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The Qalandariyya (Arabic: قلندرية), Qalandaris or Kalandaris are wandering Sufi dervishes. The writings of Qalandaris are not merely celebrations of libertinism, but affirmations of antinomial beliefs.

The first references are found in the 11th-century prose text Qalandarname (The Tale of the Qalandaris) attributed to Ansarī Harawī. The term Qalandariyya appears to be first applied by Sanai Ghaznavi in seminal poetic works where diverse practices are described. Particular to the Qalandari genre of poetry are items that refer to their practices of gambling, games, consuming intoxicants, syncreticism, libertinism, antinomialism, violating societal norms and Nazar ila'l-murd, things commonly referred to as Kufr or Khurafat by orthodox Muslims.

The order was often viewed with scrutiny by Islamic authorities.

Origin

The Qalandariyya are an unorthodox Tariqa of Sufi dervishes that originated in medieval al-Andalus as an answer to the state sponsored Zahirism of the Almohad Caliphate.^[1]^[2]

Spread

From al-Andalus the Qalandariyya quickly spread into North Africa, the Levant, Arabia, the Iranosphere, Asia Minor, Central Asia and Pakistan.^[1]^[2] In the early 12th century the movement gained popularity in Greater Khorasan and neighbouring regions, including South Asia.^[3]

The Qalandariyya may have arisen from the earlier Malamatiyya and exhibited some Buddhist and Hindu influences in South Asia.^[4] The Malamatiyya condemned the use of drugs and dressed only in blankets or in hip-length hairshirts.^[4] Qalandariyya spread to Hazrat Pandua in Bengal and places in Pakistan through the efforts of multiple Qalandari figures.^[1]^[5]

Qalandari songs in Pakistan typically incorporate Qawwali styles as well as different local folk styles, such as Bhangra and intense Naqareh or Dhol drumming.^[6]

Bibliography

De Bruijn, The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sana'i, in The Heritage of Sufism, 2003.
Ashk Dahlén, The Holy Fool in Medieval Islam: The Qalandariyya of Fakhr al-din Araqi, Orientalia Suecana, vol.52, 2004.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Ivanov, Sergej Arkadevich (2006) Holy fools in Byzantium and beyond Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, page 368, ISBN 0-19-927251-4
^ ^a ^b de Bruijn, J. T. P. "The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sand'i Onwards". In Lewisohn, Leonard (ed.) (1992) The Legacy of Mediæval Persian Sufism Khaniqahi Nimatullahi, London, pp. 61–75, ISBN 0-933546-45-9
^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 896. Retrieved 22 October 2011. The movement is first mentioned in Khorasan in the 11th century; from there it spread to India, Syria, and western Iran.
^ ^a ^b Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 896. Retrieved 22 October 2011. The Qalandariyya seem to have arisen from the earlier Malamatiyya in Central Asia and exhibited Buddhist and perhaps Hindu influences.
^ Muhammad Ruhul Amin (2012). "Qalandaria". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
^ Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). Culture and customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, page 171, ISBN 0-313-33126-X

[Sergej-1] Ivanov, Sergej Arkadevich (2006) Holy fools in Byzantium and beyond Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, page 368, ISBN 0-19-927251-4

[TheQalandariyya-2] Bruijn, J. T. P. "The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sand'i Onwards". In Lewisohn, Leonard (ed.) (1992) The Legacy of Mediæval Persian Sufism Khaniqahi Nimatullahi, London, pp. 61–75, ISBN 0-933546-45-9

[Spread-3] Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 896. Retrieved 22 October 2011. The movement is first mentioned in Khorasan in the 11th century; from there it spread to India, Syria, and western Iran.

[Influences-4] Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 896. Retrieved 22 October 2011. The Qalandariyya seem to have arisen from the earlier Malamatiyya in Central Asia and exhibited Buddhist and perhaps Hindu influences.

[5] Muhammad Ruhul Amin (2012). "Qalandaria". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 13 September 2024.

[6] Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). Culture and customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, page 171, ISBN 0-313-33126-X

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Unorthodox Sufi mystical order}}
 {{redirect|Qalandari|places in Iran|Qalandari, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Qalandari, Iran}}
 {{Islam}}
-{{Shia Islam|collapsed=1}}
 {{sufism|Orders}}
-The '''Qalandariyyah''' ({{lang-ar|قلندرية}}, {{lang-hi|क़लन्दरिय्या}}, {{lang-bn|ক়লন্দরিয়্য়া}}), '''Qalandaris''', '''Qalandars''' or '''Kalandars''' are wandering ascetic [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[dervish]]es. The term covers a variety of sects, not centrally organized and may not be connected to a specific [[tariqa]]t. One was founded by [[Qalandar (title)|Qalandar]] Yusuf al-Andalusi of [[Andalusia]], [[Spain]]. They were mostly in Iran, Central Asia, India and Pakistan. (The word also entered English as ''calender''.)
+The '''Qalandariyya''' ({{lang-ar|قلندرية}}), '''Qalandaris''' or '''Kalandaris''' are wandering [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[dervish]]es. The writings of ''Qalandaris'' are not merely celebrations of [[libertinism]], but affirmations of [[antinomianism|antinomial]] beliefs.
-Starting in the early 12th century, the movement gained popularity in [[Greater Khorasan]] and neighbouring regions, including [[South Asia]].<ref name="Spread">{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA896&dq=Qalandariya+India&hl=en&ei=gxCjTu2DNtKDtge2l-GuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Qalandariya%20India&f=false| title = Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|quote=The movement is first mentioned in Khorasan in the 11th century; from there it spread to India, Syria, and western Iran.|publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]]|year=1999|accessdate = 22 October 2011}}</ref> The first references are found in the 11th-century prose text ''Qalandarname'' (The Tale of the Kalandar) attributed to Ansarī Harawī.  The term ''Qalandariyyat'' (the Qalandar condition) appears to be first applied by [[Sanai]] Ghaznavi (died 1131) in seminal poetic works where diverse practices are described. Particular to the qalandar genre of poetry are terms that refer to gambling, games, intoxicants and [[Nazar ila'l-murd]], themes commonly referred to as ''kufriyyat'' or ''kharabat''. The genre was further developed by poets such as [[Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi]] and [[Farid al-Din Attar]].
+The first references are found in the 11th-century prose text ''Qalandarname'' (The Tale of the Qalandaris) attributed to Ansarī Harawī.  The term ''Qalandariyya'' appears to be first applied by Sanai Ghaznavi in [[Social influence|seminal]] poetic works where diverse practices are described. Particular to the Qalandari genre of poetry are items  that refer to their practices of gambling, games, consuming [[intoxicants]], [[syncreticism]],  libertinism, antinomialism, [[perversion|violating societal norms]] and [[Nazar ila'l-murd]], things commonly referred to as [[Blasphemy in Islam|Kufr]] or [[Nonsense|Khurafat]] by [[Sunni Islam|orthodox]] Muslims.
+The order was often viewed with scrutiny by [[Islamic state|Islamic authorities]].
 ==Origin==
-The Qalandariyya are an unorthodox tariqa of Sufi dervishes that originated in medieval [[al-Andalus]] as an answer to the state sponsored [[Ẓāhirī|Zahirism]] of the [[Almohad reforms#Reforms|Almohad Caliphate]]. From there they quickly spread into [[North Africa]], the [[Mashriq]], [[Greater Iran]], [[Central Asia]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref>Ivanov, Sergej Arkadevich (2006) ''Holy fools in Byzantium and beyond'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_KJn1QeKrt0C&pg=PA368 page 368], {{ISBN|0-19-927251-4}}</ref><ref>de Bruijn, J. T. P. "The Qalandariyyat in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sand'i Onwards".  In Lewisohn, Leonard (ed.) (1992) ''The Legacy of Mediæval Persian Sufism'' Khaniqahi Nimatullahi, London, pp. 61–75, {{ISBN|0-933546-45-9}}</ref>
+The Qalandariyya are an unorthodox [[Tariqa]] of Sufi dervishes that originated in medieval [[al-Andalus]] as an answer to the state sponsored [[Ẓāhirī|Zahirism]] of the [[Almohad reforms#Reforms|Almohad Caliphate]].<ref name=Sergej/><ref name=TheQalandariyya/>
+==Spread==
-==Qalandariyya in South Asia==
+From al-Andalus the Qalandariyya quickly spread into [[North Africa]], the [[Levant]], [[Arabia]], the [[Greater Iran|Iranosphere]], [[Asia Minor]], [[Central Asia]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Sergej>Ivanov, Sergej Arkadevich (2006) ''Holy fools in Byzantium and beyond'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_KJn1QeKrt0C&pg=PA368 page 368], {{ISBN|0-19-927251-4}}</ref><ref name=TheQalandariyya>de Bruijn, J. T. P. "The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sand'i Onwards".  In Lewisohn, Leonard (ed.) (1992) ''The Legacy of Mediæval Persian Sufism'' Khaniqahi Nimatullahi, London, pp. 61–75, {{ISBN|0-933546-45-9}}</ref>
-{{Twelvers|state=expanded}}
+In the early 12th century the movement gained popularity in [[Greater Khorasan]] and neighbouring regions, including [[South Asia]].<ref name="Spread">{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access = registration|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/896 896]| title = Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|quote=The movement is first mentioned in Khorasan in the 11th century; from there it spread to India, Syria, and western Iran.|publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]]|year=1999|access-date = 22 October 2011}}</ref>
-The Qalandariya may have arisen from the earlier [[Malamatiyya]] and exhibited some [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] influences in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Influences">{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA896&dq=Qalandariya+India&hl=en&ei=gxCjTu2DNtKDtge2l-GuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Qalandariya%20India&f=false| title = Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|quote=The Qalandariya seem to have arisen from the earlier MALAMATIYA in Central Asia and exhibited Buddhist and perhaps Hindu influences. |publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]]|year=1999|accessdate = 22 October 2011}}</ref> The Malamatiya condemned the use of drugs and dressed only in blankets or in hip-length hairshirts.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA896&dq=Qalandariya+India&hl=en&ei=gxCjTu2DNtKDtge2l-GuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Qalandariya%20India&f=false| title = Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|quote=The Qalandariya seem to have arisen from the earlier MALAMATIYA in Central Asia and exhibited Buddhist and perhaps Hindu influences.|publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]]|year=1999|accessdate = 22 October 2011}}</ref>
+The Qalandariyya may have arisen from the earlier [[Malamatiyya]] and exhibited some [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] influences in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Influences">{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access = registration|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/896 896]| title = Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|quote=The Qalandariyya seem to have arisen from the earlier Malamatiyya in Central Asia and exhibited Buddhist and perhaps Hindu influences. |publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]]|year=1999|access-date = 22 October 2011}}</ref> The Malamatiyya condemned the use of drugs and dressed only in blankets or in hip-length hairshirts.<ref name=Influences/> Qalandariyya spread to [[Hazrat Pandua]] in [[Bengal]]  and places in Pakistan through the efforts of multiple Qalandari figures.<ref name=Sergej></ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Qalandaria|author=Muhammad Ruhul Amin}}</ref>
-The writings of ''qalandars'' were not a mere celebration of [[libertinism]], but [[antinomianism|antinomial]] practices of affirmation from negative action. The order was often viewed suspiciously by authorities.
+Qalandari songs in Pakistan typically incorporate [[Qawwali]] styles as well as different local [[Folk religion#Folk Islam|folk]] styles, such as [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] and intense [[Naqareh]] or [[Dhol]] drumming.<ref>Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). ''Culture and customs of Pakistan''. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GQTABKAGaVgC&pg=PA171 page 171], {{ISBN|0-313-33126-X}}</ref>
-The term remains in popular culture. Sufi [[qawwali]] singers the [[Sabri brothers]] and international Qawwali star [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] favoured the chant ''dam a dam masta qalandar'' (with every breath ecstatic Qalandar!), and a similar refrain appeared in a hit song from [[Runa Laila]] from movie [[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (1976 film)|Ek Se Badhkar Ek]] that became a dancefloor crossover hit in the 1970s.
-In [[Pakistan]] and [[North India]], descendants of Qalandariyah [[faqir]]s now form a distinct community, known as the [[Qalandar (caste)|Qalandar biradari]].
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-{{familytree| | |!| |:| | |:| KIZ |~| BBK |~| HÜR |~| MUK |~| SİN |J| | | HUR | | |:| | | |!| |`| ZAH | | AKB | | | | | |KIZ=[[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism|Sāfav’īyyah-Kızılbaş]]|GİA=[[Şîʿa-i Bâtın’îyye]]|HÜR=[[Khurramites|Khurrām’īyyah]]|SİN=[[Sunpadh|Sunbādh’īyyah]]|BBK=[[Babak Khorramdin|Bābak’īyyah]]|MUK=[[Al-Muqanna|Mukannaʿīyyah]]|HUR=[[Hurufiyya|Hurūf’īyyah]]<ref>Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimî, ''Türk Tarihinde Mezhep Cereyanları - The course of [[madhhab]] events in [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[history]] – Two crucial front in [[Anatolia]]n [[Shiism]]: The fundamental [[Islamic theology]] of the [[Hurufiyya]] [[madhhab]]'','' (Preface and notes by Hilmi Ziya Ülken), Ahmet Sait Press, page 198, Kanaat Publications, Istanbul, 1940. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> [[Tariqa]]|AKB=[[Al Akbariyya (Sufi school)|Akbar’īyyah]] [[Sufi|Sūfī]]sm|ZAH=[[Zahediyeh|Zāhed’īyyah]] [[Tariqa]]}}
-{{familytree| | |:| |!| | |:| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| |}}
-{{familytree| | |!| |:| | HBV |`| SKT |~| KUL |~| PSA |y| GÜL |~| BLM |~| NES | | |:| | | |!| | | KHW | | WAV | |HBV=[[Hacı Bektash Veli|Hājjı Bektsh]]|KUL=[[Kul Nesîmî]]|PSA=[[Pir Sultan]]|GÜL=[[Gül Baba]]|BLM=[[Balım Sultan]]|NES=[[Nesîmî|Nāsīmī]]|SKT=[[Qizilbash]]<ref>According to Turkish scholar, researcher, author and [[tariqa]] expert Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, ''"[[Qizilbash]]s"'' (''"Red-Heads"'') of the 16th century - a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the [[Safavid dynasty]] - were nothing but "spiritual descendants of the [[Khurramites]]". Source: Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005.</ref>|WAV=[[Wahdat-ul-Wujood|Wāhdat’ūl`Wūjood]]|KHW=[[Khalwatiyya|Khālwat’īyyah]]}}
-{{familytree| | |:| |!|,|~|^|~|.| | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |`|-|-|-|(| | | |!|}}
-{{familytree| | |!| | YEM | | ABM |-| KAY |-| BKT |~| BEK | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | BAY |-| HBV  | | |BEK=[[Bektashism and folk religion|Baktāshi folk religion]]<ref>According to the famous [[Alevism]] expert Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, ''"[[Bektashiyyah]]"'' was nothing but the reemergence of [[Shamanism]] in [[Turkish people|Turkish]] societies under the polishment of [[Islam]]. (Source: Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar ''XII yüzyılda Anadolu'da Babâîler İsyânı - [[Babai Revolt]] in [[Anatolia]] in the Twelfth Century,'' pages 83-89, Istanbul, 1980. {{in lang|tr}})</ref>|BKT=Baktāsh’īyyah tariqa|ABM=[[Abdal]] [[:tr:Abdal Musa|Mūsā]]|KAY=[[Kaygusuz Abdal]]|HBV=[[Hacı Bayram-ı Veli]] |BAY=[[Bayramiyye|Bāyrām’īyyah]] [[Tariqa]]|YEM=[[Yunus Emre]]}}
-{{familytree| | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree| | |`|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|J| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}{{familytree/end}}
-[[File:Imam chart-qizil.pdf|thumb|center|852px|left|Qalandariyya and Shia Islam]]
-==Dhamaal==
-Songs honoring famous qalandars are called ''qalandri dhamaal'' in Pakistan and India. Dhamaal are a popular [[South Asia]]n musical subgenre about Sufi saints such as Lal Shahbaz Qalandar. These songs typically incorporate [[qawwali]] styles as well as different local folk styles, such as [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] and intense [[naqareh]] or [[dhol]] drumming.<ref>Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). ''Culture and customs of Pakistan''. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GQTABKAGaVgC&pg=PA171 page 171], {{ISBN|0-313-33126-X}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Ashurkhana]]
-* [[Jamatkhana]]
+* [[Jama'at Khana]]
 * [[Imambargah]]
 * [[Khalwat al-Bayada|Khalwatkhana]]
-* [[Khanaqa]]
+* [[Khanqah]]
-* [[Mejlis]]
+* [[Majlis]]
 * [[Musallah]]
-* [[Hussainia]]
+* [[Husayniyya]]
-* [[Tekkes]]
+* [[Takya]]
 * [[Malamatiyya]]
-* [[Mawlawiyyah]]
+* [[Mawlawiyya]]
 * [[Hurufiyya]]
 * [[Rifa'iyya]]
 * [[Qadiriyya]]
 * [[Galibi Order]]
-* [[Bektashiyyah]]
+* [[Bektashiyya]]
-* [[Naqshbandiyyah]]
+* [[Naqshbandiyya]]
 * [[Zahediyya]]
 * [[Khalwatiyya]]
 * [[Bayramiyya]]
 * [[Safaviyya]]
-* [[Qalandar (caste)|Qalandar]]
 == Bibliography ==
-* De Bruijn, The Qalandariyyat in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sana'i, in ''The Heritage of Sufism'', 2003.
+* De Bruijn, The Qalandariyya in Persian Mystical Poetry from Sana'i, in ''The Heritage of Sufism'', 2003.
-* Ashk Dahlén, The Holy Fool in Medieval Islam: The Qalandariyat of Fakhr al-din Araqi, ''Orientalia Suecana'', vol.52, 2004.
+* Ashk Dahlén, The Holy Fool in Medieval Islam: The Qalandariyya of Fakhr al-din Araqi, ''Orientalia Suecana'', vol.52, 2004.
 == References ==
 {{reflist}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Sufism in Pakistan|*]]
-[[Category:Shia Sufi orders]]
+[[Category:Sufi orders]]

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