Anti-Bengali sentiment: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Discrimination against the Bengali people in India}} |
{{Short description|Discrimination against the Bengali people in India}} |
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{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Anti-Bengali sentiment|timestamp=20240514090814|year=2024|month=May|day=14|substed=yes|help=off}} |
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{{POV|date=May 2024}} |
{{POV|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} |
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{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}} |
{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}} |
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''' |
'''Anti-Bengali sentiment''' comprises negative attitudes and views on [[Bengalis]]. This sentiment is present in several parts of India: [[Gujarat]], [[Bihar]],<ref name="pio7Jul2013">{{cite news |title=The Lost World |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/the-lost-world.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Pioneer |date=7 July 2013}}</ref> [[Assam]],<ref name="aj26Feb2020">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Manash Firaq |title=We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> and various tribal areas.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800630-turmoil-in-north-east-india-turns-into-armed-uprising-in-tripura-821236-2014-01-24 |title=Turmoil in North-east India turns into armed uprising in Tripura |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="ie10Jan2020">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-bengali-people-nagorik-suraksha-mancha-6210312/ |title=Tribals in state 'foreigners', Bengalis original inhabitants, claims Tripura social group |date=10 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite book |title='Bearing Witness': The Impact of Conflict on Women in Nagaland and Assam |year=2011 |publisher=Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research |page=42}}</ref> etc. Issues include discrimiation in inhabitation,<ref name="hindu22Feb2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/brus-vs-non-tribal-bengalis-its-a-clash-among-the-displaced-in-tripura/article30883079.ece |title=Brus vs non-tribal Bengalis: It's a clash among the displaced in Tripura |first=Rahul |last=Karmakar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 February 2020}}</ref> other forms of discrimination,<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="Bhaumik2008">{{cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |editor=Samir Kumar Das |title=Blisters on their Feet |url=http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |access-date=5 March 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-81-7829-819-1 |page=303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182014/http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[#Accused political parties|political reasons]], government actions,<ref name="Hindu20Jan2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/who-are-the-brus-and-what-are-the-implications-of-settling-them-in-tripura/article30600913.ece |title=Who are the Brus, and what are the implications of settling them in Tripura? |first=Rahul |last=Karmakar |date=20 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref name="abc"/><ref name="auto9">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/23/harassed-discriminated-story-of-assams-bengali-origin-people |title='We're sons of the soil, don't call us Bangladeshis' |first=Saif |last=Khalid |website=Aljazeera.com}}</ref> anti-Bangladeshi sentiment,<ref name="ds4Sep2021">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-literature/news/story-bengal-and-bengalis-the-bengali-homeland-and-its-inhabitants-2168056 |title=Story of Bengal and Bengalis: The Bengali Homeland and its Inhabitants |date=4 September 2021 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> etc. The discriminative condition of Bengalis can be traced from [[Khoirabari massacre]], [[Nellie massacre]], [[Silapathar massacre]], [[North Kamrup massacre]], [[Goreswar massacre]], [[Bongal Kheda]], etc. This has led to emergence of [[Bengali language movement in India|Bengali sub-nationalism]] in India as a form of protest and formation of many pro-Bengali organisations in India. |
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==Assam== |
==Assam== |
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===Assamese-Bengali strife=== |
===Assamese-Bengali strife=== |
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====Background==== |
====Background==== |
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According to Subir Deb, the author of ''Story of Bengal and the Bengalis'', anti-Bengali sentiment in Assam was deliberately fomented by the British in the colonial times.<ref name=" |
According to Subir Deb, the author of ''Story of Bengal and the Bengalis'', anti-Bengali sentiment in Assam was deliberately fomented by the British in the colonial times.<ref name="ds4Sep2021"/> The British designated Bengali the official language of colonially administered Assam between 1836 and 1873, which included the Bengali-majority region of [[Sylhet division]] in [[Assam Province]]. However, they also defined the map of Assam in such a way that many languages and communities (ethnic and indigenous) overlapped, creating language strife among the communities.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/assam-nrc-anti-foreigner-bengali-assamese |title=Decades of Discord: Assam Against Itself |website=thewire.in}}</ref> Colonisers also introduced the infamous "line system", which segregated Bengali settlers in Assam from its indigenous people, starting the system in Nowgong district in 1920.<ref name="ds4Sep2021"/> From 1921 to 1931, the system was enforced in Nawgaon district, where immigrants constituted 14 percent of the population. It was also implemented in Barpeta sub-division of Kamrup and Darang. In 1937, a 9-member Line System Committee was formed by the government. The general consensus of the committee was that "the line system was a temporary mechanism created to check the unrestricted inflow of the immigrants into open areas and to protect the demographic composition against disruption and disturbance".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pegu |first1=Rinku |title=The Line System and the Birth of a Public Sphere in Assam: Immigrant, Alien, and Citizen |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2004 |volume=65 |pages=586–596 |jstor=44144773 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144773 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> However, even after successive governments, the line system was not abolished, continuing to segregate Bengalis from the indigenous and tribal people.<ref name="ds4Sep2021"/> |
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====1960 language bill in Assam==== |
====1960 language bill in Assam==== |
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===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis=== |
===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis=== |
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====[[Bongal Kheda]] (1960 onwards)==== |
====[[Bongal Kheda]] (1960 onwards)==== |
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In 1960, the Assamese demanded to purge Bengalis from Assam.{{cn}} In June 1960, frequent attacks on Bengali Hindus started in [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] in [[Guwahati]] and then spread to the rest of the state.<ref name="ti">{{cite news|url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/column-details/173/a-taste-of-british-judiciary-amp-infamous-bongal-kheda.html|title=A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda'|last=Datta|first=Rathin|work=TripuraINFOWAY.com|publisher=Tripura Infoway News|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> An Assamese mob attacked innocent Bengali Hindu settlements in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The District Magistrate of Guwahati, who was a Bengali Hindu, was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960">{{harvtxt|Chakravarti|1960}}</ref> Another Bengali Hindu, the Deputy Inspector General of Police, was also stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960"/> Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from these institutions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/vino-chikhe/2016/02/19/102987.html|script-title=bn:যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল...|last=Chowdhury|first=Anwar|date=19 February 2016|work=Daily Ittefaq|language=bn|access-date=26 June 2017|location=Dhaka}}</ref> In [[Dibrugarh]], Bengali Hindu houses were looted and burnt, and their occupants were beaten up, knifed, and driven out.<ref name="ti"/> 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam and taken to [[West Bengal]].<ref name=" |
In 1960, the Assamese demanded to purge Bengalis from Assam.{{cn|date=May 2024}} In June 1960, frequent attacks on Bengali Hindus started in [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] in [[Guwahati]] and then spread to the rest of the state.<ref name="ti">{{cite news |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/column-details/173/a-taste-of-british-judiciary-amp-infamous-bongal-kheda.html |title=A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda' |last=Datta |first=Rathin |work=TripuraINFOWAY.com |publisher=Tripura Infoway News |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> An Assamese mob attacked innocent Bengali Hindu settlements in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The District Magistrate of Guwahati, who was a Bengali Hindu, was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960">{{harvtxt|Chakravarti|1960}}</ref> Another Bengali Hindu, the Deputy Inspector General of Police, was also stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960"/> Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from these institutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/vino-chikhe/2016/02/19/102987.html |script-title=bn:যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল... |last=Chowdhury |first=Anwar |date=19 February 2016 |work=Daily Ittefaq |language=bn |access-date=26 June 2017 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In [[Dibrugarh]], Bengali Hindu houses were looted and burnt, and their occupants were beaten up, knifed, and driven out.<ref name="ti"/> 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam and taken to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Bhaumik2008"/> |
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====[[Goreswar massacre]] (1960)==== |
====[[Goreswar massacre]] (1960)==== |
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The Goreswar massacre was a planned attack on Bengali Hindus living in [[Goreswar]] in the [[Kamrup district]] (now the [[Baksa district]]). As per a secret July meeting at a school in [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]], a students' strike was organised for the next day at Sibsagar. Groups of students and youths were sent to [[Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh]], and other adjoining areas to communicate the decision of the meeting.<ref name="paula2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfeHAwAAQBAJ&q=bengalis+killed+goreswar&pg=PA150|title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles|last1=Banerjee|first1=Paula|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Sabyasachi Basu Ray|last3=Das|first3=Samir Kumar|date=7 January 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132101987|language=en}}</ref> In the Brahmaputra Valley, Assamese mobs started attacking Bengalis. On 14 July 1960, riots began in Sibsagar with the looting of Bengali shops and assaults on several Bengalis. In lower Assam ([[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]] and [[Goalpara]]), intense violence occurred in 25 villages in [[Goreswar]]. An Assamese mob of 15,000, armed with guns and other weapons, attacked Bengali shops and houses,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffe4dMu4p_gC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22riots%22&pg=PA214|title=Discovery of North-East India|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|date=2015|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183240390|language=en}}</ref> destroying 4,019 huts and 58 houses.<ref name="paula2005" /><ref name="bhaumik2009">{{cite book|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRjDwAAQBAJ|access-date=22 October 2018|date=10 December 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9789352801817}}</ref> According to the inquiry commission, at least nine Bengalis were killed, one woman was attacked and raped, and nearly 1,000 Bengali Hindus fled from the area during the riot.<ref name=dutta2012>{{cite thesis|last=Dutta|first=Uddipan|date=31 December 2012|title=The Role of Language Management and Language Conflict in the Transition of Post Colonial Assamese Identity|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 4: Communal Riots on Language Issues|publisher=Gauhati University|page=98-99|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116506/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> The violence continued for months. Between July and September 1960, nearly 50,000 Bengali Hindus fled to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="paula2005"/> |
The Goreswar massacre was a planned attack on Bengali Hindus living in [[Goreswar]] in the [[Kamrup district]] (now the [[Baksa district]]). As per a secret July meeting at a school in [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]], a students' strike was organised for the next day at Sibsagar. Groups of students and youths were sent to [[Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh]], and other adjoining areas to communicate the decision of the meeting.<ref name="paula2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfeHAwAAQBAJ&q=bengalis+killed+goreswar&pg=PA150|title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles|last1=Banerjee|first1=Paula|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Sabyasachi Basu Ray|last3=Das|first3=Samir Kumar|date=7 January 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132101987|language=en}}</ref> In the Brahmaputra Valley, Assamese mobs started attacking Bengalis. On 14 July 1960, riots began in Sibsagar with the looting of Bengali shops and assaults on several Bengalis. In lower Assam ([[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]] and [[Goalpara]]), intense violence occurred in 25 villages in [[Goreswar]]. An Assamese mob of 15,000, armed with guns and other weapons, attacked Bengali shops and houses,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffe4dMu4p_gC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22riots%22&pg=PA214|title=Discovery of North-East India|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|date=2015|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183240390|language=en}}</ref> destroying 4,019 huts and 58 houses.<ref name="paula2005" /><ref name="bhaumik2009">{{cite book|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRjDwAAQBAJ|access-date=22 October 2018|date=10 December 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9789352801817}}</ref> According to the inquiry commission, at least nine Bengalis were killed, one woman was attacked and raped, and nearly 1,000 Bengali Hindus fled from the area during the riot.<ref name=dutta2012>{{cite thesis|last=Dutta|first=Uddipan|date=31 December 2012|title=The Role of Language Management and Language Conflict in the Transition of Post Colonial Assamese Identity|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 4: Communal Riots on Language Issues|publisher=Gauhati University|page=98-99|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116506/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> The violence continued for months. Between July and September 1960, nearly 50,000 Bengali Hindus fled to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="paula2005"/> |
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====[[North Kamrup violence]] (1980)==== |
====[[North Kamrup violence]] (1980)==== |
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In some districts of lower Assam, [[Kamrupi people|Kamrupi]] Bengali Hindus were harassed as foreigners and became the target of violence. On 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) for supporting the anti-Bengali movement.{{cn}} In 1981, the Assamese killed nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus. Along with Assamese locals, Kamrupi Muslims attacked the Bengali Hindus and spread violence.<ref name="kamrupi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176480086|language=en}}</ref> |
In some districts of lower Assam, [[Kamrupi people|Kamrupi]] Bengali Hindus were harassed as foreigners and became the target of violence. On 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) for supporting the anti-Bengali movement.{{cn|date=May 2024}} In 1981, the Assamese killed nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus. Along with Assamese locals, Kamrupi Muslims attacked the Bengali Hindus and spread violence.<ref name="kamrupi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176480086|language=en}}</ref> |
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====[[Khoirabari massacre]] (1983)==== |
====[[Khoirabari massacre]] (1983)==== |
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After the [[Partition of India]], Bengali Hindus from India and [[Bengali Hindu refugees]] from East Bengal settled in [[Khoirabari]] in the Mangaldoi sub-division of the [[Darrang district]]. During the assembly election on 14 February 1983, the activists of the [[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]] blocked access and cut communications to the Bengali enclaves. Indigenous Assamese groups, who held resentments toward the immigrant Bengalis, took advantage of the resulting isolation and surrounded and attacked the Bengali villages at night.{{cn}} As result, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and polling agents could not be sent to Khoirabari. Immigrant Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at the Khoirabari School,<ref name="goswami">{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sabita |title=Along the Red River: A Memoir |year= 2014 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-83074-26-6 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> where the indigenous Assamese mob attacked them.<ref name="goswami" /> According to [[Indian Police Service]] officer E.M. Rammohun, more than 100 immigrant Bengali Hindus refugees were killed in the massacre.<ref name=rammohun2005>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KclwPdsveMQC|title=Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast|last=Rammohan|first=E. N.|date=2005|publisher=India Research Press|isbn=978-81-87943-80-8|language=en}}</ref> According to journalist [[Shekhar Gupta]], more than 500 immigrant Bengali Hindus were killed.<ref name="gupta1984">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Assam: A Valley Divided |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-7069-2537-1 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZbaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barpujari |first1=H. K. |title=North-East India: Problems, Policies, and Prospects : Since Independence |date=1998 |publisher=Spectrum Publication |isbn=978-81-85319-81-0 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FluAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> The survivors took shelter in the Khoirabari railway station.<ref name=rammohun2005 /> |
After the [[Partition of India]], Bengali Hindus from India and [[Bengali Hindu refugees]] from East Bengal settled in [[Khoirabari]] in the Mangaldoi sub-division of the [[Darrang district]]. During the assembly election on 14 February 1983, the activists of the [[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]] blocked access and cut communications to the Bengali enclaves. Indigenous Assamese groups, who held resentments toward the immigrant Bengalis, took advantage of the resulting isolation and surrounded and attacked the Bengali villages at night.{{cn|date=May 2024}} As result, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and polling agents could not be sent to Khoirabari. Immigrant Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at the Khoirabari School,<ref name="goswami">{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sabita |title=Along the Red River: A Memoir |year= 2014 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-83074-26-6 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> where the indigenous Assamese mob attacked them.<ref name="goswami" /> According to [[Indian Police Service]] officer E.M. Rammohun, more than 100 immigrant Bengali Hindus refugees were killed in the massacre.<ref name=rammohun2005>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KclwPdsveMQC|title=Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast|last=Rammohan|first=E. N.|date=2005|publisher=India Research Press|isbn=978-81-87943-80-8|language=en}}</ref> According to journalist [[Shekhar Gupta]], more than 500 immigrant Bengali Hindus were killed.<ref name="gupta1984">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Assam: A Valley Divided |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-7069-2537-1 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZbaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barpujari |first1=H. K. |title=North-East India: Problems, Policies, and Prospects : Since Independence |date=1998 |publisher=Spectrum Publication |isbn=978-81-85319-81-0 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FluAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> The survivors took shelter in the Khoirabari railway station.<ref name=rammohun2005 /> |
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====[[Silapathar massacre]] (1983)==== |
====[[Silapathar massacre]] (1983)==== |
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In Silapathar, undivided [[Lakhimpur district]], Assam, Bengali Hindus had been residents for two decades, as an ethnic minority in the region. In February 1983, Assamese mobs attacked the Bengali villagers with machetes, bows and arrows, burnt houses, and destroyed several bridges which connected the remote area. The villagers escaped into the jungle, and spent days without adequate food or shelter.{{cn}} Journalist Sabita Goswami claimed that according to government sources, more than 1000 people were killed in the clashes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Sabita|title=Along the Red River: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ|access-date=23 April 2017|date=11 March 2014|isbn=9789383074266|chapter=27|publisher=Zubaan }}</ref> The survivors fled to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="upi24021983">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/02/24/Army-troops-rushed-Thursday-to-northeastern-Assam-state-where/5756414910800/|title=Army troops rushed Thursday to northeastern Assam state where...|last=Roy|first=S.G.|date=24 February 1983|work=upi.com|publisher=Upi.com|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> |
In Silapathar, undivided [[Lakhimpur district]], Assam, Bengali Hindus had been residents for two decades, as an ethnic minority in the region. In February 1983, Assamese mobs attacked the Bengali villagers with machetes, bows and arrows, burnt houses, and destroyed several bridges which connected the remote area. The villagers escaped into the jungle, and spent days without adequate food or shelter.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Journalist Sabita Goswami claimed that according to government sources, more than 1000 people were killed in the clashes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Sabita|title=Along the Red River: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ|access-date=23 April 2017|date=11 March 2014|isbn=9789383074266|chapter=27|publisher=Zubaan }}</ref> The survivors fled to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="upi24021983">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/02/24/Army-troops-rushed-Thursday-to-northeastern-Assam-state-where/5756414910800/|title=Army troops rushed Thursday to northeastern Assam state where...|last=Roy|first=S.G.|date=24 February 1983|work=upi.com|publisher=Upi.com|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> |
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====[[Nellie massacre]] (1983)==== |
====[[Nellie massacre]] (1983)==== |
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In the assembly elections of 1983, [[Indira Gandhi]] gave the right to vote to 4 million immigrants from Bangladesh. After the decision, the [[All Assam Students Union]] made a [[pogrom]]<ref name=Hussain>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Monirul|title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch|date=1 February 2009|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-8190583572|page=261|editor=Sibaji Pratim Basu}}</ref> and on 18 February 1983 attacked Bengalis in 14 villages.<ref>{{Citation |
In the assembly elections of 1983, [[Indira Gandhi]] gave the right to vote to 4 million immigrants from Bangladesh. After the decision, the [[All Assam Students Union]] made a [[pogrom]]<ref name=Hussain>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Monirul |title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch |date=1 February 2009 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-8190583572 |page=261 |editor=Sibaji Pratim Basu}}</ref> and on 18 February 1983 attacked Bengalis in 14 villages.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rehman |first=Teresa |title=Nellie Revisited: The Horror's Nagging Shadow |newspaper=Tehelka |date=30 September 2006 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp |access-date=19 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111192753/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp |archive-date=11 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The massacre claimed the lives of 2,191 people, with unofficial figures estimating more than 10,000 dead.<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation], Indilens news team, Retrieved 10 November 2015.</ref> |
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⚫ | No one was held responsible for these mass killings as a part of the 1985 [[Assam Accord]].<ref name=Harsh>{{cite news |last=Mander |first=Harsh |title=Nellie : India's forgotten massacre |date=14 December 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/12/14/stories/2008121450100300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010719/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/12/14/stories/2008121450100300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 October 2012}}</ref> |
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| last = Rehman |
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| first = Teresa |
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| title = Nellie Revisited: The Horror's Nagging Shadow |
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| newspaper = Tehelka |
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| date = 30 September 2006 |
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| url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp |
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| access-date = 19 February 2008 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061111192753/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp |
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| archive-date = 11 November 2006 |
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| url-status = dead |
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}}</ref> The massacre claimed the lives of 2,191 people, with unofficial figures estimating more than 10,000 dead.<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation], Indilens news team, Retrieved 10 November 2015.</ref> |
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⚫ | No one was held responsible for these mass killings as a part of the 1985 [[Assam Accord]].<ref name=Harsh>{{cite news | |
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====Other instances during [[Assamese language movement]] and [[Assam movement]]==== |
====Other instances during [[Assamese language movement]] and [[Assam movement]]==== |
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In 1972, during the [[Assamese language movement]], Bengali were mostly targeted.{{cn}} In [[Gauhati University]], Bengali Hindus were attacked. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekhawat|first=Vibhuti Singh|title=Assam: From Accord to ULFA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW2x76MPOhoC|access-date=6 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Anamika Publishers|isbn=9788179751695|page=88}}</ref> |
In 1972, during the [[Assamese language movement]], Bengali were mostly targeted.{{cn|date=May 2024}} In [[Gauhati University]], Bengali Hindus were attacked. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekhawat|first=Vibhuti Singh|title=Assam: From Accord to ULFA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW2x76MPOhoC|access-date=6 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Anamika Publishers|isbn=9788179751695|page=88}}</ref> |
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Agitation in 1979 led to frequent curfews and strikes called by the AASU and other local organisations. Trains were attacked, and central government employees of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Airlines and the Railways were intimidated and asked to leave the state.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791215-assam-meghalaya-in-the-throes-of-widespread-communal-trouble-822290-2014-02-11|title=Assam, Meghalaya in the throes of widespread communal trouble|newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Various incidents of unrest occurred, including a young Assamese man stabbing his childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.<ref name=" |
Agitation in 1979 led to frequent curfews and strikes called by the AASU and other local organisations. Trains were attacked, and central government employees of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Airlines and the Railways were intimidated and asked to leave the state.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791215-assam-meghalaya-in-the-throes-of-widespread-communal-trouble-822290-2014-02-11 |title=Assam, Meghalaya in the throes of widespread communal trouble |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Various incidents of unrest occurred, including a young Assamese man stabbing his childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.<ref name="aj26Feb2020"/> Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. In 1983, Bengali Hindus were attacked numerous times during the anti-foreign agitation.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became commonplace and Assamese rioters referred to former [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] as the "Bastard son of Bengal".<ref name="auto7"/> Effigies of then- West Bengal Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, hung from light posts and trees.<ref name="auto19"/> |
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====2000 onwards==== |
====2000 onwards==== |
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On 1 November 2018, five Bengali Hindus were killed on the banks of Brahmaputra near Kherbari village in the Tinsukia district of Assam. [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] were suspected to be responsible for the massacre.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2018 |title=Bloodbath In Assam: ULFA Militants Murder Five Bengalis in Tinsukia |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/bloodbath-in-assam-ulfa-militants-murder-five-bengalis-in-tinsukia/|work=Barak Bulletin|access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref> |
On 1 November 2018, five Bengali Hindus were killed on the banks of Brahmaputra near Kherbari village in the Tinsukia district of Assam. [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] were suspected to be responsible for the massacre.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2018 |title=Bloodbath In Assam: ULFA Militants Murder Five Bengalis in Tinsukia |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/bloodbath-in-assam-ulfa-militants-murder-five-bengalis-in-tinsukia/|work=Barak Bulletin|access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref> |
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In 2021, two Bengali Muslims were killed during an eviction drive by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite |
In 2021, two Bengali Muslims were killed during an eviction drive by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2-die-in-assam-eviction-drive/article36638255.ece |title=2 die in Assam eviction drive |date=23 September 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> |
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===Discrimination against Bengalis=== |
===Discrimination against Bengalis=== |
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Bengali Hindus living in Assam are routinely called 'Bangladeshis' and harassed.{{cn}} Bengali Hindus are being targeted by Assamese nationalist organisations and political parties from time to time. They are discriminatively tagged as [[Bongal]] (outsider Bengalis) in the context of Assam's linguistic politics.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} |
Bengali Hindus living in Assam are routinely called 'Bangladeshis' and harassed.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Bengali Hindus are being targeted by Assamese nationalist organisations and political parties from time to time. They are discriminatively tagged as [[Bongal]] (outsider Bengalis) in the context of Assam's linguistic politics.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} |
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Some examples of discrimination include: |
Some examples of discrimination include: |
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*Morjina Bibi, from Fofanga Part I village in Assam's Goalpara district, spent nearly nine months in detention from December 2016 to July 2017, for a case of mistaken identity which was a Government fault.{{cn}} |
* Morjina Bibi, from Fofanga Part I village in Assam's Goalpara district, spent nearly nine months in detention from December 2016 to July 2017, for a case of mistaken identity which was a Government fault.{{cn|date=May 2024}} |
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*Gopal Das, 65, committed suicide after receiving a notice from the Foreigners Tribunal in Udalguri district in spite of having his name in the 1966 voters list.{{cn}} |
* Gopal Das, 65, committed suicide after receiving a notice from the Foreigners Tribunal in Udalguri district in spite of having his name in the 1966 voters list.{{cn|date=May 2024}} |
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*Sajahan Kazi, a government school teacher from Barpeta district, spent 20 years from 1997 trying to prove his citizenship.{{cn}} |
* Sajahan Kazi, a government school teacher from Barpeta district, spent 20 years from 1997 trying to prove his citizenship.{{cn|date=May 2024}} |
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*Moinal Mollah of Barpeta district's Bohri village was kept in Goalpara detention camp, even though his parents and grandparents were declared as Indian citizens with the necessary documents. After three years, an NGO provided free legal assistance to Mollah, and the Supreme Court ordered his release.<ref name="auto9"/> |
* Moinal Mollah of Barpeta district's Bohri village was kept in Goalpara detention camp, even though his parents and grandparents were declared as Indian citizens with the necessary documents. After three years, an NGO provided free legal assistance to Mollah, and the Supreme Court ordered his release.<ref name="auto9"/> |
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*On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|N. R. C.]], though many of them claimed to have submitted documents of their citizenship to the Assam Government.<ref>{{Cite |
* On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|N. R. C.]], though many of them claimed to have submitted documents of their citizenship to the Assam Government.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:এনআরসি-তে ১২ লক্ষ হিন্দুর নাম বাদ, অসমে প্যাঁচে বিজেপি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/over-12-lakh-hindu-left-out-from-nrc-1.1044352 |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref> |
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*Two Bengali Hindus were killed by the militant formation [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]], but the killings neither drew any political or Governmental attraction and those responsible were not arrested.<ref |
* Two Bengali Hindus were killed by the militant formation [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]], but the killings neither drew any political or Governmental attraction and those responsible were not arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/possible-solutions-to-the-north-easts-bengali-problem/ |title=Possible Solutions to the North East's 'Bengali Problem' |website=Barakbulletin.com |date=4 September 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> |
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==Bihar== |
==Bihar== |
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In the first half of the 20th century, [[Bihar]] had a large population of middle class and professional Bengalis from [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Purnia]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Darbhanga]] and [[Bhagalpur]]. During the 15 years of [[Rastriya Janata Dal|RJD]] rule and [[Indian National Congress|Congress rule]] in the 1980s, Bengali families faced several cases of "house-grabbing," forcing the Bengali community to sell their homes and migrate to other places.<ref name=" |
In the first half of the 20th century, [[Bihar]] had a large population of middle class and professional Bengalis from [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Purnia]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Darbhanga]] and [[Bhagalpur]]. During the 15 years of [[Rastriya Janata Dal|RJD]] rule and [[Indian National Congress|Congress rule]] in the 1980s, Bengali families faced several cases of "house-grabbing," forcing the Bengali community to sell their homes and migrate to other places.<ref name="pio7Jul2013"/> |
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During 1948, the Manbhum district forcibly imposed the Hindi language, restricting use of Bengali and eventually making Hindi the sole official language of Bihar, which resulted in massive protests.<ref name="purulia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=Purulia.nic.in}}</ref> |
During 1948, the Manbhum district forcibly imposed the Hindi language, restricting use of Bengali and eventually making Hindi the sole official language of Bihar, which resulted in massive protests.<ref name="purulia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=Purulia.nic.in}}</ref> |
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==Meghalaya== |
==Meghalaya== |
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===Khasi-Bengali strife=== |
===Khasi-Bengali strife=== |
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1979's Khasi Bengali riot was the first major riot in [[Shillong]] which was directed against the local Bengalis as a minority. Most of the Assamese left the area after Assam was formed, but Indian Bengalis and refugees from East Bengal stayed there.<ref name="auto18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/06/05/shillong-violence-and-the-rhetoric-of-pure-blood|title=Shillong violence and the rhetoric of 'pure blood'|first=Samrat|last=X|website=Newslaundry|date=5 June 2018 }}</ref> Assam's Bongal Kheda influenced Meghalaya to drive Bengalis and other minorities out of the state. The [[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi |
1979's Khasi Bengali riot was the first major riot in [[Shillong]] which was directed against the local Bengalis as a minority. Most of the Assamese left the area after Assam was formed, but Indian Bengalis and refugees from East Bengal stayed there.<ref name="auto18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/06/05/shillong-violence-and-the-rhetoric-of-pure-blood|title=Shillong violence and the rhetoric of 'pure blood'|first=Samrat|last=X|website=Newslaundry|date=5 June 2018 }}</ref> Assam's Bongal Kheda influenced Meghalaya to drive Bengalis and other minorities out of the state. The [[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi Students' Union]] (KSU) was created on 20 March 1978 for this purpose.{{cn|date=May 2024}} |
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⚫ | On 22 October 1979, a fight between Khasis and Bengalis took place after a Khasi man allegedly damaged the Kali idol of Lal Villa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cuttingthechai.com/2019/10/8567/a-riot-that-changed-a-city-40-years-of-79er-gondogul-the-1979-shillong-anti-bengali-riots/ |title=A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots |date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, Bengali houses across Laitumukhra in [[Shillong]] were burnt down by the Khasi tribes.<ref name="auto19"/> The riots escalated strife between these communities, which would continue through the 1980s and 1990s. Nearly 20,000 Bengalis were displaced from the state in 1979, mainly from the capital Shillong, following the anti-Bengali riot.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/conflict-country/articleshow/15724883.cms |title=Conflict country - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/tribal-vs-non-tribal-1502863282.html |title=Tribal Vs Non-Tribal |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 March 2020}}</ref> A separatist militant outfit, [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC), was created, and instigated several riots in 1992.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Most of the Bengalis moved to West Bengal or the Barak Valley of Assam, or became internal refugees in Assam.<ref name="auto18"/><ref name="sm6Mar2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/tribal-vs-non-tribal-1502863282.html/amp |title=Tribal Vs Non-Tribal |work=The Statesman |date=6 March 2020}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On 22 October 1979, a fight between Khasis and Bengalis took place after a Khasi man allegedly damaged the Kali idol of Lal Villa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cuttingthechai.com/2019/10/8567/a-riot-that-changed-a-city-40-years-of-79er-gondogul-the-1979-shillong-anti-bengali-riots/|title=A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots|date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, Bengali houses across Laitumukhra in [[Shillong]] were burnt down by the Khasi tribes.<ref name="auto19"/> The riots escalated strife between these communities, which would continue through the 1980s and 1990s. Nearly 20,000 Bengalis were displaced from the state in 1979, mainly from the capital Shillong, following the anti-Bengali riot.<ref>{{cite news | |
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===After 2000=== |
===After 2000=== |
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After 2008, the situation was relatively peaceful in Shillong. From 2006 to 2017, the HNLC members increased from 4 lakh to more than a million.<ref name=" |
After 2008, the situation was relatively peaceful in Shillong. From 2006 to 2017, the HNLC members increased from 4 lakh to more than a million.<ref name="sm6Mar2020"/> |
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In February 2020, the HNLC warned all Bengali Hindus to leave the Ichamati and Majai areas of the district within one month. In a statement, HNLC general secretary Sainkumar Nongtraw warned of |
In February 2020, the HNLC warned all Bengali Hindus to leave the Ichamati and Majai areas of the district within one month. In a statement, HNLC general secretary Sainkumar Nongtraw warned of "mass bloodshed" if the Bengali Hindus did not leave Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya-extremists-ask-non-tribal-group-to-leave/article30965125.ece |title=Meghalaya extremists ask non-tribal group to leave t |date=2 March 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> After two days, more than a dozen non-tribals (including Bengalis) were assaulted by a group of masked tribal assailants in different parts of the Khasi Hills, and ten men were stabbed in Shillong.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Members of the Student's Union tried to burn down a house, which led to retaliation from the local non-tribals.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-police-books-banned-militant-group-in-meghalaya-after-threat-to-bengali-hindus/348296 |title=Police Books Banned Militant Group In Meghalaya After Threat To Hindu-Bengalis |magazine=Outlook |date=14 February 2022}}</ref> |
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KSU, continuing its influence in Meghalaya, put up banners and posters, saying |
KSU, continuing its influence in Meghalaya, put up banners and posters, saying "All Meghalaya Bengalis are Bangladeshis".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/anti-bengali-posters-in-meghalaya-police-warn-outfit-of-action/articleshow/78821134.cms |title=Anti-Bengali posters in Meghalaya, police warn outfit of action | Shillong News - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=23 October 2020}}</ref> |
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==Tripura== |
==Tripura== |
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===Tripuri-Bengali strife=== |
===Tripuri-Bengali strife=== |
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According to royal census reports, in 1947, 93 percent of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]]'s population consisted of tribal citizens who came from [[Mongolia]], Tripuri and other parts of the world.<ref name=" |
According to royal census reports, in 1947, 93 percent of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]]'s population consisted of tribal citizens who came from [[Mongolia]], Tripuri and other parts of the world.<ref name="ie10Jan2020"/><ref name="auto3"/> After the [[partition of India]], Hindus from neighbouring [[Comilla]], [[Noakhali]] and [[Chittagong]] districts of then [[East Pakistan]], as well as [[Dacca]] district, fled into Tripura, the majority of them being Bengali.{{cn|date=May 2024}} They triggered a population explosion from 646,000 in 1951 to 1.15 million in 1961 and 1.5 million in 1971. This resulted in the Tripuri tribal population shrinking to 28.5 per cent.<ref name="auto3"/> In 1977, a section of the Tripuris formed a political party called [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] (TUJS), which began to back extremist movements.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Their motive was to drive out "foreigners," i.e. Bengalis, from the state.{{cn|date=May 2024}} TUJS leaders drew up an action programme for Bengali expulsion in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800715-communal-riots-rock-tripura-state-govt-try-to-find-scapegoat-to-blame-mob-frenzy-on-821251-2014-01-22 |title=Communal riots rock Tripura, state govt try to find scapegoat to blame mob frenzy on |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref> |
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===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis=== |
===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis=== |
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====[[Mandai massacre]] (1980)==== |
====[[Mandai massacre]] (1980)==== |
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Mandwi, an obscure village located about 60 km north east of Agartala, is inhabited primarily by [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] with a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] minority. On the night of 6 June 1980, armed Tripuri tribal insurgent groups began to block the nontribal localities and to commit arson, violence and murder.{{cn}} Thousands of Bengalis took shelter near the National Highway 44, and a relief camp was established at Khayerpur School where initial relief was administered to the Bengali refugees.{{cn}} |
Mandwi, an obscure village located about 60 km north east of Agartala, is inhabited primarily by [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] with a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] minority. On the night of 6 June 1980, armed Tripuri tribal insurgent groups began to block the nontribal localities and to commit arson, violence and murder.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Thousands of Bengalis took shelter near the National Highway 44, and a relief camp was established at Khayerpur School where initial relief was administered to the Bengali refugees.{{cn|date=May 2024}} |
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From the afternoon of 7 June, the situation worsened, with reports of large-scale arson and looting in Jirania block, as well as arson on Bengali villages in [[Champaknagar]] and the foothills of [[Baramura]]. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandwi, which remained unmanned. An entire village was fired in Purba Noabadi. In Mandwi almost all houses and huts were destroyed, and 350-400 Bengalis were killed.{{cn}} Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of Agartala.<ref name="paul">{{cite book |title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict |last=Paul |first=Manas |year=2010 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1935501152 |pages=86–94 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC}}</ref> |
From the afternoon of 7 June, the situation worsened, with reports of large-scale arson and looting in Jirania block, as well as arson on Bengali villages in [[Champaknagar]] and the foothills of [[Baramura]]. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandwi, which remained unmanned. An entire village was fired in Purba Noabadi. In Mandwi almost all houses and huts were destroyed, and 350-400 Bengalis were killed.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of Agartala.<ref name="paul">{{cite book |title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict |last=Paul |first=Manas |year=2010 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1935501152 |pages=86–94 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC}}</ref> |
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====[[Bagber massacre]] (2000)==== |
====[[Bagber massacre]] (2000)==== |
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===2020 Bru-resettlement=== |
===2020 Bru-resettlement=== |
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The governments of Tripura and Mizoram and representatives of Bru organisations signed an agreement on 16 January 2019 to allow nearly 35,000 Bru tribal people, who were displaced from Mizoram and lived in Tripura as refugees since 1997, to settle permanently in Tripura.<ref name=" |
The governments of Tripura and Mizoram and representatives of Bru organisations signed an agreement on 16 January 2019 to allow nearly 35,000 Bru tribal people, who were displaced from Mizoram and lived in Tripura as refugees since 1997, to settle permanently in Tripura.<ref name="Hindu20Jan2020"/> The Tripura government selected 12 places including Kanchanpur.<ref name="hindu21Nov2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-firing-at-protesters-in-tripura/article33151044.ece |title=One killed, more than 20 injured in police firing at protesters in Tripura |first=Syed Sajjad |last=Ali |date=21 November 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> This resulted in conflicts between the Brus and the local Bengali non-tribal people who used to live there for decades.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> Protests took place against the settlement, and the state government used violence in despersing the mobs.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Over 6,000 people were thrown out of their homes by Bru migrants.<ref name="ie10Jan2020"/> After the violence of 10 December, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed for the protection of Bengalis.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> On 21 November 2020, one Bengali was killed and more than 20 were injured in open fire from police.<ref name="hindu21Nov2020"/> |
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<big>'''Myanmar'''</big> |
<big>'''Myanmar'''</big> |
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On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in a cluster known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern [[Maungdaw District]] of [[Rakhine State]] in Myanmar were attacked, and 99 Bengali Hindu villagers were massacred by Muslim insurgents from the [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]] (ARSA). A month later, the [[Myanmar Army]] discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |
On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in a cluster known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern [[Maungdaw District]] of [[Rakhine State]] in Myanmar were attacked, and 99 Bengali Hindu villagers were massacred by Muslim insurgents from the [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]] (ARSA). A month later, the [[Myanmar Army]] discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State |date=22 May 2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/}}</ref> |
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==Other instances== |
==Other instances== |
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===Rest of India=== |
===Rest of India=== |
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{{expand section|date=October 2021}} |
{{expand section|date=October 2021}} |
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*With the growth of the Hindi-speaking population, in many areas Bengalis are forced to speak in Hindi and not in Bengali. Two Bengali women in [[Burra Bazar]], |
* With the growth of the Hindi-speaking population, in many areas Bengalis are forced to speak in Hindi and not in Bengali. Two Bengali women in [[Burra Bazar]], West Bengal were lynched and harassed by non-Bengalis, because of talking in Bengali. They were termed as "Bangladeshis" when they were attacked.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/two-women-assaulted-at-kolkatas-burrabazar-after-language-dispute/ |title=Kolkata: দোকানিকে বাংলায় কথা বলতে বলার 'শাস্তি', বড়বাজারে দুই মহিলার উপর হামলা |website=Sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref> |
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*Bengali-speaking daily wage workers in [[Bangalore]] have accused the police and government of harassing them for identification, even sometimes forcing them to leave jobs. At Thubarahalli in the eastern outskirts of Bengaluru, around 12,000 Bengali-speaking people in the city live in unrest and fear. They allege that police demand a long list of documents branding them as 'Bangladeshis', and that many have been forced into hiding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/harassment-bengalurus-bengali-speaking-workers-name-security-112629|title=The harassment of Bengaluru's Bengali-speaking workers in the name of 'security'|date=20 November 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> |
* Bengali-speaking daily wage workers in [[Bangalore]] have accused the police and government of harassing them for identification, even sometimes forcing them to leave jobs. At Thubarahalli in the eastern outskirts of Bengaluru, around 12,000 Bengali-speaking people in the city live in unrest and fear. They allege that police demand a long list of documents branding them as 'Bangladeshis', and that many have been forced into hiding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/harassment-bengalurus-bengali-speaking-workers-name-security-112629|title=The harassment of Bengaluru's Bengali-speaking workers in the name of 'security'|date=20 November 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> |
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==Anti-Bengali and accused to be anti-Bengali organisations== |
==Anti-Bengali and accused to be anti-Bengali organisations== |
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===Militant anti-Bengali organisations (declared) in North-East India=== |
===Militant anti-Bengali organisations (declared) in North-East India=== |
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*[[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]],<ref name="auto6"/> [[Meghalaya]] (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by [[ |
* [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]],<ref name="auto6"/> [[Meghalaya]] (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by the [[government of India]]) |
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*[[ |
* [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |author1-link=Barry Rubin |last2=Rubin |first2=Judith Colp |title=Chronologies of Modern Terrorism |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47465-4 |page=378 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynNsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA378}}</ref> Tripura (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by the government of India) |
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* [[All Tripura Tiger Force]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |author1-link=Barry Rubin |last2=Rubin |first2=Judith Colp |title=Chronologies of Modern Terrorism |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47465-4 |page=375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynNsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA378}}</ref> Tripura |
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*Khasi Students' Union, [[Meghalaya]] |
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*[[National Liberation Front of Tripura]], Tripura (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by [[Government of India]]) |
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*[[All Tripura Tiger Force]], Tripura (merged and defunct) |
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===Accused political parties=== |
===Accused political parties=== |
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====BJP==== |
====BJP==== |
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The "[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]" (BJP) is |
The "[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]" (BJP) is considered in some cases to be anti-Bengali, due to its non-Bengali culture and anti-Bengali demands and controversial anti-Bengali comments. {{source?|date=June 2024}} |
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⚫ | * According to [[Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]], BJP defines Bengalis with a narrow mindset and pursues aggressive policies of parochialism, in contrast to what Sen considers a quintessential Bengali pluralism.<ref name="tp20Sep2019">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/amartya-sen-has-a-message-for-mamata-dont-define-bengalis-narrowly-like-bjp-does/293284/ |title=Amartya Sen has a message for Mamata: Don't define Bengalis narrowly like BJP does |first=Rajat |last=Roy |work=ThePrint |date=20 September 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | *According to [[Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]], BJP defines Bengalis |
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⚫ | * BJP MP John Barla demanded a partition of Bengal to create a separate state or union territory for the north,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-mp-reiterates-demand-for-separate-north-bengal-despite-party-warning-2471048 |title=BJP MP Reiterates Demand For Separate North Bengal, Despite Party Warning |work=NDTV}}</ref> which was not supported by ethnic groups in North Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/west-bengal/ethnic-groups-in-north-bengal-reject-bjp-mps-separate-ut-proposal/na20210622152056951 |title=Ethnic groups in north Bengal reject BJP MP's separate UT proposal |website=Etvbharat.com |date=22 June 2021}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | * On 20 May 2019, during a membership drive of BJP in West Bengal which led to violence with [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]], BJP supporters broke a 200-year old iconic bust of [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] in [[Vidyasagar College]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-s-membership-drive-a-hit-in-vidyasagar-college/story-dcomUaZvVxmte27oJim6DI.html |title=BJP's membership drive a hit in Vidyasagar College |date=25 July 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="auto14">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/students-narrate-what-happened-in-vidyasagar-college-during-amit-shahs-rally-2141911.html |title='Act of Terror': Students Narrate What Happened in Vidyasagar College During Amit Shah's Rally |work=News18 |date=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/vidyasagar-statue-busted-west-bengal-violence-5730026/ |title=Bengal violence: Stones came from campus, men in saffron shirts seen breaking Vidyasagar bust |date=16 May 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Students called this an "act of terror" by the BJP.<ref name="auto14"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/fact-check-claims-made-by-bjp-about-vidyasagar-college-violence |title=Fact-Checking Claims Made by BJP About Vidyasagar College Violence |first=Pooja |last=Chaudhuri |date=16 May 2019 |work=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/923622/fact-check-examining-bjps-claims-about-perpetrators-of-violence-at-kolkatas-vidyasagar-college |title=Fact check: Examining BJP's claims about perpetrators of violence at Kolkata's Vidyasagar College |first=AltNews in |last=Pooja Chaudhuri |work=Scroll.in |date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *BJP MP John Barla demanded partition of Bengal to create a separate state or union territory for |
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⚫ | * In Tripura, the BJP-lead Central Government has agreed to the Bru-resettlement where more than 3000 Bengalis lost their land. Also, Tripura chief minister from BJP, [[Biplab Kumar Deb]], says non-Hindi speakers do not love their country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/latest/937569/those-who-oppose-hindi-as-common-language-do-not-love-india-claims-tripura-cm-biplab-kumar-deb |title=Those who oppose Hindi as common language do not love India, claims Tripura CM Biplab Kumar Deb |work=Scroll.in |date=17 September 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *On 20 May 2019, during a membership drive of BJP in West Bengal |
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*Bengaluru South MP Tejasvi Surya demanded NRC in Karnataka. In the name of wiping out illegal Bangladeshi migrants in Bengaluru or due to the inability to distinguish between Bengalis and Bangladeshis, the Bengalis in Bengaluru are being harassed by BJP-lead Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/nrc-fallout-bengalurus-targeting-of-bengali-speakers-can-have-disastrous-consequences/|title=NRC fallout: Bengaluru's targeting of Bengali speakers can have disastrous consequences|date=7 November 2019|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *In Tripura, the BJP-lead Central Government has agreed to the Bru-resettlement where more than 3000 Bengalis lost their |
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====TIPRA Motha==== |
====TIPRA Motha==== |
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The ''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha'', a jointly |
The ''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha'', a jointly-formed organisation for Bengalis, has blamed TIPRA Motha (The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance) for the plight of Bengalis in Tripura. On 9 February 2021, an FIR was lodged against Debbarma and TIPRA for allegedly spreading anti-Bengali sentiment to the people.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/>{{better source needed|date=June 2024}} |
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On 9 February 2021, an FIR was lodged against Debbarma and TIPRA for allegedly spreading anti-Bengali sentiment to the people.<ref name="auto8"/> |
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====All Assam Students' Union ==== |
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[[All Assam Students' Union]],a students' organisation in [[Assam]], whose main agenda was anti-Bangladeshi sentiment and [[Assam movement]]. Due to inability to differentiate Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshi migrants, the anti-Bangladeshi sentiment morphed into anti-Bengali prejudice. They raised slogans like "Get out Bengalis", "If you see a snake and a Bengali, kill the Bengali first", "Bengalis are dog". They stated former [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] as the "Bustard son of Bengal".<ref name="auto7"/> |
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==Protests against discrimination and linguistic imposition== |
==Protests against discrimination and linguistic imposition== |
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===Bengali language movement in Assam=== |
===Bengali language movement in Assam=== |
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{{Main article|Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)}} |
{{Main article|Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)}} |
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80 |
80 percent of Assam's [[Barak Valley]] are Bengali and speak the Bangla language, but a bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly making Assamese the sole official language of the state.<ref name="es19052013-2">{{cite news|script-title=bn:বাঙালির চেতনায় শুধু একুশে, স্থান নেই উনিশের শহীদদের|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Baidyanath|date=19 May 2013|work=Ei Samay|language=bn|location=Kolkata}}</ref> On 5 February 1961, the Cachar Gana Sangram Parishad was formed to protest the imposition of Assamese in the Bengali-speaking Barak Valley. People soon started protesting in [[Silchar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]].<ref name="choudhuri">{{cite web|url=http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843|title=Bhasha Shahid Divas|last=Choudhuri|first=Arjun|publisher=We The People, Barak Valley|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232759/http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 April, the Parishad flagged off a fortnight-long [[padayatra]] in the Barak Valley to raise awareness among the masses, which ended after 200 miles reaching to Silchar on 2 May.<ref name="es19052013-2"/> |
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On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti. On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, [[Karimganj]] and Hailakandi. A Bedford truck carrying nine arrested activists from Katigorah was fired and the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested fled the spot.<ref name="choudhuri"/> Soon after that the paramilitary forces, guarding the railway station, started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without any provocation from them. They fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Twelve persons received bullet wounds and were carried to hospitals. Nine of them died that day. Two more persons died later. One person, Krishna Kanta Biswas survived for another 24 hours with a bullet wound in chest.<ref name="tsi04032013">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|script-title=bn:উনিশের সংগ্রাম অনন্য, অতুলনীয়|last=Laskar|first=Dilip Kanti|title=Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- the Sunday Indian Online Magazine - - the Sunday Indian|date=4 March 2012|work=The Sunday Indian|language=bn|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-date=2 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221121/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti. On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, [[Karimganj]] and Hailakandi. A Bedford truck carrying nine arrested activists from Katigorah was fired and the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested fled the spot.<ref name="choudhuri"/> Soon after that the paramilitary forces, guarding the railway station, started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without any provocation from them. They fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Twelve persons received bullet wounds and were carried to hospitals. Nine of them died that day. Two more persons died later. One person, Krishna Kanta Biswas survived for another 24 hours with a bullet wound in chest.<ref name="tsi04032013">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|script-title=bn:উনিশের সংগ্রাম অনন্য, অতুলনীয়|last=Laskar|first=Dilip Kanti|title=Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- the Sunday Indian Online Magazine - - the Sunday Indian|date=4 March 2012|work=The Sunday Indian|language=bn|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-date=2 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221121/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On 20 May, the people of Silchar |
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⚫ | On 20 May, the people of Silchar held a procession with the bodies of the martyrs in protest of the killings.<ref name="es19052013-2"/> After the incident and more protests, the Assam government had to withdraw the circular and Bengali was ultimately given official status in the three districts of Barak Valley.<ref name="tt27dec">{{cite news|title=No alliance with BJP, says AGP chief|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914104422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=27 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="toi9jun">{{cite news|title=Silchar rly station to be renamed soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Silchar-rly-station-to-be-renamed-soon/articleshow/4633120.cms?referral=PM|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 June 2009}}</ref> |
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===Organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment=== |
===Organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment=== |
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====Militant==== |
====Militant==== |
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*'''[[United Bengali Liberation Front]]''': [[United Bengali Liberation Front]] (UNLF), designed as a militant group was created to protect Indian Bengalis against Tripuri militants and other tribal groups. The UBLF came into existence in 1995 after the [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] was formed with the aim of decimating Bengali Hindus living in Tripura. UBLF |
* '''[[United Bengali Liberation Front]]''': [[United Bengali Liberation Front]] (UNLF), designed as a militant group, was created to protect Indian Bengalis against Tripuri militants and other tribal groups. The UBLF came into existence in 1995 after the [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] was formed with the aim of decimating Bengali Hindus living in Tripura.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The UBLF, though not a proscribed outfit under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, has been banned by the State government for its involvement in the activities of separatist killings and murders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/ublf.htm|title=United Bengali Liberation Front, Tripura, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|website=Satp.org}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * '''United Bangal Liberation Army''': United Bangal Liberation Army (UBLA) is a Bengali outfit that claims to stand upright for the Bengalis. They condemned atrocities and discrimination against the Bengali people in Meghaloya since 1979. They released an ultimatum against anti-Bengali activities, warning of serious consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syllad.com/bengali-outfit-lashed-out-against-gorkha-demand-for-gorkhaland-in-bengal-land/|title=Bengali outfit lashed out against Gorkha demand for Gorkhaland in Bengal land|date=24 October 2020|website=Syllad}}</ref> |
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:The UBLF, though not a proscribed outfit under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, but has been banned by the State government for its involvement in the activities of separatist killings and murders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/ublf.htm|title=United Bengali Liberation Front, Tripura, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|website=Satp.org}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *'''United Bangal Liberation Army''': United Bangal Liberation Army (UBLA) is a Bengali outfit that claims to stand upright for the Bengalis. They |
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====Political==== |
====Political==== |
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* '''[[Amra Bangalee]]''': |
* '''[[Amra Bangalee]]''': In 1981, amid anti-Bengali violence in Northeast India, Amra Bangalee sparked protests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Schendel |first=Willem |date=2005 |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |publisher=Anthem Press |page=197 |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |quote="Bengali-speaking Indian citizens living in India ... resented being portrayed as infiltrators ... Fearing for their position, they began creating organizations to protect their interests, e.g. 'Amra Bangali' ... 'If the eviction of Bengalis from Assam does not stop, all Bengal will be set afire!' Slogan of the political group Amra Bangali ... 1981."}}</ref> The socio-political party is based on [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]'s [[Progressive Utilization Theory]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://proutglobe.org/2012/03/amra-bangali/ |title=Amra Bangali |date=15 March 2012 |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IndExp08>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/who-are-the-amra-bangalis-/322021 |title=Who are the Amra Bangalis? |date=13 June 2008 |work=Indian Express |access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> The party's primary goal was to stop Bengali eviction in Assam and North East. They won some gram panchayat seats in the elections. In the 1980s, they entered the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]. Amra Bangalee also demands a separate state as a homeland for Bengalis, where the Bengali language would be used in all official and non-official works.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/-bangalistan-may-take-tripura-back-to-its-bloody-past-11579716487421.html |title=Opinion | 'Bangalistan' may take Tripura back to its bloody past |first=Sudeep |last=Chakravarti |work=mint |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> |
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* '''[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]''' was formed during the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|Manbhum Bengali language movement]] to promote use of |
* '''[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]''' was formed during the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|Manbhum Bengali language movement]] to promote use of the Bengali language in Bengali-dominated areas in southern [[Bihar]] state.<ref name="Ayyar1956">{{cite book|author=R. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=All India Election Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSs-AAAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Oriental Publishers|page=32}}</ref> They labelled the [[Hindi imposition|imposition of Hindi]] as 'linguistic imperialism'.<ref name=c/> After breaking with the Indian National Congress, their elected officials resigned and were re-elected on LSS tickets.<ref name=c>{{cite book|title=Journal of Gandhian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyotAAAAIAAJ|volume=10|year=1983|publisher=Gandhi Bhawan, University of Allahabad.|pages=125, 127, 129}}</ref> |
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====Apolitical/Social==== |
====Apolitical/Social==== |
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*'''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha''': |
* '''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha''': |
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:Nagarik Suraksha Mancha |
:Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed during the 2020 Bru-resettlement in Tripura, when Bengali lands were given to the Bru tribals and police violence against Bengalis occurred.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> The organisation provided the government with an 11-point demand, which includes repatriating Bru migrants to Mizoram and compensating those affected by violence during anti-CAB protests.<ref name="ie10Jan2020"/> They placed strikes and protests against the government to secure land for Bengalis. They also accused [[Pradyot Manikya Debbarma]], scion of the Tripura royal family, to be the cause of recent discrimination of Bengalis and anti-Bengali sentiment in Tripura.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> |
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[[File:First National Conference of the Bangla Pokkho - বাংলা পক্ষের প্রথম জাতীয় সম্মেলন.jpg|thumb|Bangla Pokkho during its first national conference]] |
[[File:First National Conference of the Bangla Pokkho - বাংলা পক্ষের প্রথম জাতীয় সম্মেলন.jpg|thumb|Bangla Pokkho during its first national conference]] |
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:[[Bangla Pokkho]] was founded in 2019 |
:[[Bangla Pokkho]] was founded in 2019 by [[Indian Statistical Institute]] professor Garga Chatterjee, to protest Hindi and Urdu linguistic and cultural imposition. The organisation demands 100% reservation of government jobs for residents of West Bengal<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/jan/17/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-ahead-of-bengal-polls-2251382.html |title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation ahead of Bengal polls - The New Indian Express |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> and 90% reservation in other job sectors, education, military, and administrative works.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-for-bengalis-in-bengal/articleshow/80322882.cms |title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation for Bengalis in Bengal - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Bangla Pokkho's demands resulted in the beginning of domicile reservation in Calcutta University <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/calcutta-university-sets-domicile-term-for-tech-entry/cid/1800919 |title=Calcutta University sets domicile term for tech entry |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> and Jadavpur University,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-to-start-domicile-reservation-this-year/articleshow/69882203.cms |title=Jadavpur University to start domicile reservation this year | Kolkata News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010092745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-to-start-domicile-reservation-this-year/articleshow/69882203.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> the cancellation of expelling Bengalis in WBSEDCL,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/ |script-title=bn:ইংরেজি না বলার অপরাধে আয়কর দফতর থেকে ছাঁটাই পাঁচ কর্মী, প্রতিবাদ বাংলা পক্ষের |first=Ritika |last=Chakraborty |language=bn |date=17 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111722/https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and allowing majority Bengali players in [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] as well as the inclusion of Bengali language in online platforms. |
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:Bangla Pokkho, along with Kanchanpur Nagarik Surakkha Mancha, cultivated a protest in Tripura that gathered more than 30,000 Bengalis to complain about social discrimination of Bengalis and the Bru-resettlement by the Tripura state BJP Government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo |script-title=bn:ত্রিপুরায় আমন্ত্রিত বাংলা পক্ষ, জনসভায় ভিড় ৩০,০০০ বাঙালির |work=Aajkaal/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023303/https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * '''Bangla o Bangla Bhasha Bachao Committee''': Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC) is a Siliguri-based organisation that protested against the Gorkhaland formation. They accused [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] of anti-Bengali works in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/as-gorkhas-lock-up-the-hills-plains-bengalis-threaten-a-siege-1621543.amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203014903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/as-gorkhas-lock-up-the-hills-plains-bengalis-threaten-a-siege-1621543.amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2018 |title=As Gorkhas lock up the hills, plains Bengalis threaten a siege |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangla-o-bangla-bhasa-bachao-committee-a-siliguri-based-organization-claiming-to-protect-the-interest-of-bengalis-has-opposed-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjees-move-to-set-up-a-committee-to-examine-the-demand-of-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-for-inclusion-of-areas-in-dooars-and-terai-in-then-proposed-hill-council-for-darjeeling-we-must-be-allowed-to-participate-in-the-coming-tripartite-talks-with-gjm-committee-president-mukunda-mazumdar-said-in-kolkata-on-wednesday-/articleshow/9122916.cms |title=Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee, a Siliguri-based organization claiming to protect the interest of Bengalis, has opposed West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee's move to set up a committee to examine the demand of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha for inclusion of areas in Dooars and Terai in then proposed hill council for Darjeeling. "We must be allowed to participate in the coming tripartite talks with GJM," Committee president Mukunda Mazumdar said in Kolkata on Wednesday. - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=6 July 2011}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * '''Jatiya Bangla Sommelan''': Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was created on 9 December 2019 as a split from [[Bangla Pokkho]]. Both Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon and Bangla Pokkho came into being to counter the "imposition of Hindi" and "north Indian culture".<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলা পক্ষে ভাঙন, হিন্দুত্ববাদী রাজনীতির অভিযোগ এনে তৈরি হল পৃথক সংগঠন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/huge-blow-to-bangla-pokkho-a-new-organization-comes-out-now-dgtl-1.1080575 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=10 December 2019}}</ref> Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan has demonstrated against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] in different parts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=CAA: Several detained after scuffle at Calcutta Book Fair, mob beats up police officer |url=https://scroll.in/latest/952595/citizenship-act-group-of-women-beat-up-police-officer-after-scuffle-over-law-at-calcutta-book-fair |work=Scroll.in |date=9 February 2020}}</ref> In 2020, Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan protested against performing [[Chhath|Chhath puja]] at two ecologically important lakes ([[Rabindra Sarobar]] and Subhas Sarobar). Although performing rituals in these lakes was prohibited by [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] had appealed before the NGT and moved to the [[Supreme Court of India]] to allow Chhath puja in Rabindra Sarobar, the plea was rejected. But the Supreme Court also gave the state government no relief. The organisation set up a night-long vigil at the entry points to the lake to prevent anyone from entering the premises. Thousands of devotees had entered the lake and performed puja. The personnel of [[Kolkata Police]] were reluctant in enforcing NGT orders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali Ethnic Groups Set Up Vigils, Prevent Chhath Puja In Kolkata's Lakes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-bengali-ethnic-groups-set-up-vigils-prevent-chhath-puja-in-kolkatas-lakes/364943 |website=Outlookindia.com/ |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon has held and led various protests against "Hindi-imposition" in Kolkata and elsewhere in West Bengal. The aim of these protests was to counter the imposition of Hindi on Bengalis, the Central Government's [[National Policy on Education|National Education Policy]] and a perceived threat to the [[Culture of West Bengal|culture of west bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:बंगाल की विकट जंग, ममता- मोदी में किसका दांव पड़ेगा भारी |url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/politics/analysis/the-fierce-battle-of-west-bengal-54820 |website=Outlookhindi.com/ |date=13 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:শিক্ষানীতির বিরুদ্ধে মশাল মিছিল জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলনের |url=https://www.kolkata24x7.com/protest-rally-against-national-education-policy/ |work=Kolkata24x7 |date=8 September 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215011703/https://www.kolkata24x7.com/protest-rally-against-national-education-policy/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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⚫ | *'''Bangla o Bangla Bhasha Bachao Committee''': Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC) |
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⚫ | * '''Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India''': Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India (BHUMI) was founded on 16 July 2020 with a vision to spread political and social awareness among the people of Bengal and India to achieve constitutional rights and social justice and resist the forceful impose of any foreign language and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2021 |title=Assam killings: Outcome of hate spread against Bengali Muslims |url=https://enewsroom.in/assam-killings-horror-bengali-muslims-kolkata/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=eNewsroom India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=ভূমির তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন |url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=bbnews365.com |language=en-US |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212030319/https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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⚫ | *'''Jatiya Bangla Sommelan''': Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was created on 9 December 2019 as a split from [[Bangla Pokkho]] |
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⚫ | *'''Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India''': Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India (BHUMI) was founded on 16 July 2020 with a vision to spread |
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*''Others'': Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.<ref name="auto13"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/who-are-the-amra-bangalis-/322021|title = Who are the Amra Bangalis? - Indian Express}}</ref> |
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===Protests in rest of India=== |
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*When the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Bihar]] imposed the Hindi language for Bengali speaking people living in Manbhum district of the state of [[Bihar]], they forced the government to form a new district entering in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/bn/news/another-movement-for-the-price-of-language|title=The longest language movement in the history of the world over time is in Bengal.|date=1 January 1970|website=JiyoBangla|language=en-US|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> |
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*After successive protests, [[Government of Delhi]] has agreed to create Bangla Academy in [[Delhi]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|title=ভূমিপুত্র উন্নয়ন মোর্চা অফ ইণ্ডিয়ার তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন|website=bbnews365.com/|date=21 February 2023|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212030319/https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|url-status=dead}} |
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|title=ভূমিপুত্র উন্নয়ন মোর্চা অফ ইণ্ডিয়ার তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন|website=bbnews365.com/|date=21 February 2023|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212030319/https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|url-status=dead}} |
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Others: Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India. |
Others: Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Religious persecution}}{{Discrimination}} |
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{{Discrimination}} |
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{{Religious persecution}} |
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{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}} |
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[[Category:Bengali people|*]] |
[[Category:Bengali people|*]] |
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[[Category:Bengal]] |
[[Category:Bengal]] |
Revision as of 20:26, 26 August 2024
Part of a series on |
Discrimination |
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Anti-Bengali sentiment comprises negative attitudes and views on Bengalis. This sentiment is present in several parts of India: Gujarat, Bihar,[1] Assam,[2] and various tribal areas.[3][4][5] etc. Issues include discrimiation in inhabitation,[6] other forms of discrimination,[7][8] political reasons, government actions,[9][10][7] anti-Bangladeshi sentiment,[11] etc. The discriminative condition of Bengalis can be traced from Khoirabari massacre, Nellie massacre, Silapathar massacre, North Kamrup massacre, Goreswar massacre, Bongal Kheda, etc. This has led to emergence of Bengali sub-nationalism in India as a form of protest and formation of many pro-Bengali organisations in India.
Assam
Assamese-Bengali strife
Background
According to Subir Deb, the author of Story of Bengal and the Bengalis, anti-Bengali sentiment in Assam was deliberately fomented by the British in the colonial times.[11] The British designated Bengali the official language of colonially administered Assam between 1836 and 1873, which included the Bengali-majority region of Sylhet division in Assam Province. However, they also defined the map of Assam in such a way that many languages and communities (ethnic and indigenous) overlapped, creating language strife among the communities.[12] Colonisers also introduced the infamous "line system", which segregated Bengali settlers in Assam from its indigenous people, starting the system in Nowgong district in 1920.[11] From 1921 to 1931, the system was enforced in Nawgaon district, where immigrants constituted 14 percent of the population. It was also implemented in Barpeta sub-division of Kamrup and Darang. In 1937, a 9-member Line System Committee was formed by the government. The general consensus of the committee was that "the line system was a temporary mechanism created to check the unrestricted inflow of the immigrants into open areas and to protect the demographic composition against disruption and disturbance".[13] However, even after successive governments, the line system was not abolished, continuing to segregate Bengalis from the indigenous and tribal people.[11]
1960 language bill in Assam
On 10 October 1960, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, the then- Chief Minister of Assam, presented a bill in the Legislative Assembly to declare Assamese as the sole official language of the Assam.[10] Ranendra Mohan Das, the then- MLA from Karimganj (North) assembly constituency and an ethnic Bengali, protested against the bill, arguing that it would impose the language of one third of the population over the remaining two thirds.[10] On 24 October, the bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly, thereby marking Assamese as the only official language of the state. The law forcefully imposed Assamese on Bengalis in terms of employment and education. This resulted in massive protests from the Barak Valley, which was home to many East Bengali refugees. These protests succeeded in establishing Bengali as an additional official language, which led to reactive insurgency against Bengalis in Assam and numerous massacres.[12]
Massacres and attacks on Bengalis
Bongal Kheda (1960 onwards)
In 1960, the Assamese demanded to purge Bengalis from Assam.[citation needed] In June 1960, frequent attacks on Bengali Hindus started in Cotton College in Guwahati and then spread to the rest of the state.[14] An Assamese mob attacked innocent Bengali Hindu settlements in the Brahmaputra Valley. The District Magistrate of Guwahati, who was a Bengali Hindu, was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.[15] Another Bengali Hindu, the Deputy Inspector General of Police, was also stabbed.[15] Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from these institutions.[16] In Dibrugarh, Bengali Hindu houses were looted and burnt, and their occupants were beaten up, knifed, and driven out.[14] 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam and taken to West Bengal.[8]
Goreswar massacre (1960)
The Goreswar massacre was a planned attack on Bengali Hindus living in Goreswar in the Kamrup district (now the Baksa district). As per a secret July meeting at a school in Sibsagar, a students' strike was organised for the next day at Sibsagar. Groups of students and youths were sent to Jorhat, Dibrugarh, and other adjoining areas to communicate the decision of the meeting.[17] In the Brahmaputra Valley, Assamese mobs started attacking Bengalis. On 14 July 1960, riots began in Sibsagar with the looting of Bengali shops and assaults on several Bengalis. In lower Assam (Kamrup, Nowgong and Goalpara), intense violence occurred in 25 villages in Goreswar. An Assamese mob of 15,000, armed with guns and other weapons, attacked Bengali shops and houses,[18] destroying 4,019 huts and 58 houses.[17][19] According to the inquiry commission, at least nine Bengalis were killed, one woman was attacked and raped, and nearly 1,000 Bengali Hindus fled from the area during the riot.[20] The violence continued for months. Between July and September 1960, nearly 50,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal.[17]
North Kamrup violence (1980)
In some districts of lower Assam, Kamrupi Bengali Hindus were harassed as foreigners and became the target of violence. On 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) for supporting the anti-Bengali movement.[citation needed] In 1981, the Assamese killed nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus. Along with Assamese locals, Kamrupi Muslims attacked the Bengali Hindus and spread violence.[21]
Khoirabari massacre (1983)
After the Partition of India, Bengali Hindus from India and Bengali Hindu refugees from East Bengal settled in Khoirabari in the Mangaldoi sub-division of the Darrang district. During the assembly election on 14 February 1983, the activists of the Assam Agitation blocked access and cut communications to the Bengali enclaves. Indigenous Assamese groups, who held resentments toward the immigrant Bengalis, took advantage of the resulting isolation and surrounded and attacked the Bengali villages at night.[citation needed] As result, the Central Reserve Police Force and polling agents could not be sent to Khoirabari. Immigrant Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at the Khoirabari School,[22] where the indigenous Assamese mob attacked them.[22] According to Indian Police Service officer E.M. Rammohun, more than 100 immigrant Bengali Hindus refugees were killed in the massacre.[23] According to journalist Shekhar Gupta, more than 500 immigrant Bengali Hindus were killed.[24][25] The survivors took shelter in the Khoirabari railway station.[23]
Silapathar massacre (1983)
In Silapathar, undivided Lakhimpur district, Assam, Bengali Hindus had been residents for two decades, as an ethnic minority in the region. In February 1983, Assamese mobs attacked the Bengali villagers with machetes, bows and arrows, burnt houses, and destroyed several bridges which connected the remote area. The villagers escaped into the jungle, and spent days without adequate food or shelter.[citation needed] Journalist Sabita Goswami claimed that according to government sources, more than 1000 people were killed in the clashes.[26] The survivors fled to Arunachal Pradesh.[27]
Nellie massacre (1983)
In the assembly elections of 1983, Indira Gandhi gave the right to vote to 4 million immigrants from Bangladesh. After the decision, the All Assam Students Union made a pogrom[28] and on 18 February 1983 attacked Bengalis in 14 villages.[29] The massacre claimed the lives of 2,191 people, with unofficial figures estimating more than 10,000 dead.[30] No one was held responsible for these mass killings as a part of the 1985 Assam Accord.[31]
Other instances during Assamese language movement and Assam movement
In 1972, during the Assamese language movement, Bengali were mostly targeted.[citation needed] In Gauhati University, Bengali Hindus were attacked. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.[32]
Agitation in 1979 led to frequent curfews and strikes called by the AASU and other local organisations. Trains were attacked, and central government employees of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Airlines and the Railways were intimidated and asked to leave the state.[33] Various incidents of unrest occurred, including a young Assamese man stabbing his childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.[2] Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. In 1983, Bengali Hindus were attacked numerous times during the anti-foreign agitation.[citation needed] Abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became commonplace and Assamese rioters referred to former West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu as the "Bastard son of Bengal".[5] Effigies of then- West Bengal Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, hung from light posts and trees.[33]
2000 onwards
On 1 November 2018, five Bengali Hindus were killed on the banks of Brahmaputra near Kherbari village in the Tinsukia district of Assam. United Liberation Front of Asom were suspected to be responsible for the massacre.[34]
In 2021, two Bengali Muslims were killed during an eviction drive by the Government of Assam.[35]
Discrimination against Bengalis
Bengali Hindus living in Assam are routinely called 'Bangladeshis' and harassed.[citation needed] Bengali Hindus are being targeted by Assamese nationalist organisations and political parties from time to time. They are discriminatively tagged as Bongal (outsider Bengalis) in the context of Assam's linguistic politics.[citation needed]
Some examples of discrimination include:
- Morjina Bibi, from Fofanga Part I village in Assam's Goalpara district, spent nearly nine months in detention from December 2016 to July 2017, for a case of mistaken identity which was a Government fault.[citation needed]
- Gopal Das, 65, committed suicide after receiving a notice from the Foreigners Tribunal in Udalguri district in spite of having his name in the 1966 voters list.[citation needed]
- Sajahan Kazi, a government school teacher from Barpeta district, spent 20 years from 1997 trying to prove his citizenship.[citation needed]
- Moinal Mollah of Barpeta district's Bohri village was kept in Goalpara detention camp, even though his parents and grandparents were declared as Indian citizens with the necessary documents. After three years, an NGO provided free legal assistance to Mollah, and the Supreme Court ordered his release.[7]
- On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of N. R. C., though many of them claimed to have submitted documents of their citizenship to the Assam Government.[36]
- Two Bengali Hindus were killed by the militant formation HNLC, but the killings neither drew any political or Governmental attraction and those responsible were not arrested.[37]
Bihar
In the first half of the 20th century, Bihar had a large population of middle class and professional Bengalis from Madhubani, Ghatshila, Hazaribagh, Purnia, Mithila, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur. During the 15 years of RJD rule and Congress rule in the 1980s, Bengali families faced several cases of "house-grabbing," forcing the Bengali community to sell their homes and migrate to other places.[1]
During 1948, the Manbhum district forcibly imposed the Hindi language, restricting use of Bengali and eventually making Hindi the sole official language of Bihar, which resulted in massive protests.[38]
Meghalaya
Khasi-Bengali strife
1979's Khasi Bengali riot was the first major riot in Shillong which was directed against the local Bengalis as a minority. Most of the Assamese left the area after Assam was formed, but Indian Bengalis and refugees from East Bengal stayed there.[39] Assam's Bongal Kheda influenced Meghalaya to drive Bengalis and other minorities out of the state. The Khasi Students' Union (KSU) was created on 20 March 1978 for this purpose.[citation needed]
On 22 October 1979, a fight between Khasis and Bengalis took place after a Khasi man allegedly damaged the Kali idol of Lal Villa.[40] Afterwards, Bengali houses across Laitumukhra in Shillong were burnt down by the Khasi tribes.[33] The riots escalated strife between these communities, which would continue through the 1980s and 1990s. Nearly 20,000 Bengalis were displaced from the state in 1979, mainly from the capital Shillong, following the anti-Bengali riot.[41][42] A separatist militant outfit, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC), was created, and instigated several riots in 1992.[citation needed] Most of the Bengalis moved to West Bengal or the Barak Valley of Assam, or became internal refugees in Assam.[39][43]
After 2000
After 2008, the situation was relatively peaceful in Shillong. From 2006 to 2017, the HNLC members increased from 4 lakh to more than a million.[43]
In February 2020, the HNLC warned all Bengali Hindus to leave the Ichamati and Majai areas of the district within one month. In a statement, HNLC general secretary Sainkumar Nongtraw warned of "mass bloodshed" if the Bengali Hindus did not leave Meghalaya.[44] After two days, more than a dozen non-tribals (including Bengalis) were assaulted by a group of masked tribal assailants in different parts of the Khasi Hills, and ten men were stabbed in Shillong.[citation needed] Members of the Student's Union tried to burn down a house, which led to retaliation from the local non-tribals.[45]
KSU, continuing its influence in Meghalaya, put up banners and posters, saying "All Meghalaya Bengalis are Bangladeshis".[46]
Tripura
Tripuri-Bengali strife
According to royal census reports, in 1947, 93 percent of Tripura's population consisted of tribal citizens who came from Mongolia, Tripuri and other parts of the world.[4][3] After the partition of India, Hindus from neighbouring Comilla, Noakhali and Chittagong districts of then East Pakistan, as well as Dacca district, fled into Tripura, the majority of them being Bengali.[citation needed] They triggered a population explosion from 646,000 in 1951 to 1.15 million in 1961 and 1.5 million in 1971. This resulted in the Tripuri tribal population shrinking to 28.5 per cent.[3] In 1977, a section of the Tripuris formed a political party called Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti (TUJS), which began to back extremist movements.[citation needed] Their motive was to drive out "foreigners," i.e. Bengalis, from the state.[citation needed] TUJS leaders drew up an action programme for Bengali expulsion in the 1980s.[47]
Massacres and attacks on Bengalis
Mandai massacre (1980)
Mandwi, an obscure village located about 60 km north east of Agartala, is inhabited primarily by Tripuri with a Bengali minority. On the night of 6 June 1980, armed Tripuri tribal insurgent groups began to block the nontribal localities and to commit arson, violence and murder.[citation needed] Thousands of Bengalis took shelter near the National Highway 44, and a relief camp was established at Khayerpur School where initial relief was administered to the Bengali refugees.[citation needed] From the afternoon of 7 June, the situation worsened, with reports of large-scale arson and looting in Jirania block, as well as arson on Bengali villages in Champaknagar and the foothills of Baramura. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandwi, which remained unmanned. An entire village was fired in Purba Noabadi. In Mandwi almost all houses and huts were destroyed, and 350-400 Bengalis were killed.[citation needed] Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of Agartala.[48]
Bagber massacre (2000)
Bagber is a village under the Kalyanpur police station in the West Tripura district of Tripura.[49] In May 2000, during the ongoing ethnic riots, scores of Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at a refugee camp in Bagber.[50] On 20 May, a heavily armed group of around 60 NLFT militants raided the Bagber village.[51] The militants then targeted the inmates at the refugee camp, where they killed around 20 and injured several others. The CRPF personnel deployed at Bagber didn't protest when the massacre took place.[52]
2020 Bru-resettlement
The governments of Tripura and Mizoram and representatives of Bru organisations signed an agreement on 16 January 2019 to allow nearly 35,000 Bru tribal people, who were displaced from Mizoram and lived in Tripura as refugees since 1997, to settle permanently in Tripura.[9] The Tripura government selected 12 places including Kanchanpur.[53] This resulted in conflicts between the Brus and the local Bengali non-tribal people who used to live there for decades.[6] Protests took place against the settlement, and the state government used violence in despersing the mobs.[citation needed] Over 6,000 people were thrown out of their homes by Bru migrants.[4] After the violence of 10 December, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed for the protection of Bengalis.[6] On 21 November 2020, one Bengali was killed and more than 20 were injured in open fire from police.[53]
Myanmar
On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in a cluster known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern Maungdaw District of Rakhine State in Myanmar were attacked, and 99 Bengali Hindu villagers were massacred by Muslim insurgents from the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA). A month later, the Myanmar Army discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.[54]
Other instances
Rest of India
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- With the growth of the Hindi-speaking population, in many areas Bengalis are forced to speak in Hindi and not in Bengali. Two Bengali women in Burra Bazar, West Bengal were lynched and harassed by non-Bengalis, because of talking in Bengali. They were termed as "Bangladeshis" when they were attacked.[55]
- Bengali-speaking daily wage workers in Bangalore have accused the police and government of harassing them for identification, even sometimes forcing them to leave jobs. At Thubarahalli in the eastern outskirts of Bengaluru, around 12,000 Bengali-speaking people in the city live in unrest and fear. They allege that police demand a long list of documents branding them as 'Bangladeshis', and that many have been forced into hiding.[56]
Anti-Bengali and accused to be anti-Bengali organisations
Militant anti-Bengali organisations (declared) in North-East India
- Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council,[45] Meghalaya (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by the government of India)
- National Liberation Front of Tripura,[57] Tripura (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by the government of India)
- All Tripura Tiger Force,[58] Tripura
Accused political parties
BJP
The "Bharatiya Janata Party" (BJP) is considered in some cases to be anti-Bengali, due to its non-Bengali culture and anti-Bengali demands and controversial anti-Bengali comments. [citation needed]
- According to Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, BJP defines Bengalis with a narrow mindset and pursues aggressive policies of parochialism, in contrast to what Sen considers a quintessential Bengali pluralism.[59]
- West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee accused, "They (BJP) brought miscreants on hire from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Jharkhand, specifically to go on the rampage here and destroy heritage in Bengal".[59]
- BJP MP John Barla demanded a partition of Bengal to create a separate state or union territory for the north,[60] which was not supported by ethnic groups in North Bengal.[61]
- On 20 May 2019, during a membership drive of BJP in West Bengal which led to violence with TMC, BJP supporters broke a 200-year old iconic bust of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar in Vidyasagar College.[62][63][64] Students called this an "act of terror" by the BJP.[63][65][66]
- In Tripura, the BJP-lead Central Government has agreed to the Bru-resettlement where more than 3000 Bengalis lost their land. Also, Tripura chief minister from BJP, Biplab Kumar Deb, says non-Hindi speakers do not love their country.[67]
TIPRA Motha
The Nagarik Suraksha Mancha, a jointly-formed organisation for Bengalis, has blamed TIPRA Motha (The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance) for the plight of Bengalis in Tripura. On 9 February 2021, an FIR was lodged against Debbarma and TIPRA for allegedly spreading anti-Bengali sentiment to the people.[6][better source needed]
Protests against discrimination and linguistic imposition
Many organisations were founded to protest ongoing discrimination and anti-Bengali sentiment.
Bengali language movement in Assam
80 percent of Assam's Barak Valley are Bengali and speak the Bangla language, but a bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly making Assamese the sole official language of the state.[68] On 5 February 1961, the Cachar Gana Sangram Parishad was formed to protest the imposition of Assamese in the Bengali-speaking Barak Valley. People soon started protesting in Silchar, Karimganj and Hailakandi.[69] On 24 April, the Parishad flagged off a fortnight-long padayatra in the Barak Valley to raise awareness among the masses, which ended after 200 miles reaching to Silchar on 2 May.[68]
On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti. On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, Karimganj and Hailakandi. A Bedford truck carrying nine arrested activists from Katigorah was fired and the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested fled the spot.[69] Soon after that the paramilitary forces, guarding the railway station, started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without any provocation from them. They fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Twelve persons received bullet wounds and were carried to hospitals. Nine of them died that day. Two more persons died later. One person, Krishna Kanta Biswas survived for another 24 hours with a bullet wound in chest.[70]
On 20 May, the people of Silchar held a procession with the bodies of the martyrs in protest of the killings.[68] After the incident and more protests, the Assam government had to withdraw the circular and Bengali was ultimately given official status in the three districts of Barak Valley.[71][72]
Organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment
Militant
- United Bengali Liberation Front: United Bengali Liberation Front (UNLF), designed as a militant group, was created to protect Indian Bengalis against Tripuri militants and other tribal groups. The UBLF came into existence in 1995 after the ATTF was formed with the aim of decimating Bengali Hindus living in Tripura.[citation needed] The UBLF, though not a proscribed outfit under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, has been banned by the State government for its involvement in the activities of separatist killings and murders.[73]
- United Bangal Liberation Army: United Bangal Liberation Army (UBLA) is a Bengali outfit that claims to stand upright for the Bengalis. They condemned atrocities and discrimination against the Bengali people in Meghaloya since 1979. They released an ultimatum against anti-Bengali activities, warning of serious consequences.[74]
Political
- Amra Bangalee: In 1981, amid anti-Bengali violence in Northeast India, Amra Bangalee sparked protests.[75] The socio-political party is based on Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar's Progressive Utilization Theory.[76][77] The party's primary goal was to stop Bengali eviction in Assam and North East. They won some gram panchayat seats in the elections. In the 1980s, they entered the Tripura Legislative Assembly. Amra Bangalee also demands a separate state as a homeland for Bengalis, where the Bengali language would be used in all official and non-official works.[78]
- Lok Sewak Sangh was formed during the Manbhum Bengali language movement to promote use of the Bengali language in Bengali-dominated areas in southern Bihar state.[79] They labelled the imposition of Hindi as 'linguistic imperialism'.[80] After breaking with the Indian National Congress, their elected officials resigned and were re-elected on LSS tickets.[80]
Apolitical/Social
- Nagarik Suraksha Mancha:
- Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed during the 2020 Bru-resettlement in Tripura, when Bengali lands were given to the Bru tribals and police violence against Bengalis occurred.[6] The organisation provided the government with an 11-point demand, which includes repatriating Bru migrants to Mizoram and compensating those affected by violence during anti-CAB protests.[4] They placed strikes and protests against the government to secure land for Bengalis. They also accused Pradyot Manikya Debbarma, scion of the Tripura royal family, to be the cause of recent discrimination of Bengalis and anti-Bengali sentiment in Tripura.[6]
- Bangla Pokkho was founded in 2019 by Indian Statistical Institute professor Garga Chatterjee, to protest Hindi and Urdu linguistic and cultural imposition. The organisation demands 100% reservation of government jobs for residents of West Bengal[81] and 90% reservation in other job sectors, education, military, and administrative works.[82] Bangla Pokkho's demands resulted in the beginning of domicile reservation in Calcutta University [83] and Jadavpur University,[84] the cancellation of expelling Bengalis in WBSEDCL,[85] and allowing majority Bengali players in Cricket Association of Bengal as well as the inclusion of Bengali language in online platforms.
- Bangla Pokkho, along with Kanchanpur Nagarik Surakkha Mancha, cultivated a protest in Tripura that gathered more than 30,000 Bengalis to complain about social discrimination of Bengalis and the Bru-resettlement by the Tripura state BJP Government.[86]
- Bangla o Bangla Bhasha Bachao Committee: Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC) is a Siliguri-based organisation that protested against the Gorkhaland formation. They accused GJM of anti-Bengali works in Darjeeling.[87][88]
- Jatiya Bangla Sommelan: Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was created on 9 December 2019 as a split from Bangla Pokkho. Both Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon and Bangla Pokkho came into being to counter the "imposition of Hindi" and "north Indian culture".[89] Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan has demonstrated against the Citizenship Amendment Act in different parts of West Bengal.[90] In 2020, Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan protested against performing Chhath puja at two ecologically important lakes (Rabindra Sarobar and Subhas Sarobar). Although performing rituals in these lakes was prohibited by National Green Tribunal (NGT), the West Bengal government had appealed before the NGT and moved to the Supreme Court of India to allow Chhath puja in Rabindra Sarobar, the plea was rejected. But the Supreme Court also gave the state government no relief. The organisation set up a night-long vigil at the entry points to the lake to prevent anyone from entering the premises. Thousands of devotees had entered the lake and performed puja. The personnel of Kolkata Police were reluctant in enforcing NGT orders.[91] Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon has held and led various protests against "Hindi-imposition" in Kolkata and elsewhere in West Bengal. The aim of these protests was to counter the imposition of Hindi on Bengalis, the Central Government's National Education Policy and a perceived threat to the culture of west bengal.[92][93]
- Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India: Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India (BHUMI) was founded on 16 July 2020 with a vision to spread political and social awareness among the people of Bengal and India to achieve constitutional rights and social justice and resist the forceful impose of any foreign language and culture.[94][95]
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Others: Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.