Durham Union: Difference between revisions

Durham Union Society
	Durham Union Society badge
Predecessor	Durham University Debating Society (1835–39)
Formation	1842; 182 years ago
Type	Student debating union
Registration no.	1094676
Legal status	Registered charity
Headquarters	Pemberton Buildings, Palace Green, Durham DH1 3EP
President	Matthew Brooker
President-elect	Jerry Li
Affiliations	World Universities Debating Council
Website	dus.org.uk
Formerly called	Durham University Union (to 1873)

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The Durham Union Society (DUS), commonly referred to as the Durham Union, is a debating society, founded in 1842, by the students at Durham University. It is the largest society associated with the university, with over 3,000 members in residence, and 10,000 worldwide, and is the fourth oldest continuously running debating society in the UK.^[3] The society is private, existing independently from the university, and is distinct from the Durham Students' Union. Members of the union have reciprocal rights at sister societies, including the Oxford Union and the Cambridge Union.

The Durham Union has hosted prominent figures such as former prime ministers Boris Johnson and Theresa May, actors Michael Palin and Jeremy Irons, actresses Imelda Staunton and Maggie Smith, members of the House of Lords, Baron Winston and Baroness Grey-Thompson, and television presenters Anton Du Beke and Jeremy Vine.^[4] Previous Presidents and members of the Union has gone on to hold prominence within the UK including former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam, former Secretary of State for Wales Robert Buckland, former Chief of the General Staff The Lord Dannatt, current Green Party co-leader Carla Denyer, and GB News presenter Tom Harwood.

History

The union was founded in 1842^[5] as the Durham University Union along the same lines as the Cambridge Union (founded 1815) and the Oxford Union (founded 1823). An earlier Durham University Debating Society had existed from 1835–1839, with financial support from the university.^[6]^[7] These societies were not just for debating but were also clubs, and thus maintained facilities such as reading and dining rooms in addition to holding debates. After the establishment of the Durham Union, no further student debating societies were established upon these lines.^[8] Durham also followed Oxford in adopting parliamentary procedures in its debates from the initial foundation in 1835, which Cambridge also adopted in 1842 and which became standard in debating societies later in the 19th century. Few records remain from the mid 19th century, but the Oxford Union's records show that the Durham Union was operating in 1856.^[7] Records improve from 1872, when it was noted in the minute book that the society had been "revived", with it adopting the current name of Durham Union Society the following year, but no records from meetings prior to 1885 have survived. In 1873, Durham participated in the jubilee celebrations for the Oxford Union Society.^[6]^[7]^[9]

The society moved to a site adjacent to the university library on Palace Green in 1872.^[5] However, lacking the independent funds of the Oxford and Cambridge unions or the central funding of the debating societies at the redbrick universities, it was unable to maintain its buildings, which decayed to such a state by 1896 that it was no longer possible to hold debates.^[10] By this time, students' unions had begun to be established in redbrick universities such as Liverpool, and Durham University extended an offer to the union society to convert it into a students' union that would receive funding from the university. However, the union members rejected this offer and decided to remain independent, leading to the foundation of the separate Student Representative Council and continued poverty for the union society.^[8]

In the late the nineteenth century debates, like the curriculum, often revolved around ecclesiastical matters. At the time, the influence of the dean and chapter governing Durham Cathedral was significant, and the student intake at the university included large numbers of young men preparing for holy orders. The few political debates tending to concern the then-contentious issue of Irish Home Rule.^[8] Some debates were tongue-in-cheek, such as an 1887 motion 'That in the opinion of this House the Fair Sex is the root of all evil' – a proposal eventually defeated by a large majority.^[10] The first 'Ladies night', where female students were able to participate, was held in 1895. In 1900, as the Boer War raged, members sent a telegram congratulating Messrs. Tuckey and Macpherson^[a] – both former Durham Union men who had been trapped in the city of Ladysmith as it came under siege from Boer forces – on finally being relieved, and soon received a reply from the pair of them.^[13]

Political debates became more frequent in the early twentieth century. Society members almost invariably sided with the positions of the Conservative Party. A debate in 1901 saw Lord Salisbury's third administration receive a vote of confidence of more than 90 per cent. In 1905, 1907, and again in 1911, the policies of the Liberal Party were rejected by majorities of more than 70 per cent. Opinions on immigration were not consistent, with students in 1903 "widely applauding" anti-immigration views in one term and rejecting similar motions by a majority of five to one in the following term.^[8]^[14]^[15]

To mark the 70th anniversary of the Durham Union, an inter-varsity debate chaired by then President J. E. T. Philipps, was held on Saturday 16 March 1912 at the Great Hall of University College, and featured visiting teams from Oxford, Cambridge, Trinity College, Dublin, and Edinburgh University – with the burning issue of Irish Home Rule as the subject of discussion.^[16] This was something of a reunion for three of the participants: Philipps, F. K. Griffith (President of the Oxford Union), and H. Grose–Hodge (from the Cambridge Union) were all schoolmates in the same form at Marlborough College.^[17] The union also backed campaigns for women's suffrage and a Women's Union was started at 44 North Bailey in 1914. This would continue as a separate entity, with the two unions segregated by sex, for almost half a century before a decision to merge was made 1959, with the Durham Union being fully integrated by 1964.^[5]

A Junior Union Society (now Newcastle University Students' Union) was established in Newcastle in 1881, and from 1914 to 1925 the Newcastle Union Society and the Durham Union Society operated as a single body, with the president being chosen alternately from the Durham and Newcastle divisions of the university. This ended after the construction of a new union building in Newcastle.^[6]^[9]

By the university's centenary in 1932, the union has reciprocal relationships with Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh and Manchester.^[9] In 1936, the union moved into facilities provided by the university and, in 1977, moved to the Pemberton Building on the opposite side of Palace Green, where it remains. This was controversial as the union became dependent, unlike the Oxford and Cambridge unions, on the university for its facilities. Bertie Dockerill, an academic who has written on the history of student debating societies, emphasises that continued use of university-owned facilities:^[8]^[18]

has remained dependent upon the University believing that they were necessary, a system of landlordism that has not served the DUS well. The Union has been forcibly removed from its original home upon the library side of Palace Green that it had been gifted by the Warden of the University in 1873 (it now houses a lavatory complex), had its artwork appropriated, its coffee shop and dining room confiscated, and enjoys neither a library nor sole usage of its debating chamber, the latter commandeered daily by the University for lectures

To get around the limitations of its premises, the society traded its ownership of 44 North Bailey opposite Hatfield College for the old site of St Aidan's Society at 24 North Bailey in 1964, following the integration of the Women's Union.^[5] This allowed the union to return to its original establishment as both a debating society and a club, with the creation of the 'North Bailey Club' (informally known as '24' from the address). This contains a bar which is open to all Durham Union members; a snooker room; a reading room that the Durham Union uses for functions, such as post debate entertaining, and an en-suite guest room that can be hired out by members. Student members also have the opportunity to rent bedrooms as student accommodation.^[19]

In 2010, the union was forced to cancel a debate on multiculturalism on safety grounds, after the National Union of Students' Black Students Officer Bell Ribeiro-Addy and LGBT Officer Daf Adley sent a letter to the union, Durham University and Durham Students Union. The letter opposed the invitation of then BNP MEP Andrew Brons, and warned of a “colossal demonstration” if the debate went ahead. It went on to say “If any students are hurt in and around this event, responsibility will lie with you.”^[20] The cancellation of the debate by Union President Anna Birley on safety grounds was met with fierce backlash. NUS President Wes Streeting was prompted to personally appear before the Durham Union to apologise for the actions of the officers concerned, and a significant number of Durham students protested outside the debating chamber.^[21] An anti-censorship protest group on Facebook quickly amassed over 2,500 members.^[22] An official petition was lodged with Durham Students' Union to call for a referendum on disaffiliation from NUS.^[23] On 12 March 2010, the referendum concluded with a majority of voting students choosing to disaffiliate. In 2011 the Durham Students' Union held a further referendum, whereby students taking part in the referendum voted to reaffiliate with the NUS.^[24]

In 2015, the Union cancelled a speech from Tommy Robinson, reportedly after pressure from the university.^[25]

In 2017, the Chinese Embassy in London attempted to block supermodel and activist Anastasia Lin from speaking in a debate. An official at the embassy warned the union that the debate, which also featured former Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind, could damage relations between the UK and China.^[26]^[27] Union president Tom Harwood insisted that "Everyone has been very polite", and the debate went ahead as planned.^[28] This was cited internationally as an example of attempts by the Chinese government to censor debate in the West.^[29]^[30]

After winning a Durham Union debate in 2017, Spectator columnist James Delingpole wrote that "For a real Oxbridge education, you now have to go to Durham", claiming that Oxford and Cambridge had become "a sterile, conformist, PC monoculture of earnest state-indoctrinated Stakhanovites".^[31] In contrast, Toby Young branded the union "a gang of left-wing thugs" after taking part in a debate in 2019.^[32]

In a December 2020 members' referendum, Durham Union Debating, the student competitive debate wing of the Durham Union, voted to leave the Durham Union Society, and affiliate with the Durham Students' Union as the independent Durham Debating Society. In June 2022, the Durham Debating Society voted to reverse this decision and re-affiliate with the Durham Union Society, leaving the Durham Students' Union.^[33]

In 2024, a debate on the topic "This house believes that the Palestinian leadership is the biggest barrier to peace" was postponed by the university at short notice on police advice due to a threat to public safety from pro-Palestine protesters, who were blocking the entrances to the building, adjacent to the on-going protest camp on Palace Green. An anonymous union member and one of the invited speakers told journalists that the university had chosen not to use the police to force the protestors to move.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]

The union today

The Durham Union still maintains its offices and debating chamber on Palace Green within the Durham Castle and Cathedral World Heritage Site, as well as 24 North Bailey. It hosts weekly debates featuring prominent external speakers, as well as inviting address speakers and holding social events.

The social highlight of the year is the annual ball held in Michaelmas term. The programme for the evening varies, but usually consists of a champagne reception, dinner, music, and after dinner dancing. The union also holds members only socials, with recent events including a 'Halloween Social', 'American Election Social', 'Chinese New Year Social' and 'Valentines Social'.^[38]

As of 2023,^[update] the Durham Union's members enjoy reciprocal relations with, and use of facilities at, the Oxford Union, Cambridge Union, Edinburgh Union, the College Historical Society of Trinity College Dublin, the Philosophical Society of University College Dublin^[b] and the Philosophical Society of University College Cork.^[39]

Legal status

The Durham Union is legally, a registered charity in England and Wales.^[40] According to its constitution, the ownership of the society is vested in its trustees, who have ultimate authority over the society, subject to the deed of trust.

Although membership of the Durham Union is almost exclusive to students from Durham University, the Durham Union exists independently from the university and the Durham Students' Union.

Competitive debating

The union also excelled at competitive debating. Having won the European Universities Debating Championship in 2005, and more recently having teams reaching the final of the European Championship, Oxford IV, Cambridge IV and John Smith Memorial Mace and the quarter-final of the World Universities Debating Championship. It also hosted the Durham Intervarsity competition, the Durham Open and Durham Schools; the world's largest residential school's debating competition.

In the 2012 world university debate rankings, the Durham Union ranked eleventh overall and fourth among teams from the UK, behind the Cambridge Union, Oxford Union and University of London Union (now defunct).^[41]

Notable members

Mo Mowlam MP (Past Secretary, Labour Minister of State, most famous for her work on the Good Friday Agreement)
Crispin Blunt MP (Past President, Conservative MP for Reigate & Minister of State)^[42]
Carla Denyer MP (Past Member, Green MP for Bristol Central & Co-Leader of the Green Party of England and Wales)
General Sir Richard Dannatt (Past President, former Chief of the General Staff)^[43]
Mark Elliott (Past President, author of several books on Azerbaijan and travel in Asia)^[44]
Sir Edward Leigh MP (Past President, Conservative MP for Gainsborough and former Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee)^[45]
Gabby Logan (Past Assistant Sponsorship Secretary, BBC sports presenter & contestant on BBC1's Strictly Come Dancing 2007)
Giles Ramsay (Past President, Founding Artistic Director of the Trident Theatre)^[46]
Baroness Hayter of Kentish Town (Past Member, Former General Secretary of the Fabian Society)
The Rt Revd Richard Blackburn (Former President; former Bishop of Warrington in the Church of England)
Sir Robert Buckland (Past President, Conservative MP for Swindon South & former Secretary of State for Wales)^[47]
Tracy Philipps (Past President, Commissioner in Colonial Service and conservationist)
Tom Harwood (Past President, Journalist for Guido Fawkes and GB News)

Notes

^ Presumably the Reverend Ewen George Fitzroy Macpherson (BA, 1887), and the Reverend James Grove White Tuckey (a Trinity College, Oxford graduate who was a university lecturer and later chaplain of University College), both of whom were in South Africa serving as Chaplain to the Forces^[11]^[12]
^ This is as given in the DUS constitution. It is not clear if this should be the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin or the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College Dubin

References

^ https://dus.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/
^ https://dus.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/
^ "Our History". Durham Union Society. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
^ "About Us". dus.org.uk.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Our History". Durham Union Society. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Durham University Records: Associations, Clubs and Societies". Durham University Library. Durham Union Society. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Taru Haapala (9 January 2017). Political Rhetoric in the Oxford and Cambridge Unions, 1830–1870. Springer. pp. 37–38, 186. ISBN 978-3-319-35128-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Dockerill, Bertie (2017). "'Forgotten Voices': The Debating Societies of Durham and Liverpool, 1900–1939". In Burkett, Jodi (ed.). Students in Twentieth Century Britain and Ireland. Palgrave. pp. 101–128. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c C. E. Whiting (1932). The University of Durham 1832–1932. Sheldon Press. pp. 312–313.
^ ^a ^b Fowler, J. T. (5 June 1912). "The Durham Union Society". Durham University Journal. 20 (10): 205. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Unattached Members". Durham University Calendar: 227. 1897. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^ Graduates of the University. Durham: Durham University. 1948. p. 230.
^ Fowler, 1912, p. 206
^ DUS, Minute Book, 25 February 1903, University of Durham Special Collections, UND/GE1/AB2
^ DUS, Minute Book, 18 June 1903, University of Durham Special Collections, UND/GE1/AB2
^ "Durham Union Society: Visitors' Night". Durham University Journal. 20. Durham University: 201. 5 June 1912. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Durham Union Society: Visitor's Night, p. 202
^ "Vice Chancellor's Convocation Address". Durham University Gazette. 1977. p. 13.
^ "Our Buildings and Where to Find Us". Durham Union Society (via Internet Wayback Machine). 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ Tallentire, Mark. "Student union apologises over BNP claim". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "Student union apologises over BNP claim (From the Northern Echo)". Thenorthernecho.co.uk. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
^ "NUS mis-handling prompts backlash". Palatinate Newspaper. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
^ "NUS mis-handling prompts backlash". Palatinate.org.uk. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
^ Johnson, Daniel (28 January 2011). "60% vote to reaffiliate with NUS". Palatinate Online. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ Hopkins, Steve. "Tommy Robinson Speaking Events Cancelled At Edinburgh And Durham Universities After Pegida Speech". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ Swerling, Gabriella. "Student debate will harm relations, insists China". The Times. The Times of London. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ Waterson, Jim. "The Chinese Embassy Told Durham University's Debating Society Not To Let This Former Miss World Contestant Speak At A Debate". Buzzfeed. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ Minting, Stuart. "Durham: Chinese embassy official calls for speaker to be barred from University debate". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ Frank Langfitt (3 October 2018). "How The Chinese Government Works To Censor Debate In Western Democracies". National Public Radio.
^ Nicola Smith (10 March 2017). "Taiwan Is Desperate for Fee-Paying, Mainland Chinese Students. That Could Be Bad for Academic Freedom". Time.
^ Delingpole, James (25 March 2017). "For a real Oxbridge education, you now have to go to Durham". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017.
^ Toby Young (February 2020). "The free speech crisis at Britain's universities". The Critic.
^ Poppy. "Debating Society votes to leave Durham Students' Union". Palatinate. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Alex Barton (8 June 2024). "Pro-Palestinian protesters 'lock' university students inside debate chamber". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024.
^ Danielle Greyman-Kennard (8 June 2024). "Pro-Palestinian 'mob' traps students in site of cancelled university debate". Jerusalem Post.
^ Katie Heckels (7 June 2024). "Durham university shuts down Union debate following Pro-Palestine protest". The Tab.
^ Elliot Burrin; Will Dixon; William Milne (8 June 2024). "BREAKING: Durham University postpones Durham Union debate after pro-Palestinian protest". Palatinate.
^ "Durham Union Society – Members' Socials". dus.org.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Constitution". Durham Union Society. 18 June 2023. Schedule II – Societies Enjoying Reciprocal Relations with the Society.
^ "Durham Union Society". Register of charities. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
^ "World University Debate Rankings 2012". International Debate Education Association. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
^ "Week One Debate". Cambridge Union Society Term Card: 13. 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ Sengupta, Kim (18 July 2009). "Soldier's soldier: General Sir Richard Dannatt". The Independent. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ Willis, Harriet (18 November 2017). "In conversation with Mark Elliott: In defence of the travel guide". Palatinate. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "Rt Hon Sir Edward Leigh MP". Gainsborough Conservatives. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "Biography". Giles Ramsay (via Internet Wayback Machine). 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ "Durham graduate named Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice". Durham University. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

External links

Official website

[13] Presumably the Reverend Ewen George Fitzroy Macpherson (BA, 1887), and the Reverend James Grove White Tuckey (a Trinity College, Oxford graduate who was a university lecturer and later chaplain of University College), both of whom were in South Africa serving as Chaplain to the Forces^[11]^[12]

[40] This is as given in the DUS constitution. It is not clear if this should be the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin or the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College Dubin

[1] ttps://dus.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/

[2] ttps://dus.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/

[3] "Our History". Durham Union Society. Retrieved 5 July 2024.

[Speakers-4] "About Us". dus.org.uk.

[societyhistory-5] "Our History". Durham Union Society. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

[DUlib-6] "Durham University Records: Associations, Clubs and Societies". Durham University Library. Durham Union Society. Retrieved 22 December 2023.

[Haapala-7] Taru Haapala (9 January 2017). Political Rhetoric in the Oxford and Cambridge Unions, 1830–1870. Springer. pp. 37–38, 186. ISBN 978-3-319-35128-5.

[dockerill-8] Dockerill, Bertie (2017). "'Forgotten Voices': The Debating Societies of Durham and Liverpool, 1900–1939". In Burkett, Jodi (ed.). Students in Twentieth Century Britain and Ireland. Palgrave. pp. 101–128. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[Whiting-9] C. E. Whiting (1932). The University of Durham 1832–1932. Sheldon Press. pp. 312–313.

[fowlerhistory-10] Fowler, J. T. (5 June 1912). "The Durham Union Society". Durham University Journal. 20 (10): 205. Retrieved 30 November 2020.

[11] "Unattached Members". Durham University Calendar: 227. 1897. Retrieved 17 December 2020.

[12] Graduates of the University. Durham: Durham University. 1948. p. 230.

[14] Fowler, 1912, p. 206

[15] DUS, Minute Book, 25 February 1903, University of Durham Special Collections, UND/GE1/AB2

[16] DUS, Minute Book, 18 June 1903, University of Durham Special Collections, UND/GE1/AB2

[debate-17] "Durham Union Society: Visitors' Night". Durham University Journal. 20. Durham University: 201. 5 June 1912. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

[18] Durham Union Society: Visitor's Night, p. 202

[19] "Vice Chancellor's Convocation Address". Durham University Gazette. 1977. p. 13.

[20] "Our Buildings and Where to Find Us". Durham Union Society (via Internet Wayback Machine). 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[21] Tallentire, Mark. "Student union apologises over BNP claim". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[22] "Student union apologises over BNP claim (From the Northern Echo)". Thenorthernecho.co.uk. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.

[23] "NUS mis-handling prompts backlash". Palatinate Newspaper. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2014.

[24] "NUS mis-handling prompts backlash". Palatinate.org.uk. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.

[Johnson-25] Johnson, Daniel (28 January 2011). "60% vote to reaffiliate with NUS". Palatinate Online. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.

[26] Hopkins, Steve. "Tommy Robinson Speaking Events Cancelled At Edinburgh And Durham Universities After Pegida Speech". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[27] Swerling, Gabriella. "Student debate will harm relations, insists China". The Times. The Times of London. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[28] Waterson, Jim. "The Chinese Embassy Told Durham University's Debating Society Not To Let This Former Miss World Contestant Speak At A Debate". Buzzfeed. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[29] Minting, Stuart. "Durham: Chinese embassy official calls for speaker to be barred from University debate". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[30] Frank Langfitt (3 October 2018). "How The Chinese Government Works To Censor Debate In Western Democracies". National Public Radio.

[31] Nicola Smith (10 March 2017). "Taiwan Is Desperate for Fee-Paying, Mainland Chinese Students. That Could Be Bad for Academic Freedom". Time.

[32] Delingpole, James (25 March 2017). "For a real Oxbridge education, you now have to go to Durham". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017.

[33] Toby Young (February 2020). "The free speech crisis at Britain's universities". The Critic.

[34] Poppy. "Debating Society votes to leave Durham Students' Union". Palatinate. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[35] Alex Barton (8 June 2024). "Pro-Palestinian protesters 'lock' university students inside debate chamber". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024.

[36] Danielle Greyman-Kennard (8 June 2024). "Pro-Palestinian 'mob' traps students in site of cancelled university debate". Jerusalem Post.

[37] Katie Heckels (7 June 2024). "Durham university shuts down Union debate following Pro-Palestine protest". The Tab.

[38] Elliot Burrin; Will Dixon; William Milne (8 June 2024). "BREAKING: Durham University postpones Durham Union debate after pro-Palestinian protest". Palatinate.

[39] "Durham Union Society – Members' Socials". dus.org.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[41] "Constitution". Durham Union Society. 18 June 2023. Schedule II – Societies Enjoying Reciprocal Relations with the Society.

[42] "Durham Union Society". Register of charities. Retrieved 23 December 2023.

[43] "World University Debate Rankings 2012". International Debate Education Association. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2023.

[44] "Week One Debate". Cambridge Union Society Term Card: 13. 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[45] Sengupta, Kim (18 July 2009). "Soldier's soldier: General Sir Richard Dannatt". The Independent. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[46] Willis, Harriet (18 November 2017). "In conversation with Mark Elliott: In defence of the travel guide". Palatinate. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[47] "Rt Hon Sir Edward Leigh MP". Gainsborough Conservatives. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[48] "Biography". Giles Ramsay (via Internet Wayback Machine). 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[49] "Durham graduate named Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice". Durham University. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

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