2 World Trade Center: Difference between revisions

2 World Trade Center
2 World Trade Center
200 Greenwich Street
	Artist's impression of a 2022 Foster and Partners redesign, with 3 World Trade Center south of 2 WTC
General information
Status	On hold
Type	Commercial
Architectural style	Neomodern
Location	200 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, New York City 10007
Country	United States
Coordinates	40°42′44″N 74°0′40″W / 40.71222°N 74.01111°W
Construction started	November 10, 2008
Owner	Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Height
Architectural	1,350 ft (410 m)
Technical details
Floor count	82
Floor area	2,800,000 sq ft (260,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Foster and Partners
Architecture firm	Adamson Associates Architects
Developer	Silverstein Properties
Engineer	Jaros Baum & Bolles
Structural engineer	WSP Cantor Seinuk
Services engineer	Van Deusen & Associates
References
	https://www.curbed.com/2022/02/2-world-trade-center-new-design-foster-partners.html

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2 World Trade Center (2 WTC; also known as 200 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper being developed as part of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City.^[1] It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed as part of the first World Trade Center in 1973 and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center. The foundation work was completed in 2013,^[2]^[3] though no construction has taken place since.

Original building (1973–2001)

When completed in 1973, 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the World – behind its twin, 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower). The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high.^[4] The World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.^[5] Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the completion of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.^[6]^[7]

Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services in mechanical floors (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m²) of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.^[8] The tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m²) of office space.^[9]

Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade", the South Tower, along with 1 World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower) at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies – mostly financial firms tied to Wall Street — became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon, Salomon Brothers and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center,^[10] along with a PATH station.^[11]

Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC.^[12]^[13]

The 110th floor of 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1 WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC.

September 11 attacks

At 9:03 a.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern face of the South Tower.^[14]^[15] Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2 WTC, collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure.^[16] The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.^[17]

The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely.^[18]^[19] The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.^[20] The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.^[16]

New building

The new 82-story building, if erected, will have an architectural and roof height of 1,345 feet (410 m). This height is similar to that of the original South Tower, which carried the same address.^[21] If and when completed, the building would likely become the 5th tallest in the city when measured by roof height.

Site redevelopment

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.^[22] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.^[23] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.^[24] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003.^[25]^[26] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.^[27]^[28] By July 2004, the 65-story 2 World Trade Center was being proposed for the northeast corner of the site.^[27] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.^[29] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.^[30]^[31]

British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners was hired to design the new 2 World Trade Center, on the northeastern part of the World Trade Center site at 200 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were selected as the architects for 3 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively.^[32]^[33] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.^[34]^[35] 2 World Trade Center would be a 78-story, 1,254-foot-tall (382 m) building, rising to a pinnacle with four diamonds.^[34]^[36]^[37] The building would have contained 143,000 sq ft (13,300 m²) of retail space in its base; four trading floors; and 2.3×10^⁶ sq ft (210,000 m²) of offices across 60 stories.^[36] The lowest stories of 2 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.^[38]

In Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk.^[39] The four diamonds on the roof would have sloped down toward the memorial, indicating the sites of the original towers on the skyline. The tower was designed to resemble a diamond, with cross bracing and indentations breaking up each elevation of the facade.^[40] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey said that Foster's design "incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September 11."^[41]

Construction

Excavation for 200 Greenwich Street commenced in 2008,^[42] at which point the building was scheduled to be completed sometime between 2011 and 2016. By May 2009, the Port Authority was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.^[43]^[44] The developer had requested that the Port Authority fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower.^[44]^[45] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg attempted to mediate the dispute with little success.^[46] In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to arbitration.^[47]^[48] Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month.^[49]^[50] He requested that the Port Authority pay $2.7 billion in damages.^[51]^[52] An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages.^[51]^[52] However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to Port Authority if they were not completed by 2014.^[52]^[53]

As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site.^[54] The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold.^[55] In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term.^[56] The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least 40,000 square feet (3,700 m²) of the space.^[57]^[58] Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space.^[59] PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the Bayonne Bridge.^[60]^[61]

Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, 2010, but construction was halted in August 2012.^[62] The street-level foundation was finished by November 2012^[63] and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013.^[2]^[64] The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 could be found.^[65] Larry Silverstein said in a 2019 interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant. He stated, "For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about 2022, 2023."^[66]

Redesigns

Bjarke Ingels Group

On June 9, 2015, Wired magazine reported that Two World Trade Center would be redesigned by Bjarke Ingels of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and be built by 2021. The bottom half of the new design would have been leased out to 21st Century Fox and News Corp^[67] until they decided against leaving their current headquarters.^[68]

Bjarke Ingels Group began redesigning 2 World Trade Center in May 2015, upon the requests of the property's developer Silverstein Properties and its possible future media tenants.^[21] The project's redesign was warranted since financial firms had since migrated away from the Financial District, making leasing out the new buildings a struggle and further prolonging the World Trade Center's redevelopment. Financial firms were the intended occupants for Foster and Partners' 2 World Trade Center, and the original proposal's sky lobby design was not attractive to media tenants, who have been the leading tenants of the new WTC towers and were expected to occupy BIG's redesigned building.

This design featured a cantilevering structure viewed from a northern perspective, but a terraced structure from an eastern perspective. From the south and west, the building's profile was vertically straight, but appeared to be leaning slightly toward One World Trade Center because of the cantilevering design. In an interview, Bjarke Ingels described the concept of the redesign as such: "Two World Trade is almost like a vertical village of bespoke buildings within the building, that also can be seen as a single tower. It actually has an inclination towards One World Trade Center, so the two towers – even though they're not twinning – by having a mutual relationship, the space between them is parallel, although at an incline."^[21] The tower had also been described to integrate Tribeca with the Financial District, as the design's cantilevers and terraces resembled the modern architecture known of the neighborhood.

The first three floors of the 2,800,000 square feet (260,000 m²) office building, including the ground level, would have featured about 100,000 square feet (9,300 m²) of retail space.^[69] The tower would have been the second–tallest skyscraper on the World Trade Center site, following One World Trade Center.

Return to Foster and Partners

After the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's design to be reverted to its original incarnation.^[70] In a press interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant.^[71] In February 2019, Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon begin "on spec", or without an anchor tenant, given the strong economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers.^[72] In January 2020, Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were working together to update Foster's original design, and that it would be "significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste".^[73]^[74] Renderings of a revised Foster and Partners design were published in early 2022.^[75]

Possible tenants

In 2013, Citigroup had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on 399 Park Avenue expired in 2017.^[76] The company eventually chose nearby 388 Greenwich Street, however: a building that it already had under lease.

Silverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floor space in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in Midtown Manhattan despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the Upper East Side, North Jersey, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut. Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby Brooklyn, the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as Facebook or Google), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as News Corp and Fox Corporation).^[77]

Bloomberg Business reported on June 2, 2015, that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, had signed a non-binding agreement with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to create a joint headquarters at Two World Trade Center. Silverstein said, "A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to move to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street."^[78] The change of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design. Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the original building design.^[79] On January 15, 2016, it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the Avenue of the Americas.^[68]^[80] They had concluded that "given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that [sic] our resources would be better directed elsewhere."^[77]

In September 2017, Deutsche Bank was considering relocating their U.S. headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby 60 Wall Street.^[81] However, in May 2018, it was announced the bank was instead relocating to Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle.^[82]

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^ ^a ^b Putzier, Konrad (January 21, 2016). "Murdoch snub exposes Silverstein's 2 WTC dilemma". The Real Deal. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
^ Levitt, David M.; Sakoui, Anousha (June 2, 2015). "Fox, News Corp. Have Tentative Pact For Trade Center Move". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
^ "21st Century Fox, News Corp Considering Move to World Trade Center". Wall Street Journal. April 24, 2015. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
^ Rubinstein, Dana; Pompeo, Joe (January 15, 2016). "Murdochs abandon 2 World Trade, Silverstein soldiers on". Politico PRO. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: A Conversation With The Man Who Rebuilt The World Trade Center After 9/11 – TV". Bisnow. September 10, 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
^ "Deutsche Bank to move NY headquarters from Wall Street". Reuters. May 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.

External links

[emp-1] "Two World Trade Center". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[curbed_20140911-2] "The Status of the World Trade Center Complex, 13 Years Later". Curbed. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2014.

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[4] Mcdowell, Edwin (April 11, 1997). "At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2009.

[5] "Willis Tower Building Information". Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2008.

[6] "Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014.

[7] Baldwin, Derek (May 1, 2008). "No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai". Gulfnews. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2010.

[ruchelman-p11-8] Ruchelman (1977), p. 11

[9] The World Trade Center — Facts and Figures Archived September 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Nysm.nysed.gov (February 26, 1993). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Unfinished skyscraper in Manhattan, New York}}
+{{About|the current building|the original building|2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
-{{Coord|40.7121|-74.0110|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}
 {{Infobox building
 | name             = 2 World Trade Center
 | native_name      = 200 Greenwich Street
 | status           = <span style="color:black">On hold</span>
-| image            = 2 World Trade Center.webp
+| image            = Two World Trade Center photomontage, Memorial view 2.jpg
-| image_caption    = 2 World Trade Center (center),<br />per Foster and Partners' 2022 redesign
+| image_caption    = Artist's impression of a 2022 [[Foster and Partners]] redesign, with [[3 World Trade Center]] south of 2 WTC
-| location         = 200 [[Greenwich Street (Manhattan)|Greenwich Street]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] 10007
+| location         = 200 [[Greenwich Street (Manhattan)|Greenwich Street]], [[Manhattan]], New York City  10007
 | location_country = United States
+| mapframe-wikidata = yes
-| coordinates      = {{coord|40.712095|-74.011002|display=inline}}
+| coordinates      = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1127212|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
 | groundbreaking_date =
 | start_date       = November 10, 2008
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 | owner            = [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
 | cost             =
-| floor_area       = 2,800,000 sq ft (260,000 m²)
+| floor_area       = {{Cvt|2,800,000|ft2}}
 | top_floor        =
 | floor_count      = 82
@@ Line 29: / Line 30: @@
 | references       = https://www.curbed.com/2022/02/2-world-trade-center-new-design-foster-partners.html
 | map_type         =
-| map_alt          =
+| map_alt          = 47
 | map_caption      =
 | map_dot_label    =
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 | renovation_date  =
 | height           =
-| architectural    = {{convert|1350|ft|m|abbr=on}}
+| architectural    = {{cvt|1350|ft|m}}
 | tip              =
 | antenna_spire    =
@@ Line 76: / Line 77: @@
 | topped_out       =
 | classification   =
-| location_city    = <!-- or |location_town =  -->
+| location_city    = <!-- or |location_town = -->
 | namesake         =
 | topped_out_date  =
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 | ren_contractor   =
 | url              = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
-| footnotes        =
 }}
-'''2 World Trade Center''' ('''2 WTC'''; also known as '''200 Greenwich Street''') is a planned [[skyscraper]] as part of the [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]].<ref name="emp">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2worldtradecenter-newyorkcity-ny-usa687 |title=Two World Trade Center |access-date=May 17, 2009 |publisher=Emporis.com |archive-date=March 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317211204/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2worldtradecenter-newyorkcity-ny-usa687 }}</ref> It will replace [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|the original 2 World Trade Center]], which was completed in 1972 and subsequently destroyed during the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original [[5 World Trade Center#Original building (1970–2001)|5 World Trade Center]]. The foundation work was completed in 2013.<ref name="curbed 20140911">{{cite web |url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/11/the_status_of_the_world_trade_center_complex_13_years_later.php |title=The Status of the World Trade Center Complex, 13 Years Later |publisher=Curbed |date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204180845/http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/11/the_status_of_the_world_trade_center_complex_13_years_later.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Port Authority delays 1 World Trade Center opening as project takes more time, money than expected |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-delays-1-world-trade-center-opening-article-1.1930770 |publisher=NY Daily News |date=September 6, 2014 |author=Greg Smith |access-date=December 3, 2014 |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827165445/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-delays-1-world-trade-center-opening-article-1.1930770 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''2 World Trade Center''' ('''2 WTC'''; also known as '''200 Greenwich Street''') is a [[skyscraper]] being developed as part of the rebuilt [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[Manhattan]], New York City.<ref name="emp">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2worldtradecenter-newyorkcity-ny-usa687 |title=Two World Trade Center |access-date=May 17, 2009 |publisher=Emporis.com |archive-date=March 17, 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317211204/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2worldtradecenter-newyorkcity-ny-usa687}}</ref> It will replace [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|the original 2 World Trade Center]], which was completed as part of the first [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in 1973 and subsequently destroyed during the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original [[5 World Trade Center (1970–2001)|5 World Trade Center]]. The foundation work was completed in 2013,<ref name="curbed 20140911">{{cite web |url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/11/the_status_of_the_world_trade_center_complex_13_years_later.php |title=The Status of the World Trade Center Complex, 13 Years Later |publisher=Curbed |date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204180845/http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/09/11/the_status_of_the_world_trade_center_complex_13_years_later.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Port Authority delays 1 World Trade Center opening as project takes more time, money than expected |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-delays-1-world-trade-center-opening-article-1.1930770 |publisher=NY Daily News |date=September 6, 2014 |author=Greg Smith |access-date=December 3, 2014 |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827165445/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-delays-1-world-trade-center-opening-article-1.1930770 |url-status=live}}</ref> though no construction has taken place since.
-==<span class="anchor" id="Original building"></span>Original building (1973–2001)==
+==Original building (1973–2001)==
+{{See also|World Trade Center (1973–2001)|2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)}}
-[[File:WTC-towers and hotel.jpg|left|thumb|The two original towers, 1&nbsp;WTC (center) and 2&nbsp;WTC (right), on July 19, 2001]]
-[[File:Two World Trade Center Observation Deck.jpg|thumb|left|Viewers atop the original Two World Trade Center observation deck looking north toward [[Midtown Manhattan]] on June 21, 1984]]
+[[File:New York --- Skyline lower Manhattan (7780079092).jpg|thumb|left|The two original towers, 1 World Trade Center (with the antenna) and 2 World Trade Center (without the antenna) on September 1, 2001]]
+When completed in 1973, 2&nbsp;World Trade Center (the '''South Tower''') became the second tallest building in the World – behind its twin, [[One World Trade Center#Original building (1971–2001)|1 World Trade Center]] (the '''North Tower'''). The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was {{cvt|1362|ft|m}} high and its indoor observation deck was {{cvt|1310|ft|m}} high.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mcdowell |first=Edwin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/11/nyregion/at-trade-center-deck-views-are-lofty-as-are-the-prices.html?pagewanted=all |title=At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices |work=The New York Times |date=April 11, 1997 |access-date=September 12, 2009 |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712083815/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/11/nyregion/at-trade-center-deck-views-are-lofty-as-are-the-prices.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live}}</ref> The World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the [[Willis Tower|Sears Tower]] in Chicago, finished in {{Nowrap|May 1973}}, reached {{convert|1450|ft}} at the rooftop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Willis Tower Building Information |url=http://www.willistower.com/propertyprofile.html |access-date=December 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719075320/http://www.willistower.com/propertyprofile.html |archive-date=July 19, 2009}}</ref> Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|more floors]] (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the completion of the [[Burj Khalifa]], which opened in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/dubai/burj-khalifa/ |title=Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320163329/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/dubai/burj-khalifa |archive-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/no-more-habitable-floors-to-burj-dubai-1.452275 |title=No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai |last=Baldwin |first=Derek |newspaper=Gulfnews |date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=January 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328074019/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/no-more-habitable-floors-to-burj-dubai-1.452275 |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
-{{See also|World Trade Center (1973–2001)|List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center}}
-When completed in 1973, 2&nbsp;World Trade Center (the '''South Tower''') became the second tallest building in the World – behind its twin, [[One World Trade Center#Original building (1971–2001)|1 World Trade Center]]. The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was {{convert|1362|ft|m|abbr=on}} high and its indoor observation deck was {{convert|1310|ft|m|abbr=on}} high.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mcdowell |first=Edwin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/11/nyregion/at-trade-center-deck-views-are-lofty-as-are-the-prices.html?pagewanted=all |title=At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices |work=The New York Times |date=April 11, 1997 |access-date=September 12, 2009 |archive-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712083815/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/11/nyregion/at-trade-center-deck-views-are-lofty-as-are-the-prices.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> The World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the [[Willis Tower|Sears Tower]] in Chicago, finished in {{Nowrap|May 1973}}, reached {{convert|1450|ft}} at the rooftop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Willis Tower Building Information |url=http://www.willistower.com/propertyprofile.html |access-date=December 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719075320/http://www.willistower.com/propertyprofile.html |archive-date=July 19, 2009}}</ref> Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more|more floors]] (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the advent of the  [[Burj Khalifa]], which opened in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/dubai/burj-khalifa/ |title=Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320163329/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/dubai/burj-khalifa |archive-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/no-more-habitable-floors-to-burj-dubai-1.452275 |title=No more habitable floors to Burj Dubai |last=Baldwin |first=Derek |newspaper=Gulfnews |date=May 1, 2008|access-date=January 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328074019/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/no-more-habitable-floors-to-burj-dubai-1.452275|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
-Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services in [[mechanical floor]]s (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had {{convert|40000|sqft|m2}} of space for [[occupancy]]. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.<ref name="ruchelman-p11">Ruchelman (1977), p. 11</ref> The tower had {{convert|3800000|sqft|m2}} of office space.<ref>[https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/wtc/about/facts.html The World Trade Center — Facts and Figures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923080841/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/wtc/about/facts.html |date=September 23, 2014 }}. Nysm.nysed.gov (February 26, 1993). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.</ref>
+Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services in [[mechanical floor]]s (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had {{convert|40000|sqft|m2}} of space for [[occupancy]]. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.<ref name="ruchelman-p11">Ruchelman (1977), p. 11</ref> The tower had {{convert|3800000|sqft|m2}} of office space.<ref>[https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/wtc/about/facts.html The World Trade Center — Facts and Figures] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923080841/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/wtc/about/facts.html |date=September 23, 2014 }}. Nysm.nysed.gov (February 26, 1993). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.</ref>
-Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade", the South Tower, along with [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|1 World Trade Center]] (also known as the '''North Tower''') at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the [[Government of New York (state)|State of New York]]. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies – mostly financial firms tied to [[Wall Street]] — became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Aon (company)|Aon]], [[Salomon Brothers]] and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included [[The Mall at the World Trade Center]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/26/realestate/commercial-property-world-trade-center-attuning-huge-concourse-upscale-trade.html |title=Commercial Property/World Trade Center; Attuning a Huge Concourse to an Upscale Trade |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H |date=February 26, 1995 |access-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518084700/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/26/realestate/commercial-property-world-trade-center-attuning-huge-concourse-upscale-trade.html |url-status=live }}</ref> along with a [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Air-Cooled PATH Terminal in World Trade Center Opens Tuesday |date=July 1, 1971 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=94 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0717FD3A5B1A7493C3A9178CD85F458785F9 |access-date=May 30, 2010 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190638/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0717FD3A5B1A7493C3A9178CD85F458785F9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade", the South Tower, along with [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|1 World Trade Center]] (also known as the '''North Tower''') at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the [[Government of New York (state)|State of New York]]. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies – mostly financial firms tied to [[Wall Street]] — became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Aon (company)|Aon]], [[Salomon Brothers]] and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included [[The Mall at the World Trade Center]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/26/realestate/commercial-property-world-trade-center-attuning-huge-concourse-upscale-trade.html |title=Commercial Property/World Trade Center; Attuning a Huge Concourse to an Upscale Trade |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H |date=February 26, 1995 |access-date=April 11, 2013 |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518084700/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/26/realestate/commercial-property-world-trade-center-attuning-huge-concourse-upscale-trade.html |url-status=live}}</ref> along with a [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Air-Cooled PATH Terminal in World Trade Center Opens Tuesday |date=July 1, 1971 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=94 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0717FD3A5B1A7493C3A9178CD85F458785F9 |access-date=May 30, 2010 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190638/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0717FD3A5B1A7493C3A9178CD85F458785F9 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800&nbsp;volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277&nbsp;volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120&nbsp;volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5&nbsp;WTC.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2007 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |quote=Six 1,200-kilowatt (kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply. |archive-date=August 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820201629/https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |quote=E-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants. |publisher=CEE News |date=January 1, 2001 |access-date=March 8, 2007 |url=http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm |author=Fischbach, Amy Florence |title=Towering security |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061021042017/http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm |archive-date = October 21, 2006}}</ref>
+Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800&nbsp;volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277&nbsp;volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120&nbsp;volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5&nbsp;WTC.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2007 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |quote=Six 1,200-kilowatt (kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply. |archive-date=August 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820201629/https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |quote=E-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants. |publisher=CEE News |date=January 1, 2001 |access-date=March 8, 2007 |url=http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm |author=Fischbach, Amy Florence |title=Towering security |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021042017/http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2006}}</ref>
 The 110th floor of 1&nbsp;World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1&nbsp;WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2&nbsp;WTC.
+===September 11 attacks===
-[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|left|thumb|[[United Airlines Flight 175]] hits 2 WTC on September 11, 2001.]]
+[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|left|[[United Airlines Flight 175]] hits 2 World Trade Center in the [[September 11 attacks]]]]
-At 9:03&nbsp;a.m. EDT on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], five terrorists crashed [[United Airlines Flight 175]] into the southern facade of the South Tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214030913/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=June 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617050241/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2&nbsp;WTC, [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]] due to fire-induced structural failure.<ref name="WPCollapse">{{Cite news |first=Bill |last=Miller |title=Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=May 1, 2002 |access-date=November 24, 2013 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203170242/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |url-status=live }}</ref> The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors.  The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.<ref>{{cite web |last=Field |first=Andy |year=2004 |url=http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?sectionId=46&id=25807 |title=A Look Inside a Radical New Theory of the WTC Collapse |publisher=Fire/Rescue News |access-date=July 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619021422/http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?sectionId=46&id=25807 |archive-date=June 19, 2006}}</ref>
+At 9:03&nbsp;a.m. EDT on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], five terrorists crashed [[United Airlines Flight 175]] into the southern face of the South Tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214030913/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=June 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617050241/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2&nbsp;WTC, [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]] due to fire-induced structural failure.<ref name="WPCollapse">{{Cite news |first=Bill |last=Miller |title=Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=May 1, 2002 |access-date=November 24, 2013 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203170242/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel |url-status=live}}</ref> The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.<ref>{{cite web |last=Field |first=Andy |year=2004 |url=http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?sectionId=46&id=25807 |title=A Look Inside a Radical New Theory of the WTC Collapse |publisher=Fire/Rescue News |access-date=July 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619021422/http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?sectionId=46&id=25807 |archive-date=June 19, 2006}}</ref>
-The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points.  In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely.<ref name="Gross">{{cite web |last=Gross |first=John L., Therese P. McAllister |year=2004 |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-6.pdf |title=Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers |work=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster NIST NCSTAR 1–6 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |access-date=November 24, 2010 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081828/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Tim |year=2006 |url=http://www.civil.usyd.edu.au/wtc.shtml |title=World Trade Center – Some Engineering Aspects |access-date=July 28, 2006 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306020131/http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/civil/wtc.shtml }}</ref> The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.<ref>{{Cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |chapter=Executive Summary |date=September 2005 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193541/http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The South Tower collapsed at 9:59&nbsp;a.m. after burning for 56&nbsp;minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.<ref name="WPCollapse"/>
+The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely.<ref name="Gross">{{cite web |last=Gross |first=John L. |author2=Therese P. McAllister |year=2004 |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-6.pdf |title=Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers |work=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster NIST NCSTAR 1–6 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |access-date=November 24, 2010 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081828/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-6.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Tim |year=2006 |url=http://www.civil.usyd.edu.au/wtc.shtml |title=World Trade Center – Some Engineering Aspects |access-date=July 28, 2006 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306020131/http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/civil/wtc.shtml}}</ref> The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.<ref>{{Cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |chapter=Executive Summary |date=September 2005 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193541/http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The South Tower collapsed at 9:59&nbsp;a.m. after burning for 56&nbsp;minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.<ref name="WPCollapse"/>
 ==New building==
 {{New World Trade Center}}
-The new 82-story building, if erected, will have a total height of {{convert|1345|ft|m}}.<ref name="New York YIMBY">{{cite news |last1=YIMBY |first1=New York |title=Interview: Bjarke Ingels On New Design For 200 Greenwich Street, Aka Two World Trade Center |url=http://www.yimbynews.com/2015/06/interview-bjarke-ingels-on-new-design-for-200-greenwich-street-aka-two-world-trade-center.html |access-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=New York YIMBY |date=June 11, 2015 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044124/https://www.yimbynews.com/2015/06/interview-bjarke-ingels-on-new-design-for-200-greenwich-street-aka-two-world-trade-center.html }}</ref> In comparison, the [[Empire State Building]]'s roof at the 102nd floor is {{convert|1250|ft|m}} tall, {{convert|1454|ft|m}} with its antenna, and the original 2 World Trade Center (referred to as the South Tower) was {{convert|1362|ft|m}}.
+The new 82-story building, if erected, will have an architectural and roof height of {{convert|1345|ft|m}}. This height is similar to that of the original South Tower, which carried the same address.<ref name="New York YIMBY">{{cite news |last1=YIMBY |first1=New York |title=Interview: Bjarke Ingels On New Design For 200 Greenwich Street, Aka Two World Trade Center |url=http://www.yimbynews.com/2015/06/interview-bjarke-ingels-on-new-design-for-200-greenwich-street-aka-two-world-trade-center.html |access-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=New York YIMBY |date=June 11, 2015 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044124/https://www.yimbynews.com/2015/06/interview-bjarke-ingels-on-new-design-for-200-greenwich-street-aka-two-world-trade-center.html}}</ref> If and when completed, the building would likely become the 5th tallest in the city when measured by roof height.
 === Site redevelopment ===
-[[Larry Silverstein]] had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=July 25, 2001 |title=Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/25/nyregion/leasing-of-trade-center-may-help-transit-projects-pataki-says.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220938/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/25/nyregion/leasing-of-trade-center-may-help-transit-projects-pataki-says.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His company [[Silverstein Properties]] continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=November 22, 2003 |title=Silverstein Will Get Most of His Cash Back In Trade Center Deal |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/22/nyregion/silverstein-will-get-most-of-his-cash-back-in-trade-center-deal.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164509/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/22/nyregion/silverstein-will-get-most-of-his-cash-back-in-trade-center-deal.html |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the months following the attacks, architects and [[urban planning]] experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.<ref name="p1879160632">{{cite magazine |last=McGuigan |first=Cathleen |date=November 12, 2001 |title=Up From The Ashes |magazine=Newsweek |volume=138 |issue=20 |pages=62–64 |id={{ProQuest|1879160632}}}}</ref> The architect [[Daniel Libeskind]] won a competition to design the master plan for the new [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|World Trade Center]] in February 2003.<ref name="breakingground">{{cite book |last=Libeskind |first=Daniel |url=https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundad00libe/page/164 |title=Breaking Ground |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-57322-292-5 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundad00libe/page/164 164, 166, 181, 183] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |date=February 27, 2003 |title=Libeskind Design Chosen for Rebuilding at Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/27/nyregion/libeskind-design-chosen-for-rebuilding-at-ground-zero-2003022792302581507.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220938/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/27/nyregion/libeskind-design-chosen-for-rebuilding-at-ground-zero-2003022792302581507.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The master plan included five towers, a  9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.<ref name="nyt-2004-07-04">{{Cite news |last1=Dunlap |first1=David W. |last2=Collins |first2=Glenn |date=July 4, 2004 |title=A Status Report: As Lower Manhattan Rebuilds, a New Map Takes Shape |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/nyregion/a-status-report-as-lower-manhattan-rebuilds-a-new-map-takes-shape.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164508/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/nyregion/a-status-report-as-lower-manhattan-rebuilds-a-new-map-takes-shape.html |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="wsj-2004-10-20">{{Cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |date=2004-10-20 |title=Uncertainties Soar At Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109822119054149780 |access-date=2022-09-10 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> By July 2004, the 65-story 2&nbsp;World Trade Center was being proposed for the northeast corner of the site.<ref name="nyt-2004-07-04" /> The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.<ref name="p219177400">{{cite magazine |last=Satow |first=Julie |date=20 Feb 2006 |title=Ground Zero Showdown: Freedom Tower puts downtown in bind |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|219177400}}}}</ref> The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and [[5 World Trade Center|5 WTC]] in exchange for financing with [[Liberty Bonds]] for 2, [[3 World Trade Center|3]], and [[4 World Trade Center|4 WTC]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=April 28, 2006 |title=Freedom Tower Construction Starts After the Beginning |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/nyregion/28rebuild.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232645/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/nyregion/28rebuild.html |archive-date=April 15, 2009 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Todorovich |first=Petra |date=March 24, 2006 |title=At the Heart of Ground Zero Renegotiations, a 1,776-Foot Stumbling Block |url=http://www.rpa.org/spotlight/issues/spotlightvol5_06.html |journal=Spotlight on the Region |publisher=Regional Plan Association |volume=5 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052142/http://www.rpa.org/spotlight/issues/spotlightvol5_06.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref>
+[[Larry Silverstein]] had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smothers |first=Ronald |date=July 25, 2001 |title=Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/25/nyregion/leasing-of-trade-center-may-help-transit-projects-pataki-says.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220938/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/25/nyregion/leasing-of-trade-center-may-help-transit-projects-pataki-says.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His company [[Silverstein Properties]] continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=November 22, 2003 |title=Silverstein Will Get Most of His Cash Back In Trade Center Deal |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/22/nyregion/silverstein-will-get-most-of-his-cash-back-in-trade-center-deal.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164509/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/22/nyregion/silverstein-will-get-most-of-his-cash-back-in-trade-center-deal.html |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the months following the attacks, architects and [[urban planning]] experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.<ref name="p1879160632">{{cite magazine |last=McGuigan |first=Cathleen |date=November 12, 2001 |title=Up From The Ashes |magazine=Newsweek |volume=138 |issue=20 |pages=62–64 |id={{ProQuest|1879160632}}}}</ref> The architect [[Daniel Libeskind]] won a competition to design the master plan for the new [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|World Trade Center]] in February 2003.<ref name="breakingground">{{cite book |last=Libeskind |first=Daniel |url=https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundad00libe/page/164 |title=Breaking Ground |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-57322-292-5 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundad00libe/page/164 164, 166, 181, 183] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Edward |date=February 27, 2003 |title=Libeskind Design Chosen for Rebuilding at Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/27/nyregion/libeskind-design-chosen-for-rebuilding-at-ground-zero-2003022792302581507.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220938/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/27/nyregion/libeskind-design-chosen-for-rebuilding-at-ground-zero-2003022792302581507.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.<ref name="nyt-2004-07-04">{{Cite news |last1=Dunlap |first1=David W. |last2=Collins |first2=Glenn |date=July 4, 2004 |title=A Status Report: As Lower Manhattan Rebuilds, a New Map Takes Shape |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/nyregion/a-status-report-as-lower-manhattan-rebuilds-a-new-map-takes-shape.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164508/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/nyregion/a-status-report-as-lower-manhattan-rebuilds-a-new-map-takes-shape.html |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="wsj-2004-10-20">{{Cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |date=October 20, 2004 |title=Uncertainties Soar At Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109822119054149780 |access-date=September 10, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910162659/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109822119054149780 |url-status=live}}</ref> By July 2004, the 65-story 2&nbsp;World Trade Center was being proposed for the northeast corner of the site.<ref name="nyt-2004-07-04" /> The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.<ref name="p219177400">{{cite magazine |last=Satow |first=Julie |date=February 20, 2006 |title=Ground Zero Showdown: Freedom Tower puts downtown in bind |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|219177400}}}}</ref> The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and [[5 World Trade Center|5 WTC]] in exchange for financing with [[Liberty Bonds]] for 2, [[3 World Trade Center|3]], and [[4 World Trade Center|4 WTC]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=April 28, 2006 |title=Freedom Tower Construction Starts After the Beginning |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/nyregion/28rebuild.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232645/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/nyregion/28rebuild.html |archive-date=April 15, 2009 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Todorovich |first=Petra |date=March 24, 2006 |title=At the Heart of Ground Zero Renegotiations, a 1,776-Foot Stumbling Block |url=http://www.rpa.org/spotlight/issues/spotlightvol5_06.html |journal=Spotlight on the Region |publisher=Regional Plan Association |volume=5 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052142/http://www.rpa.org/spotlight/issues/spotlightvol5_06.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref>
-British architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] of [[Foster and Partners]] was hired to design the new 2 World Trade Center, on the northeastern part of the World Trade Center site at 200 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Fumihiko Maki]] were selected as the architects for 3 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively.<ref name="p222120847">{{Cite magazine |date=Jun 2006 |title=Rogers, Maki to design towers at Ground Zero |url=https://www.usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-06.pdf |volume=194 |issue=6 |page=44 |id={{proQuest|222120847}} |magazine=Architectural Record}}</ref><ref name="wsj-2006-05-18">{{Cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |date=May 18, 2006 |title=Triplet Towers |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114782463231554827 |access-date=September 10, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.<ref name="nyt-2006-09-08">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=September 8, 2006 |title=A First Look at Freedom Tower's Neighbors |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/nyregion/08towers.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220939/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/nyregion/08towers.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Chung 2006">{{cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=September 7, 2006 |title=Vision of World Trade Center in the Future |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/vision-of-world-trade-center-in-the-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422134353/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/vision-of-world-trade-center-in-the-future |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> 2 World Trade Center would be a 78-story, {{convert|1254|ft|m|-tall|adj=mid}} building, rising to a pinnacle with four diamonds.<ref name="nyt-2006-09-08" /><ref name="LMDC2006">{{cite press release |title=Designs for three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=c96eb975-ecbc-4faf-94ec-250f0692a4e1 |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |date=September 7, 2006 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528175635/http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=c96eb975-ecbc-4faf-94ec-250f0692a4e1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p398987302">{{cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |date=September 8, 2006 |title=Plans for Three Trade Center Towers Are Unveiled; Details Need to Be Finalized For Designs and Outlays; 'Beacon,' Spires, Simplicity |page=B2 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|398987302}}}}</ref> The building would have contained {{cvt|143,000|ft2}} of retail space in its base; four trading floors; and {{cvt|2.3|e6ft2}} of offices across 60 stories.<ref name="LMDC2006" /> The lowest stories of 2 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt [[Westfield World Trade Center|Westfield World Trade Center Mall]].<ref name="wsj-2008-01-17">{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=Kris |date=January 17, 2008 |title=At Ground Zero, Optimism Returns |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120044956724393227 |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211709/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120044956724393227 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
+British architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] of [[Foster and Partners]] was hired to design the new 2 World Trade Center, on the northeastern part of the World Trade Center site at 200 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Fumihiko Maki]] were selected as the architects for 3 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively.<ref name="p222120847">{{Cite magazine |date=Jun 2006 |title=Rogers, Maki to design towers at Ground Zero |url=https://www.usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-06.pdf |volume=194 |issue=6 |page=44 |id={{proQuest|222120847}} |magazine=Architectural Record |access-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910155546/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2006-06.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj-2006-05-18">{{Cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |date=May 18, 2006 |title=Triplet Towers |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114782463231554827 |access-date=September 10, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910153629/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114782463231554827 |url-status=live}}</ref> The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.<ref name="nyt-2006-09-08">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=September 8, 2006 |title=A First Look at Freedom Tower's Neighbors |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/nyregion/08towers.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821220939/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/nyregion/08towers.html |archive-date=August 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Chung 2006">{{cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=September 7, 2006 |title=Vision of World Trade Center in the Future |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/vision-of-world-trade-center-in-the-future |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422134353/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/vision-of-world-trade-center-in-the-future |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> 2 World Trade Center would be a 78-story, {{convert|1254|ft|m|-tall|adj=mid}} building, rising to a pinnacle with four diamonds.<ref name="nyt-2006-09-08" /><ref name="LMDC2006">{{cite press release |title=Designs for three World Trade Center Towers Unveiled |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=c96eb975-ecbc-4faf-94ec-250f0692a4e1 |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |date=September 7, 2006 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528175635/http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=c96eb975-ecbc-4faf-94ec-250f0692a4e1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p398987302">{{cite news |last=Frangos |first=Alex |date=September 8, 2006 |title=Plans for Three Trade Center Towers Are Unveiled; Details Need to Be Finalized For Designs and Outlays; 'Beacon,' Spires, Simplicity |page=B2 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|398987302}}}}</ref> The building would have contained {{cvt|143,000|ft2}} of retail space in its base; four trading floors; and {{cvt|2.3|e6ft2}} of offices across 60 stories.<ref name="LMDC2006" /> The lowest stories of 2 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt [[Westfield World Trade Center|Westfield World Trade Center Mall]].<ref name="wsj-2008-01-17">{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=Kris |date=January 17, 2008 |title=At Ground Zero, Optimism Returns |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120044956724393227 |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211709/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120044956724393227 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
-In Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk.<ref>"Ground Zero Office Designs Hailed as Hopeful Symbols" in ''Engineering News-Record'', September 18, 2006, pg. 12</ref> The four diamonds on the roof would have sloped down toward the memorial, indicating the sites of the original towers on the skyline. The tower was designed to resemble a diamond, with [[Cross Bracing|cross bracing]] and indentations breaking up each elevation of the facade.<ref>Skyscrapernews [http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=711 New World Trade Center Designs Released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109110137/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=711 |date=November 9, 2014 }}, URL retrieved September 11, 2006</ref> The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] said that Foster's design "incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September 11."<ref>{{cite web |title=Towers 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/towers_2-7.html|website=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|access-date=September 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108054703/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/towers_2-7.html|archive-date=November 8, 2009}}</ref>
+In Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk.<ref>"Ground Zero Office Designs Hailed as Hopeful Symbols" in ''Engineering News-Record'', September 18, 2006, pg. 12</ref> The four diamonds on the roof would have sloped down toward the memorial, indicating the sites of the original towers on the skyline. The tower was designed to resemble a diamond, with [[Cross Bracing|cross bracing]] and indentations breaking up each elevation of the facade.<ref>Skyscrapernews [http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=711 New World Trade Center Designs Released] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109110137/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=711 |date=November 9, 2014 }}, URL retrieved September 11, 2006</ref> The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] said that Foster's design "incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September 11."<ref>{{cite web |title=Towers 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/towers_2-7.html |website=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |access-date=September 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108054703/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/towers_2-7.html |archive-date=November 8, 2009}}</ref>
 ===Construction===
+[[File:WTC Building Arrangement in preliminary site plan.svg|thumb|Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild]]
-[[File:WTC Building Arrangement in preliminary site plan.svg|thumb|left|Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild|265x265px]]Excavation for 200 Greenwich Street commenced in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/late-delivery-of-the-2-world-trade-center-site/ |title=Late Delivery of the 2 World Trade Center Site |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=June 11, 2008 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206052142/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/late-delivery-of-the-2-world-trade-center-site/ |url-status=live }}</ref> at which point the building was scheduled to be completed sometime between 2011 and 2016. By May 2009, the Port Authority was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the [[Great Recession]] and disagreements with Silverstein.<ref name="New York Daily News 2009">{{cite web |last=Feiden |first=Douglas |date=May 11, 2009 |title=Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/agency-dump-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192334/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref name="p219150700">{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=18 May 2009 |title=Port Authority vs. Silverstein feud heads to Gracie Mansion |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=25 |issue=20 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|219150700}}}}</ref> The developer had requested that the Port Authority fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower.<ref name="p219150700" /><ref name="nyt-2009-07-18">{{Cite news |date=2009-07-18 |title=Trade Center Developer and Port Authority at Odds Again |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/nyregion/18wtc.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012013/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/nyregion/18wtc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] attempted to mediate the dispute with little success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=2009-06-09 |title=Little Progress Is Seen in Talks on Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/nyregion/09wtc.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012011/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/nyregion/09wtc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to [[Arbitration in the United States|arbitration]].<ref name="nyt-2009-07-07">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=2009-07-07 |title=Port Authority Is Blamed for Trade Center Delays |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/nyregion/07wtc.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211710/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/nyregion/07wtc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brown 2009">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=July 6, 2009 |title=Silverstein Goes to the Mattresses! Takes Legal Action To End WTC Stalemate |url=https://observer.com/2009/07/silverstein-goes-to-the-mattresses-takes-legal-action-to-end-wtc-stalemate/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Observer |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211707/https://observer.com/2009/07/silverstein-goes-to-the-mattresses-takes-legal-action-to-end-wtc-stalemate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-13 |title=Agency report supports Silverstein in World Trade Center dispute |url=https://www.amny.com/news/agency-report-supports-silverstein-in-world-trade-center-dispute/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |work=amNewYork |language=en-US |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211710/https://www.amny.com/news/agency-report-supports-silverstein-in-world-trade-center-dispute/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt-2009-08-05">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=2009-08-05 |title=Developer at Ground Zero Seeks Arbitration |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/nyregion/05wtc.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012014/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/nyregion/05wtc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He requested that the Port Authority pay $2.7 billion in damages.<ref name="nyt-2010-01-27" /><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2010" /> An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages.<ref name="nyt-2010-01-27">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=2010-01-27 |title=Trade Center Site Developer Set Back |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/nyregion/28wtc.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012013/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/nyregion/28wtc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2010">{{cite web |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=January 27, 2010 |title=Arbitrators rule against Silverstein at Ground Zero |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100127/FREE/100129901/arbitrators-rule-against-silverstein-at-ground-zero |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Crain's New York Business |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814013521/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100127/FREE/100129901/arbitrators-rule-against-silverstein-at-ground-zero |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to Port Authority if they were not completed by 2014.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2010" /><ref name="Polsky 2010">{{cite web |last=Polsky |first=Sara |date=January 27, 2010 |title=Arbitration Panel Awards Zero Dollars to Silverstein for WTC |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2010/1/27/10522594/arbitration-panel-awards-zero-dollars-to-silverstein-for-wtc |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Curbed NY |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814013516/https://ny.curbed.com/2010/1/27/10522594/arbitration-panel-awards-zero-dollars-to-silverstein-for-wtc |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Excavation for 200 Greenwich Street commenced in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/late-delivery-of-the-2-world-trade-center-site/ |title=Late Delivery of the 2 World Trade Center Site |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=June 11, 2008 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206052142/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/late-delivery-of-the-2-world-trade-center-site/ |url-status=live}}</ref> at which point the building was scheduled to be completed sometime between 2011 and 2016. By May 2009, the Port Authority was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the [[Great Recession]] and disagreements with Silverstein.<ref name="New York Daily News 2009">{{cite web |last=Feiden |first=Douglas |date=May 11, 2009 |title=Port Authority wants to dump three of five proposed skyscrapers for WTC site |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/agency-dump-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192334/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/port-authority-dump-proposed-skyscrapers-wtc-site-article-1.377512 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref><ref name="p219150700">{{cite magazine |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=May 18, 2009 |title=Port Authority vs. Silverstein feud heads to Gracie Mansion |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=25 |issue=20 |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|219150700}}}}</ref> The developer had requested that the Port Authority fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower.<ref name="p219150700" /><ref name="nyt-2009-07-18">{{Cite news |date=July 18, 2009 |title=Trade Center Developer and Port Authority at Odds Again |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/nyregion/18wtc.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012013/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/nyregion/18wtc.html |url-status=live}}</ref> New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] attempted to mediate the dispute with little success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=June 9, 2009 |title=Little Progress Is Seen in Talks on Ground Zero |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/nyregion/09wtc.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012011/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/nyregion/09wtc.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to [[Arbitration in the United States|arbitration]].<ref name="nyt-2009-07-07">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Port Authority Is Blamed for Trade Center Delays |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/nyregion/07wtc.html |access-date=August 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211710/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/nyregion/07wtc.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brown 2009">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=July 6, 2009 |title=Silverstein Goes to the Mattresses! Takes Legal Action To End WTC Stalemate |url=https://observer.com/2009/07/silverstein-goes-to-the-mattresses-takes-legal-action-to-end-wtc-stalemate/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Observer |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211707/https://observer.com/2009/07/silverstein-goes-to-the-mattresses-takes-legal-action-to-end-wtc-stalemate/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2009 |title=Agency report supports Silverstein in World Trade Center dispute |url=https://www.amny.com/news/agency-report-supports-silverstein-in-world-trade-center-dispute/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |work=amNewYork |language=en-US |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813211710/https://www.amny.com/news/agency-report-supports-silverstein-in-world-trade-center-dispute/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2009-08-05">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=August 5, 2009 |title=Developer at Ground Zero Seeks Arbitration |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/nyregion/05wtc.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012014/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/nyregion/05wtc.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He requested that the Port Authority pay $2.7 billion in damages.<ref name="nyt-2010-01-27" /><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2010" /> An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages.<ref name="nyt-2010-01-27">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=January 27, 2010 |title=Trade Center Site Developer Set Back |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/nyregion/28wtc.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012013/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/nyregion/28wtc.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Crain's New York Business 2010">{{cite web |last=Agovino |first=Theresa |date=January 27, 2010 |title=Arbitrators rule against Silverstein at Ground Zero |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100127/FREE/100129901/arbitrators-rule-against-silverstein-at-ground-zero |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Crain's New York Business |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814013521/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100127/FREE/100129901/arbitrators-rule-against-silverstein-at-ground-zero |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to Port Authority if they were not completed by 2014.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2010" /><ref name="Polsky 2010">{{cite web |last=Polsky |first=Sara |date=January 27, 2010 |title=Arbitration Panel Awards Zero Dollars to Silverstein for WTC |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2010/1/27/10522594/arbitration-panel-awards-zero-dollars-to-silverstein-for-wtc |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Curbed NY |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814013516/https://ny.curbed.com/2010/1/27/10522594/arbitration-panel-awards-zero-dollars-to-silverstein-for-wtc |url-status=live}}</ref>
-As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site.<ref name="Brown 20092">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=November 18, 2009 |title=Silverstein Wants $2.6 B. in WTC Bonds—But for What? |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2009/11/silverstein-wants-26-b-in-wtc-bondsbut-for-what/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=Commercial Observer}}</ref> The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091202/us_nm/us_worldtradecenter_bonds_1 |title=NY agency OKs tax-free debt for World Trade Center |last=Gralla |first=Joan |agency=Reuters |access-date=December 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207025644/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091202/us_nm/us_worldtradecenter_bonds_1 |archive-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref> In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term.<ref name="Chung 2010">{{cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=February 19, 2010 |title=Silverstein Proposes To Forget World Trade Center Tower 2 |url=https://gothamist.com/news/silverstein-proposes-to-forget-world-trade-center-tower-2 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Gothamist |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814170845/https://gothamist.com/news/silverstein-proposes-to-forget-world-trade-center-tower-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least {{convert|40000|ft2}} of the space.<ref name="New York Daily News 2010">{{cite web |last1=Gearty |first1=Robert |last2=Jackson |first2=Joe |last3=Schapiro |first3=Rich |date=March 26, 2010 |title=World Trade Center developer Larry Silverstein and Port Authority reach deal for two new towers |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/world-trade-center-developer-larry-silverstein-port-authority-reach-deal-new-towers-article-1.164634 |access-date=August 16, 2022 |website=New York Daily News |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235432/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/world-trade-center-developer-larry-silverstein-port-authority-reach-deal-new-towers-article-1.164634 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="p275822215">{{cite news |last1=DeStefano |first1=Anthony M. |last2=Wagstaff |first2=Keith |last3=Shallwani |first3=Pervaiz |date=March 26, 2010 |title=Tentative WTC site deal reached Three office towers to be built as per agreement Details to be worked out over next 4 months |page= |work=Newsday |id={{ProQuest|275822215}}}}</ref> Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space.<ref name="nyt-2010-03-26">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=March 26, 2010 |title=Tentative Deal Struck for 2 Ground Zero Towers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/nyregion/26zero.html |access-date=August 16, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235432/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/nyregion/26zero.html |url-status=live }}</ref> PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the [[Bayonne Bridge]].<ref name="Feiden 2010">{{cite web |last=Feiden |first=Douglas |date=September 15, 2010 |title=New Jersey politicians strike back-room deal with Port Authority for Bayonne Bridge, WTC funding |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-jersey-politicians-strike-back-room-deal-port-authority-bayonne-bridge-wtc-funding-article-1.440957 |access-date=August 16, 2022 |website=New York Daily News |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235432/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-jersey-politicians-strike-back-room-deal-port-authority-bayonne-bridge-wtc-funding-article-1.440957 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Clark 2010">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Ryan |date=August 26, 2010 |title=Bayonne Bridge, WTC Barter a Done Deal |url=https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2010/08/26/bayonne-bridge-wtc-barter-a-done-deal/ |access-date=August 16, 2022 |website=GlobeSt |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235336/https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2010/08/26/bayonne-bridge-wtc-barter-a-done-deal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site.<ref name="Brown 20092">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Eliot |date=November 18, 2009 |title=Silverstein Wants $2.6 B. in WTC Bonds—But for What? |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2009/11/silverstein-wants-26-b-in-wtc-bondsbut-for-what/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=Commercial Observer |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928134225/https://commercialobserver.com/2009/11/silverstein-wants-26-b-in-wtc-bondsbut-for-what/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091202/us_nm/us_worldtradecenter_bonds_1 |title=NY agency OKs tax-free debt for World Trade Center |last=Gralla |first=Joan |agency=Reuters |access-date=December 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207025644/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091202/us_nm/us_worldtradecenter_bonds_1 |archive-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref> In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term.<ref name="Chung 2010">{{cite web |last=Chung |first=Jen |date=February 19, 2010 |title=Silverstein Proposes To Forget World Trade Center Tower 2 |url=https://gothamist.com/news/silverstein-proposes-to-forget-world-trade-center-tower-2 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Gothamist |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814170845/https://gothamist.com/news/silverstein-proposes-to-forget-world-trade-center-tower-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least {{convert|40000|ft2}} of the space.<ref name="New York Daily News 2010">{{cite web |last1=Gearty |first1=Robert |last2=Jackson |first2=Joe |last3=Schapiro |first3=Rich |date=March 26, 2010 |title=World Trade Center developer Larry Silverstein and Port Authority reach deal for two new towers |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/world-trade-center-developer-larry-silverstein-port-authority-reach-deal-new-towers-article-1.164634 |access-date=August 16, 2022 |website=New York Daily News |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235432/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/world-trade-center-developer-larry-silverstein-port-authority-reach-deal-new-towers-article-1.164634 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p275822215">{{cite news |last1=DeStefano |first1=Anthony M. |last2=Wagstaff |first2=Keith |last3=Shallwani |first3=Pervaiz |date=March 26, 2010 |title=Tentative WTC site deal reached Three office towers to be built as per agreement Details to be worked out over next 4 months |page= |work=Newsday |id={{ProQuest|275822215}}}}</ref> Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space.<ref name="nyt-2010-03-26">{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=March 26, 2010 |title=Tentative Deal Struck for 2 Ground Zero Towers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/nyregion/26zero.html |access-date=August 16, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235432/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/nyregion/26zero.html |url-status=live}}</ref> PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the [[Bayonne Bridge]].<ref name="Feiden 2010">{{cite web |last=Feiden |first=Douglas |date=September 15, 2010 |title=New Jersey politicians strike back-room deal with Port Authority for Bayonne Bridge, WTC funding |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-jersey-politicians-strike-back-room-deal-port-authority-bayonne-bridge-wtc-funding-article-1.440957 |access-date=August 16, 2022 |website=New York Daily News |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235432/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-jersey-politicians-strike-back-room-deal-port-authority-bayonne-bridge-wtc-funding-article-1.440957 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Clark 2010">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Ryan |date=August 26, 2010 |title=Bayonne Bridge, WTC Barter a Done Deal |url=https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2010/08/26/bayonne-bridge-wtc-barter-a-done-deal/ |access-date=August 16, 2022 |website=GlobeSt |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235336/https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2010/08/26/bayonne-bridge-wtc-barter-a-done-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, 2010, but construction was halted in August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fedak |first=Nikolai |date=August 2, 2012 |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2012/08/construction-update-two-world-trade-center-still-stalled.html |title=Construction Update: Two World Trade Center Still Stalled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219072449/https://newyorkyimby.com/2012/08/construction-update-two-world-trade-center-still-stalled.html |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |website=New York Yimby |access-date=June 23, 2014}}</ref> The street-level foundation was finished by November 2012<ref>[http://www.wtc.com/news/wtc-construction-update-november-2012 WTC Construction Update, November 2012 || News || World Trade Center ||] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192219/http://www.wtc.com/news/wtc-construction-update-november-2012 |date=April 24, 2014 }}. Wtc.com (December 23, 2013). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.</ref> and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013.<ref name="curbed 20140911" /><ref name="PANY23">{{cite web |date=March 25, 2010 |title=Joint Statement on World Trade Center Development |url=http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/press_releasesItem.cfm?headLine_id=1269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328055701/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/press_releasesItem.cfm?headLine_id=1269 |archive-date=March 28, 2010 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey}}</ref> The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 could be found.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/world-trade-center-completion-25391719|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912084533/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/world-trade-center-completion-25391719|archive-date=September 12, 2014 |title=World Trade Center Complex on Way to Completion |agency=Associated Press |work=ABC News |date=September 11, 2014|access-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref> Larry Silverstein said in a 2019 interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant. He stated, "For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about 2022, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |title=Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant |last=Katz |first=Lily |date=February 11, 2019 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041822/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, 2010, but construction was halted in August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fedak |first=Nikolai |date=August 2, 2012 |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2012/08/construction-update-two-world-trade-center-still-stalled.html |title=Construction Update: Two World Trade Center Still Stalled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219072449/https://newyorkyimby.com/2012/08/construction-update-two-world-trade-center-still-stalled.html |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |website=New York Yimby |access-date=June 23, 2014}}</ref> The street-level foundation was finished by November 2012<ref>[http://www.wtc.com/news/wtc-construction-update-november-2012 WTC Construction Update, November 2012 || News || World Trade Center ||] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192219/http://www.wtc.com/news/wtc-construction-update-november-2012 |date=April 24, 2014 }}. Wtc.com (December 23, 2013). Retrieved on June 23, 2014.</ref> and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013.<ref name="curbed 20140911" /><ref name="PANY23">{{cite web |date=March 25, 2010 |title=Joint Statement on World Trade Center Development |url=http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/press_releasesItem.cfm?headLine_id=1269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328055701/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/press_releasesItem.cfm?headLine_id=1269 |archive-date=March 28, 2010 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey}}</ref> The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 could be found.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/world-trade-center-completion-25391719 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912084533/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/world-trade-center-completion-25391719 |archive-date=September 12, 2014 |title=World Trade Center Complex on Way to Completion |agency=Associated Press |work=ABC News |date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref> Larry Silverstein said in a 2019 interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant. He stated, "For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about 2022, 2023."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |title=Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant |last=Katz |first=Lily |date=February 11, 2019 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041822/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Redesigns ===
 ====Bjarke Ingels Group====
-[[File:2_WTC_HeroShot_Image_by_BIG.jpg|thumb|right|upright|BIG's Proposed Design (2015)]]
+[[File:2_WTC_HeroShot_Image_by_BIG.jpg|thumb|The building's proposed design by [[Bjarke Ingels Group]] in 2015]]
 On June 9, 2015, [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] magazine reported that Two World Trade Center would be redesigned by [[Bjarke Ingels]] of [[Bjarke Ingels Group]] (BIG), and be built by 2021<!--2021-->. The bottom half of the new design would have been leased out to [[21st Century Fox]] and [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]]<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Rice, Andrew |date=June 9, 2015 |title=Revealed: The Inside Story of the Last WTC Tower's Design |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/06/bjarke-ingels-design-two-world-trade-center |url-status=live |magazine=Wired |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612045407/http://www.wired.com/2015/06/bjarke-ingels-design-two-world-trade-center |archive-date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> until they decided against leaving their current headquarters.<ref name="crain">{{cite web |last=Gieger |first=Daniel |date=January 15, 2016 |title=Fox, News Corp. back out of move to 2 World Trade Center |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160115/REAL_ESTATE/160119881/fox-news-corp-back-out-of-move-to-2-world-trade-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330155146/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160115/REAL_ESTATE/160119881/fox-news-corp-back-out-of-move-to-2-world-trade-center |archive-date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=January 20, 2016 |website=[[Crain's New York Business]]}}</ref>
@@ Line 150: / Line 149: @@
 ==== Return to Foster and Partners ====
-After the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's design to be reverted to its original incarnation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fedak |first=Nikolai |date=July 1, 2016 |title=It's Time to Bring Back Norman Foster's Design for 2 World Trade Center |language=en-US |work=New York YIMBY |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2016/07/its-time-to-bring-back-norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917044113/https://newyorkyimby.com/2016/07/its-time-to-bring-back-norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center.html |archive-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref> In a press interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fedak |first=Nikolai |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Larry Silverstein Tells YIMBY Foster's Design for 200 Greenwich Still A Contender, More |language=en-US |work=New York YIMBY |url=https://www.newyorkyimby.com/2018/09/larry-silverstein-tells-yimby-fosters-design-for-200-greenwich-still-a-contender-more.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070610/https://newyorkyimby.com/2018/09/larry-silverstein-tells-yimby-fosters-design-for-200-greenwich-still-a-contender-more.html |archive-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref> In February 2019, Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon begin "on spec", or without an anchor tenant, given the strong economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Lily |date=February 11, 2019 |title=Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |url-status=live |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041822/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were working together to update Foster's original design, and that it would be "significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michael |date=January 18, 2020 |title=Norman Foster's Design for Two World Trade Center Will Get A New Redesign, in Lower Manhattan |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/01/norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center-will-get-a-new-redesign-in-lower-manhattan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807035251/https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/01/norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center-will-get-a-new-redesign-in-lower-manhattan.html |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |website=New York YIMBY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Franklin |first=Sydney |date=January 16, 2020 |title=Norman Foster's original Two World Trade Center will replace BIG's tower |url=https://archpaper.com/2020/01/norman-foster-two-wtc-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184240/https://archpaper.com/2020/01/norman-foster-two-wtc-back/ |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |website=Archpaper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Renderings of a redesigned Foster and Partners design were published in early 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Michael |date=February 1, 2022 |title=New Renderings Reveal Updated Design For Norman Foster's Two World Trade Center, In Financial District |work=New York YIMBY |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2022/02/new-renderings-reveal-updated-design-for-norman-fosters-two-world-trade-center-in-financial-district.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203013155/https://newyorkyimby.com/2022/02/new-renderings-reveal-updated-design-for-norman-fosters-two-world-trade-center-in-financial-district.html |archive-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref>
+After the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's design to be reverted to its original incarnation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fedak |first=Nikolai |date=July 1, 2016 |title=It's Time to Bring Back Norman Foster's Design for 2 World Trade Center |language=en-US |work=New York YIMBY |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2016/07/its-time-to-bring-back-norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917044113/https://newyorkyimby.com/2016/07/its-time-to-bring-back-norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center.html |archive-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref> In a press interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fedak |first=Nikolai |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Larry Silverstein Tells YIMBY Foster's Design for 200 Greenwich Still A Contender, More |language=en-US |work=New York YIMBY |url=https://www.newyorkyimby.com/2018/09/larry-silverstein-tells-yimby-fosters-design-for-200-greenwich-still-a-contender-more.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070610/https://newyorkyimby.com/2018/09/larry-silverstein-tells-yimby-fosters-design-for-200-greenwich-still-a-contender-more.html |archive-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref> In February 2019, Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon begin "on spec", or without an anchor tenant, given the strong economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Lily |date=February 11, 2019 |title=Silverstein May Start Building Final WTC Tower Without Signed Tenant |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |url-status=live |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041822/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/silverstein-eyes-building-final-wtc-tower-without-signed-tenant |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were working together to update Foster's original design, and that it would be "significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michael |date=January 18, 2020 |title=Norman Foster's Design for Two World Trade Center Will Get A New Redesign, in Lower Manhattan |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/01/norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center-will-get-a-new-redesign-in-lower-manhattan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807035251/https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/01/norman-fosters-design-for-two-world-trade-center-will-get-a-new-redesign-in-lower-manhattan.html |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |website=New York YIMBY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Franklin |first=Sydney |date=January 16, 2020 |title=Norman Foster's original Two World Trade Center will replace BIG's tower |url=https://archpaper.com/2020/01/norman-foster-two-wtc-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184240/https://archpaper.com/2020/01/norman-foster-two-wtc-back/ |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |website=Archpaper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Renderings of a revised Foster and Partners design were published in early 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Michael |date=February 1, 2022 |title=New Renderings Reveal Updated Design For Norman Foster's Two World Trade Center, In Financial District |work=New York YIMBY |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2022/02/new-renderings-reveal-updated-design-for-norman-fosters-two-world-trade-center-in-financial-district.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203013155/https://newyorkyimby.com/2022/02/new-renderings-reveal-updated-design-for-norman-fosters-two-world-trade-center-in-financial-district.html |archive-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref>
 ===Possible tenants===
-[[File:Two_World_Trade_Center_2023.jpg|thumb|Unfinished construction site in 2023.]]
+[[File:Two_World_Trade_Center_2023.jpg|thumb|The unfinished construction during 2 World Trade Center's rebuilding in 2023]]
-In 2013, [[Citigroup]] had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on [[399 Park Avenue]] expired in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Citigroup eyes HQ spots as clock ticks on Park Ave lease |url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2013/10/03/citigroup-eyes-hq-spots-as-clock-ticks-on-park-ave-lease/ |website=The Real Deal |date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Korangy Publishing Inc |access-date=October 3, 2013 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004164744/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2013/10/03/citigroup-eyes-hq-spots-as-clock-ticks-on-park-ave-lease/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The company eventually chose nearby [[388 Greenwich Street]], however: a building that it already had under lease.
+In 2013, [[Citigroup]] had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on [[399 Park Avenue]] expired in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Citigroup eyes HQ spots as clock ticks on Park Ave lease |url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2013/10/03/citigroup-eyes-hq-spots-as-clock-ticks-on-park-ave-lease/ |website=The Real Deal |date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Korangy Publishing Inc |access-date=October 3, 2013 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004164744/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2013/10/03/citigroup-eyes-hq-spots-as-clock-ticks-on-park-ave-lease/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The company eventually chose nearby [[388 Greenwich Street]], however: a building that it already had under lease.
-Silverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floor space in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in [[Midtown Manhattan]] despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the [[Upper East Side]], [[North Jersey]], [[Long Island]], [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]], and [[Connecticut]]. Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby [[Brooklyn]], the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as [[Facebook]] or [[Google]]), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]] and [[Fox Corporation]]).<ref name=therealdeal>{{Cite web |last=Putzier |first=Konrad |title=Murdoch snub exposes Silverstein's 2 WTC dilemma |website=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] |url=http://therealdeal.com/2016/01/21/murdoch-snub-exposes-silversteins-2-wtc-dilemma/ |date=January 21, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110131/http://therealdeal.com/2016/01/21/murdoch-snub-exposes-silversteins-2-wtc-dilemma/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Silverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floor space in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in [[Midtown Manhattan]] despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the [[Upper East Side]], [[North Jersey]], [[Long Island]], [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]], and [[Connecticut]]. Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby [[Brooklyn]], the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as [[Facebook]] or [[Google]]), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]] and [[Fox Corporation]]).<ref name=therealdeal>{{Cite web |last=Putzier |first=Konrad |title=Murdoch snub exposes Silverstein's 2 WTC dilemma |website=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] |url=http://therealdeal.com/2016/01/21/murdoch-snub-exposes-silversteins-2-wtc-dilemma/ |date=January 21, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125110131/http://therealdeal.com/2016/01/21/murdoch-snub-exposes-silversteins-2-wtc-dilemma/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Bloomberg Business]] reported on June 2, 2015, that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by [[Rupert Murdoch]], had signed a non-binding agreement with the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] to create a joint headquarters at Two World Trade Center. Silverstein said, "A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to move to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street."<ref>{{cite news|title=Fox, News Corp. Have Tentative Pact For Trade Center Move|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|last1=Levitt|first1=David M.|last2=Sakoui|first2=Anousha|date=June 2, 2015|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-02/fox-news-corp-agree-to-move-offices-to-world-trade-center|access-date=June 30, 2015|archive-date=August 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820123150/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-02/fox-news-corp-agree-to-move-offices-to-world-trade-center|url-status=live}}</ref> The change of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design. Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the original building design.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/21st-century-fox-news-corp-considering-move-to-world-trade-center-1429896442 |url-access=registration |title=21st Century Fox, News Corp Considering Move to World Trade Center |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=May 1, 2015 }}</ref> On January 15, 2016, it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the [[Sixth Avenue|Avenue of the Americas]].<ref name=crain/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rubinstein |first1=Dana |last2=Pompeo |first2=Joe |date=January 15, 2016 |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/01/murdochs-abandon-2-world-trade-silverstein-soldiers-on-067223 |title=Murdochs abandon 2 World Trade, Silverstein soldiers on |work=Politico PRO |access-date=April 23, 2018 |archive-date=April 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072205/https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/01/murdochs-abandon-2-world-trade-silverstein-soldiers-on-067223 |url-status=live }}</ref> They had concluded that "given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that {{sic}} our resources would be better directed elsewhere."<ref name=therealdeal/>
+[[Bloomberg Business]] reported on June 2, 2015, that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by [[Rupert Murdoch]], had signed a non-binding agreement with the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] to create a joint headquarters at Two World Trade Center. Silverstein said, "A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to move to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street."<ref>{{cite news |title=Fox, News Corp. Have Tentative Pact For Trade Center Move |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |last1=Levitt |first1=David M. |last2=Sakoui |first2=Anousha |date=June 2, 2015 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-02/fox-news-corp-agree-to-move-offices-to-world-trade-center |access-date=June 30, 2015 |archive-date=August 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820123150/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-02/fox-news-corp-agree-to-move-offices-to-world-trade-center |url-status=live}}</ref> The change of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design. Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the original building design.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/21st-century-fox-news-corp-considering-move-to-world-trade-center-1429896442 |url-access=registration |title=21st Century Fox, News Corp Considering Move to World Trade Center |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=May 1, 2015 |archive-date=May 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503045028/http://www.wsj.com/articles/21st-century-fox-news-corp-considering-move-to-world-trade-center-1429896442 |url-status=live}}</ref> On January 15, 2016, it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the [[Sixth Avenue|Avenue of the Americas]].<ref name=crain/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rubinstein |first1=Dana |last2=Pompeo |first2=Joe |date=January 15, 2016 |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/01/murdochs-abandon-2-world-trade-silverstein-soldiers-on-067223 |title=Murdochs abandon 2 World Trade, Silverstein soldiers on |work=Politico PRO |access-date=April 23, 2018 |archive-date=April 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072205/https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/01/murdochs-abandon-2-world-trade-silverstein-soldiers-on-067223 |url-status=live}}</ref> They had concluded that "given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that {{sic}} our resources would be better directed elsewhere."<ref name=therealdeal/>
-In September 2017, [[Deutsche Bank]] was considering relocating their U.S. headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby [[60 Wall Street]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: A Conversation With The Man Who Rebuilt The World Trade Center After 9/11 – TV |website=Bisnow |date=September 10, 2017 |url=https://www.bisnow.com/tv/national/exclusive-a-conversation-with-the-man-who-rebuilt-the-world-trade-center-after-911-78893 |access-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929184023/https://www.bisnow.com/tv/national/exclusive-a-conversation-with-the-man-who-rebuilt-the-world-trade-center-after-911-78893 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in May 2018, it was announced the bank was instead relocating to [[Time Warner Center]] at [[Columbus Circle]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-04 |title=Deutsche Bank to move NY headquarters from Wall Street |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-deutsche-bank-relocation-idUKKBN1I52IF |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref>
+In September 2017, [[Deutsche Bank]] was considering relocating their U.S. headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby [[60 Wall Street]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: A Conversation With The Man Who Rebuilt The World Trade Center After 9/11 – TV |website=Bisnow |date=September 10, 2017 |url=https://www.bisnow.com/tv/national/exclusive-a-conversation-with-the-man-who-rebuilt-the-world-trade-center-after-911-78893 |access-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929184023/https://www.bisnow.com/tv/national/exclusive-a-conversation-with-the-man-who-rebuilt-the-world-trade-center-after-911-78893 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, in May 2018, it was announced the bank was instead relocating to [[Time Warner Center]] at [[Columbus Circle]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 4, 2018 |title=Deutsche Bank to move NY headquarters from Wall Street |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-deutsche-bank-relocation-idUKKBN1I52IF |access-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530120543/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-deutsche-bank-relocation-idUKKBN1I52IF |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 {{Portal|Architecture|New York City}}
-*[[List of tallest buildings in New York City]]
+* [[List of tallest buildings in New York City]]
 {{-}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 171: / Line 170: @@
 == External links ==
 {{Commonscat}}
-*{{Official website}}, [[Silverstein Properties|WTC.com]]
+* {{Official website}}, [[Silverstein Properties|WTC.com]]
-*[http://www.big.dk/#projects-2wtc Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) page on the new design for Two World Trade Center]
+* [http://www.big.dk/#projects-2wtc Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) page on the new design for Two World Trade Center]
-*{{SkyscraperPage|106485}}
+* {{SkyscraperPage|106485}}
 {{Navboxes