Deinopidae: Difference between revisions

Deinopidae; Temporal range: Cretaceous–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Deinopis sp. with web
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Deinopidae; C. L. Koch, 1850
Genera
	Asianopis Lin & Li, 2020 ; Deinopis MacLeay, 1839 ; Menneus Simon, 1876;
Diversity
	3 genera, 67 species

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 14:23, 26 August 2024

Deinopidae, also known as net casting spiders, is a family of cribellate^[1] spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850.^[2] It consists of stick-like elongated spiders that catch prey by stretching a web across their front legs before propelling themselves forward. These unusual webs will stretch two or three times their relaxed size, entangling any prey that touch them. The posterior median eyes have excellent night vision, allowing them to cast nets accurately in low-light conditions. These eyes are larger than the others, and sometimes makes these spiders appear to only have two eyes. Ogre-faced spiders (Deinopis) are the best known genus in this family. The name refers to the perceived physical similarity to the mythological creature of the same name. This family also includes the humped-back spiders (Menneus).^[3]

They are distributed through tropics worldwide from Australia to Africa and the Americas. In Florida, Deinopis often hangs upside down from a silk line under palmetto fronds during the day. At night, it emerges to practice its unusual prey capture method on invertebrate prey. Its eyes are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls, and are able to do this despite the lack of a reflective layer (tapetum lucidum); instead, each night, a large area of light-sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and since arachnid eyes do not have irises, it is rapidly destroyed again at dawn.^[4]^[5]

Genera

Two genera formerly included in this family, Avella O. P-Cambridge, 1877 and Avellopsis Purcell, 1904, are now placed in Menneus. As of October 2023^[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:^[3]

Asianopis Lin & Li, 2020 – Africa, Asia, Oceania
Deinopis Macleay, 1839 – Every continent, except Europe and Antarctica
Menneus Simon, 1876 – Africa, Oceania

References

^ Coddington, J.A.; Levi, H.W. (1991). "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 565–592. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025.
^ Koch, C. L. (1850). Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.39561.
^ ^a ^b "NMBE - World Spider Catalog". wsc.nmbe.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
^ "How spiders see the world". Australian Museum. 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
^ Blest, A. D. (1978). "The rapid synthesis and destruction of photoreceptor membrane by a dinopid spider: a daily cycle". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 200 (1141): 463–483. Bibcode:1978RSPSB.200..463B. doi:10.1098/rspb.1978.0027. S2CID 85388527.

[CoddingtonLevy1991-1] Coddington, J.A.; Levi, H.W. (1991). "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 565–592. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025.

[2] Koch, C. L. (1850). Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.39561.

[NMBE-3] "NMBE - World Spider Catalog". wsc.nmbe.ch. Retrieved 2023-10-03.

[4] "How spiders see the world". Australian Museum. 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2019-01-21.

[5] Blest, A. D. (1978). "The rapid synthesis and destruction of photoreceptor membrane by a dinopid spider: a daily cycle". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 200 (1141): 463–483. Bibcode:1978RSPSB.200..463B. doi:10.1098/rspb.1978.0027. S2CID 85388527.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
-| name = Deinopidae
+| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Cretaceous|present}}
 | image = Deinopis-and-web-taiwan.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
 | image_caption = ''Deinopis'' sp. with web
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| taxon = Deinopidae
+| authority = [[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1850
-| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
+| range_map = Distribution.deinopidae.1.png
-| classis = [[Arachnida]]
+| diversity = [[#Genera|3 genera]], [[List of Deinopidae species|67 species]]
-| ordo = [[Araneae]]
-| subordo = [[Araneomorphae]]
-| superfamilia = [[Deinopoidea]]
-| familia = '''Deinopidae'''
-| familia_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1850
-| diversity_link = List of Deinopidae species
-| diversity = 2 genera, 61 species
-| diversity_ref = <ref name=WSC_stats>{{citation|title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |accessdate=2015-09-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103044611/http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |archivedate=2015-11-03 |df= }}</ref>| range_map = Distribution.deinopidae.1.png
-| range_map_width = 250px
 | subdivision_ranks = Genera
-| subdivision =
+| subdivision = {{linked genus list
+  |Asianopis|Lin & [[Shuqiang Li|Li]], 2020
-* ''[[Deinopis]]''
+  |Deinopis|[[Alexander MacLeay|MacLeay]], 1839
-* ''[[Menneus]]''
+  |Menneus|[[Eugéne Simon|Simon]], 1876}}
 }}
+'''Deinopidae''', also known as '''net casting spiders''', is a family of [[cribellate]]<ref name=CoddingtonLevy1991>{{cite journal| last1=Coddington| first1=J.A.| last2=Levi| first2=H.W.| year=1991| title=Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)| journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.| volume=22| pages=565–592| doi=10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025}}</ref> spiders first described by [[Carl Ludwig Koch]] in 1850.<ref>{{cite book| last=Koch| first=C. L.| year=1850| title=Übersicht des Arachnidensystems|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.39561| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39561}}</ref> It consists of stick-like elongated spiders that catch prey by stretching a web across their front legs before propelling themselves forward. These unusual webs will stretch two or three times their relaxed size, entangling any prey that touch them. The posterior median eyes have excellent night vision, allowing them to cast nets accurately in low-light conditions. These eyes are larger than the others, and sometimes makes these spiders appear to only have two eyes. [[Ogre]]-faced spiders (''[[Deinopis]]'') are the best known [[genus]] in this family. The name refers to the perceived physical similarity to the mythological creature of the same name. This family also includes the humped-back spiders (''[[Menneus]]'').<ref name=NMBE />
-The [[spider]] family '''Deinopidae''' consists of stick-like elongate spiders that build unusual webs that they suspend between the front legs. When prey approaches, the spider will stretch the net to two or three times its relaxed size and propel itself onto the prey, entangling it in the web. Because of this, they are also called '''net-casting spiders'''.  Their excellent night-vision adapted posterior median eyes allow them to cast this net over potential prey items. These eyes are so large in comparison to the other six eyes that the spider seems to have only two eyes.
-The [[genus]] ''[[Deinopis]]'' is the best known in this family. Spiders in this genus are also called ogre-faced spiders, due to the imagined similarity between their appearance and that of the mythological creature, the [[ogre]]. They are distributed nearly worldwide in the tropics, from [[Australia]] to [[Africa]] and the [[Americas]]. In [[Florida]], ''Deinopis'' often hangs upside-down from a [[spider silk|silk]] line under [[Sabal|palmetto]] fronds during the day. It emerges at night to practice its unusual prey capture method on invertebrate prey. Its eyes are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls, and are able to do this despite the lack of a [[tapetum lucidum]]; instead, each night a large area of light sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and since arachnid eyes do not have irises, it is rapidly destroyed again at dawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/spiders/how-spiders-see-the-world/ |publisher=[[Australian Museum]] |title=How spiders see the world |date=2018-11-16 |accessdate=2019-01-21}}</ref>
+They are distributed through tropics worldwide from [[Australia]] to [[Africa]] and the [[Americas]]. In [[Florida]], ''Deinopis'' often hangs upside down from a [[spider silk|silk]] line under [[Sabal|palmetto]] fronds during the day. At night, it emerges to practice its unusual prey capture method on invertebrate prey. Its eyes are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls, and are able to do this despite the lack of a reflective layer ([[tapetum lucidum]]); instead, each night, a large area of light-sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and since arachnid eyes do not have irises, it is rapidly destroyed again at dawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/spiders/how-spiders-see-the-world/ |publisher=[[Australian Museum]] |title=How spiders see the world |date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blest |first=A. D. |date=1978 |title=The rapid synthesis and destruction of photoreceptor membrane by a dinopid spider: a daily cycle |url=https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1978.0027 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=200 |issue=1141 |pages=463–483|doi=10.1098/rspb.1978.0027 |bibcode=1978RSPSB.200..463B |s2cid=85388527 }}</ref>
-The genus ''[[Menneus]]'' is also known as "humped-back spider".
-The entire family is [[cribellate]].<ref name=CoddingtonLevy1991>Coddington, J.A. & Levi, H.W. (1991). Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae). ''Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.'' 22:565-592 {{DOI|10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025}}</ref>
 ==Genera==
+{{Main|List of Deinopidae species}}
-* ''[[Deinopis]]'' <small>[[Alexander Macleay|Macleay]], 1839</small> (on every continent, except Europe and Antarctica)
+Two genera formerly included in this family, ''Avella'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. P-Cambridge]], 1877</small> and ''Avellopsis'' <small>[[William Frederick Purcell|Purcell]], 1904</small>, are now placed in ''Menneus''. {{as of|2023|10}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepts the following genera:<ref name="NMBE">{{Cite web |title=NMBE - World Spider Catalog |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/family/25 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=wsc.nmbe.ch}}</ref>
-* ''[[Menneus]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1876</small> (Australia, Africa)
+{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
+*''[[Asianopis]]'' <small>Lin & [[Shuqiang Li|Li]], 2020</small> – Africa, Asia, Oceania
-Two genera formerly included in this family, ''Avella'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. P-Cambridge]], 1877</small> and ''Avellopsis'' <small>[[William Frederick Purcell|Purcell]], 1904</small>, are now placed in ''Menneus''.<ref name=WSC_g705>{{citation |title=Gen. ''Menneus'' Simon, 1876 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/706/Menneus |accessdate=2015-09-28 }}</ref>
+*''[[Deinopis]]'' <small>[[Alexander Macleay|Macleay]], 1839</small> – Every continent, except Europe and Antarctica
+*''[[Menneus]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1876</small> – Africa, Oceania
+{{div col end}}
 ==See also==
 * [[List of Deinopidae species]]
-* [[Spider families]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 45: / Line 36: @@
 {{Araneae}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q10033}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Deinopidae|*]]
+[[Category:Deinopidae| ]]
 [[Category:Araneomorphae families]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch]]