1590: Difference between revisions

1590 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1590; MDXC
Ab urbe condita	2343
Armenian calendar	1039; ԹՎ ՌԼԹ
Assyrian calendar	6340
Balinese saka calendar	1511–1512
Bengali calendar	997
Berber calendar	2540
English Regnal year	32 Eliz. 1 – 33 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2134
Burmese calendar	952
Byzantine calendar	7098–7099
Chinese calendar	己丑年 (Earth Ox); 4287 or 4080; — to —; 庚寅年 (Metal Tiger); 4288 or 4081
Coptic calendar	1306–1307
Discordian calendar	2756
Ethiopian calendar	1582–1583
Hebrew calendar	5350–5351
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1646–1647
- Shaka Samvat	1511–1512
- Kali Yuga	4690–4691
Holocene calendar	11590
Igbo calendar	590–591
Iranian calendar	968–969
Islamic calendar	998–999
Japanese calendar	Tenshō 18; (天正１８年)
Javanese calendar	1510–1511
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3923
Minguo calendar	322 before ROC; 民前322年
Nanakshahi calendar	122
Thai solar calendar	2132–2133
Tibetan calendar	阴土牛年; (female Earth-Ox); 1716 or 1335 or 563; — to —; 阳金虎年; (male Iron-Tiger); 1717 or 1336 or 564

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century; 16th century ; 17th century;
Decades:	1570s; 1580s; 1590s ; 1600s; 1610s;
Years:	1587; 1588; 1589; 1590 ; 1591; 1592; 1593;

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March 14: The Battle of Ivry takes place in France

1590 (MDXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1590th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 590th year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th year of the 16th century, and the 1st year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1590, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 6 – García Hurtado de Mendoza becomes the new Viceroy of Peru (nominally including most of South America except for Brazil). He will serve until 1596. ^[1]
January 10 – Construction of the Fortezza Nuova around the city of Livorno begins in Italy in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany on the orders of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and continues for more than 14 years.
January 25 – Luis de Velasco y Castilla, Marquess of Salinas, becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain, a colony comprising most of Central America, Mexico and what is now a large part of the southwestern United States. Velasco will govern until 1595, and then again from 1607 to 1611. ^[2]
February 3 – Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, the German-born commander of the Spanish Imperial Army captures the German fortress of Rheinberg after a four-year long siege during the Eighty Years' War. ^[3]
March 4 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, takes Breda, by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat, to get through the impregnable defenses.
March 14 – Battle of Ivry: Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League, under Charles, Duke of Mayenne.^[4]
March 21 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire (in modern-day Turkey) and the Safavid Empire (modern-day Iran), ending a 12-year war between the two nations. ^[5]

April–June

April 4 – The Cortes of Castile approves a new subsidy, the millones.^[6]
April 24 – Ten armed English merchant vessels of the Levant Company are intercepted by 12 galleys of the Spanish Navy while attempting to pass through the Straits of Gibraltar after trading in the Mediterranean Sea.^[7] Levant Company's Benedict Barnham, on the flagship Salomon, leads the corporate fleet in a six-hour battle and heavily damages the Spanish ships, clearing the way for the company ships to return home.
May 7 – King Henry of Navarre, claimant to the throne of France, begins an unsuccessful attempt to besiege Paris, at the time controlled by the Catholic League. By August 30, Henry is forced to raise the siege, when Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma comes to its rescue with a Spanish army.
May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen consort of Scotland, at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.^[8]
June 23 – The Japanese samurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi sends an army of 15,000 men, led by generals Maeda Toshiie and Uesugi Kagekatsu, in an attack on the Hachiōji Castle in what is now Tokyo. The castle is lightly defended, by only 1,300 men, because the samurai Hōjō Ujiteru has most of his troops engaged in defending Hideyohsi's siege of Odawara. The castle is captured after one day, and later destroyed on orders of the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.

July–September

July 1 (13th waning of 1st Ashadha, 952 CS) – Naresuan Maharat becomes the new ruler of Thailand as Sanphet II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, upon the death of his father, Sanphet I.
July 19 – The day after his 12th birthday, Ferdinand of Habsburg becomes the new Archduke of Inner Austria (Innerösterreich) upon the death, in Graz, of his father Charles II. A regency council rules in the place of Ferdinand until 1596.^[9]
July 21 – Japan's first diplomatic representatives to Europe, Itō Mancio, Michele Chijiwa, Giuliano Nakaura and Martino Hara, return to Japan after eight years, having departed on February 20, 1582. ^[10]
August 4 – In Japan, the siege of Odawara, part of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to eliminate the clan of samurais led by Hōjō Ujinao, ends with the surrender of Odawara,^[11] part of Toyotomi's unification of the country.
August 18 – John White, governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns to Roanoke after having left the North American colony in 1587 to get supplies. Upon arrival at, the crew of the ships Hopewell and Moonlight find that the Roanoke Colony is deserted, with the only clues to where the colonist went being the word "CRO" carved into a tree, and the word CROATOAN (believed to be a reference to Hatteras Island, where the colonists formerly lived).^[12]
August 27 – Pope Sixtus V dies after serving for five years, and a new papal conclave is organized, to start on September 7 at the Apostolic Palace in Rome.
September 5 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
September 15
- After the eight day conclave, Giovanni Battista Castagna, the Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello al Corso receives the necessary two-thirds majority despite support for Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna.^[13] Castagna takes becomes Pope Urban VII but contracts malaria and dies 12 days later.^[14]
- The estimated 6.0 magnitude Neulengbach earthquake causes significant damage and some loss of life, in Lower Austria and Vienna; the effects are felt as far as Bohemia and Silesia.^[15]

October–December

October 6 – Two days before the scheduled papal conclave begins, Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spain's ambassador to the Papal States, presents the cardinals with King the recommendations of King Philip II of Spain, a set of candidates whom the Spanish cardinals will support, and 30 whom they are instructed not to vote for.^[16]
October 8 – The second papal conclave in less four weeks two months opens at the Apostolic Palace in Rome, 23 days after the previous conclave had been concluded, and 53 cardinals arrive. ^[16]
October 13
- (5th waxing of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – In what is now Myanmar, King Nanda Bayin of Burma sends a 10,000-man army, led by the Viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome, and General Natshinnaung to suppress a rebellion in the Shan state of Mogaung.^[17]
- German astronomer Michael Maestlin becomes the first person to record an observation of the occultation of the planet Mars by the planet Venus.^[18]
October 16 – Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire: An army of 20,000 troops, led by Judar Pasha is dispatched from Marrakesh in the Saadi Sultanate (now Morocco), on orders of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur. The Saadi Army's objective is to conquer the Songhai Empire, led by the Emperor Askia Ishaq II, in North Africa, corresponding to what is now the Republic of Mali.^[19]
October 24 – After an unsuccessful search of the "lost colony" of Roanoke, English officer John White and the surviving crew of the ships Hopewell and Moonlight return to England on October 24.^[12]
November 22 (12th waning of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – Burmese King Nanda Bayin sends a his son, the Crown Prince Mingyi Swa and 20,000 troops to what is now Thailand.^[17]
November 29 – A truce is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire (ruled by Emperor Rudolf II) and the Ottoman Empire (ruled by Sultan Murad III.^[20]
December 5 – Niccolò Sfondrato, Cardinal-priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, is elected as the new pope and takes the name Pope Gregory XIV.^[21] Sfondrato is selected as a compromise candidate after Gabriele Paleotti falls 3 votes short of being elected. ^[16]
December 7 – North Berwick witch trials: Agnes Sampson is questioned by King James VI of Scotland, and confesses to practising witchcraft. She will be executed on January 28. ^[22]

Date unknown

Orthodox Patriarch Meletius I of Alexandria succeeds Silvester.
The Spanish are pushed out of southern Gelderland by the Dutch forces.

Births

January–June

January 9 – Simon Vouet, French painter (d. 1649)^[23]
January 13 – Arthur Bell, English Franciscan martyr (d. 1643)
January 20
- Edward Convers, American settler (d. 1663)
- Benedetta Carlini, Italian mystic (d. 1661)
January 27 – Charles Caesar, English politician and judge (d. 1642)
January 30 – Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford (d. 1676)^[24]
February 7 – Barthold Nihus, Roman Catholic priest (d. 1657)
March – Roger Ludlow, one of the founders of the colony (later the state) of Connecticut (d. 1664)
March 6 – Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament, French Discalced Carmelite nun (d. 1660)
March 10 – Dietrich Reinkingk, German lawyer and politician (d. 1664)
March 18 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Spanish and Portuguese historian and poet (d. 1649)
March 29 – Michael Reyniersz Pauw, Dutch businessman (d. 1640)
April 7
- Louis de Dieu, Dutch theologian (d. 1642)
- John Upton, English politician (d. 1641)
April 18 – Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1617)
May – William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros (d. 1618)
May 3 – Franco Burgersdijk, Dutch logician (d. 1635)
May 5
- John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1636)
- Jakub Sobieski, Polish noble (d. 1646)
May 12 – Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1621)^[25]
May 31 – Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset (d. 1632)
June 1 – Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres, French soldier (d. 1640)
June 9 – Caspar Sibelius, Dutch Protestant minister (d. 1658)
June 19 – Philip Bell, British colonial governor (d. 1678)
June 24 – Samuel Ampzing, Dutch linguist and historian (d. 1632)
June 29 – Edward Rodney, English politician (d. 1657)

July–December

July 3 – Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana, Italian singer and composer (d. 1662)
July 13 – Pope Clement X (d. 1676)^[26]
July 26 – Johannes Crellius, Polish–German theologian (d. 1633)
August 6 – Count John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar (d. 1653)
August 7 – Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw (d. 1624)
August 9 – John Webster, colonial settler and governor of Connecticut (d. 1661)
August 19 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (d. 1649)
August 27 – Ferruccio Baffa Trasci, Italian bishop (d. 1656)
August 30 – Anthony Stapley, English politician (d. 1655)
September 12 – María de Zayas, Spanish writer (d. 1661)
September 15 – Erasmus Earle, English barrister and politician (d. 1667)
October 3 – Anna of Pomerania, Duchess-Consort of Croy and Havré (d. 1660)
October 11 – William Pynchon, English colonist and fur trader in North America (d. 1662)
November 25 – Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Davalos, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mexico and Antequera (d. 1665)
December 3 – Daniel Seghers, Flemish Jesuit brother and painter (d. 1661)
December 14 – John West, colonial governor of Virginia (d. 1659)
December 18 – William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (d. 1640)

Date unknown

Angelica Veronica Airola, Italian painter (d. 1670)
Boris Morozov, Russian statesman and boyar (d. 1661)
Isaac de Caus, French landscaper (d. 1648)
Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese adventurer (d. 1630)
Ii Naokatsu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1662)

Probable

William Bradford, English leader of Plymouth Colony (d. 1657)
William Browne, English poet (d. 1645)
Theophilus Eaton, Puritan colonial merchant (d. 1658)
Kösem Sultan (d. 1651)
Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, Irish chronicler (d. 1643)
Marie Vernier, French actress (d. 1627)
Caterina Assandra, Italian composer (died c. 1618)
Magdalena Andersdotter, Norwegian-Faroese shipowner (d. 1650)
Teofila Chmielecka, Polish military role model (d. 1650)
Marie Fouquet, French medical writer and philanthropist (d. 1681)

Deaths

January 7 – Jakob Andreae, German theologian (b. 1528)
January 20 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (b. 1530)
February 1 – Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (b. 1527)
February 2 – Catherine of Ricci, Catholic prioress and saint (b. 1522)
February 4 – Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian music theorist and composer (b. 1517)
February 12
- François Hotman, French Protestant lawyer and writer (b. 1524)
- Blanche Parry, personal attendant to Elizabeth I of England (b. c. 1508)
February 18 – Asahi no kata, Japanese lady, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's half-sister (b. 1543)
February 19 – Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1514)
February 21 – Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English nobleman and general (b. 1528)
March 4 – Duchess Hedwig of Württemberg, by marriage countess of Hesse-Marburg (b. 1547)
April 2 – Elisabeth of Saxony, Countess Palatine of Simmern (b. 1552)
April 6 – Francis Walsingham, English spymaster (b. 1530)^[27]
May 9 – Charles de Bourbon French cardinal and pretender to the throne (b. 1523)
June 28 – Hori Hidemasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1553)
June 30 – Maha Thammaracha (b. 1509)
July 10 – Charles II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (b. 1540)
July 21 – Sophie of Württemberg, German noble (b. 1563)
August 10
- Hōjō Ujimasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1538)
- Hōjō Ujiteru, Japanese warlord (b. 1540？)
August 17 – James III, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg (b. 1562)
August 27 – Pope Sixtus V (b. 1521)^[28]
September 10 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (b. 1532)
September 13 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (b. 1537)
September 20 – Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (b. 1534)
September 27 – Pope Urban VII (b. 1521)^[14]
October 4 – Jacques Cujas, French legal expert (b. 1522)^[29]
October 12 – Kanō Eitoku, Japanese painter (b. 1543)^[30]
October 16 – Archduchess Anna of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (b. 1528)
October 18 – Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (b. 1570)
October 23 – Bernardino de Sahagún, Franciscan missionary (b. 1499)
October 29 – Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch politician and theologian (b. 1522)
November 18 – George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (b. 1528)
November 19 – Girolamo Zanchi, Italian theologian (b. 1516)
November 29 – Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (b. 1547)
December 20 – Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (b. 1510)
December 27 – Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing, Belgian noble and army commander (b. 1557)

Date unknown

Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Spanish Jesuits (b. 1511)
Marietta Robusti, Venetian Renaissance painter (b. 1555 or 1560)
Roger Dudley, British soldier (b. 1535)
Sorley Boy MacDonnell, Irish chieftain (b. 1505)
Juan Bautista de Pomar, Spanish colonial historian and writer
Catherine Salvaresso, Wallachian regent
Maddalena Casulana, Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. 1544)

Probable

Bernard Palissy, French potter (b. 1510)

References

^ "Hurtado de Mendoza, García", by Miguel Molina Martínez, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018).
^ "Luis de Velasco y Castilla", by María Justina Sarabia Viejo, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018)
^ Jonathan Israel, Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713 (Bloomsbury, 1997) p.29
^ Hans Delbrück (1975). History of the Art of War Within the Framework of Political History: The Modern Era. Greenwood Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8371-8165-3.
^ "Ottoman-Safavid Wars", in Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. by Alexander Mikaberidze (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.698
^ Henry Kamen, Spain 1469—1714: A Society of Conflict (Pearson, 1983)
^ Roger Kerr, A General History of Voyages and Travels to the End of the 18th Century (Ulan Press, 2012) p.396-399
^ "Anne of Denmark: Biography". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
^ Robert Bireley, Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578–1637 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.10
^ "The Japanese Embassy to Europe", by Dereck Massarella, in The Journal of the Hakluyt Society (February 2013)
^ Stephen Turnbull, The Samurai Sourcebook (Cassell & Company, 1998) p.241
^ ^a ^b David Stick, Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America (University of North Carolina Press, 1983) pp. 209–210
^ Jim Harbaugh, The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p.123
^ ^a ^b Parminder Summon (2004). Summon's Christian Miscellany. Lion. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7459-5174-4.
^ "1590 09 15 23:50 - Niederroesterreich". The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Konklave vom 05.10. - 05.12.1590 zur Wahl von Papst Gregor XIV" Vatican History.org
^ ^a ^b U Kala, Maha Yazawin, Vol. 3 (1724), reprinted 2006 by Ya-Pyei Publishing) 90) p.90
^ "Mutual Occultation of Planets", by Stephen Breyer, Sky and Telescope (1979) p.220
^ "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", by Lansiné Kaba, in The Journal of African History, pp. 457–475
^ Ive Mažuran, Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća [History of Croatia from the 15th to the 18th century] (Golden Marketing, 1998) pp.139-141
^ Nicola Mary Sutherland (2002). Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: The path to Rome. Intellect Books. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-84150-702-6.
^ Lawrence Normand; Gareth Roberts (2000). Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland: James VI's Demonology and the North Berwick Witches. University of Exeter Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-85989-680-1.
^ Sir John Alexander Hammerton (1975). Concise Universal Biography: A Dictionary of the Famous Men and Women of All Countries and All Times, Recording the Lives of More Than 20,000 Persons and Profusely Illustrated with Authentic Portraits and Other Pictorial Documents. Gale Research Company. p. 1347. ISBN 978-0-8103-4209-5.
^ Brown, Cedric Clive (1993). Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558-1658. Wayne State University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-8143-2417-2.
^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1983. p. 822. ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0.
^ Alexander Hopkins McDonnald (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. p. 87.
^ Lawrence Thompson (1990). The Princeton University Library Chronicle. Friends of the Princeton University Library. p. 98.
^ "Sixtus V | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
^ Otto, Jochen; Baboukis, Translated from the German by Johanna M. (2009). "Cujas, Jacques". The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513405-6.
^ Frederic, Louis; Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.

[1] "Hurtado de Mendoza, García", by Miguel Molina Martínez, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018).

[2] "Luis de Velasco y Castilla", by María Justina Sarabia Viejo, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018)

[3] Jonathan Israel, Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713 (Bloomsbury, 1997) p.29

[4] Hans Delbrück (1975). History of the Art of War Within the Framework of Political History: The Modern Era. Greenwood Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8371-8165-3.

[5] "Ottoman-Safavid Wars", in Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. by Alexander Mikaberidze (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.698

[6] Henry Kamen, Spain 1469—1714: A Society of Conflict (Pearson, 1983)

[7] Roger Kerr, A General History of Voyages and Travels to the End of the 18th Century (Ulan Press, 2012) p.396-399

[8] "Anne of Denmark: Biography". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2019.

[9] Robert Bireley, Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578–1637 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.10

[10] "The Japanese Embassy to Europe", by Dereck Massarella, in The Journal of the Hakluyt Society (February 2013)

[11] Stephen Turnbull, The Samurai Sourcebook (Cassell & Company, 1998) p.241

[Stick-12] David Stick, Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America (University of North Carolina Press, 1983) pp. 209–210

[13] Jim Harbaugh, The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p.123

[Sixtus-14] Parminder Summon (2004). Summon's Christian Miscellany. Lion. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7459-5174-4.

[SHEEC-15] "1590 09 15 23:50 - Niederroesterreich". The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899. Retrieved 1 May 2020.

[VaticanHistory-16] "Konklave vom 05.10. - 05.12.1590 zur Wahl von Papst Gregor XIV" Vatican History.org

[Yazawin-17] U Kala, Maha Yazawin, Vol. 3 (1724), reprinted 2006 by Ya-Pyei Publishing) 90) p.90

[18] "Mutual Occultation of Planets", by Stephen Breyer, Sky and Telescope (1979) p.220

[19] "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", by Lansiné Kaba, in The Journal of African History, pp. 457–475

[20] Ive Mažuran, Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća [History of Croatia from the 15th to the 18th century] (Golden Marketing, 1998) pp.139-141

[21] Nicola Mary Sutherland (2002). Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: The path to Rome. Intellect Books. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-84150-702-6.

[22] Lawrence Normand; Gareth Roberts (2000). Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland: James VI's Demonology and the North Berwick Witches. University of Exeter Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-85989-680-1.

[23] Sir John Alexander Hammerton (1975). Concise Universal Biography: A Dictionary of the Famous Men and Women of All Countries and All Times, Recording the Lives of More Than 20,000 Persons and Profusely Illustrated with Authentic Portraits and Other Pictorial Documents. Gale Research Company. p. 1347. ISBN 978-0-8103-4209-5.

[24] Brown, Cedric Clive (1993). Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558-1658. Wayne State University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-8143-2417-2.

[25] The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1983. p. 822. ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0.

[26] Alexander Hopkins McDonnald (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. p. 87.

[27] Lawrence Thompson (1990). The Princeton University Library Chronicle. Friends of the Princeton University Library. p. 98.

[28] "Sixtus V | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2019.

[29] Otto, Jochen; Baboukis, Translated from the German by Johanna M. (2009). "Cujas, Jacques". The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513405-6.

[30] Frederic, Louis; Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
 {{Year dab|1590}}
-{{Refimprove|date=May 2019}}
 {{Year nav|1590}}
+[[File:Ivryrubens.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[March 14]]: The [[Battle of Ivry]] takes place in France]]
 {{C16 year in topic}}
+{{Year article header|1590}}
-[[File:Ivryrubens.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[March 14]]: [[Battle of Ivry]]]]
-'''1590''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXC]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]] and a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]]. As of the start of 1590, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.
 == Events ==
-[[File:Anne of Denmark by Paul Van Somer cropped.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[May 17]]: [[Anne of Denmark]] is crowned queen consort.]]
+[[File:Anne of Denmark by Paul Van Somer cropped.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[May 17]]: [[Anne of Denmark]] is crowned queen consort of England.]]
 <onlyinclude>
+=== January&ndash;March ===
+* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete|García Hurtado de Mendoza]] becomes the new [[List of viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]] (nominally including most of South America except for Brazil). He will serve until 1596. <ref>[https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/12398/garcia-hurtado-de-mendoza "Hurtado de Mendoza, García"], by Miguel Molina Martínez, in ''Diccionario Biográfico Español'' (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018).</ref>
+* [[January 10]] &ndash; Construction of the [[Livorno#Fortezza Nuova|Fortezza Nuova]] around the city of [[Livorno]] begins in Italy in the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] on the orders of [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] and continues for more than 14 years.
+* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Luis de Velasco, 1st Marquess of Salinas del Río Pisuerga|Luis de Velasco y Castilla]], Marquess of Salinas, becomes the new [[List of viceroys of New Spain|Viceroy of New Spain]], a colony comprising most of Central America, Mexico and what is now a large part of the southwestern United States. Velasco will govern until 1595, and then again from 1607 to 1611. <ref>[https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5086/luis-de-velasco-y-castilla "Luis de Velasco y Castilla"], by María Justina Sarabia Viejo, in ''Diccionario Biográfico Español'' (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018)</ref>
+* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort]], the German-born commander of the Spanish Imperial Army captures the German fortress of [[Rheinberg]] after a four-year long siege during the [[Eighty Years' War]]. <ref>Jonathan Israel, ''Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713'' (Bloomsbury, 1997) p.29</ref>
+* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]], [[Capture of Breda (1590)|takes]] [[Breda]], by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat, to get through the impregnable defenses.
+* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ivry]]: [[Henry IV of France]] again defeats the forces of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], under [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hans Delbrück|title=History of the Art of War Within the Framework of Political History: The Modern Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oEpAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-8165-3|page=195|language=en}}</ref>
+* [[March 21]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Constantinople (1590)|Treaty of Constantinople]] is signed between the [[Ottoman Empire]] (in modern-day Turkey) and the [[Safavid Empire]] (modern-day Iran), ending a [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)|12-year war between the two nations]]. <ref>"Ottoman-Safavid Wars", in ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'', ed. by Alexander Mikaberidze (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.698</ref>
-=== January&ndash;June ===
+=== April&ndash;June ===
-* [[January 11]] &ndash; The Cortes of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] approves a new subsidy, the ''[[millones]]''.
+* [[April 4]] &ndash; The Cortes of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] approves a new subsidy, the ''[[millones]]''.<ref>Henry Kamen, ''Spain 1469—1714: A Society of Conflict'' (Pearson, 1983)</ref>
+* [[April 24]] &ndash; Ten armed English merchant vessels of the [[Levant Company]] are intercepted by 12 galleys of the Spanish Navy while attempting to pass through the [[Straits of Gibraltar]] after trading in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>Roger Kerr, ''A General History of Voyages and Travels to the End of the 18th Century'' (Ulan Press, 2012) p.396-399</ref> Levant Company's [[Benedict Barnham]], on the flagship ''Salomon'', leads the corporate fleet in a six-hour battle and [[Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)|heavily damages the Spanish ships]], clearing the way for the company ships to return home.
-* [[March]] &ndash; [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]], [[Capture of Breda (1590)|takes]] [[Breda]], by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat, to get through the impregnable defences.
-* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ivry]]: [[Henry IV of France]] again defeats the forces of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], under [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne]].
+* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Henry IV of France|King Henry of Navarre]], claimant to the throne of France, begins an unsuccessful [[Siege of Paris (1590)|attempt to besiege Paris]], at the time controlled by the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]]. By August 30, Henry is forced to raise the siege, when [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]] comes to its rescue with a Spanish army.
+* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Anne of Denmark]] is crowned queen consort of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], at [[Holyrood Abbey]] in [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anne of Denmark: Biography |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/a/anneofdenmark.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
-* [[May]]&ndash;August &ndash; [[Henry IV of France]] unsuccessfully attempts to [[Siege of Paris (1590)|besiege Paris]]. Henry is forced to raise the siege, when [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]] comes to its rescue with a Spanish army.
+* [[June 23]] &ndash; The Japanese samurai [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] sends an army of 15,000 men, led by generals [[Maeda Toshiie]] and [[Uesugi Kagekatsu]], in an attack on the [[Hachiōji Castle]] in what is now [[Tokyo]]. The castle is lightly defended, by only 1,300 men, because the samurai [[Hōjō Ujiteru]] has most of his troops engaged in defending Hideyohsi's [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|siege of Odawara]]. The castle is captured after one day, and later destroyed on orders of the shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]].
-* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Anne of Denmark]] is crowned queen consort of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], at [[Holyrood Abbey]] in [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anne of Denmark: Biography |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/a/anneofdenmark.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
-* [[May 21]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Constantinople (1590)|Treaty of Constantinople]] is signed.
-=== July&ndash;December ===
+=== July&ndash;September ===
+* [[July 1]] (13th waning of [[Thai lunar calendar|1st Ashadha]], 952 CS) &ndash; [[Naresuan|Naresuan Maharat]] becomes the new ruler of Thailand as Sanphet II of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]], upon the death of his father, [[Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)|Sanphet I]].
-* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]], governor of the [[Colony of Roanoke]], returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted. After the unsuccessful search, he returns to England on [[October 24]].
+* [[July 19]] &ndash; The day after his 12th birthday, [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand of Habsburg]] becomes the new  [[Archduke of Inner Austria]] (Innerösterreich) upon the death, in [[Graz]], of his father [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]]. A regency council rules in the place of Ferdinand until 1596.<ref>Robert Bireley, ''Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578–1637'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.10</ref>
+* [[July 21]] &ndash; Japan's first diplomatic representatives to Europe, [[Itō Mancio]], Michele Chijiwa, Giuliano Nakaura and Martino Hara, return to Japan after eight years, having departed on February 20, 1582. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140826011308/http://www.hakluyt.com/PDF/Massarella.pdf "The Japanese Embassy to Europe"], by Dereck Massarella, in ''The Journal of the Hakluyt Society'' (February 2013)</ref>
+* [[August 4]] &ndash; In Japan, the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|siege of Odawara]], part of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s campaign to eliminate the [[Later Hōjō clan|clan of samurais]] led by [[Hōjō Ujinao]], ends with the surrender of Odawara,<ref>Stephen Turnbull, ''The Samurai Sourcebook'' (Cassell & Company, 1998) p.241</ref> part of Toyotomi's unification of the country.
+* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]], governor of the [[Colony of Roanoke]], returns to Roanoke after having left the North American colony in [[1587]] to get supplies. Upon arrival at, the crew of the ships ''Hopewell'' and ''Moonlight'' find that the Roanoke Colony is deserted, with the only clues to where the colonist went being the word "CRO" carved into a tree, and the word [[Hatteras Island|CROATOAN]] (believed to be a reference to Hatteras Island, where the colonists formerly lived).<ref name=Stick>David Stick, ''Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1983) pp. 209–210</ref>
+* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Sixtus V]] dies after serving for five years, and a new [[September 1590 papal conclave|papal conclave]] is organized, to start on September 7 at the [[Apostolic Palace]] in Rome.
 * [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese]]'s army forces [[Henry IV of France]] to lift the siege of Paris.
+* [[September 15]]
-* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]] succeeds [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]], as the 228th pope; he dies of [[malaria]] twelve days later.
+**After the eight day conclave, [[Urban VII|Giovanni Battista Castagna]], the Cardinal-Priest of [[San Marcello al Corso]] receives the necessary two-thirds majority despite support for Cardinal [[Marco Antonio Colonna]].<ref>Jim Harbaugh, ''The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p.123</ref> Castagna takes becomes [[Pope Urban VII]] but contracts [[malaria]] and dies 12 days later.<ref name=Sixtus>{{cite book|author=Parminder Summon|title=Summon's Christian Miscellany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6vsBAvZw08C|year=2004|publisher=Lion|isbn=978-0-7459-5174-4|page=35}}</ref>
-* [[September 15]] &ndash; The [[1590 Neulengbach earthquake|Neulengbach earthquake]] causes significant damage and some loss of life, in [[Lower Austria]] and [[Vienna]]; the effects are felt as far as [[Bohemia]] and [[Silesia]].
+**The estimated 6.0 magnitude [[1590 Neulengbach earthquake|Neulengbach earthquake]] causes significant damage and some loss of life, in [[Lower Austria]] and [[Vienna]]; the effects are felt as far as [[Bohemia]] and [[Silesia]].<ref name="SHEEC">{{Cite web |title=1590 09 15 23:50 - Niederroesterreich |url=https://emidius.eu/SHEEC/maps/query_eq/external_call.php?eq_id=5578 |website=The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899   |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
-* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]] succeeds [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]], as the 229th pope.
-* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[North Berwick witch trials]]: [[Agnes Sampson]] is questioned by King [[James VI of Scotland]], and confesses to practising [[witchcraft]].
+=== October&ndash;December ===
+* [[October 6]] &ndash; Two days before the scheduled papal conclave begins,  [[Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares]], Spain's ambassador to the [[Papal States]], presents the cardinals with King the recommendations of King [[Philip II of Spain]], a set of candidates whom the Spanish cardinals will support, and 30 whom they are instructed not to vote for.<ref name=VaticanHistory>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171033/http://www.vaticanhistory.de/vh/html/gregor_xiv_.html "Konklave vom 05.10. - 05.12.1590 zur Wahl von Papst Gregor XIV"] Vatican History.org</ref>
+* [[October 8]] &ndash; The second [[October–December 1590 papal conclave|papal conclave]] in less four weeks two months opens at the Apostolic Palace in Rome, 23 days after the [[September 1590 papal conclave|previous conclave]] had been concluded, and 53 cardinals arrive. <ref name=VaticanHistory/>
+* [[October 13]]
+**(5th waxing of Tazaungmon 952 ME) &ndash; In what is now [[Myanmar]], King [[Nanda Bayin]] of [[Toungoo dynasty|Burma]] sends a 10,000-man army, led by the Viceroy [[Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome]], and General [[Natshinnaung]] to suppress a rebellion in the Shan state of Mogaung.<ref name=Yazawin>[[U Kala]], ''[[Maha Yazawin]]'', Vol. 3 (1724), reprinted 2006 by Ya-Pyei Publishing) 90) p.90</ref>
+**German astronomer [[Michael Maestlin]] becomes the first person to record an observation of the occultation of the planet [[Mars]] by the planet [[Venus]].<ref>"Mutual Occultation of Planets", by Stephen Breyer, ''Sky and Telescope'' (1979) p.220</ref>
+*[[October 16]] &ndash; [[Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire]]: An army of 20,000 troops, led by [[Judar Pasha]] is dispatched from [[Marrakesh]] in the [[Saadi Sultanate]] (now [[Morocco]]), on orders of Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]. The Saadi Army's objective is to conquer the [[Songhai Empire]], led by the Emperor [[Askia Ishaq II]], in North Africa, corresponding to what is now the [[Republic of Mali]].<ref>"Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", by Lansiné Kaba, in ''The Journal of African History'', pp. 457–475</ref>
+*[[October 24]] &ndash; After an unsuccessful search of the "lost colony" of Roanoke, English officer John White  and the surviving crew of the ships ''Hopewell'' and ''Moonlight'' return to England on [[October 24]].<ref name=Stick/>
+* [[November 22]] (12th waning of Tazaungmon 952 ME) &ndash; Burmese King [[Nanda Bayin]] sends a his son, the Crown Prince [[Mingyi Swa]] and 20,000 troops to what is now [[Thailand]].<ref name=Yazawin/>
+* [[November 29]] &ndash; A truce is signed between representatives of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (ruled by [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Rudolf II]]) and the [[Ottoman Empire]] (ruled by [[Murad III|Sultan Murad III]].<ref>Ive Mažuran, ''Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća'' [History of Croatia from the 15th to the 18th century] (Golden Marketing, 1998) pp.139-141</ref>
+* [[December 5]] &ndash; Niccolò Sfondrato, Cardinal-priest of [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere]], is elected as the new pope and takes the name [[Pope Gregory XIV]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola Mary Sutherland|title=Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: The path to Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZo5dqMtOKkC&pg=PA373|year=2002|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-702-6|pages=373|language=en}}</ref> Sfondrato is selected as a compromise candidate after [[Gabriele Paleotti]] falls 3 votes short of being elected. <ref name=VaticanHistory/>
+* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[North Berwick witch trials]]: [[Agnes Sampson]] is questioned by King [[James VI of Scotland]], and confesses to practising [[witchcraft]]. She will be executed on January 28. <ref>{{cite book|author1=Lawrence Normand|author2=Gareth Roberts|title=Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland: James VI's Demonology and the North Berwick Witches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgx-AAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=University of Exeter Press|isbn=978-0-85989-680-1|page=141}}</ref>
 === Date unknown ===
 * [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Patriarch [[Meletius I of Alexandria]] succeeds [[Patriarch Silvester of Alexandria|Silvester]].
+* The Spanish are pushed out of southern [[Gelderland]] by the Dutch forces.</onlyinclude>
-* Japan is united by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]].
-* The Spanish are pushed out of southern [[Gelderland]], by the Dutch forces.
-* A group of English merchants gains the right to trade in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] territory, in return for supplying the [[sultan]] with [[iron]], [[steel]], [[brass]] and [[tin]] for his war with [[Persia]].
-</onlyinclude>
 == Births ==
 ===January&ndash;June===
 [[File:Sultan I. Ahmet.jpg|thumb|right|110px|Emperor [[Ahmed I]]]]
+* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Simon Vouet]], French painter (d. [[1649]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir John Alexander Hammerton|title=Concise Universal Biography: A Dictionary of the Famous Men and Women of All Countries and All Times, Recording the Lives of More Than 20,000 Persons and Profusely Illustrated with Authentic Portraits and Other Pictorial Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BsXAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Gale Research Company|isbn=978-0-8103-4209-5|page=1347|language=en}}</ref>
-* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Simon Vouet]], French painter (d. [[1649]])
 * [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Arthur Bell (martyr)|Arthur Bell]], English Franciscan martyr (d. [[1643]])
-* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Edward Convers]], American settler (d. [[1663]])
+* [[January 20]]
+** [[Edward Convers]], American settler (d. [[1663]])
+** [[Benedetta Carlini]], Italian mystic (d. [[1661]])
 * [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Charles Caesar]], English politician and judge (d. [[1642]])
-* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford]] (d. [[1676]])
+* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford]] (d. [[1676]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Cedric Clive |title=Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558-1658 |date=1993 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2417-2 |pages=62–63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2B7YS9xVyUC&pg=PA62 |language=en}}</ref>
 * [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Barthold Nihus]], Roman Catholic priest (d. [[1657]])
 * March &ndash; [[Roger Ludlow]], one of the founders of the colony (later the state) of Connecticut (d. [[1664]])
@@ Line 57: / Line 78: @@
 ** [[John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg]] (d. [[1636]])
 ** [[Jakub Sobieski]], Polish noble (d. [[1646]])
-* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] (d. [[1621]])
+* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] (d. [[1621]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzgZnFiJGxgC|year=1983|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-400-0|page=822}}</ref>
 * [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset]] (d. [[1632]])
 * [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres]], French soldier (d. [[1640]])
@@ Line 68: / Line 89: @@
 [[File:Clement X.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Pope Clement X]]]]
 * [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana]], Italian singer and composer (d. [[1662]])
-* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement X]] (d. [[1676]])
+* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement X]] (d. [[1676]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Hopkins McDonnald|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC_VAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Americana Corporation|page=87|language=en}}</ref>
 * [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Johannes Crellius]], Polish&ndash;German theologian (d. [[1633]])
 * [[August 6]] &ndash; Count [[John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar]] (d. [[1653]])
@@ Line 90: / Line 111: @@
 * [[Isaac de Caus]], French landscaper (d. [[1648]])
 * [[Yamada Nagamasa]], Japanese adventurer (d. [[1630]])
+* [[Ii Naokatsu]], Japanese daimyō (d. [[1662]])
 ===Probable===
@@ Line 113: / Line 135: @@
 * [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Gioseffo Zarlino]], Italian music theorist and composer (b. [[1517]])
 * [[February 12]]
-**[[François Hotman]], French Protestant lawyer and writer (b. [[1524]])
+** [[François Hotman]], French Protestant lawyer and writer (b. [[1524]])
-**[[Blanche Parry]], personal attendant to Elizabeth I of England (b. c. [[1508]])
+** [[Blanche Parry]], personal attendant to Elizabeth I of England (b. c. [[1508]])
 * [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Asahi no kata]], Japanese lady, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s half-sister (b. [[1543]])
 * [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg]] (b. [[1514]])
@@ Line 120: / Line 142: @@
 * [[March 4]] &ndash; [[Duchess Hedwig of Württemberg]], by marriage countess of Hesse-Marburg (b. [[1547]])
 * [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Saxony]], Countess Palatine of Simmern (b. [[1552]])
-* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Francis Walsingham]], English spymaster (b. [[1530]])
+* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Francis Walsingham]], English spymaster (b. [[1530]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Lawrence Thompson|title=The Princeton University Library Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tDgAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Friends of the Princeton University Library|page=98|language=en}}</ref>
-* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Charles de Bourbon (cardinal)|Charles de Bourbon]] French cardinal and pretender to the throne (b. [[1523]])
+* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)|Charles de Bourbon]] French cardinal and pretender to the throne (b. [[1523]])
 * [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Hori Hidemasa]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1553]])
+* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)|Maha Thammaracha]] (b. [[1509]])
 * [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria]], regent of Inner Austria (b. [[1540]])
-* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Württemberg (1563-1590)|Sophie of Württemberg]], German noble (b. [[1563]])
+* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Württemberg (1563–1590)|Sophie of Württemberg]], German noble (b. [[1563]])
 * [[August 10]]
 ** [[Hōjō Ujimasa]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1538]])
 ** [[Hōjō Ujiteru]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1540]]？)
 * [[August 17]] &ndash; [[James III, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg]] (b. [[1562]])
-* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Sixtus V]] (b. [[1521]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Sixtus V {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sixtus-V |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=7 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Sixtus V]] (b. [[1521]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Sixtus V {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sixtus-V |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
 * [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Archduchess Magdalena of Austria]], Member of the House of Habsburg (b. [[1532]])
 * [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna]], Spanish duke (b. [[1537]])
 * [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Lodovico Agostini]], Italian composer (b. [[1534]])
-* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Urban VII]] (b. [[1521]])
+* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Urban VII]] (b. [[1521]])<ref name=Sixtus/>
+* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cujas]], French legal expert (b. [[1522]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Otto |first1=Jochen |last2=Baboukis |first2=Translated from the German by Johanna M. |title=The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513405-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056-e-217 |language=en |chapter=Cujas, Jacques}}</ref>
-* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cujas]], French legal expert (b. [[1520]])
-* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Kanō Eitoku]], Japanese painter (b. [[1543]])
+* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Kanō Eitoku]], Japanese painter (b. [[1543]])<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Frederic |first1=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA993 |title=Japan Encyclopedia |last2=Louis-Frédéric |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01753-5 |pages=xvii |language=en}}</ref>
 * [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Archduchess Anna of Austria]], Duchess of Bavaria (b. [[1528]])
 * [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (b. [[1570]])
@@ Line 145: / Line 168: @@
 * [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Ambroise Paré]], French surgeon (b. [[1510]])
 * [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing]], Belgian noble and army commander (b. [[1557]])
-* ''date unknown''
+=== Date unknown ===
-**[[Nicholas Bobadilla]], one of the first Spanish Jesuits (b. [[1511]])
-** [[Marietta Robusti]], Venetian Renaissance painter (b. [[1555]] or [[1560]])
+* [[Nicholas Bobadilla]], one of the first Spanish Jesuits (b. [[1511]])
-**[[Roger Dudley]], British soldier (b. [[1535]])
+* [[Marietta Robusti]], Venetian Renaissance painter (b. [[1555]] or [[1560]])
-**[[Sorley Boy MacDonnell]], Irish chieftain (b. [[1505]])
+* [[Roger Dudley]], British soldier (b. [[1535]])
+* [[Sorley Boy MacDonnell]], Irish chieftain (b. [[1505]])
-**[[Juan Bautista de Pomar]], Spanish colonial historian and writer
+* [[Juan Bautista de Pomar]], Spanish colonial historian and writer
-**[[Catherine Salvaresso]], [[Wallachia]]n regent
+* [[Catherine Salvaresso]], [[Wallachia]]n regent
-**[[Maddalena Casulana]], Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. 1590)
+* [[Maddalena Casulana]], Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. [[1544]])
-* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Bernard Palissy]], French potter (b. [[1510]])
+=== Probable ===
+[[Bernard Palissy]], French potter (b. [[1510]])
 == References ==

1590 by topic
Arts and science
Architecture Art Literature Music Science
Leaders
Political entities State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
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