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref> Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after [[Calais]], and the 183rd-largest in France.<ref name=pop2017>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017], [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]</ref> It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in [[herring]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationfrance.com/boulogne-sur-mer.php |title=Boulogne-sur-Mer Tourist Guide |publisher=Information France |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=8 August 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314002610/http://www.informationfrance.com/boulogne-sur-mer.php |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref>


Boulogne is an ancient town and was the main [[Roman Empire|Roman]] port for trade and communication with its [[Roman Britain|Province of Britain]]. After a period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was integrated into the [[County of Boulogne]] of the [[Kingdom of France]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. It was occupied by the [[Kingdom of England]] numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it was a staging area for [[Napoleon]]'s troops for several months during his [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|planned invasion of the United Kingdom]].
Boulogne is an ancient town and was the main [[Roman Empire|Roman]] port for trade and communication with its [[Roman Britain|Province of Britain]]. After a period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was integrated into the [[County of Boulogne]] of the [[Kingdom of France]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. It was occupied by the [[Kingdom of England]] numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it was a staging area for [[Napoleon]]'s troops for several months during his [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|planned invasion of the United Kingdom]].
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==Name==
==Name==
The [[French language|French]] name ''Boulogne'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''Bononia'', which was also the Roman name for [[Bologna]] in Italy. Both places – and [[Vindobona]] ([[Vienna]]) – are thought to have derived from native [[Celtic placenames]], with ''bona'' possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary".{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} The French epithet ''{{linktext|sur}}-[[wikt:mer|Mer]]'' ("on-the-sea") distinguishes the city from [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] on the edge of [[Paris]]. In turn, the ''Boulogne'' in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to [[Notre-Dame de Boulogne]], "[[Our Lady of]] Boulogne[-sur-Mer]".
The French name ''Boulogne'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''Bononia'', which was also the Roman name for [[Bologna]] in Italy. Both places – and [[Vindobona]] ([[Vienna]]) – are thought to have derived from native [[Celtic placenames]], with ''bona'' possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary".{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} The French epithet ''{{linktext|sur}}-[[wikt:mer|Mer]]'' ("on-the-sea") distinguishes the city from [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] on the edge of Paris. In turn, the ''Boulogne'' in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to [[Notre-Dame de Boulogne]], "[[Our Lady of]] Boulogne[-sur-Mer]".


==History==
==History==
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===Origin of the city===
===Origin of the city===


The foundation of the city known to the Romans as '''Gesoriacum''' is credited to the [[list of Celtic tribes|Celtic]] [[Boii]]. In the past, it was sometimes conflated with [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s [[Itius Portus|Portus Itius]], but that is now thought to have been a site near [[Calais]] which has since silted up. A tall lighthouse was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by order of the Emperor [[Caligula]],<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'': Gaius (Caligula), chapter 46.</ref> possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d'Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the sea in 1644.[[File:La Tour d'Odre en 1550, Boulogne-sur-Mer..jpg|thumb|260px|left|The Tour d'Ordre, a Roman lighthouse, in 1550. It fell into the sea in 1644, having stood for over 1600 years.]]From the time of [[Claudius]]'s [[Roman conquest of Britain|invasion]] in AD&nbsp;43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to [[Roman Britain|Britain]]. It was the chief base of the [[Roman navy]]'s [[Classis Britannica|Britannic fleet]] until the [[Carausian Revolt|rebellion]] of its admiral [[Carausius]] in 286. As part of the imperial response, the [[caesar (title)|junior emperor]] [[Constantius Chlorus]] successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293.<ref name="flagspot.net">{{cite web |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/fr-62-bm.html |title=Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France) |publisher=Flagspot.net |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515030533/http://flagspot.net/flags/fr-62-bm.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> The name of the settlement was changed to '''Bononia''' at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community.<ref>Nixon, C.E.V. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0WlC_UtU8M4C&pg=PA223 ''In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The'' Panegyrici Latini: ''Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors'', "VI. ''Panegyric of Constantine'', by an Anonymous Orator (310)", p.&nbsp;223–224, n.&nbsp;19.] University of California Press (Los Angeles), 1994. {{ISBN|0-520-08326-1}}.</ref>
The foundation of the city known to the Romans as '''Gesoriacum''' is credited to the [[list of Celtic tribes|Celtic]] [[Boii]]. In the past, it was sometimes conflated with [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s [[Itius Portus|Portus Itius]], but that is now thought to have been a site near [[Calais]] which has since silted up. A tall lighthouse was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by order of the Emperor [[Caligula]],<ref>[[Suetonius]], ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'': Gaius (Caligula), chapter 46.</ref> possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d'Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the sea in 1644.[[File:La Tour d'Odre en 1550, Boulogne-sur-Mer..jpg|thumb|260px|left|The Tour d'Ordre, a Roman lighthouse, in 1550. It fell into the sea in 1644, having stood for over 1600 years.]]From the time of [[Claudius]]'s [[Roman conquest of Britain|invasion]] in AD&nbsp;43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to [[Roman Britain|Britain]]. It was the chief base of the [[Roman navy]]'s [[Classis Britannica|Britannic fleet]] until the [[Carausian Revolt|rebellion]] of its admiral [[Carausius]] in 286. As part of the imperial response, the [[caesar (title)|junior emperor]] [[Constantius Chlorus]] successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293.<ref name="flagspot.net">{{cite web |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/fr-62-bm.html |title=Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France) |publisher=Flagspot.net |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515030533/http://flagspot.net/flags/fr-62-bm.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> The name of the settlement was changed to '''Bononia''' at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community.<ref>Nixon, C.E.V. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0WlC_UtU8M4C&pg=PA223 ''In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The'' Panegyrici Latini: ''Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors'', "VI. ''Panegyric of Constantine'', by an Anonymous Orator (310)", p.&nbsp;223–224, n.&nbsp;19.] University of California Press (Los Angeles), 1994. {{ISBN|0-520-08326-1}}.</ref>


The city was an important town of the [[Morini]] (the 'sea people'), and [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] called it ''Germanorum'' ("Germanic-speaking") at the end of the 4th century.<ref>Historia Nova, Book VI.5.2–3</ref>
The city was an important town of the [[Morini]] (the 'sea people'), and [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] called it ''Germanorum'' ("Germanic-speaking") at the end of the 4th century.<ref>Historia Nova, Book VI.5.2–3</ref>
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{{main|County of Boulogne}}
{{main|County of Boulogne}}
{{further|Siege of Boulogne (1492)|Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)}}
{{further|Siege of Boulogne (1492)|Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)}}
In the [[Middle Ages]] Boulogne was the capital of an [[Count of Boulogne|eponymous county]], founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, [[Eustace II of Boulogne|Eustace II]], assisted [[William the Conqueror]] in his conquest of England. His wife founded the city's [[Notre-Dame de Boulogne|Notre Dame]] cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It was an important whaling center prior to 1121.<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Smet |first1=W. M. A. |author-link=Wim De Smet |title=Mammals in the Seas: General Papers and Large Cetaceans |volume=3 |chapter=Evidence of Whaling in the North Sea and English Channel During the Middle Ages |date=1981 |pages=301–309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKaUpfo2XCUC&pg=PA301 |isbn=92-5-100513-3 }}</ref> The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count [[Renaud of Dammartin]] in 1203.<ref name="flagspot.net"/>
In the [[Middle Ages]] Boulogne was the capital of an [[Count of Boulogne|eponymous county]], founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, [[Eustace II of Boulogne|Eustace II]], assisted [[William the Conqueror]] in his conquest of England. His wife founded the city's [[Notre-Dame de Boulogne|Notre Dame]] cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It was an important whaling center prior to 1121.<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Smet |first1=W. M. A. |author-link=Wim De Smet |title=Mammals in the Seas: General Papers and Large Cetaceans |volume=3 |chapter=Evidence of Whaling in the North Sea and English Channel During the Middle Ages |date=1981 |pages=301–309 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKaUpfo2XCUC&pg=PA301 |isbn=92-5-100513-3 }}</ref> The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count [[Renaud of Dammartin]] in 1203.<ref name="flagspot.net"/>


The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during the course of the [[Hundred Years War]]. In 1492 [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] laid [[Siege of Boulogne (1492)|siege to Boulogne]] before the conflict was ended by the [[Peace of Étaples]]. [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)|Boulogne was again occupied by the English]] from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The [[Rough Wooing#Treaty of Boulogne|Peace of Boulogne]] ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] from the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] moved the border northwards.
The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during the course of the [[Hundred Years War]]. In 1492 [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] laid [[Siege of Boulogne (1492)|siege to Boulogne]] before the conflict was ended by the [[Peace of Étaples]]. [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)|Boulogne was again occupied by the English]] from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The [[Rough Wooing#Treaty of Boulogne|Peace of Boulogne]] ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] from the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] moved the border northwards.
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=== 19th century ===
=== 19th century ===
[[File:Boulogne Colonne 01.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Column of the Grande Armée]] commemorates [[Napoleon]]'s gathering of 200,000 soldiers near Boulogne for a proposed invasion of the United Kingdom. His statue is at the top.]]
[[File:Boulogne Colonne 01.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Column of the Grande Armée]] commemorates [[Napoleon]]'s gathering of 200,000 soldiers near Boulogne for a proposed invasion of the United Kingdom. His statue is at the top.]]
Boulogne received its current status as a [[Subprefectures in France| subprefecture]] of the [[Pas-de-Calais (département)|Pas-de-Calais]] department in 1800 due to the territorial re-organisation in Revolutionary France. France became the [[First French Empire | French Empire]] in 1804; in 1803 Boulogne became an Imperial City ''(Ville Impériale)''.<ref>
Boulogne received its current status as a [[Subprefectures in France|subprefecture]] of the [[Pas-de-Calais (département)|Pas-de-Calais]] department in 1800 due to the territorial re-organisation in Revolutionary France. France became the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] in 1804; in 1803 Boulogne became an Imperial City ''(Ville Impériale)''.<ref>
[https://www.fotw.info/flags/fr-62-bm.html Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France)] - "Boulogne was proclaimed in 1803 an Imperial Town."
[https://www.fotw.info/flags/fr-62-bm.html Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France)] - "Boulogne was proclaimed in 1803 an Imperial Town."
</ref>{{Better source needed | reason = Chronoclasm?|date=February 2023}}
</ref>{{Better source needed | reason = Chronoclasm?|date=February 2023}}


The 19th century was a prosperous one for Boulogne, which became a [[bathing resort]] for wealthy Parisians after the 1848 completion of the [[Longueau–Boulogne railway]] connecting the town with the French capital.<ref name="flagspot.net"/> In the 19th century, the [[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne]] was reconstructed by the [[priest]] [[Benoît Haffreingue]], who claimed to have received a call from God in 1820 to reconstruct the town's ruined [[basilica]]. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Napoleon amassed [[La Grande Armée]] in Boulogne to [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom |invade the United Kingdom]] in 1805. However, his plans were halted by [[Ulm Campaign | other European matters]] and by the supremacy of the [[Royal Navy]].
The 19th century was a prosperous one for Boulogne, which became a [[bathing resort]] for wealthy Parisians after the 1848 completion of the [[Longueau–Boulogne railway]] connecting the town with the French capital.<ref name="flagspot.net"/> In the 19th century, the [[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne]] was reconstructed by the priest [[Benoît Haffreingue]], who claimed to have received a call from God in 1820 to reconstruct the town's ruined [[basilica]]. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Napoleon amassed [[La Grande Armée]] in Boulogne to [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|invade the United Kingdom]] in 1805. However, his plans were halted by [[Ulm Campaign|other European matters]] and by the supremacy of the [[Royal Navy]].


A nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (subsequently the emperor [[Napoleon III]]), returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was later jailed for trying to lead a revolt in [[Strasbourg]].
A nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (subsequently the emperor [[Napoleon III]]), returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was later jailed for trying to lead a revolt in [[Strasbourg]].
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==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Boulognesurmer centreville thiers.jpg|thumb|Pedestrian street in the city centre.]]
[[File:Boulognesurmer centreville thiers.jpg|thumb|Pedestrian street in the city centre]]


===Location===
===Location===
Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river "[[Liane (river)|Liane]]". In a direct line, Boulogne is approximately at {{convert|30|km|abbr=off}} from [[Calais]], {{convert|50|km|abbr=off}} from [[Folkestone]], {{convert|100|km|abbr=off}} from [[Lille]] and [[Amiens]], {{convert|150|km|abbr=off}} from [[Rouen]] and [[London]] and {{convert|215|km|abbr=off}} from [[Paris]].
Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river [[Liane (river)|Liane]]. In a direct line, Boulogne is approximately at {{convert|30|km|abbr=off}} from [[Calais]], {{convert|50|km|abbr=off}} from [[Folkestone]], {{convert|100|km|abbr=off}} from [[Lille]] and [[Amiens]], {{convert|150|km|abbr=off}} from [[Rouen]] and London and {{convert|215|km|abbr=off}} from Paris.


Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the "[[Boulonnais (land area)|Boulonnais]]" territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes [[Cap Gris Nez|Gris Nez]] and [[Cap Blanc Nez|Blanc Nez]] (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like [[Wimereux]], [[Wissant]], [[Neufchâtel-Hardelot|Hardelot]] and [[Le Touquet]]. The hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural.
Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the [[Boulonnais (land area)|Boulonnais]] territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes [[Cap Gris Nez|Gris Nez]] and [[Cap Blanc Nez|Blanc Nez]] (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like [[Wimereux]], [[Wissant]], [[Neufchâtel-Hardelot|Hardelot]] and [[Le Touquet]]. The hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural.

===Transport===
[[File:Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries (France).jpg|thumb|Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries]]
Boulogne is close to the [[A16 autoroute|A16 motorway]] (Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque). Metropolitan bus services are operated by "Marinéo". The company [[Flixbus]] propose a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque.

The city has railway stations, which the most important is [[Gare de Boulogne-Ville|Boulogne-Ville station]], located in the south of the city. [[Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries|Boulogne-Tintelleries station]] is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city centre. The former [[Gare de Boulogne-Maritime|Boulogne-Maritime]] and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection (to England) for the railway.

Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to [[Dover]] by [[LD Lines]] in 2010.

The regional trains are [[TER Hauts-de-France]] run by [[SNCF]]. The principal service runs from [[Gare de Boulogne-Ville]] via [[Gare de Calais-Fréthun]], [[Gare de Calais-Ville]] to [[Gare de Lille-Flandres]].


===Urbanization===
===Urbanization===
[[File:Boulognesurmer borddemer.jpg|thumb|Walk along the beach.]]
[[File:Boulognesurmer borddemer.jpg|thumb|The beachfront]]
The city is divided into several parts :
The city is divided into several parts :
* City centre : groups historic and administrative buildings, and also accommodations, stores, banks, churches, pedestrian streets and places.
* City centre : groups historic and administrative buildings, and also accommodations, stores, banks, churches, pedestrian streets and places.
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===Climate===
===Climate===
Boulogne-sur-Mer has an [[oceanic climate]] that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to the sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relation to south and east coast locations in England year round. Precipitation is also higher than in said southern English locations.
Boulogne-sur-Mer has an [[oceanic climate]] that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to the sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relation to south and east coast locations in England year round. Due to warm winds originating inland, the record temperatures in summer are well above the averages and the warmest day of the year is averaging about {{convert|31|C|F}}.<ref name=Infoclimat9120/> Summer [[diurnal temperature variation]] is low, with normals varying between nights of {{convert|15|C|F}} with days at about {{convert|20|C|F}}. Precipitation is also higher than in said southern English locations. Between 1981 and 2010 the precipitation days averaged 125.3 annually, although overall precipitation increased somewhat in the next averages of 1991 to 2020.<ref name=Infoclimat9120/>


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Boulogne-sur-Mer (1981–2010 averages)
|location = Boulogne-sur-Mer (1991–2020 normals), humidity 1973–1990, extremes since 1973
|metric first = Y
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 15.0
|Jan record high C = 16.4
|Feb record high C = 18.9
|Feb record high C = 18.9
|Mar record high C = 22.7
|Mar record high C = 22.7
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|May record high C = 31.2
|May record high C = 31.2
|Jun record high C = 33.3
|Jun record high C = 33.3
|Jul record high C = 37.9
|Jul record high C = 39.6
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 31.5
|Sep record high C = 32.6
|Oct record high C = 27.2
|Oct record high C = 27.2
|Nov record high C = 19.1
|Nov record high C = 20.0
|Dec record high C = 17.2
|Dec record high C = 17.2
|year record high C = 37.9
|year record high C = 39.6
|Jan high C = 6.8
|Jan avg record high C = 11.7
|Feb high C = 6.9
|Feb avg record high C = 12.5
|Mar high C = 9.3
|Mar avg record high C = 16.7
|Apr high C = 12.0
|Apr avg record high C = 20.8
|May avg record high C = 25.0
|Jun avg record high C = 27.4
|Jul avg record high C = 29.1
|Aug avg record high C = 29.0
|Sep avg record high C = 25.1
|Oct avg record high C = 20.6
|Nov avg record high C = 15.8
|Dec avg record high C = 12.4
|year avg record high C = 31.3
|Jan high C = 7.1
|Feb high C = 7.3
|Mar high C = 9.7
|Apr high C = 12.7
|May high C = 15.4
|May high C = 15.4
|Jun high C = 17.7
|Jun high C = 18.1
|Jul high C = 20.1
|Jul high C = 20.1
|Aug high C = 20.5
|Aug high C = 20.7
|Sep high C = 18.3
|Sep high C = 18.5
|Oct high C = 14.8
|Oct high C = 14.9
|Nov high C = 10.5
|Nov high C = 10.8
|Dec high C = 7.5
|Dec high C = 7.9
|year high C = 13.4
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 2.9
|Jan mean C = 5.3
|Feb low C = 2.7
|Feb mean C = 5.4
|Mar low C = 4.6
|Mar mean C = 7.4
|Apr low C = 6.3
|Apr mean C = 9.8
|May low C = 9.5
|May mean C = 12.7
|Jun low C = 12.1
|Jun mean C = 15.3
|Jul low C = 14.4
|Jul mean C = 17.4
|Aug low C = 14.9
|Aug mean C = 18.0
|Sep low C = 13.0
|Sep mean C = 15.8
|Oct low C = 10.0
|Oct mean C = 12.6
|Nov low C = 6.3
|Nov mean C = 8.8
|Dec low C = 3.5
|Dec mean C = 6.0
|year low C = 8.4
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 3.4
|Feb low C = 3.4
|Mar low C = 5.0
|Apr low C = 7.0
|May low C = 9.8
|Jun low C = 12.5
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 13.2
|Oct low C = 10.3
|Nov low C = 6.8
|Dec low C = 4.1
|year low C =
|Jan avg record low C = -3.7
|Feb avg record low C = -3.0
|Mar avg record low C = 0.1
|Apr avg record low C = 2.1
|May avg record low C = 5.2
|Jun avg record low C = 9.0
|Jul avg record low C = 11.6
|Aug avg record low C = 11.8
|Sep avg record low C = 9.1
|Oct avg record low C = 4.6
|Nov avg record low C = 1.2
|Dec avg record low C = -2.4
|year avg record low C = -5.3
|Jan record low C = -13.4
|Jan record low C = -13.4
|Feb record low C = -13.6
|Feb record low C = -13.6
Line 188: Line 217:
|year record low C = -13.6
|year record low C = -13.6
|precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 67.9
|Jan precipitation mm = 77.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 46.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 56.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 53.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 48.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 48.1
|May precipitation mm = 55.8
|May precipitation mm = 54.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 50.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 48.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 53.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 54.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 50.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 63.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 68.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 69.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 94.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 95.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 97.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 106.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 87.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 103.1
|year precipitation mm = 777.9
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 13.0
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 10.3
|Apr precipitation days = 9.4
|May precipitation days = 9.3
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 8.3
|Aug precipitation days = 7.9
|Sep precipitation days = 10.2
|Oct precipitation days = 12.7
|Nov precipitation days = 13.3
|Dec precipitation days = 12.9
|year precipitation days = 125.3
|Jan snow days = 3.4
|Feb snow days = 3.3
|Mar snow days = 2.4
|Apr snow days = 0.8
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 1.0
|Dec snow days = 1.8
|year snow days = 12.7
|Jan humidity = 87
|Jan humidity = 87
|Feb humidity = 85
|Feb humidity = 85
Line 240: Line 243:
|Dec humidity = 87
|Dec humidity = 87
|year humidity = 83.3
|year humidity = 83.3
|source 1= Infoclimat (1991–2020 normals) <ref name=Infoclimat9120>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1991-2020/boulogne/valeurs/07002.html|title=Normales et records climatologiques 1991-2020 à Boulogne|publisher=Infoclimat|language=fr|accessdate=11 September 2023}}</ref>
|source 1= Météo France<ref name= Météo>{{cite web
|source 2 = Infoclimat (humidity 1973–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat6190>{{cite web
| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/boulogne-sur-mer/62160001/normales
| title = Données climatiques de la station de Boulogne-sur-Mer
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 8 January 2016
| archive-date = 8 July 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190708215038/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/boulogne-sur-mer/62160001/normales
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name=MFclimat2>{{cite web
|url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/nord-pas-de-calais/regi31/normales
|title = Climat Nord-Pas-de-Calais
|publisher = Meteo France
|language = fr
|access-date = 8 January 2016
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201321/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/nord-pas-de-calais/regi31/normales
|archive-date = 3 March 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07002-boulogne.html
| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07002-boulogne.html
| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Boulogne (62) – altitude 73m
| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Boulogne (62) – altitude 73m
Line 267: Line 251:
| access-date = 8 January 2016}}</ref>
| access-date = 8 January 2016}}</ref>
}}
}}

==Transport==
[[File:Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries (France).jpg|thumb|Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries]]
Boulogne is close to the [[A16 autoroute|A16 motorway]] (Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque). Metropolitan bus services are operated by "Marinéo". The company [[Flixbus]] proposed establishing a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque.

The city has several railway stations, of which the most important is [[Gare de Boulogne-Ville|Boulogne-Ville station]], located in the south of the city. [[Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries|Boulogne-Tintelleries station]] is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city centre. The former [[Gare de Boulogne-Maritime|Boulogne-Maritime]] and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection (to England) for the railway.

Boulogne-Ville was the terminus of the [[Chemin de fer de Boulogne à Bonningues]] (CF de BB), which extended their line from [[Saint-Martin-Boulogne]] on 12 May 1902. Within Boulogne were also halts at Rue de la Lampe, Rue de la Liane, Abbatoir and La Madelaine.{{sfn |Farebrother |Farebrother |2008 |p=139 }} The CF de BB closed to passenger traffic on 31 December 1935.{{sfn |Farebrother |Farebrother |2008 |p=239 }} It was reopened in November 1942,{{sfn |Farebrother |Farebrother |2008 |p=248 }} and closed in 1948.{{sfn |Farebrother |Farebrother |2008 |p=276}}

Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to [[Dover]] by [[LD Lines]] in 2010.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

The regional trains are [[TER Hauts-de-France]] run by [[SNCF]]. The principal service runs from [[Gare de Boulogne-Ville]] via [[Gare de Calais-Fréthun]], [[Gare de Calais-Ville]] to [[Gare de Lille-Flandres]].


==Sights==
==Sights==
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Other than the belfry there are also the following sights:
Other than the belfry there are also the following sights:

*Medieval walls 1,500 metres long, with 4 gates and 17 towers from the 13th century
*Medieval walls 1,500 metres long, with 4 gates and 17 towers from the 13th century
*Medieval castle, whose foundations date to Roman times. It houses an [[Egypt]]ian art collection, and the ancient Greek [[Suicide of Ajax Vase]].
*Medieval castle, whose foundations date to Roman times. It houses an Egyptian art collection, and the ancient Greek [[Suicide of Ajax Vase]].
*[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church of St Nicholas, housing several 15th-century statues
*[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church of St Nicholas, housing several 15th-century statues
*[[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne|Cathedral basilica of Notre-Dame]], with a dome standing at over 100&nbsp;m. The crypt is one of the largest in France, and has Roman, Romanesque and Gothic elements.
*[[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne|Cathedral basilica of Notre-Dame]], with a dome standing at over 100&nbsp;m. The crypt is one of the largest in France, and has Roman, Romanesque and Gothic elements.
Line 283: Line 278:
* The Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, created during the Great War
* The Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, created during the Great War
* [[:fr:Colonne de la Grande Armée|Colonne de la Grande Armée]] – Statue of Napoleon I
* [[:fr:Colonne de la Grande Armée|Colonne de la Grande Armée]] – Statue of Napoleon I

[https://web.archive.org/web/20100412164116/http://www.tourisme-boulognesurmer.com/uk/ Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer]<br />
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090608093542/http://www.tourisme-boulonnais.fr/uk/ Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer and the Boulonnais region]


==Economy==
==Economy==
{{unreferencedsect|date=January 2024}}
Boulogne-sur-Mer is an important fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving part, or all, of their livelihoods from fishing.
Boulogne-sur-Mer is an important fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving part, or all, of their livelihoods from fishing.


Line 306: Line 299:


{| rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #999; border-right:2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background:#f3fff3;"
{| rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #999; border-right:2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background:#f3fff3;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| List of [[Mayor]]s
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| List of Mayors
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|- style="background:#dfd;"
! Duration !! Name !! Party !! Particularities
! Duration !! Name !! Party !! Particularities
Line 402: Line 395:


==Culture==
==Culture==
* The [[Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer]] (now a castle museum) of Boulogne, in the fortified town, houses the most important exhibition of masks from Alaska in the world, the second largest collection of Greek ceramics in France (after the Louvre), collections of Roman and medieval sculptures, paintings (15th–20th century), an Egyptian collection, African Arts etc. As these collections are exhibited in a medieval castle, one can also discover the Roman walls (in the underground) as well as rooms built in the 13th century (La Barbière, banqueting hall, chapel, covered parapet walk...)
The [[Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer]] (now a castle museum) of Boulogne, in the fortified town, houses the most important exhibition of masks from Alaska in the world, the second largest collection of Greek ceramics in France (after the Louvre), collections of Roman and medieval sculptures, paintings (15th–20th century), an Egyptian collection, African Arts etc. As these collections are exhibited in a medieval castle, one can also discover the Roman walls (in the underground) as well as rooms built in the 13th century (La Barbière, banqueting hall, chapel, covered parapet walk...)

* La Casa San Martin is currently a museum where [[José de San Martín]] the leader of independence struggle in Argentina (also Chile and Peru) died in 1850, from 1930 to 1967 this house was the consulate of Argentina in France. There is a statue dedicated to his colleague [[Simón Bolívar]], other liberator of South America in the revolutions against [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] colonial rule in the 1810s. Bolivar planned to head in exile to this very part of France before his death in 1830. Historic emigration in the 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] can explain some cultural ties with South America of the ''Boulognais'' and [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]]/Ibero-American culture. {{citation needed|date=October 2010}}
[[File:Casa de San Martin.jpg|thumb|Casa de San Martin, Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
* [[Nausicaä Centre National de la Mer|Nausicaä]], the French national sealife centre.
La Casa San Martin is currently a museum where [[José de San Martín]] the leader of independence struggle in Argentina (also Chile and Peru) died in 1850, from 1930 to 1967 this house was the consulate of Argentina in France. There is a statue dedicated to his colleague [[Simón Bolívar]], other liberator of South America in the revolutions against [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] colonial rule in the 1810s. Bolivar planned to head in exile to this very part of France before his death in 1830. Historic emigration in the 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to [[Argentina]] and Chile can explain some cultural ties with South America of the ''Boulognais'' and [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]]/Ibero-American culture. {{citation needed|date=October 2010}}

[[Nausicaä Centre National de la Mer|Nausicaä]], the French national sealife centre.


===Food===
===Food===
As an international maritime port on the [[English Channel]] (''La Manche''), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include:
As an international maritime port on the [[English Channel]] (''La Manche''), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include:
* [[Welsh rarebit]] (from [[Wales]], United Kingdom)
* [[Welsh rarebit]] (from [[Wales]], United Kingdom)
* Sandwich américain (an American sandwich introduced from the USA)
* Sandwich américain (an American sandwich introduced from the US)
* Kipper ([[Flemish]]: smoked [[herring]])
* Kipper ([[Flanders|Flemish]]: smoked [[herring]])


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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===Born in Boulogne===
===Born in Boulogne===
[[File:Franck Ribéry 20120611.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boulogne-born footballer [[Franck Ribéry]].]]
[[File:Franck Ribéry 20120611.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boulogne-born footballer [[Franck Ribéry]].]]
* [[Matilda of Boulogne]] (1105–1152), Countess of Boulogne and queen consort of England; the wife of [[Stephen, King of England]] (reigned 1135–1154)
* [[Guynemer of Boulogne|Guynemer]] (''fl.'' 1090s), pirate.
* [[Matilda of Boulogne]] (1105–1152), Countess of Boulogne and queen consort of England; the wife of [[Stephen, King of England]] (reigned 1135–1154).
* [[Michel Le Quien]] (1661–1733), monk and historian.
* [[Michel Le Quien]] (1661–1733), monk and historian.
* [[Pierre Claude François Daunou]] (1761–1840), politician and [[historian]]
* [[Pierre Claude François Daunou]] (1761–1840), politician and historian.
* [[Frédéric Sauvage]] (1786–1857), engineer and a pioneer of the [[propeller]]
* [[Frédéric Sauvage]] (1786–1857), engineer and a pioneer of the [[propeller]].
* [[Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve]] (1804–1869), literary critic and one of the major figures of French literary history
* [[Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve]] (1804–1869), literary critic and one of the major figures of French literary history.
* [[Guillaume Duchenne]] (1806–1875), [[neurologist]]
* [[Guillaume Duchenne]] (1806–1875), [[neurologist]].
* [[Auguste Delacroix]] (1809-1868), painter
* [[Auguste Delacroix]] (1809-1868), painter.
* [[Auguste Mariette]] (1821–1881), scholar and archaeologist, one of the foremost Egyptologists of his generation, and the founder of the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]]
* [[Auguste Mariette]] (1821–1881), scholar and archaeologist, one of the foremost Egyptologists of his generation, and the founder of the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]].
* [[Joseph O'Kelly]] (1828–1885), composer and pianist
* [[Joseph O'Kelly]] (1828–1885), composer and pianist.
* [[Auguste O'Kelly]] (1829–1900), music publisher
* [[Auguste O'Kelly]] (1829–1900), music publisher.
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1349049/f3.image Charles Frédéric O'Kelly] (1830–1897), managing director of Blanzy-Poure
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1349049/f3.image Charles Frédéric O'Kelly] (1830–1897), managing director of Blanzy-Poure.
* [[George O'Kelly]] (1831–1914), pianist and composer
* [[George O'Kelly]] (1831–1914), pianist and composer.
* [[Alexandre Guilmant]] (1837–1911), [[organist]]/[[composer]]
* [[Alexandre Guilmant]] (1837–1911), organist/composer.
* [[Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour]] (1838–1910), painter
* [[Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour]] (1838–1910), painter.
* [[Benoît-Constant Coquelin]] (1841–1909), actor
* [[Benoît-Constant Coquelin]] (1841–1909), actor.
* [[Ernest Hamy]] (1842–1908), anthropologist/ethnologist; created (in 1880) the museum of ethnography of Trocadéro (today known as the Musée de l'Homme, Trocadéro)
* [[Ernest Hamy]] (1842–1908), anthropologist/ethnologist; created (in 1880) the museum of ethnography of Trocadéro (today known as the Musée de l'Homme, Trocadéro).
* [[Ernest Alexandre Honoré Coquelin]] (1848–1909), actor
* [[Ernest Alexandre Honoré Coquelin]] (1848–1909), actor.
* [[Olivier Latry]] (1962), Titular Organist of the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris]], and professor at the [[Conservatoire de Paris|Paris Conservatory]]
* [[Olivier Latry]] (1962), Titular Organist of the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris]], and professor at the [[Conservatoire de Paris|Paris Conservatory]].
* [[Henri Malo]] (1868–1948), writer and historian
* [[Henri Malo]] (1868–1948), writer and historian.
* [[Léo Marjane]] (1912–2016), singer
* [[Léo Marjane]] (1912–2016), singer.
* [[Georges Mathieu]] (1921–2012), famous painter, initiator of "lyrical abstraction" and informal art
* [[Georges Mathieu]] (1921–2012), famous painter, initiator of "lyrical abstraction" and informal art.
* [[Michel Caffier]] (born 1930), writer and literary critic
* [[Michel Caffier]] (born 1930), writer and literary critic.
* [[Sophie Daumier]] (1934–2004), film actress
* [[Sophie Daumier]] (1934–2004), film actress.
* [[Estha Essombe]] (born 1963), judoka
* [[Estha Essombe]] (born 1963), judoka.
* [[Jean-Pierre Papin]] (born 1963), footballer
* [[Jean-Pierre Papin]] (born 1963), footballer.
* [[David Ringot]] (born 1969), footballer
* [[David Ringot]] (born 1969), footballer.
* [[Mickaël Bourgain]] (born 1980), track cyclist
* [[Mickaël Bourgain]] (born 1980), track cyclist.
* [[Franck Ribéry]] (born 1983), footballer
* [[Franck Ribéry]] (born 1983), footballer.
* [[Terence Makengo]] (born 1992), footballer
* [[Terence Makengo]] (born 1992), footballer.


===Others associated with Boulogne===
===Others associated with Boulogne===
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* [[Maurice Boitel]] (1919–2007), painter
* [[Maurice Boitel]] (1919–2007), painter
* [[Olivier Latry]] (born 1962), musician, educator
* [[Olivier Latry]] (born 1962), musician, educator
* [[Grégory Thil]] (born 1980), footballer
* [[N'Golo Kanté]] (born 1991), footballer
* [[N'Golo Kanté]] (born 1991), footballer
* [[Maëva Coucke]] (born 1994), Miss France 2018
* [[Randal Kolo Muani]] (born 1998), footballer


==International relations==
==International relations==
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Boulogne-sur-Mer is [[twin towns|twinned]] with:
Boulogne-sur-Mer is [[twin towns|twinned]] with:
*[[Folkestone, Kent]], United Kingdom<ref name="Archant twinning 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=British towns twinned with French towns ''[via WaybackMachine.com]'' |access-date=12 July 2013 |work=Archant Community Media Ltd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 }}</ref>
*[[Folkestone, Kent]], United Kingdom<ref name="Archant twinning 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=British towns twinned with French towns ''[via WaybackMachine.com]'' |access-date=12 July 2013 |work=Archant Community Media Ltd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 }}</ref>
*[[La Plata]], [[Argentina]]
*[[La Plata]], Argentina
*[[Safi, Morocco]] – since 2007
*[[Safi, Morocco]] – since 2007
*[[Zweibrücken|Deux-Ponts]] (Zweibrücken), Germany – since 1959
*[[Zweibrücken|Deux-Ponts]] (Zweibrücken), Germany – since 1959
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* [[First Siege of Boulogne]]
* [[First Siege of Boulogne]]
* [[Itius Portus]]
* [[Itius Portus]]
* [[Port of Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
* [[Vieux-Boulogne]]
* [[Vieux-Boulogne]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book | first1 =Martin J B | last1 =Farebrother |last2=Farebrother | first2 =Joan S | year =2008 | title =Tortillards of Artois | publisher =The Oakwood Press | location =Usk | isbn =978-0-85361-554-5 }}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Revision as of 20:53, 26 August 2024

Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulonne-su-Mér (Picard)
Bonen (West Flemish)
A general view from the Brecquerecque Quarter: The modern lighthouse, the medieval bell tower and the English Channel
A general view from the Brecquerecque Quarter:
The modern lighthouse, the medieval bell tower and the English Channel
Flag of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Coat of arms of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Location of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Map
Boulogne-sur-Mer is located in France
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer is located in Hauts-de-France
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Coordinates: 50°43′35″N 1°36′53″E / 50.7264°N 1.6147°E / 50.7264; 1.6147
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
DepartmentPas-de-Calais
ArrondissementBoulogne-sur-Mer
CantonBoulogne-sur-Mer-1 and 2
IntercommunalityCA du Boulonnais
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Frédéric Cuvillier[1] (PS)
Area
1
8.42 km2 (3.25 sq mi)
 • Urban
62.8 km2 (24.2 sq mi)
 • Metro
667 km2 (258 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
40,910
 • Density4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2018[3])
84,676
 • Urban density1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2018[3])
160,130
 • Metro density240/km2 (620/sq mi)
DemonymBoulonnaise
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
62160 /62200
Elevation0–110 m (0–361 ft)
Websitehttp://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Boulogne-sur-Mer (French: [bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ] ; Picard: Boulonne-su-Mér; Dutch: Bonen; Latin: Gesoriacum or Bononia), often called just Boulogne (UK: /bʊˈlɔɪn/, US: /bˈln, bˈlɔɪn/), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the Côte d'Opale, a touristic stretch of French coast on the English Channel between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after the Lille conurbation.[4] Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after Calais, and the 183rd-largest in France.[5] It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in herring.[6]

Boulogne is an ancient town and was the main Roman port for trade and communication with its Province of Britain. After a period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was integrated into the County of Boulogne of the Kingdom of France during the Middle Ages. It was occupied by the Kingdom of England numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it was a staging area for Napoleon's troops for several months during his planned invasion of the United Kingdom.

The city's 12th-century belfry is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site (along with other belfries of Belgium and France),[7] while another popular attraction is the marine conservation centre Nausicaa.

Name

The French name Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia, which was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places – and Vindobona (Vienna) – are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames, with bona possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary".[citation needed] The French epithet sur-Mer ("on-the-sea") distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne, "Our Lady of Boulogne[-sur-Mer]".

History

Origin of the city

The foundation of the city known to the Romans as Gesoriacum is credited to the Celtic Boii. In the past, it was sometimes conflated with Caesar's Portus Itius, but that is now thought to have been a site near Calais which has since silted up. A tall lighthouse was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by order of the Emperor Caligula,[8] possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d'Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the sea in 1644.

The Tour d'Ordre, a Roman lighthouse, in 1550. It fell into the sea in 1644, having stood for over 1600 years.

From the time of Claudius's invasion in AD 43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to Britain. It was the chief base of the Roman navy's Britannic fleet until the rebellion of its admiral Carausius in 286. As part of the imperial response, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293.[9] The name of the settlement was changed to Bononia at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community.[10]

The city was an important town of the Morini (the 'sea people'), and Zosimus called it Germanorum ("Germanic-speaking") at the end of the 4th century.[11]

Middle Ages

Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, as shown on the Bayeux Tapestry.

In the Middle Ages Boulogne was the capital of an eponymous county, founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, Eustace II, assisted William the Conqueror in his conquest of England. His wife founded the city's Notre Dame cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It was an important whaling center prior to 1121.[12] The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count Renaud of Dammartin in 1203.[9]

The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during the course of the Hundred Years War. In 1492 Henry VII laid siege to Boulogne before the conflict was ended by the Peace of Étaples. Boulogne was again occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in Flanders from the Treaty of the Pyrenees moved the border northwards.

19th century

The Column of the Grande Armée commemorates Napoleon's gathering of 200,000 soldiers near Boulogne for a proposed invasion of the United Kingdom. His statue is at the top.

Boulogne received its current status as a subprefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in 1800 due to the territorial re-organisation in Revolutionary France. France became the French Empire in 1804; in 1803 Boulogne became an Imperial City (Ville Impériale).[13][better source needed]

The 19th century was a prosperous one for Boulogne, which became a bathing resort for wealthy Parisians after the 1848 completion of the Longueau–Boulogne railway connecting the town with the French capital.[9] In the 19th century, the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne was reconstructed by the priest Benoît Haffreingue, who claimed to have received a call from God in 1820 to reconstruct the town's ruined basilica. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade the United Kingdom in 1805. However, his plans were halted by other European matters and by the supremacy of the Royal Navy.

A nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (subsequently the emperor Napoleon III), returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was later jailed for trying to lead a revolt in Strasbourg.

World wars

A "special pass" issued for travel within Boulogne by the British Red Cross in May 1917, during World War I

During the First World War, this was the entrepôt for the first unit of the British Expeditionary Force to land in France and for many others thereafter. Boulogne was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the Western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the German advance, but was opened again in October and from that month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the chief hospital areas.

Until June 1918, the dead from the hospitals at Boulogne were buried in the Cimetiere de L'Est, one of the town's cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a long, narrow strip along the right hand edge of the cemetery. In the spring of 1918, it was found that space was running short in the Eastern Cemetery in spite of repeated extensions to the south and the site of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen.[14] It also was the site of an Allied (French and British) armaments production conference.

German invasion barges in Boulogne Harbour during the Battle of Britain in summer 1940

On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France, two British Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Boulogne against an attack by the German 2nd Panzer Division. Despite fierce fighting, the British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire.[15] On 15 June 1944, 297 aircraft (155 Avro Lancasters, 130 Handley Page Halifaxes, and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos) of the Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne harbour to suppress German naval activity following D-Day. Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs and the harbour and the surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August 1944 the town was declared a "fortress" by Adolf Hitler but it succumbed to Operation Wellhit, the assault and liberation by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September. In one incident, a French civilian guided the Canadians to a "secret passage" leading into the walled old town and by-passing the German defenders.[16]

To replace the destroyed urban infrastructure, affordable housing and public facility projects in functional, brutalist building styles were carried out in the 1950s and 60s.

Geography

Pedestrian street in the city centre

Location

Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river Liane. In a direct line, Boulogne is approximately at 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Calais, 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Folkestone, 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Lille and Amiens, 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Rouen and London and 215 kilometres (134 miles) from Paris.

Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the Boulonnais territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like Wimereux, Wissant, Hardelot and Le Touquet. The hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural.

Urbanization

The beachfront

The city is divided into several parts :

  • City centre : groups historic and administrative buildings, and also accommodations, stores, banks, churches, pedestrian streets and places.
  • Fortified town : old-town where are a lot of historic monuments (the castle-museum, the basilica, the belfry, the imperial palace) and also the city hall and the courthouse. it is surrounded by 13th-century ramparts very appreciated today by walkers.
  • Gambetta-Sainte-Beuve : tourist area situated in the northwest of the city, on the edge of the beach and the recreational harbour.
  • Capécure : economic and industrial area, situated in the west of the city, around the harbour.
  • Saint-Pierre (Saint Peter) : former neighborhood of the fishermen, destroyed during World War II and reconstructed after.
  • Chemin Vert (Green path) : zone created in the 1950s, knowing today poverty and unemployment. it is the neighborhood of Franck Ribéry.
  • Dernier Sou (Last penny) : residential area situated in the east of the city.
  • Beaurepaire (Beautiful hideout) : residential area situated in the north of the city.
  • Bréquerecque : residential area situated in the south of the city.

Climate

Boulogne-sur-Mer has an oceanic climate that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to the sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relation to south and east coast locations in England year round. Due to warm winds originating inland, the record temperatures in summer are well above the averages and the warmest day of the year is averaging about 31 °C (88 °F).[17] Summer diurnal temperature variation is low, with normals varying between nights of 15 °C (59 °F) with days at about 20 °C (68 °F). Precipitation is also higher than in said southern English locations. Between 1981 and 2010 the precipitation days averaged 125.3 annually, although overall precipitation increased somewhat in the next averages of 1991 to 2020.[17]

Climate data for Boulogne-sur-Mer (1991–2020 normals), humidity 1973–1990, extremes since 1973
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5)
18.9
(66.0)
22.7
(72.9)
26.0
(78.8)
31.2
(88.2)
33.3
(91.9)
39.6
(103.3)
34.8
(94.6)
32.6
(90.7)
27.2
(81.0)
20.0
(68.0)
17.2
(63.0)
39.6
(103.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1)
12.5
(54.5)
16.7
(62.1)
20.8
(69.4)
25.0
(77.0)
27.4
(81.3)
29.1
(84.4)
29.0
(84.2)
25.1
(77.2)
20.6
(69.1)
15.8
(60.4)
12.4
(54.3)
31.3
(88.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)
7.3
(45.1)
9.7
(49.5)
12.7
(54.9)
15.4
(59.7)
18.1
(64.6)
20.1
(68.2)
20.7
(69.3)
18.5
(65.3)
14.9
(58.8)
10.8
(51.4)
7.9
(46.2)
13.6
(56.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5)
5.4
(41.7)
7.4
(45.3)
9.8
(49.6)
12.7
(54.9)
15.3
(59.5)
17.4
(63.3)
18.0
(64.4)
15.8
(60.4)
12.6
(54.7)
8.8
(47.8)
6.0
(42.8)
11.2
(52.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)
3.4
(38.1)
5.0
(41.0)
7.0
(44.6)
9.8
(49.6)
12.5
(54.5)
14.7
(58.5)
15.3
(59.5)
13.2
(55.8)
10.3
(50.5)
6.8
(44.2)
4.1
(39.4)
8.8
(47.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3)
−3.0
(26.6)
0.1
(32.2)
2.1
(35.8)
5.2
(41.4)
9.0
(48.2)
11.6
(52.9)
11.8
(53.2)
9.1
(48.4)
4.6
(40.3)
1.2
(34.2)
−2.4
(27.7)
−5.3
(22.5)
Record low °C (°F) −13.4
(7.9)
−13.6
(7.5)
−7.8
(18.0)
−2.0
(28.4)
1.6
(34.9)
4.0
(39.2)
8.0
(46.4)
9.0
(48.2)
5.8
(42.4)
−1.0
(30.2)
−5.6
(21.9)
−9.6
(14.7)
−13.6
(7.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.0
(3.03)
56.0
(2.20)
48.0
(1.89)
48.1
(1.89)
54.6
(2.15)
48.0
(1.89)
54.3
(2.14)
63.2
(2.49)
69.6
(2.74)
95.8
(3.77)
106.8
(4.20)
103.1
(4.06)
824.5
(32.45)
Average relative humidity (%) 87 85 84 81 81 81 82 81 82 83 85 87 83.3
Source 1: Infoclimat (1991–2020 normals) [17]
Source 2: Infoclimat (humidity 1973–1990)[18]

Transport

Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries

Boulogne is close to the A16 motorway (Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque). Metropolitan bus services are operated by "Marinéo". The company Flixbus proposed establishing a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque.

The city has several railway stations, of which the most important is Boulogne-Ville station, located in the south of the city. Boulogne-Tintelleries station is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city centre. The former Boulogne-Maritime and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection (to England) for the railway.

Boulogne-Ville was the terminus of the Chemin de fer de Boulogne à Bonningues (CF de BB), which extended their line from Saint-Martin-Boulogne on 12 May 1902. Within Boulogne were also halts at Rue de la Lampe, Rue de la Liane, Abbatoir and La Madelaine.[19] The CF de BB closed to passenger traffic on 31 December 1935.[20] It was reopened in November 1942,[21] and closed in 1948.[22]

Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to Dover by LD Lines in 2010.[citation needed]

The regional trains are TER Hauts-de-France run by SNCF. The principal service runs from Gare de Boulogne-Ville via Gare de Calais-Fréthun, Gare de Calais-Ville to Gare de Lille-Flandres.

Sights

The Belfry is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne towers over the city.
Entrance to the Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer

Boulogne's 12th-century belfry is one of 56 listed Belfries of Belgium and France, all in northeastern France and Belgium, with shared World Heritage Site status because of their architecture and testimony to the rise of municipal power in the region.[23] It is the oldest building in the upper city of Boulogne, and currently serves as the home to a museum of Celtic remains from the Roman occupation. Founded as the Count's dungeon, the top floor was added in the 13th century. Damage by a fire in 1712 was built over by 1734.[7]

Other than the belfry there are also the following sights:

  • Medieval walls 1,500 metres long, with 4 gates and 17 towers from the 13th century
  • Medieval castle, whose foundations date to Roman times. It houses an Egyptian art collection, and the ancient Greek Suicide of Ajax Vase.
  • Gothic church of St Nicholas, housing several 15th-century statues
  • Cathedral basilica of Notre-Dame, with a dome standing at over 100 m. The crypt is one of the largest in France, and has Roman, Romanesque and Gothic elements.
  • Opened in 1991, Nausicaä – The French National Sea Centre is a science centre entirely dedicated to the relationship between mankind and the sea. It houses Aquaria, exhibitions on marine fauna, and the exploitation and management of marine resources (fisheries, aquaculture, coastal planning, maritime transport, exploitation of energies and mineral, tourism).
  • The Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, created during the Great War
  • Colonne de la Grande Armée – Statue of Napoleon I

Economy

Boulogne-sur-Mer is an important fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving part, or all, of their livelihoods from fishing.

IFREMER (the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) and the Pasteur Institute are located in Boulogne Port.

Certain brands, including Crown and Findus, have regional offices in Boulogne.

Media

  • Radio : France Bleu Nord, Virgin Radio Côte d'Opale
  • Television : France 3 Côte d'Opale
  • Print : La Voix du Nord (édition de Boulogne sur Mer), La Semaine dans le Boulonnais, Touzazimut

Events

In 1905, the first World Esperanto Congress was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where the historic Declaration of Boulogne was ratified. L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, was among the attendees. In 2005, there was an anniversary celebration to mark the centenary with more than 500 attendees.

Administration

List of Mayors
Duration Name Party Particularities
2014–2020 Frédéric Cuvillier PS Deputy, Minister
2012–2014 Mireille Hingrez-Céréda PS  
2004–2012 Frédéric Cuvillier PS Deputy, Minister
1996–2004 Guy Lengagne PS Deputy, Minister
1989–1996 Jean Muselet Conservative  
1977–1989 Guy Lengagne PS Deputy, Minister
1945–1977 Henri Henneguelle PS  

Population

In 2018, 40,664 people lived in the city, while its metropolitan area had a population of 160,130.[3]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 10,137—    
1800 10,685+0.75%
1806 13,257+3.66%
1821 17,728+1.96%
1831 20,874+1.65%
1836 25,732+4.27%
1841 29,145+2.52%
1846 30,994+1.24%
1851 30,783−0.14%
1856 34,739+2.45%
1861 35,349+0.35%
1866 38,492+1.72%
1872 38,514+0.01%
1876 40,075+1.00%
1881 44,842+2.27%
1886 45,916+0.47%
1891 45,205−0.31%
1896 46,807+0.70%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 49,949+1.31%
1906 51,201+0.50%
1911 53,128+0.74%
1921 55,336+0.41%
1926 52,839−0.92%
1931 51,854−0.38%
1936 52,371+0.20%
1946 34,885−3.98%
1954 41,870+2.31%
1962 49,281+2.06%
1968 49,276−0.00%
1975 48,440−0.24%
1982 47,653−0.23%
1990 43,678−1.08%
1999 44,859+0.30%
2007 43,840−0.29%
2012 42,785−0.49%
2017 40,874−0.91%
Source: EHESS[24] and INSEE (1968-2017)[25]

Education

Boulogne-sur-Mer hosts one of the oldest Universités de l'été – summer courses in French language and culture. It is known as the Université d'été de Boulogne-sur-Mer.

The Saint-Louis building of the University of the Côte d'Opale's Boulogne campus opened its doors in 1991, on the site of the former St. Louis Hospital, the front entrance to which remains a predominant architectural feature. Its 6 major specialisms are Modern Languages, French Literature, Sport, Law, History and Economics. The university is situated in the town centre, about 5 minutes[clarification needed] from the Boulogne Tintelleries railway station.

University

Public primary and secondary

  • High schools : Lycée Auguste Mariette, Edouard Branly, Cazin (professional).
  • College : College Langevin, Angelier, Daunou.

Private primary and secondary

  • High schools: Lycée Nazareth, Haffreingue, Saint-Joseph
  • College: College Godefroy de Bouillon, Haffreingue, Nazareth, Saint-Joseph

Health

Two health centres are located in Boulogne, the public Hospital Duchenne and the private Clinique de la côte d'opale.

Sports

US Boulogne play their home football matches at the 14,500-seat Stade de la Libération.

Boulogne's football club, US Boulogne Côte d'Opale (US refers to Union Sportive), is one of the oldest in France due to the city's proximity to England, founded in 1898. The club currently[when?] play in the third tier, the Championnat National, and host home matches at the 14,500-capacity Stade de la Libération.[26] Boulogne native and FIFA World Cup finalist Franck Ribéry began his career at the club.[27]

Basketball teams in Boulogne include Stade Olympique Maritime Boulonnais and ESSM Le Portel of Pro A (first-tier men's professional basketball league in France).

Culture

The Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer (now a castle museum) of Boulogne, in the fortified town, houses the most important exhibition of masks from Alaska in the world, the second largest collection of Greek ceramics in France (after the Louvre), collections of Roman and medieval sculptures, paintings (15th–20th century), an Egyptian collection, African Arts etc. As these collections are exhibited in a medieval castle, one can also discover the Roman walls (in the underground) as well as rooms built in the 13th century (La Barbière, banqueting hall, chapel, covered parapet walk...)

Casa de San Martin, Boulogne-sur-Mer

La Casa San Martin is currently a museum where José de San Martín the leader of independence struggle in Argentina (also Chile and Peru) died in 1850, from 1930 to 1967 this house was the consulate of Argentina in France. There is a statue dedicated to his colleague Simón Bolívar, other liberator of South America in the revolutions against Spanish colonial rule in the 1810s. Bolivar planned to head in exile to this very part of France before his death in 1830. Historic emigration in the 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to Argentina and Chile can explain some cultural ties with South America of the Boulognais and Latino/Ibero-American culture. [citation needed]

Nausicaä, the French national sealife centre.

Food

As an international maritime port on the English Channel (La Manche), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include:

Notable people

Born in Boulogne

Boulogne-born footballer Franck Ribéry.

Others associated with Boulogne

Baldwin I of Jerusalem, son and brother of Counts of Boulogne, ruled the Holy Land in the 11th century.

International relations

Boulogne-sur-Mer is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Comparateur de territoire, INSEE, retrieved 20 June 2022.
  4. ^ "C'est l'Actu juillet 2010". Ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  5. ^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017, INSEE
  6. ^ "Boulogne-sur-Mer Tourist Guide". Information France. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Les Beffrois au patrimoine de l'Humanité". Nordmag.fr. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  8. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars: Gaius (Caligula), chapter 46.
  9. ^ a b c "Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France)". Flagspot.net. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  10. ^ Nixon, C.E.V. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini: Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors, "VI. Panegyric of Constantine, by an Anonymous Orator (310)", p. 223–224, n. 19. University of California Press (Los Angeles), 1994. ISBN 0-520-08326-1.
  11. ^ Historia Nova, Book VI.5.2–3
  12. ^ De Smet, W. M. A. (1981). "Evidence of Whaling in the North Sea and English Channel During the Middle Ages". Mammals in the Seas: General Papers and Large Cetaceans. Vol. 3. Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 301–309. ISBN 92-5-100513-3.
  13. ^ Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France) - "Boulogne was proclaimed in 1803 an Imperial Town."
  14. ^ "Boulogne Eastern Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  15. ^ "2nd Battalion Irish Guards. – World War 2 Talk". Ww2talk.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  16. ^ Stacey, C P (1966). "Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports September 1944 – Operation "WELLHIT"; The Capture of Boulogne". Official History of the Canadian Army. Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  17. ^ a b c "Normales et records climatologiques 1991-2020 à Boulogne" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  18. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Boulogne (62) – altitude 73m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  19. ^ Farebrother & Farebrother 2008, p. 139.
  20. ^ Farebrother & Farebrother 2008, p. 239.
  21. ^ Farebrother & Farebrother 2008, p. 248.
  22. ^ Farebrother & Farebrother 2008, p. 276.
  23. ^ "Belfries of Belgium and France". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  24. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Boulogne-sur-Mer, EHESS (in French).
  25. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  26. ^ "Football Boulogne : Union Sportive Boulogne Côte d Opale (USBCO)". Foot-national.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  27. ^ Franck Ribéry – Goal.com Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

Sources

  • Farebrother, Martin J B; Farebrother, Joan S (2008). Tortillards of Artois. Usk: The Oakwood Press. ISBN 978-0-85361-554-5.

Further reading