Jump to content

Anti-Bengali sentiment: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Eastmain - 19512
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Altered url. URLs might have been anonymized. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine
(34 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Discrimination against the Bengali people in India}}
{{Short description|Discrimination against the Bengali people in India}}
<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. -->
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Discrimination against Bengalis in India|timestamp=20240514090814|year=2024|month=May|day=14|substed=yes|help=off}}
<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Discrimination against Bengalis in India|date=14 May 2024|result='''keep'''}} -->
<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point -->
{{POV|date=May 2024}}
{{POV|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}}
{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}}
'''Discrimination against Bengalis in India''' comprises negative attitudes and views on [[Bengalis]] in India. Though Bengalis have lived in different parts of India for centuries, they are subject to widespread discrimination. This can be either by any other community (e.g. [[Gujaratis]], [[Biharis]],<ref name="auto12">{{cite news |title=The Lost World |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/the-lost-world.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Pioneer |date=7 July 2013}}</ref> [[Assamese people|Assamese]],<ref name="auto11">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Manash Firaq |title=We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> tribal communities,<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800630-turmoil-in-north-east-india-turns-into-armed-uprising-in-tripura-821236-2014-01-24|title=Turmoil in North-east India turns into armed uprising in Tripura|newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-bengali-people-nagorik-suraksha-mancha-6210312/|title=Tribals in state 'foreigners', Bengalis original inhabitants, claims Tripura social group|date=10 January 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite book|title='Bearing Witness': The Impact of Conflict on Women in Nagaland and Assam|year=2011|publisher=Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research|page=42}}</ref> etc.) or in any particular place (see article further), due to reasons like inhabitation,<ref name="auto8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/brus-vs-non-tribal-bengalis-its-a-clash-among-the-displaced-in-tripura/article30883079.ece|title=Brus vs non-tribal Bengalis: It's a clash among the displaced in Tripura|first=Rahul|last=Karmakar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 February 2020}}</ref> discriminating sentiments,<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|editor=Samir Kumar Das|title=Blisters on their Feet|url=http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf|access-date=5 March 2014|year=2008|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-81-7829-819-1|page=303|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182014/http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[#Accused political parties|political reasons]], Government actions,<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/who-are-the-brus-and-what-are-the-implications-of-settling-them-in-tripura/article30600913.ece|title=Who are the Brus, and what are the implications of settling them in Tripura?|first=Rahul|last=Karmakar|date=20 January 2020|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="abc"/><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/23/harassed-discriminated-story-of-assams-bengali-origin-people|title='We're sons of the soil, don't call us Bangladeshis'|first=Saif|last=Khalid|website=Aljazeera.com}}</ref> anti-Bangladeshi sentiment<ref name="auto20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-literature/news/story-bengal-and-bengalis-the-bengali-homeland-and-its-inhabitants-2168056|title=Story of Bengal and Bengalis: The Bengali Homeland and its Inhabitants|date=4 September 2021|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> etc. The discriminative condition of Bengalis can be traced from [[Khoirabari massacre]], [[Nellie massacre]], [[Silapathar massacre]], [[North Kamrup massacre]], [[Goreswar massacre]], [[Bongal Kheda]] etc. This has led to emergence of [[Bengali language movement in India|Bengali sub-nationalism]] in India as a form of protest and formation of many pro-Bengali organisations in India.
'''Anti-Bengali sentiment''' comprises negative attitudes and views on [[Bengalis]]. This sentiment is present in several parts of India: [[Gujarat]], [[Bihar]],<ref name="pio7Jul2013">{{cite news |title=The Lost World |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/the-lost-world.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Pioneer |date=7 July 2013}}</ref> [[Assam]],<ref name="aj26Feb2020">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Manash Firaq |title=We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> and various tribal areas.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800630-turmoil-in-north-east-india-turns-into-armed-uprising-in-tripura-821236-2014-01-24 |title=Turmoil in North-east India turns into armed uprising in Tripura |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="ie10Jan2020">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-bengali-people-nagorik-suraksha-mancha-6210312/ |title=Tribals in state 'foreigners', Bengalis original inhabitants, claims Tripura social group |date=10 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite book |title='Bearing Witness': The Impact of Conflict on Women in Nagaland and Assam |year=2011 |publisher=Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research |page=42}}</ref> etc. Issues include discrimiation in inhabitation,<ref name="hindu22Feb2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/brus-vs-non-tribal-bengalis-its-a-clash-among-the-displaced-in-tripura/article30883079.ece |title=Brus vs non-tribal Bengalis: It's a clash among the displaced in Tripura |first=Rahul |last=Karmakar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 February 2020}}</ref> other forms of discrimination,<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="Bhaumik2008">{{cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |editor=Samir Kumar Das |title=Blisters on their Feet |url=http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |access-date=5 March 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-81-7829-819-1 |page=303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182014/http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[#Accused political parties|political reasons]], government actions,<ref name="Hindu20Jan2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/who-are-the-brus-and-what-are-the-implications-of-settling-them-in-tripura/article30600913.ece |title=Who are the Brus, and what are the implications of settling them in Tripura? |first=Rahul |last=Karmakar |date=20 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref name="abc"/><ref name="auto9">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/23/harassed-discriminated-story-of-assams-bengali-origin-people |title='We're sons of the soil, don't call us Bangladeshis' |first=Saif |last=Khalid |website=Aljazeera.com}}</ref> anti-Bangladeshi sentiment,<ref name="ds4Sep2021">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-literature/news/story-bengal-and-bengalis-the-bengali-homeland-and-its-inhabitants-2168056 |title=Story of Bengal and Bengalis: The Bengali Homeland and its Inhabitants |date=4 September 2021 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> etc. The discriminative condition of Bengalis can be traced from [[Khoirabari massacre]], [[Nellie massacre]], [[Silapathar massacre]], [[North Kamrup massacre]], [[Goreswar massacre]], [[Bongal Kheda]], etc. This has led to emergence of [[Bengali language movement in India|Bengali sub-nationalism]] in India as a form of protest and formation of many pro-Bengali organisations in India.

== History ==
=== Attacks by Marathas in 18th century ===
The Hindu Maratha warriors invaded and occupied [[West Bengal|western Bengal]] up to the [[Hooghly River]].<ref name="Marshall72">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|author=P. J. Marshall|author-link=P. J. Marshall|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA72|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> During that period of invasion by the Marathas, warriors called as "[[Bargi]]s", perpetrated atrocities against the local population,<ref name="Marshall72"/> against [[Hindu]] [[Bengalis]] and [[Biharis]].<ref name="Marshall72"/> As reported in [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdwan Kingdom's]] and European sources, the Bargis are said to have plundered villages,<ref name="Davies"/> and Jan Kersseboom, chief of the [[Dutch East India Company]] factory in Bengal, estimated that perhaps 400,000 Hindu civilians in Western Bengal and Bihar were dead owing to the invasion of Bargis.<ref name="Marshall73"/><ref name="Chaudhuri253">{{cite book|author=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253|isbn=9780521031592}}</ref> The resulting casualties of Bargi onslaught against in Bengal are considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=C. C. Davies |year=1957 |chapter=Chapter XXIII: Rivalries in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555 |editor=J. O. Lindsay |editor-link=J. O. Lindsay |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |title-link=The New Cambridge Modern History |volume=VII: The Old Regime 1713–63 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=555 |isbn=978-0-521-04545-2}}</ref> According to the 18th-century Bengali text ''Maharashtra Purana'' written by Gangaram:<ref name="Marshall72"/>

{{blockquote|They shouted over and over again, 'Give us money', and when they got no money they filled peoples' nostrils with water, and some they seized and drowned in tanks, and many died of suffocation. In this way they did all manner of foul and evil deeds. When they demanded money and it was not given to them, they would put the man to death. Those who had money gave it, those who had none were killed.}}

According to the Bengali text ''Maharashtra Purana'':<ref name="Marshall72"/>

{{blockquote|Durga ordered her followers to be gracious to the Muslim Nawab and oppose the Marathas, because the evil-minded ones had killed Brahmans and Vaisnavas.}}

This devastated Bengal's economy, as many of the people killed in the Bargi raids included merchants, [[textile]] weavers,<ref name="Chaudhuri253"/> [[silk]] winders, and [[mulberry]] cultivators.<ref name="Marshall73"/> The [[Cossimbazar]] factory reported in 1742, for example, that the Bargis burnt down many of the houses where silk piece goods were made, along with weavers' [[loom]]s.<ref name="Chaudhuri253"/>

British writer [[Robert Orme]] reported that the Marathas caused so much distress to the local population that many of them "were continually taking flight" in large numbers to [[Calcutta]] whenever they heard rumours of the Marathas coming.<ref name="Marshall73">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|author=P. J. Marshall|author-link=P. J. Marshall|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> Many of the Bengali Hindus in western Bengal also fled to take shelter in [[East Bengal]], fearing for their lives in the wake of the Maratha attacks.<ref name="hussain">{{cite book|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971|volume=2|author=Aklam Hussain|publisher=[[University of Michigan]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=1997|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53ZuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9789845123372}}</ref>

The further attacks took place in 1748 in Bihar, on Murshidabad in 1750, and in 1751 in Western Bengal.<ref name="Habib">{{cite book | last1=Habib | first1=I. | last2=Panikkar | first2=K.N. | last3=Byres | first3=T.J. | last4=Patnaik | first4=U. | title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib | publisher=Anthem Press | series=Anthem South Asian studies | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-84331-038-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrBraqBaLQC&pg=PA233 | page=233}}</ref>

The internal fights within the Alivardi Khan's military also contributed to their losses. For example, in 1748 Pathan soldiers rebelled and seized Patna which they controlled for some time. Another example is the ''faujdar'' of Purnea who departed from Alivardi and created a small autonomous state.<ref>{{cite book | last=Markovits | first=C. | title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 | publisher=Anthem Press | series=Anthem South Asian Studies | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA194 | access-date=2022-03-18 | page=194}}</ref>
Apart from territorial losses, the Nawab of Bengal also suffered severe economic losses. Industries such as agriculture and trade were dislocated and a large number of people migrated from Western Bengal to Northern and Eastern districts.<ref name="Mahajan">{{cite book | last=Mahajan | first=VD | title=Modern Indian History | publisher=S. Chand Limited | year=2020 | isbn=978-93-5283-619-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDscEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 | quote=However, the Marathas were the greatest menace to Ali Vardi Khan. There were as many as five Maratha invasions in 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745 and 1748.| page=42}}</ref>


==Assam==
==Assam==
===Assamese-Bengali strife===
===Assamese-Bengali strife===
====Background====
====Background====
According to Subir Deb, the author of ''Story of Bengal and the Bengalis'', the anti-Bengali sentiment in Assam was deliberately fomented by the British in the colonial times.<ref name="auto20"/> The British had made Bengali as the official language in colonially administered Assam between 1836 and 1873, which included the Bengali-majority region of [[Sylhet division]] in [[Assam Province]], but the map of Assam was drawn by the colonialists in such way that many languages and communities (ethnic and indigenous) overlapped. This created language strife among the communities.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/assam-nrc-anti-foreigner-bengali-assamese|title=Decades of Discord: Assam Against Itself|website=thewire.in}}</ref> They introduced the infamous "Line System", which segregated Bengali settlers in Assam from its indigenous people.<ref name="auto20"/> The line system was originated in 1920 in Nowgong district, though then this was not any colonial Government rule, it was just personal initiative of a few British district officers. By 1921 the first army corps had conquered Goalpara. During 1921-1931 the system was enforced in Nawgaon district, where the immigrants constituted 14 per cent of the population. It was also implemented in Barpeta sub-division of Kamrup and Darang. In 1937, a 9-member Line System Committee was formed by the Government. The general consensus of the committee was that "the line system was a temporary mechanism created to check the unrestricted inflow of the immigrants into open areas and to protect the demographic composition against disruption and disturbance".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pegu |first1=Rinku |title=The Line System and the Birth of a Public Sphere in Assam: Immigrant, Alien, and Citizen |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2004 |volume=65 |pages=586–596 |jstor=44144773 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144773 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Though after successive Governments, line system was not abolished. The line system segregated the Bengalis from the indigenous and tribal people, creating a strife between them.<ref name="auto20"/>
According to Subir Deb, the author of ''Story of Bengal and the Bengalis'', anti-Bengali sentiment in Assam was deliberately fomented by the British in the colonial times.<ref name="ds4Sep2021"/> The British designated Bengali the official language of colonially administered Assam between 1836 and 1873, which included the Bengali-majority region of [[Sylhet division]] in [[Assam Province]]. However, they also defined the map of Assam in such a way that many languages and communities (ethnic and indigenous) overlapped, creating language strife among the communities.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/assam-nrc-anti-foreigner-bengali-assamese |title=Decades of Discord: Assam Against Itself |website=thewire.in}}</ref> Colonisers also introduced the infamous "line system", which segregated Bengali settlers in Assam from its indigenous people, starting the system in Nowgong district in 1920.<ref name="ds4Sep2021"/> From 1921 to 1931, the system was enforced in Nawgaon district, where immigrants constituted 14 percent of the population. It was also implemented in Barpeta sub-division of Kamrup and Darang. In 1937, a 9-member Line System Committee was formed by the government. The general consensus of the committee was that "the line system was a temporary mechanism created to check the unrestricted inflow of the immigrants into open areas and to protect the demographic composition against disruption and disturbance".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pegu |first1=Rinku |title=The Line System and the Birth of a Public Sphere in Assam: Immigrant, Alien, and Citizen |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2004 |volume=65 |pages=586–596 |jstor=44144773 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144773 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> However, even after successive governments, the line system was not abolished, continuing to segregate Bengalis from the indigenous and tribal people.<ref name="ds4Sep2021"/>


====1960 language bill in Assam====
====1960 language bill in Assam====
On 10 October 1960, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, the then Chief Minister of Assam presented a bill in the Legislative Assembly that makes [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the sole official language of the Assam.<ref name="abc">{{cite news|script-title=bn:বিস্মৃত বলিদান|last=Chowdhury|first=Ranajit|url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=3850&boxid=32416359|date=19 May 2013|work=Ei Samay|language=bn|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725013956/http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=3850&boxid=32416359|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 10 October 1960, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, the then- Chief Minister of Assam, presented a bill in the Legislative Assembly to declare [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the sole official language of the Assam.<ref name="abc">{{cite news|script-title=bn:বিস্মৃত বলিদান|last=Chowdhury|first=Ranajit|url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=3850&boxid=32416359|date=19 May 2013|work=Ei Samay|language=bn|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725013956/http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=3850&boxid=32416359|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ranendra Mohan Das, the then- MLA from Karimganj (North) assembly constituency and an ethnic Bengali, protested against the bill, arguing that it would impose the language of one third of the population over the remaining two thirds.<ref name="abc" /> On 24 October, the bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly, thereby marking Assamese as the only official language of the state. The law forcefully imposed Assamese on Bengalis in terms of employment and education. This resulted in [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|massive protests]] from the [[Barak Valley]], which was home to many [[East Bengali refugees]]. These protests succeeded in establishing Bengali as an additional official language, which led to reactive insurgency against Bengalis in Assam and numerous massacres.<ref name="auto15"/>
Ranendra Mohan Das, the then MLA from Karimganj (North) assembly constituency and an ethnic Bengali, protested against the bill on the ground that it sought to impose the language of a third of the population over the rest two thirds.<ref name="abc" /> On 24 October, the bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly thereby making Assamese as the one and only official language of the state. The law forcefully imposed [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
on Bengalis in terms of employment, education and others. This resulted [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|massive protests]] from the [[Barak Valley]] which was also home to many [[East Bengali refugees]]. After movement, when Government agreed to take Bengali as an additional official language, this made the Assamese fierce and not keen to share their official language. This resulted in insurgency against Bengalis in Assam and numerous massacres.<ref name="auto15"/>


===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis===
===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis===
====[[Bongal Kheda]] (1960 onwards)====
====[[Bongal Kheda]] (1960 onwards)====
In 1960, Assamese demanded to purge out [[Bengalis]] from Assam. Frequent attacks on the Bengali Hindus started in June 1960. Starting in [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] in [[Guwahati]] and then spread to the rest of the state.<ref name="ti">{{cite news|url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/column-details/173/a-taste-of-british-judiciary-amp-infamous-bongal-kheda.html|title=A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda'|last=Datta|first=Rathin|work=TripuraINFOWAY.com|publisher=Tripura Infoway News|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> Assamese mob attacked innocent Bengali Hindu settlements in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The District Magistrate of [[Guwahati]] who happened to be a Bengali Hindu was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960">{{harvtxt|Chakravarti|1960}}</ref> The Deputy Inspector General of Police, also a Bengali Hindu was also stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960"/> The Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from the institutions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/vino-chikhe/2016/02/19/102987.html|script-title=bn:যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল...|last=Chowdhury|first=Anwar|date=19 February 2016|work=Daily Ittefaq|language=bn|access-date=26 June 2017|location=Dhaka}}</ref> In [[Dibrugarh]], the [[Bengali Hindus]] were attacked in the mixed localities. Bengali Hindu houses were looted, burnt and the occupants were beaten up, knifed and driven out.<ref name="ti"/> 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam and taken to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="auto"/>
In 1960, the Assamese demanded to purge Bengalis from Assam.{{cn|date=May 2024}} In June 1960, frequent attacks on Bengali Hindus started in [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] in [[Guwahati]] and then spread to the rest of the state.<ref name="ti">{{cite news |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/column-details/173/a-taste-of-british-judiciary-amp-infamous-bongal-kheda.html |title=A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda' |last=Datta |first=Rathin |work=TripuraINFOWAY.com |publisher=Tripura Infoway News |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> An Assamese mob attacked innocent Bengali Hindu settlements in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The District Magistrate of Guwahati, who was a Bengali Hindu, was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960">{{harvtxt|Chakravarti|1960}}</ref> Another Bengali Hindu, the Deputy Inspector General of Police, was also stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960"/> Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from these institutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/vino-chikhe/2016/02/19/102987.html |script-title=bn:যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল... |last=Chowdhury |first=Anwar |date=19 February 2016 |work=Daily Ittefaq |language=bn |access-date=26 June 2017 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In [[Dibrugarh]], Bengali Hindu houses were looted and burnt, and their occupants were beaten up, knifed, and driven out.<ref name="ti"/> 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam and taken to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Bhaumik2008"/>


====[[Goreswar massacre]] (1960)====
====[[Goreswar massacre]] (1960)====

Goreswar massacre was a planned attack on the Bengali Hindus living in [[Goreswar]], in the [[Kamrup district]] (now [[Baksa district]]). As per a secret meeting in July 1960, at a school in [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]], by a Teachers' Association, the next day a students' strike was organised at Sibsagar and groups of students and youths were sent to [[Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh]] and other adjoining areas to communicate the decision of the meeting.<ref name="paula2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfeHAwAAQBAJ&q=bengalis+killed+goreswar&pg=PA150|title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles|last1=Banerjee|first1=Paula|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Sabyasachi Basu Ray|last3=Das|first3=Samir Kumar|date=7 January 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132101987|language=en}}</ref> In the Brahmaputra Valley, Assamese mobs started attacking Bengalis. On 14 July 1960, riots began in Sibsagar with the looting of Bengali shops and assaults on several Bengalis. In lower Assam ([[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]] and [[Goalpara]]), intense violence occurred in 25 villages in [[Goreswar]]. An Assamese mob of 15,000, armed with guns and other weapons, attacked Bengali shops and houses,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffe4dMu4p_gC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22riots%22&pg=PA214|title=Discovery of North-East India|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|date=2015|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183240390|language=en}}</ref> destroyed 4,019 huts and 58 houses.<ref name="paula2005" /><ref name="bhaumik2009">{{cite book|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRjDwAAQBAJ|access-date=22 October 2018|date=10 December 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9789352801817}}</ref> According to the inquiry commission, at least nine [[Bengalis]] were killed, one woman was attacked and raped and nearly 1,000 Bengali Hindus fled from the area during the riot.<ref name=dutta2012>{{cite thesis|last=Dutta|first=Uddipan|date=31 December 2012|title=The Role of Language Management and Language Conflict in the Transition of Post Colonial Assamese Identity|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 4: Communal Riots on Language Issues|publisher=Gauhati University|page=98-99|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116506/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> The violence continued for months. Between July and September 1960, nearly 50,000 [[Bengali Hindus]] fled to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="paula2005"/>
The Goreswar massacre was a planned attack on Bengali Hindus living in [[Goreswar]] in the [[Kamrup district]] (now the [[Baksa district]]). As per a secret July meeting at a school in [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]], a students' strike was organised for the next day at Sibsagar. Groups of students and youths were sent to [[Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh]], and other adjoining areas to communicate the decision of the meeting.<ref name="paula2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfeHAwAAQBAJ&q=bengalis+killed+goreswar&pg=PA150|title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles|last1=Banerjee|first1=Paula|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Sabyasachi Basu Ray|last3=Das|first3=Samir Kumar|date=7 January 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132101987|language=en}}</ref> In the Brahmaputra Valley, Assamese mobs started attacking Bengalis. On 14 July 1960, riots began in Sibsagar with the looting of Bengali shops and assaults on several Bengalis. In lower Assam ([[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]] and [[Goalpara]]), intense violence occurred in 25 villages in [[Goreswar]]. An Assamese mob of 15,000, armed with guns and other weapons, attacked Bengali shops and houses,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffe4dMu4p_gC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22riots%22&pg=PA214|title=Discovery of North-East India|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|date=2015|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183240390|language=en}}</ref> destroying 4,019 huts and 58 houses.<ref name="paula2005" /><ref name="bhaumik2009">{{cite book|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRjDwAAQBAJ|access-date=22 October 2018|date=10 December 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9789352801817}}</ref> According to the inquiry commission, at least nine Bengalis were killed, one woman was attacked and raped, and nearly 1,000 Bengali Hindus fled from the area during the riot.<ref name=dutta2012>{{cite thesis|last=Dutta|first=Uddipan|date=31 December 2012|title=The Role of Language Management and Language Conflict in the Transition of Post Colonial Assamese Identity|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 4: Communal Riots on Language Issues|publisher=Gauhati University|page=98-99|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116506/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> The violence continued for months. Between July and September 1960, nearly 50,000 Bengali Hindus fled to [[West Bengal]].<ref name="paula2005"/>


====[[North Kamrup violence]] (1980)====
====[[North Kamrup violence]] (1980)====
In some districts of lower Assam, [[Kamrupi people|Kamrupi]] Bengali Hindus were often harassed as foreigners and became the target of violence. Kamrupi Bengalsi were attacked frequently. On 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the AASU for supporting the anti-Bengali movement. In 1981, the Assamese killed nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus. Also along with Assamese locals, Kamrupi [[Muslims]] attacked the Bengali Hindus and spread violence.<ref name="kamrupi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176480086|language=en}}</ref>
In some districts of lower Assam, [[Kamrupi people|Kamrupi]] Bengali Hindus were harassed as foreigners and became the target of violence. On 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) for supporting the anti-Bengali movement.{{cn|date=May 2024}} In 1981, the Assamese killed nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus. Along with Assamese locals, Kamrupi Muslims attacked the Bengali Hindus and spread violence.<ref name="kamrupi">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=%22north+kamrup%22+%22pogrom%22&pg=PA204|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176480086|language=en}}</ref>


====[[Khoirabari massacre]] (1983)====
====[[Khoirabari massacre]] (1983)====
After the [[Partition of India]], [[Bengali Hindu]]s from India and [[Bengali Hindu refugees]] from East Bengal settled in [[Khoirabari]] in the Mangaldoi sub-division of the [[Darrang district]]. During the assembly election on 14 February 1983, the activists of the [[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]] blocked and had cut communications to the Bengali enclaves. Indigenous [[Assamese people|Assamese]] groups, who had held resentments toward the immigrant Bengalis, took advantage of the resulting isolation and surrounded and attacked the Bengali villages at night. As result, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and the polling agents could not be sent to Khoirabari. The immigrant Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at the Khoirabari School,<ref name="goswami">{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sabita |title=Along the Red River: A Memoir |year= 2014 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-83074-26-6 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> where the indigenous Assamese mob attacked them.<ref name="goswami" /> According to [[Indian Police Service]] officer E.M. Rammohun, more than 100 immigrant Bengali Hindus refugees were killed in the massacre.<ref name=rammohun2005>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KclwPdsveMQC|title=Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast|last=Rammohan|first=E. N.|date=2005|publisher=India Research Press|isbn=978-81-87943-80-8|language=en}}</ref> According to journalist [[Shekhar Gupta]], more than 500 immigrant Bengali Hindus were killed.<ref name="gupta1984">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Assam: A Valley Divided |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-7069-2537-1 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZbaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barpujari |first1=H. K. |title=North-East India: Problems, Policies, and Prospects : Since Independence |date=1998 |publisher=Spectrum Publication |isbn=978-81-85319-81-0 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FluAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> The survivors took shelter in the Khoirabari railway station<ref name=rammohun2005 />
After the [[Partition of India]], Bengali Hindus from India and [[Bengali Hindu refugees]] from East Bengal settled in [[Khoirabari]] in the Mangaldoi sub-division of the [[Darrang district]]. During the assembly election on 14 February 1983, the activists of the [[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]] blocked access and cut communications to the Bengali enclaves. Indigenous Assamese groups, who held resentments toward the immigrant Bengalis, took advantage of the resulting isolation and surrounded and attacked the Bengali villages at night.{{cn|date=May 2024}} As result, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and polling agents could not be sent to Khoirabari. Immigrant Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at the Khoirabari School,<ref name="goswami">{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sabita |title=Along the Red River: A Memoir |year= 2014 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-83074-26-6 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> where the indigenous Assamese mob attacked them.<ref name="goswami" /> According to [[Indian Police Service]] officer E.M. Rammohun, more than 100 immigrant Bengali Hindus refugees were killed in the massacre.<ref name=rammohun2005>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KclwPdsveMQC|title=Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast|last=Rammohan|first=E. N.|date=2005|publisher=India Research Press|isbn=978-81-87943-80-8|language=en}}</ref> According to journalist [[Shekhar Gupta]], more than 500 immigrant Bengali Hindus were killed.<ref name="gupta1984">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Assam: A Valley Divided |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-7069-2537-1 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZbaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barpujari |first1=H. K. |title=North-East India: Problems, Policies, and Prospects : Since Independence |date=1998 |publisher=Spectrum Publication |isbn=978-81-85319-81-0 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FluAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> The survivors took shelter in the Khoirabari railway station.<ref name=rammohun2005 />


====[[Silapathar massacre]] (1983)====
====[[Silapathar massacre]] (1983)====
In Silapathar, undivided [[Lakhimpur district]], Assam, Bengali Hindus had been two-decades-old residents. They were an ethnic minority in the region. In February 1983, some [[Assamese people|Assamese]] mobs attacked the Bengali villagers with machetes, bows and arrows. They destroyed several bridges which connects remote area. The attackers burnt the houses, belongings and the food grains. The villagers ran towards the jungle for shelter. They spent days after days without much food or shelter. Veteran journalist Sabita Goswami claimed that according to Government sources, more than 1000 people were killed in the clashes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Sabita|title=Along the Red River: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ|access-date=23 April 2017|date=11 March 2014|isbn=9789383074266|chapter=27|publisher=Zubaan }}</ref> According to eyewitnesses, the attacks snatched the babies from their mother's arms and threw them on fire. The survivors fled to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="upi24021983">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/02/24/Army-troops-rushed-Thursday-to-northeastern-Assam-state-where/5756414910800/|title=Army troops rushed Thursday to northeastern Assam state where...|last=Roy|first=S.G.|date=24 February 1983|work=upi.com|publisher=Upi.com|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref>
In Silapathar, undivided [[Lakhimpur district]], Assam, Bengali Hindus had been residents for two decades, as an ethnic minority in the region. In February 1983, Assamese mobs attacked the Bengali villagers with machetes, bows and arrows, burnt houses, and destroyed several bridges which connected the remote area. The villagers escaped into the jungle, and spent days without adequate food or shelter.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Journalist Sabita Goswami claimed that according to government sources, more than 1000 people were killed in the clashes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Sabita|title=Along the Red River: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7t5DAAAQBAJ|access-date=23 April 2017|date=11 March 2014|isbn=9789383074266|chapter=27|publisher=Zubaan }}</ref> The survivors fled to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="upi24021983">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/02/24/Army-troops-rushed-Thursday-to-northeastern-Assam-state-where/5756414910800/|title=Army troops rushed Thursday to northeastern Assam state where...|last=Roy|first=S.G.|date=24 February 1983|work=upi.com|publisher=Upi.com|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref>


====[[Nellie massacre]] (1983)====
====[[Nellie massacre]] (1983)====
In the assembly elections of 1983, [[Indira Gandhi]] gave rights to 4 million immigrants from Bangladesh to vote. After the decision, the [[All Assam Students Union]] made a [[pogrom]]<ref name=Hussain>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Monirul|title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch|date=1 February 2009|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-8190583572|page=261|editor=Sibaji Pratim Basu}}</ref> and on 18 February 1983 attacked Bengalis in 14 villages—Alisingha, Khulapathar, Basundhari, Bugduba Beel, Bugduba Habi, Borjola, Butuni, Dongabori, Indurmari, Mati Parbat, Muladhari, Mati Parbat no. 8, Silbheta, Borburi and Nellie of [[Nagaon district]].<ref>{{Citation
In the assembly elections of 1983, [[Indira Gandhi]] gave the right to vote to 4 million immigrants from Bangladesh. After the decision, the [[All Assam Students Union]] made a [[pogrom]]<ref name=Hussain>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Monirul |title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch |date=1 February 2009 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-8190583572 |page=261 |editor=Sibaji Pratim Basu}}</ref> and on 18 February 1983 attacked Bengalis in 14 villages.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rehman |first=Teresa |title=Nellie Revisited: The Horror's Nagging Shadow |newspaper=Tehelka |date=30 September 2006 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp |access-date=19 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111192753/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp |archive-date=11 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The massacre claimed the lives of 2,191 people, with unofficial figures estimating more than 10,000 dead.<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation], Indilens news team, Retrieved 10 November 2015.</ref>
No one was held responsible for these mass killings as a part of the 1985 [[Assam Accord]].<ref name=Harsh>{{cite news |last=Mander |first=Harsh |title=Nellie : India's forgotten massacre |date=14 December 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/12/14/stories/2008121450100300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010719/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/12/14/stories/2008121450100300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>
| last = Rehman
| first = Teresa
| title = Nellie Revisited: The Horror's Nagging Shadow
| newspaper = Tehelka
| date = 30 September 2006
| url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp
| access-date = 19 February 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061111192753/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main19.asp?filename=Ne093006the_horrors.asp
| archive-date = 11 November 2006
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The massacre claimed the lives of 2,191 people while even unofficial figures run at more than 10,000.<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation], Indilens news team, Retrieved 10 November 2015.</ref>
Though this mass killings happened, not a single person was given punishment as a part of the 1985 [[Assam Accord]].<ref name=Harsh>{{cite news | last =Mander | first =Harsh | title =Nellie : India's forgotten massacre | date =14 December 2008 | url =http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/12/14/stories/2008121450100300.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010719/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/12/14/stories/2008121450100300.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =16 December 2008 | newspaper =[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>


====Other instances during [[Assamese language movement]] and [[Assam movement]]====
====Other instances during [[Assamese language movement]] and [[Assam movement]]====
In 1972, during the [[Assamese language movement]], Bengali were mostly targeted. In [[Gauhati University]], Bengali Hindus were attacked. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekhawat|first=Vibhuti Singh|title=Assam: From Accord to ULFA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW2x76MPOhoC|access-date=6 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Anamika Publishers|isbn=9788179751695|page=88}}</ref>
In 1972, during the [[Assamese language movement]], Bengali were mostly targeted.{{cn|date=May 2024}} In [[Gauhati University]], Bengali Hindus were attacked. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekhawat|first=Vibhuti Singh|title=Assam: From Accord to ULFA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW2x76MPOhoC|access-date=6 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Anamika Publishers|isbn=9788179751695|page=88}}</ref>


The 1979 agitation witnessed frequent curfews and strikes called by the [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) and other local organisations. Trains have been attacked. Central Government employees of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Airlines and the Railways have been intimidated and asked to leave the state.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791215-assam-meghalaya-in-the-throes-of-widespread-communal-trouble-822290-2014-02-11|title=Assam, Meghalaya in the throes of widespread communal trouble|newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Assamese threw stones in Bengali-dominated neighbourhood Das Colony in Maligaon area. A petrol pump on the main road between Maligaon and Guwahati, was set on fire. At least two young Bengali men in Maligaon were murdered. One incident that happened where a young Assamese man, a school drop-out in his early 20s, who used to reside in Maligaon locality. He stabbed his own childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.<ref name="auto11"/> Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. Rabi Mitra, an ethnic Bengali technical officer at Oil India's headquarters in Duliajan was brutally murdered by Assamese. In 1980, a Bengali legislator was killed and the Bengali localities came under systematic attack repeatedly. In 1983, the Bengali Hindus were attacked numerous times during the anti-foreign agitation. In Dhemaji district, the Bengali houses were vandalised. Tribals attacked government-sanctioned Bengali Hindu refugee settlements in the Lakhimpur district. Bengali babies were snatched from their mothers and thrown to fire, alive resulting in horrendous massacres. Numerous extremely abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became a common hate spreading mechanism for the Assamese rioters like "If you see a snake and a Bengali, kill the Bengali first", they stated former [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] as the "Bustard son of Bengal".<ref name="auto7"/> Effigies of then West Bengal Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu,
Agitation in 1979 led to frequent curfews and strikes called by the AASU and other local organisations. Trains were attacked, and central government employees of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Airlines and the Railways were intimidated and asked to leave the state.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791215-assam-meghalaya-in-the-throes-of-widespread-communal-trouble-822290-2014-02-11 |title=Assam, Meghalaya in the throes of widespread communal trouble |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Various incidents of unrest occurred, including a young Assamese man stabbing his childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.<ref name="aj26Feb2020"/> Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. In 1983, Bengali Hindus were attacked numerous times during the anti-foreign agitation.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became commonplace and Assamese rioters referred to former [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] as the "Bastard son of Bengal".<ref name="auto7"/> Effigies of then- West Bengal Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, hung from light posts and trees.<ref name="auto19"/>
hung from light posts and trees.<ref name="auto19"/>


====2000 onwards====
====2000 onwards====
On 1 November 2018, five Bengali Hindus were killed on the banks of Brahmaputra near Kherbari village in Tinsukia district of Assam. [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] were suspected for the massacre.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2018 |title=Bloodbath In Assam: ULFA Militants Murder Five Bengalis in Tinsukia |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/bloodbath-in-assam-ulfa-militants-murder-five-bengalis-in-tinsukia/|work=Barak Bulletin|access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
On 1 November 2018, five Bengali Hindus were killed on the banks of Brahmaputra near Kherbari village in the Tinsukia district of Assam. [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] were suspected to be responsible for the massacre.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2018 |title=Bloodbath In Assam: ULFA Militants Murder Five Bengalis in Tinsukia |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/bloodbath-in-assam-ulfa-militants-murder-five-bengalis-in-tinsukia/|work=Barak Bulletin|access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref>


In 2021, two Bengali Muslims were killed during an eviction drive by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2-die-in-assam-eviction-drive/article36638255.ece|title=2 die in Assam eviction drive|first=Special|last=Correspondent|date=23 September 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
In 2021, two Bengali Muslims were killed during an eviction drive by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2-die-in-assam-eviction-drive/article36638255.ece |title=2 die in Assam eviction drive |date=23 September 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>


===Discrimination against Bengalis===
===Discrimination against Bengalis===
Bengali Hindus living in Assam are routinely called 'Bangladeshis' and harassed. Bengali Hindus are being targeted by Assamese nationalist organisations and political parties from time to time. They are discriminatively tagged as [[Bongal]] (outsider Bengalis) in context of linguistic politics of Assam.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Many Bengalis are given "D Voter" status and taken to the detention camps. There are nearly 899 people (as of June 2018) who are in six detention centres across Assam. According to government figures, nearly 90,000 people including mostly Bengalis, were declared as foreigners between 1985 and 2016. [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]] alleges that many of the so-called declared foreigners did not even receive notice from the court and identifying undocumented immigrants or "D voters" are done "arbitrary", "random" and without proper investigation from the Government. Many of them have been in detention camps without any faults.
Bengali Hindus living in Assam are routinely called 'Bangladeshis' and harassed.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Bengali Hindus are being targeted by Assamese nationalist organisations and political parties from time to time. They are discriminatively tagged as [[Bongal]] (outsider Bengalis) in the context of Assam's linguistic politics.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Some examples of the discriminative incidents include:
*Morjina Bibi, from Fofanga Part I village in Assam's Goalpara district, had spent nearly nine months in detention from December 2016 to July 2017, for a case of mistaken identity which was a Government fault.
*Gopal Das, 65, committed suicide after receiving a notice from the Foreigners Tribunal in Udalguri district in spite of having his name in the 1966 voters list.
*Sajahan Kazi, a government school teacher from Barpeta district, took 20 years for him to prove his citizenship from 1997. Even, Ajmal Haque, who served in the Indian army for 30 years, was asked to prove his citizenship.
*Moinal Mollah of Barpeta district's Bohri village was kept in Goalpara detention camp, despite his parents and grandparents declared as Indian citizens with the necessary documents. After three years an NGO, MY-FACTS, provided free legal assistance to Mollah and Supreme Court ordered his release.<ref name="auto9"/>


Some examples of discrimination include:
Aman Wadud, who practices at the Guwahati High Court, says for proving their Citizenship status, they sell their home and lands to pay legal fees, which may go up to 50,000 rupees ($734).<ref name="auto9"/>
* Morjina Bibi, from Fofanga Part I village in Assam's Goalpara district, spent nearly nine months in detention from December 2016 to July 2017, for a case of mistaken identity which was a Government fault.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

* Gopal Das, 65, committed suicide after receiving a notice from the Foreigners Tribunal in Udalguri district in spite of having his name in the 1966 voters list.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|N. R. C.]] based on 1971 while many of them had claimed to have documents of their citizenship and submitted to the Assam Government.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=bn:এনআরসি-তে ১২ লক্ষ হিন্দুর নাম বাদ, অসমে প্যাঁচে বিজেপি|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/over-12-lakh-hindu-left-out-from-nrc-1.1044352|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>
* Sajahan Kazi, a government school teacher from Barpeta district, spent 20 years from 1997 trying to prove his citizenship.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

* Moinal Mollah of Barpeta district's Bohri village was kept in Goalpara detention camp, even though his parents and grandparents were declared as Indian citizens with the necessary documents. After three years, an NGO provided free legal assistance to Mollah, and the Supreme Court ordered his release.<ref name="auto9"/>
Also the Barak valley is the most neglected part of Assam in terms of its infrastructure development, tourism sector, educational institutions, hospitals, IT industries, G.D.P, H.D.I etc. which is still lagging behind in comparison to the Assam's mainland [[Brahmaputra valley]], which have access to all of those facilities mentioned above. No representatives from Barak Valley are called for Government meetings. Threateners against Bengalis are not arrested by the Police. Promises are not fulfilled many times separately only for Barak Valley areas like Vistadome train services were started but promises to run the service to Badarpur is ignored.<ref name="auto16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/possible-solutions-to-the-north-easts-bengali-problem/|title=Possible Solutions to the North East's 'Bengali Problem'|website=Barakbulletin.com|date=4 September 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
* On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|N. R. C.]], though many of them claimed to have submitted documents of their citizenship to the Assam Government.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:এনআরসি-তে ১২ লক্ষ হিন্দুর নাম বাদ, অসমে প্যাঁচে বিজেপি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/over-12-lakh-hindu-left-out-from-nrc-1.1044352 |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
Two Bengali Hindus were killed by militant formation [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]], but the killings neither drew any political or Governmental attraction nor the miscreants are arrested.<ref name="auto16"/>
* Two Bengali Hindus were killed by the militant formation [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]], but the killings neither drew any political or Governmental attraction and those responsible were not arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/possible-solutions-to-the-north-easts-bengali-problem/ |title=Possible Solutions to the North East's 'Bengali Problem' |website=Barakbulletin.com |date=4 September 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>


==Bihar==
==Bihar==
In first half of the 20th century, [[Bihar]] has a large number of middle class Bengalis with educational, medical and legal professions from [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Purnia]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Darbhanga]] and [[Bhagalpur]]. During the 15 years of [[Rastriya Janata Dal|RJD]] rule and [[Indian National Congress|Congress rule]] of 80s, Bengali families faced several cases of house-grabbing. There were many prominent, have also been forcibly occupied by Biharis, making the Bengali community selling their home and migrate to other places.<ref name="auto12"/> This made Bengalis, who were pioneers in setting up higher education in Bihar, having an identity crisis in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2941.html|title=Identity Crisis of the Bengalis of Bihar - Mainstream|website=Mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref>
In the first half of the 20th century, [[Bihar]] had a large population of middle class and professional Bengalis from [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Purnia]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Darbhanga]] and [[Bhagalpur]]. During the 15 years of [[Rastriya Janata Dal|RJD]] rule and [[Indian National Congress|Congress rule]] in the 1980s, Bengali families faced several cases of "house-grabbing," forcing the Bengali community to sell their homes and migrate to other places.<ref name="pio7Jul2013"/>


During 1948 Bengali speaking peoples of Manbhum district imposed Hindi language forcibly giving restrictions in Bengali language, and after that making Hindi the sole official language of Bihar resulted in massive protests.<ref name="purulia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=Purulia.nic.in}}</ref>
During 1948, the Manbhum district forcibly imposed the Hindi language, restricting use of Bengali and eventually making Hindi the sole official language of Bihar, which resulted in massive protests.<ref name="purulia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=Purulia.nic.in}}</ref>


==Meghalaya==
==Meghalaya==
===Khasi-Bengali strife===
===Khasi-Bengali strife===
The 1979 Khasi Bengali riot was first major riot in [[Shillong]], which was directed against the local Bengalis and the minority. While after the formation of Assam, most of the Assamese left but Indian Bengalis, who dominated middle class jobs, and Bengali refugees from East Bengal stayed there.<ref name="auto18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/06/05/shillong-violence-and-the-rhetoric-of-pure-blood|title=Shillong violence and the rhetoric of 'pure blood'|first=Samrat|last=X|website=Newslaundry|date=5 June 2018 }}</ref> Assam's Bongal Kheda has influenced Meghalaya to drive its Bengalis and other minorities out of the state. The Khasi Students Union (KSU), was created on 20 March 1978, for the filling the same. On 22 October 1979, a fight between Khasis and Bengalis took place over a Khasi man, who allegedly crossed over the idol, damaging the Kali idol of idol of Lal Villa which was taken out for immersion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cuttingthechai.com/2019/10/8567/a-riot-that-changed-a-city-40-years-of-79er-gondogul-the-1979-shillong-anti-bengali-riots/|title=A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots|date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, Bengali houses over the whole locality of Laitumukhra in Shillong were burnt down by the Khasi tribes.<ref name="auto19"/> The riots escalated strife between the communities which continued in the 1980s and 1990s also. Bengali houses burnt and people were murdered and raped. Nearly 20,000 Bengalis were displaced from the state in 1979, mainly from the capital [[Shillong]] following anti Bengali riot.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/conflict-country/articleshow/15724883.cms | title=Conflict country - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/tribal-vs-non-tribal-1502863282.html | title=Tribal Vs Non-Tribal | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=6 March 2020 }}</ref> In 1987 there were curfews for a whole year. A separatist militant outfit [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC) (a terrorist organisation designated by [[Government of India]]) was created which resulted in several riots in 1992. Most of the Bengalis moved to West Bengal or the Barak Valley of Assam or became internal refugees in Assam.<ref name="auto18"/><ref name="auto22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/tribal-vs-non-tribal-1502863282.html/amp|title=Tribal Vs Non-Tribal|website=Thestatesman.com|date=6 March 2020 }}</ref>
1979's Khasi Bengali riot was the first major riot in [[Shillong]] which was directed against the local Bengalis as a minority. Most of the Assamese left the area after Assam was formed, but Indian Bengalis and refugees from East Bengal stayed there.<ref name="auto18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/06/05/shillong-violence-and-the-rhetoric-of-pure-blood|title=Shillong violence and the rhetoric of 'pure blood'|first=Samrat|last=X|website=Newslaundry|date=5 June 2018 }}</ref> Assam's Bongal Kheda influenced Meghalaya to drive Bengalis and other minorities out of the state. The [[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi Students' Union]] (KSU) was created on 20 March 1978 for this purpose.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
On 22 October 1979, a fight between Khasis and Bengalis took place after a Khasi man allegedly damaged the Kali idol of Lal Villa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cuttingthechai.com/2019/10/8567/a-riot-that-changed-a-city-40-years-of-79er-gondogul-the-1979-shillong-anti-bengali-riots/ |title=A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots |date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, Bengali houses across Laitumukhra in [[Shillong]] were burnt down by the Khasi tribes.<ref name="auto19"/> The riots escalated strife between these communities, which would continue through the 1980s and 1990s. Nearly 20,000 Bengalis were displaced from the state in 1979, mainly from the capital Shillong, following the anti-Bengali riot.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/conflict-country/articleshow/15724883.cms |title=Conflict country - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/tribal-vs-non-tribal-1502863282.html |title=Tribal Vs Non-Tribal |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 March 2020}}</ref> A separatist militant outfit, [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC), was created, and instigated several riots in 1992.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Most of the Bengalis moved to West Bengal or the Barak Valley of Assam, or became internal refugees in Assam.<ref name="auto18"/><ref name="sm6Mar2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/tribal-vs-non-tribal-1502863282.html/amp |title=Tribal Vs Non-Tribal |work=The Statesman |date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

===After 2000===
===After 2000===
From 2008, the situation was relatively peaceful in Shillong which attracted tourists from all over. Though in 2006 to 2017, the HNLC members increased from 4 lakh to more than a million.<ref name="auto22"/>
After 2008, the situation was relatively peaceful in Shillong. From 2006 to 2017, the HNLC members increased from 4 lakh to more than a million.<ref name="sm6Mar2020"/>

In February 2020, the [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]] warned all [[Bengali Hindu]]s to leave the Ichamati and Majai areas of the district within one month. In a statement, HNLC general secretary Sainkumar Nongtraw warned of “mass bloodshed” if the Bengali Hindus did not leave Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya-extremists-ask-non-tribal-group-to-leave/article30965125.ece|title=Meghalaya extremists ask non-tribal group to leave|first=Special|last=Correspondent|date=2 March 2020|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> Incidents were reported where tribal miscreants tried to damage vehicles. After two days, more than a dozen non-tribals including Bengalis were assaulted by a group of masked tribal assailants in different parts of the Khasi Hills in which ten men were stabbed in Shillong. Members of the students union tried to burn down a house which led to retaliation from the local non-tribals.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-police-books-banned-militant-group-in-meghalaya-after-threat-to-bengali-hindus/348296|title=Police Books Banned Militant Group In Meghalaya After Threat To Hindu-Bengalis|website=Outlookindia.com|date=14 February 2022}}</ref>
In February 2020, the HNLC warned all Bengali Hindus to leave the Ichamati and Majai areas of the district within one month. In a statement, HNLC general secretary Sainkumar Nongtraw warned of "mass bloodshed" if the Bengali Hindus did not leave Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya-extremists-ask-non-tribal-group-to-leave/article30965125.ece |title=Meghalaya extremists ask non-tribal group to leave t |date=2 March 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> After two days, more than a dozen non-tribals (including Bengalis) were assaulted by a group of masked tribal assailants in different parts of the Khasi Hills, and ten men were stabbed in Shillong.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Members of the Student's Union tried to burn down a house, which led to retaliation from the local non-tribals.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-police-books-banned-militant-group-in-meghalaya-after-threat-to-bengali-hindus/348296 |title=Police Books Banned Militant Group In Meghalaya After Threat To Hindu-Bengalis |magazine=Outlook |date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

[[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi Students’ Union]] (KSU), an influential students’ body in Meghalaya, put up banners and posters, saying “All Meghalaya Bengalis are Bangladeshis”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/anti-bengali-posters-in-meghalaya-police-warn-outfit-of-action/articleshow/78821134.cms|title=Anti-Bengali posters in Meghalaya, police warn outfit of action &#124; Shillong News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 October 2020 }}</ref>
KSU, continuing its influence in Meghalaya, put up banners and posters, saying "All Meghalaya Bengalis are Bangladeshis".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/anti-bengali-posters-in-meghalaya-police-warn-outfit-of-action/articleshow/78821134.cms |title=Anti-Bengali posters in Meghalaya, police warn outfit of action &#124; Shillong News - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=23 October 2020}}</ref>


==Tripura==
==Tripura==
===Tripuri-Bengali strife===
===Tripuri-Bengali strife===
As per the Tripura Rajmala's royal chronicle of the state's Manikya monarchs and census reports,<ref name="auto13"/> in 1947, 93 per cent of princely state [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]]'s population was of the tribals.<ref name="auto3"/> According to Nagarik Suraksha Mancha, the tribals came from [[Mongolia]], Tripuri and other parts of the world.<ref name="auto13"/> After the [[partition of India]], Hindus from neighbouring [[Comilla]], [[Noakhali]] and [[Chittagong]] districts of then [[East Pakistan]], from [[Dacca]] district, across the river Meghna, fled into Tripura, the majority of them being Bengali. They triggered a population explosion from 646,000 in 1951 to 1.15 million in 1961 and 1.5 million in 1971. This resulted in the Tripuri population shrinking to 28.5 per cent.<ref name="auto3"/> In 1977, a section of the Tripuris formed a political party [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] (TUJS). TUJS-backed Tripura National Volunteers (TNV), under the leadership of B. K. Hrangkhawl gone underground. There were other extremist organisations called "Sangkrak Army" led by Sanglei. Sangkrak tied up with the outlawed [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) to deal sophisticated arms. Their motive was to drive out "foreigners" i.e. Bengalis out of the state. As [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] was the ruling government for decades and showed no sign of dividing the state, the extremist organisations are against them.<ref name="auto3"/> Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti (Tujs) and its party organ, Chinikok, were against the Bengalis and against the Left Front in particular. Tujs leaders demanded 1949 as the cut-off year and drew up an action programme in 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800715-communal-riots-rock-tripura-state-govt-try-to-find-scapegoat-to-blame-mob-frenzy-on-821251-2014-01-22|title=Communal riots rock Tripura, state govt try to find scapegoat to blame mob frenzy on|newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
According to royal census reports, in 1947, 93 percent of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]]'s population consisted of tribal citizens who came from [[Mongolia]], Tripuri and other parts of the world.<ref name="ie10Jan2020"/><ref name="auto3"/> After the [[partition of India]], Hindus from neighbouring [[Comilla]], [[Noakhali]] and [[Chittagong]] districts of then [[East Pakistan]], as well as [[Dacca]] district, fled into Tripura, the majority of them being Bengali.{{cn|date=May 2024}} They triggered a population explosion from 646,000 in 1951 to 1.15 million in 1961 and 1.5 million in 1971. This resulted in the Tripuri tribal population shrinking to 28.5 per cent.<ref name="auto3"/> In 1977, a section of the Tripuris formed a political party called [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] (TUJS), which began to back extremist movements.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Their motive was to drive out "foreigners," i.e. Bengalis, from the state.{{cn|date=May 2024}} TUJS leaders drew up an action programme for Bengali expulsion in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800715-communal-riots-rock-tripura-state-govt-try-to-find-scapegoat-to-blame-mob-frenzy-on-821251-2014-01-22 |title=Communal riots rock Tripura, state govt try to find scapegoat to blame mob frenzy on |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref>


===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis===
===Massacres and attacks on Bengalis===
====[[Mandai massacre]] (1980)====
====[[Mandai massacre]] (1980)====
Mandwi, an obscure village located about 60&nbsp;km north east of Agartala, is inhabited by [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] mostly and the minor [[Bengali people|Bengali]] people. On the night of 6 June, armed Tripuri tribal insurgent groups began to block the nontribal localities and arson, violence and murder. Thousands of Bengalis took shelter near the National Highway 44. The BDO of Jirania and Shankar Narayan, the District Magistrate of West Tripurahad arranged a relief camp at Khayerpur School and started administering initial relief to the Bengali refugees.
Mandwi, an obscure village located about 60&nbsp;km north east of Agartala, is inhabited primarily by [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] with a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] minority. On the night of 6 June 1980, armed Tripuri tribal insurgent groups began to block the nontribal localities and to commit arson, violence and murder.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Thousands of Bengalis took shelter near the National Highway 44, and a relief camp was established at Khayerpur School where initial relief was administered to the Bengali refugees.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
From the afternoon of 7 June, the situation worsened. In the evening there were reports of large-scale arson and looting in Jirania block. The rioters were committing arson on the Bengali villages in [[Champaknagar]] and the foothills of [[Baramura]]. On 8 June, Satyendra Chakraborty, the LAMPS manager of Mandwi and Sachindra Saha, a CPI(M) leader reported at the B.D.O. office that more than 500 Bengalis in Mandwi have been blocked and are to be killed by the armed [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]]. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandwi, which remained unmanned. An entire village was fired in Purba Noabadi. In Mandwi all the houses and huts were destroyed to ashes, except the LAMPS building. The entire place was full of blood. Around 350-400 Bengalis were killed. After two hours, the injured were sent to GB hospital in a truck. Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of agartala. .<ref name="paul">{{cite book |title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict |last=Paul |first=Manas |year=2010 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1935501152 |pages=86–94 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC}}</ref> According to Major R. Rajamani, the commander of the [[Indian army]] contingent that arrived on 9 June, that the [[My Lai massacre]] was not even half as gruesome as in Mandai.
From the afternoon of 7 June, the situation worsened, with reports of large-scale arson and looting in Jirania block, as well as arson on Bengali villages in [[Champaknagar]] and the foothills of [[Baramura]]. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandwi, which remained unmanned. An entire village was fired in Purba Noabadi. In Mandwi almost all houses and huts were destroyed, and 350-400 Bengalis were killed.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of Agartala.<ref name="paul">{{cite book |title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict |last=Paul |first=Manas |year=2010 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1935501152 |pages=86–94 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC}}</ref>


====[[Bagber massacre]] (2000)====
====[[Bagber massacre]] (2000)====
Bagber is a village under the Kalyanpur police station in [[West Tripura district]] of [[Tripura]].<ref name="ht22052000">{{cite news |title=19 Bengalis killed in Tripura |url=http://nevigil.freeservers.com/01062000i.htm#i08 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2000 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> In May 2000, during the ongoing ethnic riots scores of [[Bengali Hindus]] had taken shelter at a refugee camp in Bagber.<ref>{{cite news |title=SPOs in Tripura give Cong jitters |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030105/asp/northeast/story_1543430.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030105/asp/northeast/story_1543430.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=5 January 2003 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> On 20 May, a heavily armed group of around 60 [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] militants raided the Bagber village.<ref>{{cite news |title=19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213110/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 May 2000 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> The refugees who had taken shelter adjacent to the Niranjan Sardarpara School, began to flee towards Kanchanpur. The militants then targeted the inmates at the refugee camp, where they killed around 20 and injured several others. The [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] personnel deployed at Bagber didn't protest when the massacre took place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terror in Tripura |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17120410.htm |magazine=Frontline |volume=17 |issue=12 |date=23 May 2000 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615122805/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17120410.htm |archive-date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> Six of them succumbed to their injuries later making a death toll of 25.
Bagber is a village under the Kalyanpur police station in the [[West Tripura district]] of [[Tripura]].<ref name="ht22052000">{{cite news |title=19 Bengalis killed in Tripura |url=http://nevigil.freeservers.com/01062000i.htm#i08 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2000 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> In May 2000, during the ongoing ethnic riots, scores of Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at a refugee camp in Bagber.<ref>{{cite news |title=SPOs in Tripura give Cong jitters |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030105/asp/northeast/story_1543430.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030105/asp/northeast/story_1543430.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=5 January 2003 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> On 20 May, a heavily armed group of around 60 [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] militants raided the Bagber village.<ref>{{cite news |title=19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213110/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 May 2000 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> The militants then targeted the inmates at the refugee camp, where they killed around 20 and injured several others. The [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] personnel deployed at Bagber didn't protest when the massacre took place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terror in Tripura |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17120410.htm |magazine=Frontline |volume=17 |issue=12 |date=23 May 2000 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615122805/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17120410.htm |archive-date=15 June 2011 }}</ref>


===2020 Bru-resettlement===
===2020 Bru-resettlement===
The centre, State governments of Tripura and Mizoram, and representatives of Bru organisations signed an agreement on 16 January 2019, in the presence of Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] to allow nearly 35,000 Bru tribal people, who were displaced from Mizoram and are living in Tripura as refugees since 1997 in six relief camps, to settle permanently in Tripura.<ref name="auto4"/> The Tripura government selected 12 places including Kanchanpur.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-firing-at-protesters-in-tripura/article33151044.ece|title=One killed, more than 20 injured in police firing at protesters in Tripura|first=Syed Sajjad|last=Ali|date=21 November 2020|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> This resulted conflicts between the Brus and the local Bengali non-tribal people who used to live there for decades.<ref name="auto8"/> On 10 December 2019, about 150 “miscreants” who are accused to be Brus, ransacked and looted the shops and houses of 93 Bengali families. These families were temporarily taken to the barracks, official quarters, and the second floor of the Anandabazar police station.<ref name="auto8"/>
The governments of Tripura and Mizoram and representatives of Bru organisations signed an agreement on 16 January 2019 to allow nearly 35,000 Bru tribal people, who were displaced from Mizoram and lived in Tripura as refugees since 1997, to settle permanently in Tripura.<ref name="Hindu20Jan2020"/> The Tripura government selected 12 places including Kanchanpur.<ref name="hindu21Nov2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-firing-at-protesters-in-tripura/article33151044.ece |title=One killed, more than 20 injured in police firing at protesters in Tripura |first=Syed Sajjad |last=Ali |date=21 November 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> This resulted in conflicts between the Brus and the local Bengali non-tribal people who used to live there for decades.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> Protests took place against the settlement, and the state government used violence in despersing the mobs.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Over 6,000 people were thrown out of their homes by Bru migrants.<ref name="ie10Jan2020"/> After the violence of 10 December, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed for the protection of Bengalis.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> On 21 November 2020, one Bengali was killed and more than 20 were injured in open fire from police.<ref name="hindu21Nov2020"/>
Protests took place against the settlement and the state government used violence in despersing the mobs. Over 6,000 people were thrown out of their homes by Bru migrants.<ref name="auto13"/> After 10 December violence, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha, was formed for the protection of Bengalis.<ref name="auto8"/> More protests and strikes took out from [[Bangla Pokkho]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo|title=ত্রিপুরায় আমন্ত্রিত বাংলা পক্ষ, জনসভায় ভিড় ৩০,০০০ বাঙালির|website=aajkaal.in|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023303/https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha,<ref name="auto13"/> Joint Movement Committee (JMC) etc. On the 6th day, 21 November 2020, 1 Bengali was killed, more than 20 were injured in Police open fire.<ref name="auto10"/>


<big>'''Myanmar'''</big>
<big>'''Myanmar'''</big>


On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in a cluster known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern [[Maungdaw District]] of [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]] were attacked and 99 [[Bengali Hindu]] villagers were massacred by Muslim insurgents from the [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]] (ARSA). A month later, the [[Myanmar Army]] discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State|date=22 May 2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/}}</ref>
On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in a cluster known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern [[Maungdaw District]] of [[Rakhine State]] in Myanmar were attacked, and 99 Bengali Hindu villagers were massacred by Muslim insurgents from the [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]] (ARSA). A month later, the [[Myanmar Army]] discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State |date=22 May 2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/}}</ref>


==Other instances==
==Other instances==
=== Freight equalisation policy ===
'''Freight equalisation policy''' was adopted by the [[Government of India]] (Union Government) to facilitate the equal growth of industry all over [[India]] (Indian Union). This meant a factory could be set up anywhere in India and the transportation of minerals would be subsidised by the Union Government. The policy was introduced in 1952, and remained in force until 1993.<ref name="Nand2007">{{cite book | author=Nand Kishore Singh | title=The Politics of Change: A Ringside View | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96YxzysAnVUC&pg=PA237 | accessdate=15 February 2013 | year=2007 | publisher=Penguin Books India | isbn=978-0-670-08137-0 | pages=237 }}</ref>
The policy hurt the economic prospects of the mineral-rich Indian states including [[West Bengal]]. Since it weakened the incentives for private capital to establish production facilities in these states.<ref name="Bank2008">{{cite book | author=World Bank | title=World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkDE5CxAqHcC&pg=PA257 | accessdate=15 February 2013 | date=4 November 2008 | publisher=World Bank Publications | isbn=978-0-8213-7608-9 | pages=257 }}</ref> As a result of the policy, businesses preferred setting up industrial locations closer to the coastal trade Indian states like [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and markets in the [[India]] cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Pune]].<ref name="Nand2007"/>

The freight equalization concept made "essential" items available at relatively constant prices throughout the country. These items included [[coal]], [[steel]] and [[cement]] among many others. The idea was to promote balanced regional development of industries throughout the country but it developed few coastal states like [[Maharastra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Gujarat]] on the exploits of east Indian states.<ref name="Michael2003">{{cite book | author1=Michael A Toman | author2=Ujjayant Chakravorty | author3=Shreekant Gupta, Rajat | title=India and Global Climate Change: Perspectives on Economics and Policy from a Developing Country | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FEmE4wClOcC&pg=PA58 | accessdate=15 February 2013 | year=2003 | publisher=Resources for the Future | isbn=978-1-891853-61-6 | pages=58–}}</ref>

The policy took away the competitive advantage of the eastern parts of the country, and benefited the [[West India|western]], [[South India|southern]] and [[North India|northern]] regions. According to British academic [[Stuart Corbridge]], the policy discouraged the establishment of "resource-processing industries in eastern India, as opposed to the extractive industries, which seem to have imposed on the region a version of the '[[resource curse]]' noted more frequently in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]."<ref name="SanjayJohn2011">{{cite book | author1=Sanjay Ruparelia | author2=Professor Sanjay Reddy | author3=Dr John Harriss | title=Understanding India's New Political Economy | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qzdGVwQ_CkC&pg=PA68 | accessdate=15 February 2013 | date=9 March 2011 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-136-81649-9 | pages=68 }}</ref>

West Bengal was one of the sufferers of this policy. It lost its competitive advantage of holding the minerals, as the factories could now be set up anywhere in India. This was not the case in the pre-independence era, when the major business houses like the [[Tata family|Tatas]] and the [[Dalmia Group|Dalmias]] set up industries in [[Bihar]], and most of the engineering industry was located in the state of West Bengal. Even after the removal of the policy in the early 1990s, these states could not catch up with the more industrialised states. In 1996, the [[Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)|Commerce & Industry minister]] of West Bengal complained that "the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies cannot compensate for the ill that has already been done".<ref name="Aseema2005">{{cite book | author=Aseema Sinha | title=The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India: A Divided Leviathan | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R81Hix0l980C&pg=PA114 | accessdate=15 February 2013 | year=2005 | publisher=Indiana University Press | isbn=978-0-253-34404-5 | pages=114–}}</ref>
===Rest of India===
===Rest of India===
{{expand section|date=October 2021}}
{{expand section|date=October 2021}}
*With increasing Hindi speaking population, in many areas Bengalis are forced to speak in Hindi and not in Bengali. Two Bengali women in [[Burra Bazar]], [[West Bengal]] were lynched and harassed by non-Bengali, because of talking in Bengali. They were termed as "Bangladeshis" and were attacked by them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/two-women-assaulted-at-kolkatas-burrabazar-after-language-dispute/|title=Kolkata: দোকানিকে বাংলায় কথা বলতে বলার 'শাস্তি', বড়বাজারে দুই মহিলার উপর হামলা|website=Sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref>
* With the growth of the Hindi-speaking population, in many areas Bengalis are forced to speak in Hindi and not in Bengali. Two Bengali women in [[Burra Bazar]], West Bengal were lynched and harassed by non-Bengalis, because of talking in Bengali. They were termed as "Bangladeshis" when they were attacked.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/two-women-assaulted-at-kolkatas-burrabazar-after-language-dispute/ |title=Kolkata: দোকানিকে বাংলায় কথা বলতে বলার 'শাস্তি', বড়বাজারে দুই মহিলার উপর হামলা |website=Sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref>
*Bengali-speaking daily wage workers in [[Bangalore]] are accusing the police and Government for harassing them for identification, even sometimes forcing many to leave jobs. At Thubarahalli in the eastern outskirts of Bengaluru, around 12,000 Bengali-speaking people in the city live and are in unrest and fear. They allege that police are demanding a long list of documents branding them as 'Bangladeshis', and many have been forced into hiding, skipping work for fear and leaving jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/harassment-bengalurus-bengali-speaking-workers-name-security-112629|title=The harassment of Bengaluru's Bengali-speaking workers in the name of 'security'|date=20 November 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
* Bengali-speaking daily wage workers in [[Bangalore]] have accused the police and government of harassing them for identification, even sometimes forcing them to leave jobs. At Thubarahalli in the eastern outskirts of Bengaluru, around 12,000 Bengali-speaking people in the city live in unrest and fear. They allege that police demand a long list of documents branding them as 'Bangladeshis', and that many have been forced into hiding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/harassment-bengalurus-bengali-speaking-workers-name-security-112629|title=The harassment of Bengaluru's Bengali-speaking workers in the name of 'security'|date=20 November 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref>


==Anti-Bengali and accused to be anti-Bengali organisations==
==Anti-Bengali and accused to be anti-Bengali organisations==
===Militant anti-Bengali organisations (declared) in North-East India===
===Militant anti-Bengali organisations (declared) in North-East India===
*[[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]],<ref name="auto6"/> [[Meghalaya]] (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by [[Government of India]])
* [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]],<ref name="auto6"/> [[Meghalaya]] (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by the [[government of India]])
*[[United Liberation Front of Asom]], [[Assam]] (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by [[Government of India]])
* [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |author1-link=Barry Rubin |last2=Rubin |first2=Judith Colp |title=Chronologies of Modern Terrorism |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47465-4 |page=378 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynNsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA378}}</ref> Tripura (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by the government of India)
* [[All Tripura Tiger Force]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |author1-link=Barry Rubin |last2=Rubin |first2=Judith Colp |title=Chronologies of Modern Terrorism |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47465-4 |page=375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynNsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA378}}</ref> Tripura
*Khasi Students' Union, [[Meghalaya]]
*[[National Liberation Front of Tripura]], Tripura (banned, designated as a terrorist organisation by [[Government of India]])
*[[All Tripura Tiger Force]], Tripura (merged and defunct)


===Accused political parties===
===Accused political parties===
====BJP====
====BJP====
The "[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]" (BJP) is largely accused (or considered in some cases) to be anti-Bengali due to its non-Bengali culture and anti-Bengali demands and controversial anti-Bengali comments.
The "[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]" (BJP) is considered in some cases to be anti-Bengali, due to its non-Bengali culture and anti-Bengali demands and controversial anti-Bengali comments. {{source?|date=June 2024}}
* According to [[Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]], BJP defines Bengalis with a narrow mindset and pursues aggressive policies of parochialism, in contrast to what Sen considers a quintessential Bengali pluralism.<ref name="tp20Sep2019">{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/amartya-sen-has-a-message-for-mamata-dont-define-bengalis-narrowly-like-bjp-does/293284/ |title=Amartya Sen has a message for Mamata: Don't define Bengalis narrowly like BJP does |first=Rajat |last=Roy |work=ThePrint |date=20 September 2019}}</ref>
* West Bengal chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] accused, "They (BJP) brought miscreants on hire from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Jharkhand, specifically to go on the rampage here and destroy heritage in Bengal".<ref name="tp20Sep2019"/>
*According to [[Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]], BJP defines Bengalis as narrowly mindset and does aggressive politics of parochialism which is against the quintessential Bengali pluralism.<ref name="auto17">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/amartya-sen-has-a-message-for-mamata-dont-define-bengalis-narrowly-like-bjp-does/293284/|title=Amartya Sen has a message for Mamata: Don't define Bengalis narrowly like BJP does|first=Rajat|last=Roy|date=20 September 2019}}</ref>
* BJP MP John Barla demanded a partition of Bengal to create a separate state or union territory for the north,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-mp-reiterates-demand-for-separate-north-bengal-despite-party-warning-2471048 |title=BJP MP Reiterates Demand For Separate North Bengal, Despite Party Warning |work=NDTV}}</ref> which was not supported by ethnic groups in North Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/west-bengal/ethnic-groups-in-north-bengal-reject-bjp-mps-separate-ut-proposal/na20210622152056951 |title=Ethnic groups in north Bengal reject BJP MP's separate UT proposal |website=Etvbharat.com |date=22 June 2021}}</ref>
*West Bengal chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] accused, "They (BJP) brought miscreants on hire from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Jharkhand, specifically to go on the rampage here and destroy heritage in Bengal".<ref name="auto17"/>
* On 20 May 2019, during a membership drive of BJP in West Bengal which led to violence with [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]], BJP supporters broke a 200-year old iconic bust of [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] in [[Vidyasagar College]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-s-membership-drive-a-hit-in-vidyasagar-college/story-dcomUaZvVxmte27oJim6DI.html |title=BJP's membership drive a hit in Vidyasagar College |date=25 July 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="auto14">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/students-narrate-what-happened-in-vidyasagar-college-during-amit-shahs-rally-2141911.html |title='Act of Terror': Students Narrate What Happened in Vidyasagar College During Amit Shah's Rally |work=News18 |date=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/vidyasagar-statue-busted-west-bengal-violence-5730026/ |title=Bengal violence: Stones came from campus, men in saffron shirts seen breaking Vidyasagar bust |date=16 May 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Students called this an "act of terror" by the BJP.<ref name="auto14"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/fact-check-claims-made-by-bjp-about-vidyasagar-college-violence |title=Fact-Checking Claims Made by BJP About Vidyasagar College Violence |first=Pooja |last=Chaudhuri |date=16 May 2019 |work=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/923622/fact-check-examining-bjps-claims-about-perpetrators-of-violence-at-kolkatas-vidyasagar-college |title=Fact check: Examining BJP's claims about perpetrators of violence at Kolkata's Vidyasagar College |first=AltNews in |last=Pooja Chaudhuri |work=Scroll.in |date=16 May 2019}}</ref>
*BJP MP John Barla demanded partition of Bengal to create a separate state or union territory for North,<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-mp-reiterates-demand-for-separate-north-bengal-despite-party-warning-2471048|title=BJP MP Reiterates Demand For Separate North Bengal, Despite Party Warning|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> which is directly against the Bengali integrity and was not even supported by ethnic groups in North Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/west-bengal/ethnic-groups-in-north-bengal-reject-bjp-mps-separate-ut-proposal/na20210622152056951|title=Ethnic groups in north Bengal reject BJP MP's separate UT proposal|website=Etvbharat.com|date=22 June 2021 }}</ref>
* In Tripura, the BJP-lead Central Government has agreed to the Bru-resettlement where more than 3000 Bengalis lost their land. Also, Tripura chief minister from BJP, [[Biplab Kumar Deb]], says non-Hindi speakers do not love their country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/latest/937569/those-who-oppose-hindi-as-common-language-do-not-love-india-claims-tripura-cm-biplab-kumar-deb |title=Those who oppose Hindi as common language do not love India, claims Tripura CM Biplab Kumar Deb |work=Scroll.in |date=17 September 2019}}</ref>
*On 20 May 2019, during a membership drive of BJP in West Bengal, while involving in violence with [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]], BJP supporters broke a 200-year old iconic bust of [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] in [[Vidyasagar College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-s-membership-drive-a-hit-in-vidyasagar-college/story-dcomUaZvVxmte27oJim6DI.html|title=BJP's membership drive a hit in Vidyasagar College|date=25 July 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="auto14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/students-narrate-what-happened-in-vidyasagar-college-during-amit-shahs-rally-2141911.html|title='Act of Terror': Students Narrate What Happened in Vidyasagar College During Amit Shah's Rally|website=News18|date=16 May 2019}}</ref> According to S. R. Mohanty, the college hostel caretaker, Around 50-60 people, from the rally, started pushing at the gate, trying to open it forcefully. They pelted stones and threw water bottles inside the campus.<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/vidyasagar-statue-busted-west-bengal-violence-5730026/|title=Bengal violence: Stones came from campus, men in saffron shirts seen breaking Vidyasagar bust|date=16 May 2019|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In a video footage, some men wearing saffron shirts written “NaMo Again” and at least one sporting a saffron turban, with chanting 'Joi Shree Ram' slogan were seen vandalising a bust of cultural icon Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar.<ref name="auto21"/> Students narrated this as an "act of terror" by the BJP.<ref name="auto14"/> Breaking the bust of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, who was one of 19th century prisoners of changing the society, was "shameful incident" as said by students.<ref name="auto14"/> Also the Quint media and Scroll media examined the case respectively and both examination reveals most of the BJP's claims were false and even they created false Facebook and Twitter accounts disguised as students of Vidyasagar College to dislodge the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/fact-check-claims-made-by-bjp-about-vidyasagar-college-violence|title=Fact-Checking Claims Made by BJP About Vidyasagar College Violence|first=Pooja|last=Chaudhuri|date=16 May 2019|website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/923622/fact-check-examining-bjps-claims-about-perpetrators-of-violence-at-kolkatas-vidyasagar-college|title=Fact check: Examining BJP's claims about perpetrators of violence at Kolkata's Vidyasagar College|first=AltNews in|last=Pooja Chaudhuri|website=Scroll.in|date=16 May 2019 }}</ref>
*Bengaluru South MP Tejasvi Surya demanded NRC in Karnataka. In the name of wiping out illegal Bangladeshi migrants in Bengaluru or due to the inability to distinguish between Bengalis and Bangladeshis, the Bengalis in Bengaluru are being harassed by BJP-lead Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/nrc-fallout-bengalurus-targeting-of-bengali-speakers-can-have-disastrous-consequences/|title=NRC fallout: Bengaluru's targeting of Bengali speakers can have disastrous consequences|date=7 November 2019|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref>
*In Tripura, the BJP-lead Central Government has agreed to the Bru-resettlement where more than 3000 Bengalis lost their lands. Also, Tripura chief minister from BJP, [[Biplab Kumar Deb]] says, non-Hindi speakers do not love their country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/937569/those-who-oppose-hindi-as-common-language-do-not-love-india-claims-tripura-cm-biplab-kumar-deb|title=Those who oppose Hindi as common language do not love India, claims Tripura CM Biplab Kumar Deb|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=17 September 2019 }}</ref>


====TIPRA Motha====
====TIPRA Motha====
The ''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha'', a jointly formed organisation for Bengalis has accused and blamed TIPRA Motha (The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance) for the plight of Bengalis in Tripura. [[Pradyot Manikya Debbarma]], the former State Congress president and scion of the Tripura royal family, who leads the alliance, has signed to the agreement for resettling the Brus in the State, which resulted in violence over Bengalis in Tripura. According to the Mancha, Debbarma's political ambition was to undo the deeds of his grandmother, Queen Kanchan Prava Devi, who made Swasti Samabay Samiti and donated 1,000 drune of land for the Bengali Hindu victims of Partition.
The ''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha'', a jointly-formed organisation for Bengalis, has blamed TIPRA Motha (The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance) for the plight of Bengalis in Tripura. On 9 February 2021, an FIR was lodged against Debbarma and TIPRA for allegedly spreading anti-Bengali sentiment to the people.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/>{{better source needed|date=June 2024}}
On 9 February 2021, an FIR was lodged against Debbarma and TIPRA for allegedly spreading anti-Bengali sentiment to the people.<ref name="auto8"/>

====All Assam Students' Union ====
[[All Assam Students' Union]],a students' organisation in [[Assam]], whose main agenda was anti-Bangladeshi sentiment and [[Assam movement]]. Due to inability to differentiate Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshi migrants, the anti-Bangladeshi sentiment morphed into anti-Bengali prejudice. They raised slogans like "Get out Bengalis", "If you see a snake and a Bengali, kill the Bengali first", "Bengalis are dog". They stated former [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] as the "Bustard son of Bengal".<ref name="auto7"/>


==Protests against discrimination and linguistic imposition==
==Protests against discrimination and linguistic imposition==
Line 179: Line 123:
===Bengali language movement in Assam===
===Bengali language movement in Assam===
{{Main article|Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)}}
{{Main article|Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)}}
80 per cent of Assam's Barak Valley are Bengali and speaks Bangla language. On 24 October, a bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly making Assamese as the sole official language of the state.<ref name="es19052013-2">{{cite news|script-title=bn:বাঙালির চেতনায় শুধু একুশে, স্থান নেই উনিশের শহীদদের|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Baidyanath|date=19 May 2013|work=Ei Samay|language=bn|location=Kolkata}}</ref> On 5 February 1961, the Cachar Gana Sangram Parishad was formed to protest against the imposition of Assamese in the Bengali-speaking [[Barak Valley]]. Rathindranath Sen was chief person of the organisation. People soon started protesting in [[Silchar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]].<ref name="choudhuri">{{cite web|url=http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843|title=Bhasha Shahid Divas|last=Choudhuri|first=Arjun|publisher=We The People, Barak Valley|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232759/http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 April, the Parishad flagged off a fortnight-long [[padayatra]] in the Barak Valley to raise awareness among the masses, which ended after 200 miles reaching to Silchar on 2 May.<ref name="es19052013-2"/>
80 percent of Assam's [[Barak Valley]] are Bengali and speak the Bangla language, but a bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly making Assamese the sole official language of the state.<ref name="es19052013-2">{{cite news|script-title=bn:বাঙালির চেতনায় শুধু একুশে, স্থান নেই উনিশের শহীদদের|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Baidyanath|date=19 May 2013|work=Ei Samay|language=bn|location=Kolkata}}</ref> On 5 February 1961, the Cachar Gana Sangram Parishad was formed to protest the imposition of Assamese in the Bengali-speaking Barak Valley. People soon started protesting in [[Silchar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]].<ref name="choudhuri">{{cite web|url=http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843|title=Bhasha Shahid Divas|last=Choudhuri|first=Arjun|publisher=We The People, Barak Valley|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232759/http://wethepeople-barakvalley.com/bhasha-shahid-divas-language-martyrs%E2%80%99-day/843|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 April, the Parishad flagged off a fortnight-long [[padayatra]] in the Barak Valley to raise awareness among the masses, which ended after 200 miles reaching to Silchar on 2 May.<ref name="es19052013-2"/>

On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti. On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, [[Karimganj]] and Hailakandi. A Bedford truck carrying nine arrested activists from Katigorah was fired and the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested fled the spot.<ref name="choudhuri"/> Soon after that the paramilitary forces, guarding the railway station, started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without any provocation from them. They fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Twelve persons received bullet wounds and were carried to hospitals. Nine of them died that day. Two more persons died later. One person, Krishna Kanta Biswas survived for another 24 hours with a bullet wound in chest.<ref name="tsi04032013">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|script-title=bn:উনিশের সংগ্রাম অনন্য, অতুলনীয়|last=Laskar|first=Dilip Kanti|title=Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- the Sunday Indian Online Magazine - - the Sunday Indian|date=4 March 2012|work=The Sunday Indian|language=bn|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-date=2 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221121/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ullaskar Dutta]] send nine bouquets for nine martyrs.<ref name="es19052013-2"/>
On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti. On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, [[Karimganj]] and Hailakandi. A Bedford truck carrying nine arrested activists from Katigorah was fired and the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested fled the spot.<ref name="choudhuri"/> Soon after that the paramilitary forces, guarding the railway station, started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without any provocation from them. They fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Twelve persons received bullet wounds and were carried to hospitals. Nine of them died that day. Two more persons died later. One person, Krishna Kanta Biswas survived for another 24 hours with a bullet wound in chest.<ref name="tsi04032013">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|script-title=bn:উনিশের সংগ্রাম অনন্য, অতুলনীয়|last=Laskar|first=Dilip Kanti|title=Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- the Sunday Indian Online Magazine - - the Sunday Indian|date=4 March 2012|work=The Sunday Indian|language=bn|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-date=2 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221121/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/7/1256/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 20 May, the people of Silchar took out a procession with the bodies of the martyrs in protest of the killings.<ref name="es19052013-2"/> After the incident and more protests, the Assam government had to withdraw the circular and Bengali was ultimately given official status in the three districts of Barak Valley.<ref name="tt27dec">{{cite news|title=No alliance with BJP, says AGP chief|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914104422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=27 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="toi9jun">{{cite news|title=Silchar rly station to be renamed soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Silchar-rly-station-to-be-renamed-soon/articleshow/4633120.cms?referral=PM|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 June 2009}}</ref>

On 20 May, the people of Silchar held a procession with the bodies of the martyrs in protest of the killings.<ref name="es19052013-2"/> After the incident and more protests, the Assam government had to withdraw the circular and Bengali was ultimately given official status in the three districts of Barak Valley.<ref name="tt27dec">{{cite news|title=No alliance with BJP, says AGP chief|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914104422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=27 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="toi9jun">{{cite news|title=Silchar rly station to be renamed soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Silchar-rly-station-to-be-renamed-soon/articleshow/4633120.cms?referral=PM|access-date=26 May 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 June 2009}}</ref>


===Organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment===
===Organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment===
====Militant====
====Militant====
*'''[[United Bengali Liberation Front]]''': [[United Bengali Liberation Front]] (UNLF), designed as a militant group was created to protect Indian Bengalis against Tripuri militants and other tribal groups. The UBLF came into existence in 1995 after the [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] was formed with the aim of decimating Bengali Hindus living in Tripura. UBLF was involved in bomb blasts, murders and Hostage Crises in a response to the same attacks on Bengalis by ATTF or [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]].
* '''[[United Bengali Liberation Front]]''': [[United Bengali Liberation Front]] (UNLF), designed as a militant group, was created to protect Indian Bengalis against Tripuri militants and other tribal groups. The UBLF came into existence in 1995 after the [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] was formed with the aim of decimating Bengali Hindus living in Tripura.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The UBLF, though not a proscribed outfit under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, has been banned by the State government for its involvement in the activities of separatist killings and murders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/ublf.htm|title=United Bengali Liberation Front, Tripura, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|website=Satp.org}}</ref>
* '''United Bangal Liberation Army''': United Bangal Liberation Army (UBLA) is a Bengali outfit that claims to stand upright for the Bengalis. They condemned atrocities and discrimination against the Bengali people in Meghaloya since 1979. They released an ultimatum against anti-Bengali activities, warning of serious consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syllad.com/bengali-outfit-lashed-out-against-gorkha-demand-for-gorkhaland-in-bengal-land/|title=Bengali outfit lashed out against Gorkha demand for Gorkhaland in Bengal land|date=24 October 2020|website=Syllad}}</ref>
:The UBLF, though not a proscribed outfit under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, but has been banned by the State government for its involvement in the activities of separatist killings and murders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/ublf.htm|title=United Bengali Liberation Front, Tripura, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|website=Satp.org}}</ref>
*'''United Bangal Liberation Army''': United Bangal Liberation Army (UBLA) is a Bengali outfit that claims to stand upright for the Bengalis. They strongly condemned atrocities and discrimination against the Bangali People in Meghaloya by the Khasi Students Union Organization since 1979. The group is against Gorkhaland demand in [[West Bengal]] and warns the Khasi People to be sent back to [[Cambodia]]. They released an ultimatum not to do anti-Bengali works to ignore serious consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syllad.com/bengali-outfit-lashed-out-against-gorkha-demand-for-gorkhaland-in-bengal-land/|title=Bengali outfit lashed out against Gorkha demand for Gorkhaland in Bengal land|date=24 October 2020|website=Syllad}}</ref> The militant fraction of the group is termed as BangaSena.


====Political====
====Political====
* '''[[Amra Bangalee]]''': During 1981, amid anti-Bengali violences in [[Northeast India]], [[Amra Bangalee]] sparked off protesting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Schendel |first=Willem |date=2005|title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |publisher=Anthem Press |page=197 |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |quote="Bengali-speaking Indian citizens living in India ... resented being portrayed as infiltrators ... Fearing for their position, they began creating organizations to protect their interests, e.g. 'Amra Bangali' ... 'If the eviction of Bengalis from Assam does not stop, all Bengal will be set afire!' Slogan of the political group Amra Bangali ... 1981."}}</ref> The socio-political party is based on [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]'s [[Progressive Utilization Theory]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://proutglobe.org/2012/03/amra-bangali/|title=Amra Bangali|date=15 March 2012|language=en-US|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IndExp08>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/who-are-the-amra-bangalis-/322021|title=Who are the Amra Bangalis?|date=13 June 2008|work=Indian Express|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> The party's primary motto was to stop Bengali eviction in Assam and North East. They won some gram panchayat seats in the elections. In 1980s it entered the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]. Amra Bangalee also demands a separate state as a homeland for Bengalis, where [[Bengali language]] should be used in all official and non-official works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/-bangalistan-may-take-tripura-back-to-its-bloody-past-11579716487421.html|title=Opinion &#124; 'Bangalistan' may take Tripura back to its bloody past|first=Sudeep|last=Chakravarti|date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Amra Bangalee]]''': In 1981, amid anti-Bengali violence in Northeast India, Amra Bangalee sparked protests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Schendel |first=Willem |date=2005 |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |publisher=Anthem Press |page=197 |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |quote="Bengali-speaking Indian citizens living in India ... resented being portrayed as infiltrators ... Fearing for their position, they began creating organizations to protect their interests, e.g. 'Amra Bangali' ... 'If the eviction of Bengalis from Assam does not stop, all Bengal will be set afire!' Slogan of the political group Amra Bangali ... 1981."}}</ref> The socio-political party is based on [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]'s [[Progressive Utilization Theory]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://proutglobe.org/2012/03/amra-bangali/ |title=Amra Bangali |date=15 March 2012 |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IndExp08>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/who-are-the-amra-bangalis-/322021 |title=Who are the Amra Bangalis? |date=13 June 2008 |work=Indian Express |access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> The party's primary goal was to stop Bengali eviction in Assam and North East. They won some gram panchayat seats in the elections. In the 1980s, they entered the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]. Amra Bangalee also demands a separate state as a homeland for Bengalis, where the Bengali language would be used in all official and non-official works.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/-bangalistan-may-take-tripura-back-to-its-bloody-past-11579716487421.html |title=Opinion &#124; 'Bangalistan' may take Tripura back to its bloody past |first=Sudeep |last=Chakravarti |work=mint |date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]''' was formed during the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|Manbhum Bengali language movement]] to promote use of [[Bengali language]] in Bengali-dominated areas in southern [[Bihar]] state.<ref name="Ayyar1956">{{cite book|author=R. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=All India Election Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSs-AAAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Oriental Publishers|page=32}}</ref> They labelled the [[Hindi imposition|imposition of Hindi]] [[Hindi language|language]] as 'linguistic imperialism'.<ref name=c/> After breaking with the Indian National Congress its elected officials resigned and were re-elected on LSS tickets.<ref name=c>{{cite book|title=Journal of Gandhian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyotAAAAIAAJ|volume=10|year=1983|publisher=Gandhi Bhawan, University of Allahabad.|pages=125, 127, 129}}</ref> Afterwards most of the cadres migrated to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].
* '''[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]''' was formed during the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|Manbhum Bengali language movement]] to promote use of the Bengali language in Bengali-dominated areas in southern [[Bihar]] state.<ref name="Ayyar1956">{{cite book|author=R. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=All India Election Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSs-AAAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Oriental Publishers|page=32}}</ref> They labelled the [[Hindi imposition|imposition of Hindi]] as 'linguistic imperialism'.<ref name=c/> After breaking with the Indian National Congress, their elected officials resigned and were re-elected on LSS tickets.<ref name=c>{{cite book|title=Journal of Gandhian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyotAAAAIAAJ|volume=10|year=1983|publisher=Gandhi Bhawan, University of Allahabad.|pages=125, 127, 129}}</ref>


====Apolitical/Social====
====Apolitical/Social====
*'''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha''':
* '''Nagarik Suraksha Mancha''':
:Nagarik Suraksha Mancha, was formed during the 2020 Bru-resettlement in Tripura, while Bengali lands were given to the Bru tribals. Regarding the 10 December violence by Police over the Bengalis the organisation was formed.<ref name="auto8"/> The organisation stated that the government a 11-points demand, which includes repatriating Bru migrants to Mizoram, compensation for those affected by violence during anti-CAB protests and others. They accused the Tribals as "foreigners" who came from Mongolia, China and other parts of the world and the Brus as "outsiders".<ref name="auto13"/> They placed strikes and protests against the Government to secure land for Bengalis. They also accused [[Pradyot Manikya Debbarma]], scion of the Tripura royal family to be the cause of recent discrimination of Bengalis and anti-Bengali sentiment in Tripura.<ref name="auto8"/>
:Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed during the 2020 Bru-resettlement in Tripura, when Bengali lands were given to the Bru tribals and police violence against Bengalis occurred.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/> The organisation provided the government with an 11-point demand, which includes repatriating Bru migrants to Mizoram and compensating those affected by violence during anti-CAB protests.<ref name="ie10Jan2020"/> They placed strikes and protests against the government to secure land for Bengalis. They also accused [[Pradyot Manikya Debbarma]], scion of the Tripura royal family, to be the cause of recent discrimination of Bengalis and anti-Bengali sentiment in Tripura.<ref name="hindu22Feb2020"/>
* '''[[Bangla Pokkho]]''':

*'''[[Bangla Pokkho]]''':
[[File:First National Conference of the Bangla Pokkho - বাংলা পক্ষের প্রথম জাতীয় সম্মেলন.jpg|thumb|Bangla Pokkho during its first national conference]]
[[File:First National Conference of the Bangla Pokkho - বাংলা পক্ষের প্রথম জাতীয় সম্মেলন.jpg|thumb|Bangla Pokkho during its first national conference]]
:[[Bangla Pokkho]] was founded in 2019 to protest Hindi & Urdu linguistic and cultural imposition by [[Indian Statistical Institute]] professor Garga Chatterjee. The organisation demands 100%&nbsp;reservation for residents of West Bengal in fields of Government job<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/jan/17/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-ahead-of-bengal-polls-2251382.html|title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation ahead of Bengal polls - The New Indian Express|website=Newindianexpress.com|date=2 January 2021 }}</ref> and 90% reservation in other job sectors, education, military, administration works.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-for-bengalis-in-bengal/articleshow/80322882.cms|title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation for Bengalis in Bengal - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2021 }}</ref> Bangla Pokkho's demand resulted in starting Domicile reservation in Calcutta University <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/calcutta-university-sets-domicile-term-for-tech-entry/cid/1800919|title=Calcutta University sets domicile term for tech entry|website=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref> and Jadavpur University,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-to-start-domicile-reservation-this-year/articleshow/69882203.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010092745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-to-start-domicile-reservation-this-year/articleshow/69882203.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> cancelled expelling of Bengalis in WBSEDCL,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/|title=ইংরেজি না বলার অপরাধে আয়কর দফতর থেকে ছাঁটাই পাঁচ কর্মী, প্রতিবাদ বাংলা পক্ষের|first=Ritika|last=Chakraborty|language=bn|date=17 October 2020|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111722/https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/|url-status=dead}}</ref> allows majority Bengali players in [[Cricket Association of Bengal]], inclusion of Bengali language in online platforms etc.
:[[Bangla Pokkho]] was founded in 2019 by [[Indian Statistical Institute]] professor Garga Chatterjee, to protest Hindi and Urdu linguistic and cultural imposition. The organisation demands 100%&nbsp;reservation of government jobs for residents of West Bengal<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/jan/17/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-ahead-of-bengal-polls-2251382.html |title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation ahead of Bengal polls - The New Indian Express |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> and 90% reservation in other job sectors, education, military, and administrative works.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangla-pokkho-seeks-job-education-reservation-for-bengalis-in-bengal/articleshow/80322882.cms |title='Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation for Bengalis in Bengal - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Bangla Pokkho's demands resulted in the beginning of domicile reservation in Calcutta University <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/calcutta-university-sets-domicile-term-for-tech-entry/cid/1800919 |title=Calcutta University sets domicile term for tech entry |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> and Jadavpur University,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-to-start-domicile-reservation-this-year/articleshow/69882203.cms |title=Jadavpur University to start domicile reservation this year &#124; Kolkata News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 June 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010092745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-to-start-domicile-reservation-this-year/articleshow/69882203.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> the cancellation of expelling Bengalis in WBSEDCL,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/ |script-title=bn:ইংরেজি না বলার অপরাধে আয়কর দফতর থেকে ছাঁটাই পাঁচ কর্মী, প্রতিবাদ বাংলা পক্ষের |first=Ritika |last=Chakraborty |language=bn |date=17 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111722/https://kolkatatimes24.com/kolkata/69666/five-workers-were-sacked-from-the-income-tax-department-for-not-speaking-english/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and allowing majority Bengali players in [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] as well as the inclusion of Bengali language in online platforms.
:Also they protested against the BJP lead Central/Union Government for their anti-Bengali works. They accused that the central government led by BJP is trying to decimate Bengalis by performing NRC and CAA, citing about Assam where more than 13 lakh Bengalis did not get names in the NRC list. Bangla Pokkho along with Kanchanpur Nagarik Surakkha Mancha meet in a big protest in [[Tripura]], that gathered more than 30,000 Bengalis in Tripura, complaining against social discrimination of Bengalis and the Bru-resettlement by the Tripura state BJP Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo|title=ত্রিপুরায় আমন্ত্রিত বাংলা পক্ষ, জনসভায় ভিড় ৩০,০০০ বাঙালির|website=Aajkaal.in/|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023303/https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo|url-status=dead}}</ref> The organisation also protests against RSS and Hindi imperialism which is straightly anti-Bengali.
:Bangla Pokkho, along with Kanchanpur Nagarik Surakkha Mancha, cultivated a protest in Tripura that gathered more than 30,000 Bengalis to complain about social discrimination of Bengalis and the Bru-resettlement by the Tripura state BJP Government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo |script-title=bn:ত্রিপুরায় আমন্ত্রিত বাংলা পক্ষ, জনসভায় ভিড় ৩০,০০০ বাঙালির |work=Aajkaal/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023303/https://aajkaal.in/news/national/bangla-pakkha-in-tripura--more-than-30-thousand-people-gathered-ftqo |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Bangla o Bangla Bhasha Bachao Committee''': Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC) is a Siliguri-based organisation that protested against the Gorkhaland formation. They accused [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] of anti-Bengali works in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/as-gorkhas-lock-up-the-hills-plains-bengalis-threaten-a-siege-1621543.amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203014903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/as-gorkhas-lock-up-the-hills-plains-bengalis-threaten-a-siege-1621543.amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2018 |title=As Gorkhas lock up the hills, plains Bengalis threaten a siege |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangla-o-bangla-bhasa-bachao-committee-a-siliguri-based-organization-claiming-to-protect-the-interest-of-bengalis-has-opposed-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjees-move-to-set-up-a-committee-to-examine-the-demand-of-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-for-inclusion-of-areas-in-dooars-and-terai-in-then-proposed-hill-council-for-darjeeling-we-must-be-allowed-to-participate-in-the-coming-tripartite-talks-with-gjm-committee-president-mukunda-mazumdar-said-in-kolkata-on-wednesday-/articleshow/9122916.cms |title=Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee, a Siliguri-based organization claiming to protect the interest of Bengalis, has opposed West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee's move to set up a committee to examine the demand of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha for inclusion of areas in Dooars and Terai in then proposed hill council for Darjeeling. "We must be allowed to participate in the coming tripartite talks with GJM," Committee president Mukunda Mazumdar said in Kolkata on Wednesday. - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=6 July 2011}}</ref>

* '''Jatiya Bangla Sommelan''': Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was created on 9 December 2019 as a split from [[Bangla Pokkho]]. Both Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon and Bangla Pokkho came into being to counter the "imposition of Hindi" and "north Indian culture".<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলা পক্ষে ভাঙন, হিন্দুত্ববাদী রাজনীতির অভিযোগ এনে তৈরি হল পৃথক সংগঠন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/huge-blow-to-bangla-pokkho-a-new-organization-comes-out-now-dgtl-1.1080575 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=10 December 2019}}</ref> Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan has demonstrated against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] in different parts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=CAA: Several detained after scuffle at Calcutta Book Fair, mob beats up police officer |url=https://scroll.in/latest/952595/citizenship-act-group-of-women-beat-up-police-officer-after-scuffle-over-law-at-calcutta-book-fair |work=Scroll.in |date=9 February 2020}}</ref> In 2020, Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan protested against performing [[Chhath|Chhath puja]] at two ecologically important lakes ([[Rabindra Sarobar]] and Subhas Sarobar). Although performing rituals in these lakes was prohibited by [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] had appealed before the NGT and moved to the [[Supreme Court of India]] to allow Chhath puja in Rabindra Sarobar, the plea was rejected. But the Supreme Court also gave the state government no relief. The organisation set up a night-long vigil at the entry points to the lake to prevent anyone from entering the premises. Thousands of devotees had entered the lake and performed puja. The personnel of [[Kolkata Police]] were reluctant in enforcing NGT orders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali Ethnic Groups Set Up Vigils, Prevent Chhath Puja In Kolkata's Lakes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-bengali-ethnic-groups-set-up-vigils-prevent-chhath-puja-in-kolkatas-lakes/364943 |website=Outlookindia.com/ |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon has held and led various protests against "Hindi-imposition" in Kolkata and elsewhere in West Bengal. The aim of these protests was to counter the imposition of Hindi on Bengalis, the Central Government's [[National Policy on Education|National Education Policy]] and a perceived threat to the [[Culture of West Bengal|culture of west bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:बंगाल की विकट जंग, ममता- मोदी में किसका दांव पड़ेगा भारी |url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/politics/analysis/the-fierce-battle-of-west-bengal-54820 |website=Outlookhindi.com/ |date=13 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:শিক্ষানীতির বিরুদ্ধে মশাল মিছিল জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলনের |url=https://www.kolkata24x7.com/protest-rally-against-national-education-policy/ |work=Kolkata24x7 |date=8 September 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215011703/https://www.kolkata24x7.com/protest-rally-against-national-education-policy/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Bangla o Bangla Bhasha Bachao Committee''': Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC), is a Siliguri-based organisation that protested against the Gorkhaland formation. They accused [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] for some anti-Bengali works in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/as-gorkhas-lock-up-the-hills-plains-bengalis-threaten-a-siege-1621543.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203014903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/as-gorkhas-lock-up-the-hills-plains-bengalis-threaten-a-siege-1621543.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2018|title=As Gorkhas lock up the hills, plains Bengalis threaten a siege - The New Indian Express|website=Newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangla-o-bangla-bhasa-bachao-committee-a-siliguri-based-organization-claiming-to-protect-the-interest-of-bengalis-has-opposed-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjees-move-to-set-up-a-committee-to-examine-the-demand-of-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-for-inclusion-of-areas-in-dooars-and-terai-in-then-proposed-hill-council-for-darjeeling-we-must-be-allowed-to-participate-in-the-coming-tripartite-talks-with-gjm-committee-president-mukunda-mazumdar-said-in-kolkata-on-wednesday-/articleshow/9122916.cms|title=Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee, a Siliguri-based organization claiming to protect the interest of Bengalis, has opposed West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee's move to set up a committee to examine the demand of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha for inclusion of areas in Dooars and Terai in then proposed hill council for Darjeeling. "We must be allowed to participate in the coming tripartite talks with GJM," Committee president Mukunda Mazumdar said in Kolkata on Wednesday. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 July 2011 }}</ref>
* '''Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India''': Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India (BHUMI) was founded on 16 July 2020 with a vision to spread political and social awareness among the people of Bengal and India to achieve constitutional rights and social justice and resist the forceful impose of any foreign language and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2021 |title=Assam killings: Outcome of hate spread against Bengali Muslims |url=https://enewsroom.in/assam-killings-horror-bengali-muslims-kolkata/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=eNewsroom India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=ভূমির তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন |url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=bbnews365.com |language=en-US |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212030319/https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Jatiya Bangla Sommelan''': Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was created on 9 December 2019 as a split from [[Bangla Pokkho]]. Most of its members have formerly been part of Bangla Pokkho. Both Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon and Bangla Pokkho came into being, to counter the "imposition of Hindi" and "north Indian culture".<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলা পক্ষে ভাঙন, হিন্দুত্ববাদী রাজনীতির অভিযোগ এনে তৈরি হল পৃথক সংগঠন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/huge-blow-to-bangla-pokkho-a-new-organization-comes-out-now-dgtl-1.1080575 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=10 December 2019}}</ref> Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan has demonstrated against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] in different parts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=CAA: Several detained after scuffle at Calcutta Book Fair, mob beats up police officer |url=https://scroll.in/latest/952595/citizenship-act-group-of-women-beat-up-police-officer-after-scuffle-over-law-at-calcutta-book-fair |work=Scroll.in |date=9 February 2020}}</ref> In 2020, Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan protested against performing [[Chhath|Chhath puja]] at the two ecologically important lakes (i.e. [[Rabindra Sarobar]] and Subhas Sarobar). Although performing rituals in these lakes was prohibited by [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] had appealed before the NGT and moved to the [[Supreme Court of India]] to allow Chhath puja in Rabindra Sarobar, the plea was rejected. But the Supreme Court also gave the state government no relief. The organisation set up a night-long vigil at the entry points to the lake to prevent anyone from entering the premises. Thousands of devotees had entered the lake and performed puja. The personnel of [[Kolkata Police]] also, were reluctant in enforcing NGT orders and were seen standing idly outside the lake premises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali Ethnic Groups Set Up Vigils, Prevent Chhath Puja In Kolkata's Lakes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-bengali-ethnic-groups-set-up-vigils-prevent-chhath-puja-in-kolkatas-lakes/364943 |website=Outlookindia.com/ |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> They demanded that while in [[West Bengal]], Chhat pujas are declared as holidays but the Bengali festivals were not declared as holidays in Bihar, UP and North India, describing it "Government's Non-bengali appeasement for vote bank politics". Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon has held and led various protests against "Hindi-imposition" in Kolkata and elsewhere in West Bengal. The aim of these protests was to counter the imposition of [[Hindi]] on Bengalis, the Central Government's [[National Policy on Education|National Education Policy]] and a perceived threat to the [[Culture of West Bengal|culture of west bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बंगाल की विकट जंग, ममता- मोदी में किसका दांव पड़ेगा भारी |url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/politics/analysis/the-fierce-battle-of-west-bengal-54820 |website=Outlookhindi.com/ |date=13 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Bengali |title=শিক্ষানীতির বিরুদ্ধে মশাল মিছিল জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলনের |url=https://www.kolkata24x7.com/protest-rally-against-national-education-policy/ |work=Kolkata24x7 |date=8 September 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215011703/https://www.kolkata24x7.com/protest-rally-against-national-education-policy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India''': Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India (BHUMI) was founded on 16 July 2020 with a vision to spread the political and social awareness among the people of Bengal as well as India to get their Constitutional Rights and Social Justice and to resist the forceful impose of any foreign language and culture, to resist further division of Bengal in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2021 |title=Assam killings: Outcome of hate spread against Bengali Muslims |url=https://enewsroom.in/assam-killings-horror-bengali-muslims-kolkata/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=eNewsroom India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=ভূমির তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন |url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=bbnews365.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Others'': Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.<ref name="auto13"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/who-are-the-amra-bangalis-/322021|title = Who are the Amra Bangalis? - Indian Express}}</ref>

===Protests in rest of India===
*When the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Bihar]] imposed the Hindi language for Bengali speaking people living in Manbhum district of the state of [[Bihar]], they forced the government to form a new district entering in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/bn/news/another-movement-for-the-price-of-language|title=The longest language movement in the history of the world over time is in Bengal.|date=1 January 1970|website=JiyoBangla|language=en-US|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
*After successive protests, [[Government of Delhi]] has agreed to create Bangla Academy in [[Delhi]].


==References==
==References==
Line 217: Line 155:
* {{cite journal |last=Chakravarti |first=K.C. |date=30 July 1960 |title=Bongal Kheda Again |journal=The Economic Weekly |publisher=Sameeksha Trust|location=Mumbai|pages=1193–95|issn=0012-9976 |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/31/assam_disturbances_ibongal_kheda_again.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chakravarti |first=K.C. |date=30 July 1960 |title=Bongal Kheda Again |journal=The Economic Weekly |publisher=Sameeksha Trust|location=Mumbai|pages=1193–95|issn=0012-9976 |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/31/assam_disturbances_ibongal_kheda_again.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://enewsroom.in/assam-killings-horror-bengali-muslims-kolkata/|title=Assam killings pre-planned, says Kolkata's civil society|website=enewsroom.in/|date=25 September 2021 }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://enewsroom.in/assam-killings-horror-bengali-muslims-kolkata/|title=Assam killings pre-planned, says Kolkata's civil society|website=enewsroom.in/|date=25 September 2021 }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|title=ভূমিপুত্র উন্নয়ন মোর্চা অফ ইণ্ডিয়ার তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন|website=bbnews365.com/|date=21 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|title=ভূমিপুত্র উন্নয়ন মোর্চা অফ ইণ্ডিয়ার তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন|website=bbnews365.com/|date=21 February 2023|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212030319/https://www.bbnews365.com/bhumiputra-unnayan-morcha-of-india-celebrates-the-birth-anniversary-of-sher-e-bangla-abul-kashem-fazlul-huq/|url-status=dead}}

Others: Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.

{{Discrimination}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}


Others: Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Religious persecution}}{{Discrimination}}
[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal]]

Revision as of 20:26, 26 August 2024

Anti-Bengali sentiment comprises negative attitudes and views on Bengalis. This sentiment is present in several parts of India: Gujarat, Bihar,[1] Assam,[2] and various tribal areas.[3][4][5] etc. Issues include discrimiation in inhabitation,[6] other forms of discrimination,[7][8] political reasons, government actions,[9][10][7] anti-Bangladeshi sentiment,[11] etc. The discriminative condition of Bengalis can be traced from Khoirabari massacre, Nellie massacre, Silapathar massacre, North Kamrup massacre, Goreswar massacre, Bongal Kheda, etc. This has led to emergence of Bengali sub-nationalism in India as a form of protest and formation of many pro-Bengali organisations in India.

Assam

Assamese-Bengali strife

Background

According to Subir Deb, the author of Story of Bengal and the Bengalis, anti-Bengali sentiment in Assam was deliberately fomented by the British in the colonial times.[11] The British designated Bengali the official language of colonially administered Assam between 1836 and 1873, which included the Bengali-majority region of Sylhet division in Assam Province. However, they also defined the map of Assam in such a way that many languages and communities (ethnic and indigenous) overlapped, creating language strife among the communities.[12] Colonisers also introduced the infamous "line system", which segregated Bengali settlers in Assam from its indigenous people, starting the system in Nowgong district in 1920.[11] From 1921 to 1931, the system was enforced in Nawgaon district, where immigrants constituted 14 percent of the population. It was also implemented in Barpeta sub-division of Kamrup and Darang. In 1937, a 9-member Line System Committee was formed by the government. The general consensus of the committee was that "the line system was a temporary mechanism created to check the unrestricted inflow of the immigrants into open areas and to protect the demographic composition against disruption and disturbance".[13] However, even after successive governments, the line system was not abolished, continuing to segregate Bengalis from the indigenous and tribal people.[11]

1960 language bill in Assam

On 10 October 1960, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, the then- Chief Minister of Assam, presented a bill in the Legislative Assembly to declare Assamese as the sole official language of the Assam.[10] Ranendra Mohan Das, the then- MLA from Karimganj (North) assembly constituency and an ethnic Bengali, protested against the bill, arguing that it would impose the language of one third of the population over the remaining two thirds.[10] On 24 October, the bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly, thereby marking Assamese as the only official language of the state. The law forcefully imposed Assamese on Bengalis in terms of employment and education. This resulted in massive protests from the Barak Valley, which was home to many East Bengali refugees. These protests succeeded in establishing Bengali as an additional official language, which led to reactive insurgency against Bengalis in Assam and numerous massacres.[12]

Massacres and attacks on Bengalis

Bongal Kheda (1960 onwards)

In 1960, the Assamese demanded to purge Bengalis from Assam.[citation needed] In June 1960, frequent attacks on Bengali Hindus started in Cotton College in Guwahati and then spread to the rest of the state.[14] An Assamese mob attacked innocent Bengali Hindu settlements in the Brahmaputra Valley. The District Magistrate of Guwahati, who was a Bengali Hindu, was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.[15] Another Bengali Hindu, the Deputy Inspector General of Police, was also stabbed.[15] Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from these institutions.[16] In Dibrugarh, Bengali Hindu houses were looted and burnt, and their occupants were beaten up, knifed, and driven out.[14] 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam and taken to West Bengal.[8]

The Goreswar massacre was a planned attack on Bengali Hindus living in Goreswar in the Kamrup district (now the Baksa district). As per a secret July meeting at a school in Sibsagar, a students' strike was organised for the next day at Sibsagar. Groups of students and youths were sent to Jorhat, Dibrugarh, and other adjoining areas to communicate the decision of the meeting.[17] In the Brahmaputra Valley, Assamese mobs started attacking Bengalis. On 14 July 1960, riots began in Sibsagar with the looting of Bengali shops and assaults on several Bengalis. In lower Assam (Kamrup, Nowgong and Goalpara), intense violence occurred in 25 villages in Goreswar. An Assamese mob of 15,000, armed with guns and other weapons, attacked Bengali shops and houses,[18] destroying 4,019 huts and 58 houses.[17][19] According to the inquiry commission, at least nine Bengalis were killed, one woman was attacked and raped, and nearly 1,000 Bengali Hindus fled from the area during the riot.[20] The violence continued for months. Between July and September 1960, nearly 50,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal.[17]

In some districts of lower Assam, Kamrupi Bengali Hindus were harassed as foreigners and became the target of violence. On 3 January 1980, a group of students of Baganpara High School were visiting Barikadanga to supervise a three-day strike in response to a call given by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) for supporting the anti-Bengali movement.[citation needed] In 1981, the Assamese killed nearly 100 Kamrupi Bengali Hindus. Along with Assamese locals, Kamrupi Muslims attacked the Bengali Hindus and spread violence.[21]

After the Partition of India, Bengali Hindus from India and Bengali Hindu refugees from East Bengal settled in Khoirabari in the Mangaldoi sub-division of the Darrang district. During the assembly election on 14 February 1983, the activists of the Assam Agitation blocked access and cut communications to the Bengali enclaves. Indigenous Assamese groups, who held resentments toward the immigrant Bengalis, took advantage of the resulting isolation and surrounded and attacked the Bengali villages at night.[citation needed] As result, the Central Reserve Police Force and polling agents could not be sent to Khoirabari. Immigrant Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at the Khoirabari School,[22] where the indigenous Assamese mob attacked them.[22] According to Indian Police Service officer E.M. Rammohun, more than 100 immigrant Bengali Hindus refugees were killed in the massacre.[23] According to journalist Shekhar Gupta, more than 500 immigrant Bengali Hindus were killed.[24][25] The survivors took shelter in the Khoirabari railway station.[23]

In Silapathar, undivided Lakhimpur district, Assam, Bengali Hindus had been residents for two decades, as an ethnic minority in the region. In February 1983, Assamese mobs attacked the Bengali villagers with machetes, bows and arrows, burnt houses, and destroyed several bridges which connected the remote area. The villagers escaped into the jungle, and spent days without adequate food or shelter.[citation needed] Journalist Sabita Goswami claimed that according to government sources, more than 1000 people were killed in the clashes.[26] The survivors fled to Arunachal Pradesh.[27]

In the assembly elections of 1983, Indira Gandhi gave the right to vote to 4 million immigrants from Bangladesh. After the decision, the All Assam Students Union made a pogrom[28] and on 18 February 1983 attacked Bengalis in 14 villages.[29] The massacre claimed the lives of 2,191 people, with unofficial figures estimating more than 10,000 dead.[30] No one was held responsible for these mass killings as a part of the 1985 Assam Accord.[31]

Other instances during Assamese language movement and Assam movement

In 1972, during the Assamese language movement, Bengali were mostly targeted.[citation needed] In Gauhati University, Bengali Hindus were attacked. Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.[32]

Agitation in 1979 led to frequent curfews and strikes called by the AASU and other local organisations. Trains were attacked, and central government employees of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Airlines and the Railways were intimidated and asked to leave the state.[33] Various incidents of unrest occurred, including a young Assamese man stabbing his childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.[2] Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. In 1983, Bengali Hindus were attacked numerous times during the anti-foreign agitation.[citation needed] Abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became commonplace and Assamese rioters referred to former West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu as the "Bastard son of Bengal".[5] Effigies of then- West Bengal Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, hung from light posts and trees.[33]

2000 onwards

On 1 November 2018, five Bengali Hindus were killed on the banks of Brahmaputra near Kherbari village in the Tinsukia district of Assam. United Liberation Front of Asom were suspected to be responsible for the massacre.[34]

In 2021, two Bengali Muslims were killed during an eviction drive by the Government of Assam.[35]

Discrimination against Bengalis

Bengali Hindus living in Assam are routinely called 'Bangladeshis' and harassed.[citation needed] Bengali Hindus are being targeted by Assamese nationalist organisations and political parties from time to time. They are discriminatively tagged as Bongal (outsider Bengalis) in the context of Assam's linguistic politics.[citation needed]

Some examples of discrimination include:

  • Morjina Bibi, from Fofanga Part I village in Assam's Goalpara district, spent nearly nine months in detention from December 2016 to July 2017, for a case of mistaken identity which was a Government fault.[citation needed]
  • Gopal Das, 65, committed suicide after receiving a notice from the Foreigners Tribunal in Udalguri district in spite of having his name in the 1966 voters list.[citation needed]
  • Sajahan Kazi, a government school teacher from Barpeta district, spent 20 years from 1997 trying to prove his citizenship.[citation needed]
  • Moinal Mollah of Barpeta district's Bohri village was kept in Goalpara detention camp, even though his parents and grandparents were declared as Indian citizens with the necessary documents. After three years, an NGO provided free legal assistance to Mollah, and the Supreme Court ordered his release.[7]
  • On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of N. R. C., though many of them claimed to have submitted documents of their citizenship to the Assam Government.[36]
  • Two Bengali Hindus were killed by the militant formation HNLC, but the killings neither drew any political or Governmental attraction and those responsible were not arrested.[37]

Bihar

In the first half of the 20th century, Bihar had a large population of middle class and professional Bengalis from Madhubani, Ghatshila, Hazaribagh, Purnia, Mithila, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur. During the 15 years of RJD rule and Congress rule in the 1980s, Bengali families faced several cases of "house-grabbing," forcing the Bengali community to sell their homes and migrate to other places.[1]

During 1948, the Manbhum district forcibly imposed the Hindi language, restricting use of Bengali and eventually making Hindi the sole official language of Bihar, which resulted in massive protests.[38]

Meghalaya

Khasi-Bengali strife

1979's Khasi Bengali riot was the first major riot in Shillong which was directed against the local Bengalis as a minority. Most of the Assamese left the area after Assam was formed, but Indian Bengalis and refugees from East Bengal stayed there.[39] Assam's Bongal Kheda influenced Meghalaya to drive Bengalis and other minorities out of the state. The Khasi Students' Union (KSU) was created on 20 March 1978 for this purpose.[citation needed]

On 22 October 1979, a fight between Khasis and Bengalis took place after a Khasi man allegedly damaged the Kali idol of Lal Villa.[40] Afterwards, Bengali houses across Laitumukhra in Shillong were burnt down by the Khasi tribes.[33] The riots escalated strife between these communities, which would continue through the 1980s and 1990s. Nearly 20,000 Bengalis were displaced from the state in 1979, mainly from the capital Shillong, following the anti-Bengali riot.[41][42] A separatist militant outfit, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC), was created, and instigated several riots in 1992.[citation needed] Most of the Bengalis moved to West Bengal or the Barak Valley of Assam, or became internal refugees in Assam.[39][43]

After 2000

After 2008, the situation was relatively peaceful in Shillong. From 2006 to 2017, the HNLC members increased from 4 lakh to more than a million.[43]

In February 2020, the HNLC warned all Bengali Hindus to leave the Ichamati and Majai areas of the district within one month. In a statement, HNLC general secretary Sainkumar Nongtraw warned of "mass bloodshed" if the Bengali Hindus did not leave Meghalaya.[44] After two days, more than a dozen non-tribals (including Bengalis) were assaulted by a group of masked tribal assailants in different parts of the Khasi Hills, and ten men were stabbed in Shillong.[citation needed] Members of the Student's Union tried to burn down a house, which led to retaliation from the local non-tribals.[45]

KSU, continuing its influence in Meghalaya, put up banners and posters, saying "All Meghalaya Bengalis are Bangladeshis".[46]

Tripura

Tripuri-Bengali strife

According to royal census reports, in 1947, 93 percent of Tripura's population consisted of tribal citizens who came from Mongolia, Tripuri and other parts of the world.[4][3] After the partition of India, Hindus from neighbouring Comilla, Noakhali and Chittagong districts of then East Pakistan, as well as Dacca district, fled into Tripura, the majority of them being Bengali.[citation needed] They triggered a population explosion from 646,000 in 1951 to 1.15 million in 1961 and 1.5 million in 1971. This resulted in the Tripuri tribal population shrinking to 28.5 per cent.[3] In 1977, a section of the Tripuris formed a political party called Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti (TUJS), which began to back extremist movements.[citation needed] Their motive was to drive out "foreigners," i.e. Bengalis, from the state.[citation needed] TUJS leaders drew up an action programme for Bengali expulsion in the 1980s.[47]

Massacres and attacks on Bengalis

Mandwi, an obscure village located about 60 km north east of Agartala, is inhabited primarily by Tripuri with a Bengali minority. On the night of 6 June 1980, armed Tripuri tribal insurgent groups began to block the nontribal localities and to commit arson, violence and murder.[citation needed] Thousands of Bengalis took shelter near the National Highway 44, and a relief camp was established at Khayerpur School where initial relief was administered to the Bengali refugees.[citation needed] From the afternoon of 7 June, the situation worsened, with reports of large-scale arson and looting in Jirania block, as well as arson on Bengali villages in Champaknagar and the foothills of Baramura. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandwi, which remained unmanned. An entire village was fired in Purba Noabadi. In Mandwi almost all houses and huts were destroyed, and 350-400 Bengalis were killed.[citation needed] Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of Agartala.[48]

Bagber is a village under the Kalyanpur police station in the West Tripura district of Tripura.[49] In May 2000, during the ongoing ethnic riots, scores of Bengali Hindus had taken shelter at a refugee camp in Bagber.[50] On 20 May, a heavily armed group of around 60 NLFT militants raided the Bagber village.[51] The militants then targeted the inmates at the refugee camp, where they killed around 20 and injured several others. The CRPF personnel deployed at Bagber didn't protest when the massacre took place.[52]

2020 Bru-resettlement

The governments of Tripura and Mizoram and representatives of Bru organisations signed an agreement on 16 January 2019 to allow nearly 35,000 Bru tribal people, who were displaced from Mizoram and lived in Tripura as refugees since 1997, to settle permanently in Tripura.[9] The Tripura government selected 12 places including Kanchanpur.[53] This resulted in conflicts between the Brus and the local Bengali non-tribal people who used to live there for decades.[6] Protests took place against the settlement, and the state government used violence in despersing the mobs.[citation needed] Over 6,000 people were thrown out of their homes by Bru migrants.[4] After the violence of 10 December, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed for the protection of Bengalis.[6] On 21 November 2020, one Bengali was killed and more than 20 were injured in open fire from police.[53]

Myanmar

On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in a cluster known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern Maungdaw District of Rakhine State in Myanmar were attacked, and 99 Bengali Hindu villagers were massacred by Muslim insurgents from the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA). A month later, the Myanmar Army discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.[54]

Other instances

Rest of India

  • With the growth of the Hindi-speaking population, in many areas Bengalis are forced to speak in Hindi and not in Bengali. Two Bengali women in Burra Bazar, West Bengal were lynched and harassed by non-Bengalis, because of talking in Bengali. They were termed as "Bangladeshis" when they were attacked.[55]
  • Bengali-speaking daily wage workers in Bangalore have accused the police and government of harassing them for identification, even sometimes forcing them to leave jobs. At Thubarahalli in the eastern outskirts of Bengaluru, around 12,000 Bengali-speaking people in the city live in unrest and fear. They allege that police demand a long list of documents branding them as 'Bangladeshis', and that many have been forced into hiding.[56]

Anti-Bengali and accused to be anti-Bengali organisations

Militant anti-Bengali organisations (declared) in North-East India

Accused political parties

BJP

The "Bharatiya Janata Party" (BJP) is considered in some cases to be anti-Bengali, due to its non-Bengali culture and anti-Bengali demands and controversial anti-Bengali comments. [citation needed]

  • According to Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, BJP defines Bengalis with a narrow mindset and pursues aggressive policies of parochialism, in contrast to what Sen considers a quintessential Bengali pluralism.[59]
  • West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee accused, "They (BJP) brought miscreants on hire from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Jharkhand, specifically to go on the rampage here and destroy heritage in Bengal".[59]
  • BJP MP John Barla demanded a partition of Bengal to create a separate state or union territory for the north,[60] which was not supported by ethnic groups in North Bengal.[61]
  • On 20 May 2019, during a membership drive of BJP in West Bengal which led to violence with TMC, BJP supporters broke a 200-year old iconic bust of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar in Vidyasagar College.[62][63][64] Students called this an "act of terror" by the BJP.[63][65][66]
  • In Tripura, the BJP-lead Central Government has agreed to the Bru-resettlement where more than 3000 Bengalis lost their land. Also, Tripura chief minister from BJP, Biplab Kumar Deb, says non-Hindi speakers do not love their country.[67]

TIPRA Motha

The Nagarik Suraksha Mancha, a jointly-formed organisation for Bengalis, has blamed TIPRA Motha (The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance) for the plight of Bengalis in Tripura. On 9 February 2021, an FIR was lodged against Debbarma and TIPRA for allegedly spreading anti-Bengali sentiment to the people.[6][better source needed]

Protests against discrimination and linguistic imposition

Many organisations were founded to protest ongoing discrimination and anti-Bengali sentiment.

Bengali language movement in Assam

80 percent of Assam's Barak Valley are Bengali and speak the Bangla language, but a bill was passed in the Assam legislative assembly making Assamese the sole official language of the state.[68] On 5 February 1961, the Cachar Gana Sangram Parishad was formed to protest the imposition of Assamese in the Bengali-speaking Barak Valley. People soon started protesting in Silchar, Karimganj and Hailakandi.[69] On 24 April, the Parishad flagged off a fortnight-long padayatra in the Barak Valley to raise awareness among the masses, which ended after 200 miles reaching to Silchar on 2 May.[68]

On 18 May, the Assam police arrested three prominent leaders of the movement, namely Nalinikanta Das, Rathindranath Sen and Bidhubhushan Chowdhury, the editor of weekly Yugashakti. On 19 May, the dawn to dusk hartal started. Picketing started in the sub-divisional towns of Silchar, Karimganj and Hailakandi. A Bedford truck carrying nine arrested activists from Katigorah was fired and the truck driver and the policemen escorting the arrested fled the spot.[69] Soon after that the paramilitary forces, guarding the railway station, started beating the protesters with rifle butts and batons without any provocation from them. They fired 17 rounds into the crowd. Twelve persons received bullet wounds and were carried to hospitals. Nine of them died that day. Two more persons died later. One person, Krishna Kanta Biswas survived for another 24 hours with a bullet wound in chest.[70]

On 20 May, the people of Silchar held a procession with the bodies of the martyrs in protest of the killings.[68] After the incident and more protests, the Assam government had to withdraw the circular and Bengali was ultimately given official status in the three districts of Barak Valley.[71][72]

Organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment

Militant

  • United Bengali Liberation Front: United Bengali Liberation Front (UNLF), designed as a militant group, was created to protect Indian Bengalis against Tripuri militants and other tribal groups. The UBLF came into existence in 1995 after the ATTF was formed with the aim of decimating Bengali Hindus living in Tripura.[citation needed] The UBLF, though not a proscribed outfit under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, has been banned by the State government for its involvement in the activities of separatist killings and murders.[73]
  • United Bangal Liberation Army: United Bangal Liberation Army (UBLA) is a Bengali outfit that claims to stand upright for the Bengalis. They condemned atrocities and discrimination against the Bengali people in Meghaloya since 1979. They released an ultimatum against anti-Bengali activities, warning of serious consequences.[74]

Political

Apolitical/Social

  • Nagarik Suraksha Mancha:
Nagarik Suraksha Mancha was formed during the 2020 Bru-resettlement in Tripura, when Bengali lands were given to the Bru tribals and police violence against Bengalis occurred.[6] The organisation provided the government with an 11-point demand, which includes repatriating Bru migrants to Mizoram and compensating those affected by violence during anti-CAB protests.[4] They placed strikes and protests against the government to secure land for Bengalis. They also accused Pradyot Manikya Debbarma, scion of the Tripura royal family, to be the cause of recent discrimination of Bengalis and anti-Bengali sentiment in Tripura.[6]
Bangla Pokkho during its first national conference
Bangla Pokkho was founded in 2019 by Indian Statistical Institute professor Garga Chatterjee, to protest Hindi and Urdu linguistic and cultural imposition. The organisation demands 100% reservation of government jobs for residents of West Bengal[81] and 90% reservation in other job sectors, education, military, and administrative works.[82] Bangla Pokkho's demands resulted in the beginning of domicile reservation in Calcutta University [83] and Jadavpur University,[84] the cancellation of expelling Bengalis in WBSEDCL,[85] and allowing majority Bengali players in Cricket Association of Bengal as well as the inclusion of Bengali language in online platforms.
Bangla Pokkho, along with Kanchanpur Nagarik Surakkha Mancha, cultivated a protest in Tripura that gathered more than 30,000 Bengalis to complain about social discrimination of Bengalis and the Bru-resettlement by the Tripura state BJP Government.[86]
  • Bangla o Bangla Bhasha Bachao Committee: Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC) is a Siliguri-based organisation that protested against the Gorkhaland formation. They accused GJM of anti-Bengali works in Darjeeling.[87][88]
  • Jatiya Bangla Sommelan: Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan was created on 9 December 2019 as a split from Bangla Pokkho. Both Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon and Bangla Pokkho came into being to counter the "imposition of Hindi" and "north Indian culture".[89] Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan has demonstrated against the Citizenship Amendment Act in different parts of West Bengal.[90] In 2020, Jatiyo Bangla Sammelan protested against performing Chhath puja at two ecologically important lakes (Rabindra Sarobar and Subhas Sarobar). Although performing rituals in these lakes was prohibited by National Green Tribunal (NGT), the West Bengal government had appealed before the NGT and moved to the Supreme Court of India to allow Chhath puja in Rabindra Sarobar, the plea was rejected. But the Supreme Court also gave the state government no relief. The organisation set up a night-long vigil at the entry points to the lake to prevent anyone from entering the premises. Thousands of devotees had entered the lake and performed puja. The personnel of Kolkata Police were reluctant in enforcing NGT orders.[91] Jatiyo Bangla Sommelon has held and led various protests against "Hindi-imposition" in Kolkata and elsewhere in West Bengal. The aim of these protests was to counter the imposition of Hindi on Bengalis, the Central Government's National Education Policy and a perceived threat to the culture of west bengal.[92][93]
  • Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India: Bhumiputra Unnayan Morcha of India (BHUMI) was founded on 16 July 2020 with a vision to spread political and social awareness among the people of Bengal and India to achieve constitutional rights and social justice and resist the forceful impose of any foreign language and culture.[94][95]

References

  1. ^ a b "The Lost World". Pioneer. 7 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b Bhattacharjee, Manash Firaq (26 February 2020). "We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Turmoil in North-east India turns into armed uprising in Tripura". India Today.
  4. ^ a b c d "Tribals in state 'foreigners', Bengalis original inhabitants, claims Tripura social group". The Indian Express. 10 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b 'Bearing Witness': The Impact of Conflict on Women in Nagaland and Assam. Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research. 2011. p. 42.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Karmakar, Rahul (22 February 2020). "Brus vs non-tribal Bengalis: It's a clash among the displaced in Tripura". The Hindu.
  7. ^ a b c Khalid, Saif. "'We're sons of the soil, don't call us Bangladeshis'". Aljazeera.com.
  8. ^ a b Bhaumik, Subir (2008). Samir Kumar Das (ed.). Blisters on their Feet (PDF). Sage. p. 303. ISBN 978-81-7829-819-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  9. ^ a b Karmakar, Rahul (20 January 2020). "Who are the Brus, and what are the implications of settling them in Tripura?". The Hindu (Opinion).
  10. ^ a b c Chowdhury, Ranajit (19 May 2013). বিস্মৃত বলিদান. Ei Samay (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d "Story of Bengal and Bengalis: The Bengali Homeland and its Inhabitants". The Daily Star. 4 September 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Decades of Discord: Assam Against Itself". thewire.in.
  13. ^ Pegu, Rinku (2004). "The Line System and the Birth of a Public Sphere in Assam: Immigrant, Alien, and Citizen". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 65: 586–596. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44144773.
  14. ^ a b Datta, Rathin. "A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda'". TripuraINFOWAY.com. Tripura Infoway News. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  15. ^ a b Chakravarti (1960)
  16. ^ Chowdhury, Anwar (19 February 2016). যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল.... Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). Dhaka. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  17. ^ a b c Banerjee, Paula; Chaudhury, Sabyasachi Basu Ray; Das, Samir Kumar (7 January 2005). Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9788132101987.
  18. ^ Sharma, Suresh Kant; Sharma, Usha (2015). Discovery of North-East India. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788183240390.
  19. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (10 December 2009). Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 9789352801817. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  20. ^ Dutta, Uddipan (31 December 2012). "Chapter 4: Communal Riots on Language Issues" (PDF). The Role of Language Management and Language Conflict in the Transition of Post Colonial Assamese Identity (PhD). Gauhati University. p. 98-99. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  21. ^ Bakshi, Shiri Ram; Sharma, Sita Ram; Gajrani, S. (1998). Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy. APH Publishing. ISBN 9788176480086.
  22. ^ a b Goswami, Sabita (2014). Along the Red River: A Memoir. Zubaan. p. 154. ISBN 978-93-83074-26-6. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  23. ^ a b Rammohan, E. N. (2005). Insurgent Frontiers: Essays from the Troubled Northeast. India Research Press. ISBN 978-81-87943-80-8.
  24. ^ Gupta, Shekhar (1984). Assam: A Valley Divided. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7069-2537-1. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  25. ^ Barpujari, H. K. (1998). North-East India: Problems, Policies, and Prospects : Since Independence. Spectrum Publication. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-85319-81-0. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  26. ^ Goswami, Sabita (11 March 2014). "27". Along the Red River: A Memoir. Zubaan. ISBN 9789383074266. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  27. ^ Roy, S.G. (24 February 1983). "Army troops rushed Thursday to northeastern Assam state where..." upi.com. Upi.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  28. ^ Hussain, Monirul (1 February 2009). Sibaji Pratim Basu (ed.). The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch. Anthem. p. 261. ISBN 978-8190583572.
  29. ^ Rehman, Teresa (30 September 2006), "Nellie Revisited: The Horror's Nagging Shadow", Tehelka, archived from the original on 11 November 2006, retrieved 19 February 2008
  30. ^ Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation, Indilens news team, Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  31. ^ Mander, Harsh (14 December 2008). "Nellie : India's forgotten massacre". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  32. ^ Sekhawat, Vibhuti Singh (2007). Assam: From Accord to ULFA. Anamika Publishers. p. 88. ISBN 9788179751695. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  33. ^ a b c "Assam, Meghalaya in the throes of widespread communal trouble". India Today.
  34. ^ "Bloodbath In Assam: ULFA Militants Murder Five Bengalis in Tinsukia". Barak Bulletin. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  35. ^ "2 die in Assam eviction drive". The Hindu. 23 September 2021.
  36. ^ এনআরসি-তে ১২ লক্ষ হিন্দুর নাম বাদ, অসমে প্যাঁচে বিজেপি. Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  37. ^ "Possible Solutions to the North East's 'Bengali Problem'". Barakbulletin.com. 4 September 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  38. ^ "The Official Website of Purulia District". Purulia.nic.in.
  39. ^ a b X, Samrat (5 June 2018). "Shillong violence and the rhetoric of 'pure blood'". Newslaundry.
  40. ^ "A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots". 22 October 2019.
  41. ^ "Conflict country - Times of India". The Times of India. 26 August 2012.
  42. ^ "Tribal Vs Non-Tribal". The Statesman. 6 March 2020.
  43. ^ a b "Tribal Vs Non-Tribal". The Statesman. 6 March 2020.
  44. ^ "Meghalaya extremists ask non-tribal group to leave t". The Hindu. 2 March 2020.
  45. ^ a b "Police Books Banned Militant Group In Meghalaya After Threat To Hindu-Bengalis". Outlook. 14 February 2022.
  46. ^ "Anti-Bengali posters in Meghalaya, police warn outfit of action | Shillong News - Times of India". The Times of India. 23 October 2020.
  47. ^ "Communal riots rock Tripura, state govt try to find scapegoat to blame mob frenzy on". India Today.
  48. ^ Paul, Manas (2010). The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict. Lancer Publishers. pp. 86–94. ISBN 978-1935501152. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  49. ^ "19 Bengalis killed in Tripura". Hindustan Times. 22 May 2000. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  50. ^ "SPOs in Tripura give Cong jitters". The Telegraph. 5 January 2003. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  51. ^ "19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun". The Telegraph. 21 May 2000. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  52. ^ Chaudhuri, Kalyan (23 May 2000). "Terror in Tripura". Frontline. Vol. 17, no. 12. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  53. ^ a b Ali, Syed Sajjad (21 November 2020). "One killed, more than 20 injured in police firing at protesters in Tripura". The Hindu.
  54. ^ "Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State". 22 May 2018.
  55. ^ "Kolkata: দোকানিকে বাংলায় কথা বলতে বলার 'শাস্তি', বড়বাজারে দুই মহিলার উপর হামলা". Sangbadpratidin.in.
  56. ^ "The harassment of Bengaluru's Bengali-speaking workers in the name of 'security'". The News Minute. 20 November 2019.
  57. ^ Rubin, Barry; Rubin, Judith Colp (2015). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Routledge. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-317-47465-4.
  58. ^ Rubin, Barry; Rubin, Judith Colp (2015). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Routledge. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-317-47465-4.
  59. ^ a b Roy, Rajat (20 September 2019). "Amartya Sen has a message for Mamata: Don't define Bengalis narrowly like BJP does". ThePrint.
  60. ^ "BJP MP Reiterates Demand For Separate North Bengal, Despite Party Warning". NDTV.
  61. ^ "Ethnic groups in north Bengal reject BJP MP's separate UT proposal". Etvbharat.com. 22 June 2021.
  62. ^ "BJP's membership drive a hit in Vidyasagar College". Hindustan Times. 25 July 2019.
  63. ^ a b "'Act of Terror': Students Narrate What Happened in Vidyasagar College During Amit Shah's Rally". News18. 16 May 2019.
  64. ^ "Bengal violence: Stones came from campus, men in saffron shirts seen breaking Vidyasagar bust". The Indian Express. 16 May 2019.
  65. ^ Chaudhuri, Pooja (16 May 2019). "Fact-Checking Claims Made by BJP About Vidyasagar College Violence". The Quint.
  66. ^ Pooja Chaudhuri, AltNews in (16 May 2019). "Fact check: Examining BJP's claims about perpetrators of violence at Kolkata's Vidyasagar College". Scroll.in.
  67. ^ "Those who oppose Hindi as common language do not love India, claims Tripura CM Biplab Kumar Deb". Scroll.in. 17 September 2019.
  68. ^ a b c Mukhopadhyay, Baidyanath (19 May 2013). বাঙালির চেতনায় শুধু একুশে, স্থান নেই উনিশের শহীদদের. Ei Samay (in Bengali). Kolkata.
  69. ^ a b Choudhuri, Arjun. "Bhasha Shahid Divas". We The People, Barak Valley. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  70. ^ Laskar, Dilip Kanti (4 March 2012). "Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- the Sunday Indian Online Magazine - - the Sunday Indian" উনিশের সংগ্রাম অনন্য, অতুলনীয়. The Sunday Indian (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 September 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  71. ^ "No alliance with BJP, says AGP chief". The Telegraph, Calcutta. 27 December 2003. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  72. ^ "Silchar rly station to be renamed soon". The Times of India. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  73. ^ "United Bengali Liberation Front, Tripura, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal". Satp.org.
  74. ^ "Bengali outfit lashed out against Gorkha demand for Gorkhaland in Bengal land". Syllad. 24 October 2020.
  75. ^ Van Schendel, Willem (2005). The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia. Anthem Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-84331-145-4. Bengali-speaking Indian citizens living in India ... resented being portrayed as infiltrators ... Fearing for their position, they began creating organizations to protect their interests, e.g. 'Amra Bangali' ... 'If the eviction of Bengalis from Assam does not stop, all Bengal will be set afire!' Slogan of the political group Amra Bangali ... 1981.
  76. ^ "Amra Bangali". 15 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  77. ^ "Who are the Amra Bangalis?". Indian Express. 13 June 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  78. ^ Chakravarti, Sudeep (22 January 2020). "Opinion | 'Bangalistan' may take Tripura back to its bloody past". mint.
  79. ^ R. V. Krishna Ayyar (1956). All India Election Guide. Oriental Publishers. p. 32.
  80. ^ a b Journal of Gandhian Studies. Vol. 10. Gandhi Bhawan, University of Allahabad. 1983. pp. 125, 127, 129.
  81. ^ "'Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation ahead of Bengal polls - The New Indian Express". The New Indian Express. 2 January 2021.
  82. ^ "'Bangla Pokkho' seeks job, education reservation for Bengalis in Bengal - Times of India". The Times of India. 18 January 2021.
  83. ^ "Calcutta University sets domicile term for tech entry". The Telegraph.
  84. ^ "Jadavpur University to start domicile reservation this year | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India. 21 June 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  85. ^ Chakraborty, Ritika (17 October 2020). ইংরেজি না বলার অপরাধে আয়কর দফতর থেকে ছাঁটাই পাঁচ কর্মী, প্রতিবাদ বাংলা পক্ষের (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  86. ^ ত্রিপুরায় আমন্ত্রিত বাংলা পক্ষ, জনসভায় ভিড় ৩০,০০০ বাঙালির. Aajkaal/. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  87. ^ "As Gorkhas lock up the hills, plains Bengalis threaten a siege". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018.
  88. ^ "Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee, a Siliguri-based organization claiming to protect the interest of Bengalis, has opposed West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee's move to set up a committee to examine the demand of Gorkha Janmukti Morcha for inclusion of areas in Dooars and Terai in then proposed hill council for Darjeeling. "We must be allowed to participate in the coming tripartite talks with GJM," Committee president Mukunda Mazumdar said in Kolkata on Wednesday. - Times of India". The Times of India. 6 July 2011.
  89. ^ "বাংলা পক্ষে ভাঙন, হিন্দুত্ববাদী রাজনীতির অভিযোগ এনে তৈরি হল পৃথক সংগঠন". Anandabazar Patrika. 10 December 2019.
  90. ^ Scroll Staff (9 February 2020). "CAA: Several detained after scuffle at Calcutta Book Fair, mob beats up police officer". Scroll.in.
  91. ^ "Bengali Ethnic Groups Set Up Vigils, Prevent Chhath Puja In Kolkata's Lakes". Outlookindia.com/. 21 November 2020.
  92. ^ बंगाल की विकट जंग, ममता- मोदी में किसका दांव पड़ेगा भारी. Outlookhindi.com/. 13 January 2021.
  93. ^ শিক্ষানীতির বিরুদ্ধে মশাল মিছিল জাতীয় বাংলা সম্মেলনের. Kolkata24x7. 8 September 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  94. ^ "Assam killings: Outcome of hate spread against Bengali Muslims". eNewsroom India. 25 September 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  95. ^ "ভূমির তরফে শেরে বাংলা আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হকের জন্মবার্ষিকী পালন". bbnews365.com. 27 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

Sources

Others: Anandabazar Displaced People's Committee, All India Bengali Refugees Association, Unnayan Mancha, Bangalee Oikya Mancha, Tripura Joint Movement Committee, Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, Banglabhasha Bachao Samiti, Jana Jagaran Morcha etc. are some other small scale organisations protesting against anti-Bengali sentiment in India.