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{{Short description|Prince of Galicia and Volhynia (1152–1205)}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Prince of Novgorod]]
| succession = [[Prince of Novgorod]]
| reign = 1168–1170
| reign = 1168–1170
| predecessor = Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich
| predecessor = Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich
| successor = [[Rurik Rostislavich|Rurik II Rostislavich]]
| successor = [[Rurik Rostislavich]]
| succession1 = [[Volhynia|Prince of Vladymyr-in-Volhynia]]
| succession1 = [[Principality of Volhynia|Prince of Volhynia]]
| reign1 = 1170–1189<br>1189–1205
| reign1 = 1170–1189<br/>1189–1205
| predecessor1 = [[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav III Izyaslavich]]<br>[[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav III Izyaslavich]]<br/>[[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]
| successor1 = [[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]<br>[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]
| successor1 = [[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]<br/>[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]
| succession2 = [[Prince of Galicia|Prince of Halych]]
| succession2 = [[Prince of Galicia]]
| reign2 = 1189<br>1198/1199–1205
| reign2 = 1189<br/>1198/1199–1205
| predecessor2 = (?) [[Oleg Yaroslavich]]<br>[[Vladimir II Yaroslavich]]
| predecessor2 = (?) [[Oleg Yaroslavich]]<br/>[[Vladimir II Yaroslavich]]
| successor2 = [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]]<br>[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]
| successor2 = [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]]<br/>[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]
| spouse = Predslava Ryurikovna<br />[[Anna-Euphrosyne]]
| spouse = [[Predslava Rurikovna]]<br />[[Anna-Euphrosyne]]
| issue = Fedora Romanovna<br />Olena Romanovna<br />[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]<br />[[Vasylko Romanovich]]
| issue = Fedora Romanovna<br />[[Elena Romanovna|Olena Romanovna]]<br />[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]<br />[[Vasylko Romanovich]]
| house = [[Rurik Dynasty|Rurik]]
| house = [[Rurikids|Rurik]]
| father = [[Mstislav II of Kiev]] ([[Kyiv]])
| father = [[Mstislav II of Kiev]]
| mother = [[Agnes of Poland]]
| mother = [[Agnes of Poland]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1152}}
| birth_date = {{circa|4 April 1152}}
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 19 June 1205 (52-53)
| death_date = 19 June 1205 (52-53)
| death_place = [[Zawichost]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]]
| death_place = [[Zawichost]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]]
| place of burial=
| place of burial=
| image = Печать Романа II Великого.png
|image=Roman Mstislavich , Roman of Halych, Roman the Great.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Roman the Great}}
| image_size =
| caption = Contemporary seal of Roman
}}


'''Roman Mstislavich'''<ref name='Cawley'>{{cite web|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm#_Toc198014278|title=Russia, Rurikids – Chapter 3: Princes of Galich C. Princes of Volynia, Princes and Kings of Galich|publisher=Foundation of Medieval Genealogy|work=Medieval Lands|date=2008-05-19|author=Charles Cawley|access-date=2009-12-26}}</ref><ref name='Dimnik'>{{cite book | last = Dimnik | first = Martin | title = The Dynasty of Chernigov - 1146-1246}} {{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> ({{lang-ru|Рома́н Мстисла́вич Га́лицкий}}; {{lang-uk|Рома́н Мстисла́вич}}), known as '''Roman the Great'''<ref name='Subtelny'>{{cite book | last = Subtelny | first = Orest | title = Ukraine: A History| url = https://archive.org/details/UkraineAHistory }} {{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> (c. 1152 – [[Zawichost]], 19 June 1205) was a [[Rus' (people)|Rus’]] prince, [[Grand Prince of Kiev]], member of the [[Rurik Dynasty|Rurik dynasty]].<ref name="Senkus">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Roman Senkus (Managing Editor)|date=2001|title=Roman Mstyslavych [Mstyslavyč] (Romanko)|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\R\O\RomanMstyslavych.htm|access-date=2009-12-26|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies}}</ref>
'''Roman Mstislavich'''<ref name='Dimnik'>{{cite book | last = Dimnik | first = Martin | title = The Dynasty of Chernigov - 1146-1246}} {{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref>{{efn|[[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Роман Мстиславич}} ({{circa|4 April 1152}} – 19 June 1205), also known as '''Roman the Great''',<ref name='Subtelny'>{{cite book | last = Subtelny | first = Orest | title = Ukraine: A History| url = https://archive.org/details/UkraineAHistory }} {{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> was [[Prince of Novgorod]] (1168–1170), [[List of rulers of Galicia and Volhynia|Volhynia]] (1170–1189; 1189–1205), and [[Prince of Galicia|Galicia]] (1189; 1198/99–1205).<ref name='Dimnik'/><ref name="Senkus">{{cite encyclopedia|date=2001|title=Roman Mstyslavych [Mstyslavyč] (Romanko)|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\R\O\RomanMstyslavych.htm|access-date=2009-12-26|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Janet |title=Medieval Russia, 980-1584. |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521859165 |pages=108 |edition=2nd}}</ref> He founded the ''Romanovichi'' branch of [[Rurikids]],<ref name='Senkus'/> which would rule [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia–Volhynia]] until 1340.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\R\O\Romanovychdynasty.htm|title=Romanovych dynasty [Romanovyč]|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|date=2001|access-date=2009-12-26}}</ref>


He was [[Prince of Novgorod]] (1168–1170), [[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia|of Vladimir-in-Volhynia]] (1170–1189, 1189–1205), and of [[Prince of Galicia|Halych]] (Galicia; 1189, 1198/99–1205).<ref name='Dimnik'/> By seizing the throne of Halych, he became the master of all Western [[Kievan Rus'|Rus’]].<ref name='Vernadsky'>{{cite book | last = Vernadsky | first = George | title = Kievan Russia| year = 1948 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185099 }} {{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> In the early 13th century, Byzantine [[chronicler]]s applied the [[Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy#Imperial titles#Titles used by the emperors|imperial title]] "[[Autokrator|autocrate]]" ''(αύτοκράτωρ)'' to him, but there is no evidence that he assumed it officially.<ref name='Vernadsky'/>
By seizing the throne of Galicia, he dominated the western regions of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref name='Vernadsky'>{{cite book | last = Vernadsky | first = George | title = Kievan Russia| year = 1948 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185099 }} {{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> In the early 13th century, Byzantine [[chronicler]]s applied the [[Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy#Imperial titles#Titles used by the emperors|imperial title]] of ''[[Autokrator|autocrate]]'' (αύτοκράτωρ) to him, but there is no evidence that he assumed it officially.<ref name='Vernadsky'/>


He waged two successful campaigns against the [[Cumans]], from which he returned with many rescued captives.<ref name='Senkus'/> The effect of Roman's victory was, however, undermined by new divisions among the princes of Rus’.<ref name='Vernadsky'/>
He waged two successful campaigns against the [[Cumans]], from which he returned with many rescued captives.<ref name='Senkus'/> The effect of Roman's victory was, however, undermined by new divisions among the princes of Rus'.<ref name='Vernadsky'/>


Roman died in a battle with the [[Polish people|Poles]] at the [[Battle of Zawichost]].<ref name='Vernadsky'/>
Roman died in a battle with the [[Poles]] at the [[Battle of Zawichost]].<ref name='Vernadsky'/> He founded the Romanovich dynasty,<ref name='Senkus'/> which would rule Vladimir-in-Volhynia and Halych until 1340.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\R\O\Romanovychdynasty.htm|title=Romanovych dynasty [Romanovyč]|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|date=2001|author=Roman Senkus (Managing Editor)|access-date=2009-12-26}}</ref>


== Early years ==
== Early years ==
He was the eldest son of [[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav Izyaslavich]], Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia at that time, and [[Agnes of Poland|Agnes]], a daughter of Duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth|Bolesław III of Poland]].<ref name='Cawley'/>
He was the eldest son of [[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav Izyaslavich]], Prince of Volhynia at that time, and [[Agnes of Poland|Agnes]], a daughter of Duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth|Bolesław III of Poland]].


Mstislav, who had previously occupied [[Kiev]], sent Roman to [[Novgorod]]<ref name='Dimnik'/> on 14 April 1168, after the [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorodians]] had expelled their prince, Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich. However, Svyatoslav's brothers the [[Prince of Smolensk|princes of Smolensk]], and Prince [[Andrei I Bogolyubsky|Andrey Yuryevich of Vladimir]], who had supported Svyatoslav's rule in Novgorod, spent the rest of the year conspiring and forming alliances against Mstislav.<ref name='Dimnik'/> After Mstislav died in August 1170, the Novgorodians expelled Roman and invited Andrey to be prince. Andrey sent [[Rurik Rostislavich|Ryurik Rostislavich]] to rule Novgorod.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
Mstislav, who had previously occupied [[Kiev]], sent Roman to [[Novgorod]]<ref name='Dimnik'/> on 14 April 1168, after the [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorodians]] had expelled their prince, Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich. However, Svyatoslav's brothers the [[Prince of Smolensk|princes of Smolensk]], and Prince [[Andrei I Bogolyubsky|Andrey Yuryevich of Vladimir]], who had supported Svyatoslav's rule in Novgorod, spent the rest of the year conspiring and forming alliances against Mstislav.<ref name='Dimnik'/> After Mstislav died in August 1170, the Novgorodians expelled Roman and invited Andrey to be prince. Andrey sent [[Rurik Rostislavich|Ryurik Rostislavich]] to rule Novgorod.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


== Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia ==
== Prince of Volhynia ==
When his father died, Roman was bequeathed the Principality of Vladimir-in-Volhynia.<ref name='Senkus'/> He subdued the [[Yotvingians]] and harnessed the captives to pull the [[plow]]s on his estates instead of [[ox]]en.<ref name='Vernadsky'/>
When his father died, Roman was bequeathed the Principality of Volhynia.<ref name='Senkus'/> He subdued the [[Yotvingians]] and harnessed the captives to pull the [[plow]]s on his estates instead of [[ox]]en.<ref name='Vernadsky'/>


He married Predslava Ryurikovna, a daughter of Ryurik Rostislavich, who had followed him in Novgorod.<ref name='Cawley'/> Their eldest daughter, Fedora Romanovna, was married to Vasilko Vladimirovich, a grandson of Prince [[Yaroslav Osmomysl|Yaroslav Volodimerovich Osmomysl of Halych]], but Vasilko later repudiated her.<ref name='Cawley'/>
He married Predslava Ryurikovna, a daughter of Ryurik Rostislavich, who had followed him in Novgorod. Their eldest daughter, Fedora Romanovna, was married to Vasilko Vladimirovich, a grandson of Prince [[Yaroslav Osmomysl]], but Vasilko later repudiated her.


Following the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl on 1 October 1187, trouble began in the [[Principality of Halych]], due to the strife between his two sons,<ref name='Vernadsky'/> [[Oleg Yaroslavich|Oleg]] and [[Vladimir II Yaroslavich|Vladimir]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman urged the Galicians to evict Vladimir and make himself their prince,<ref name='Dimnik'/> but they failed to either expel or kill Vladimir.<ref name='Dimnik'/> However, when the Galicians threatened to kill his wife, Vladimir took her and fled to King [[Béla III of Hungary]] (1172–1196).<ref name='Dimnik'/> According to a late chronicle, Oleg was appointed by Duke [[Casimir II the Just|Casimir II of Poland]] (1177–1194) to rule the Principality of Halych, but the Galicians poisoned him and invited Roman to be their prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/> When accepting their offer, Roman gave his patrimony of Vladimir-in-Volhynia to his brother, [[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod Mstislavich]].<ref name='Dimnik'/>
Following the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl on 1 October 1187, trouble began in [[Principality of Halych|Galicia]], due to the strife between his two sons,<ref name='Vernadsky'/> [[Oleg Yaroslavich|Oleg]] and [[Vladimir II Yaroslavich|Vladimir]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman urged the Galicians to evict Vladimir and make himself their prince,<ref name='Dimnik'/> but they failed to either expel or kill Vladimir.<ref name='Dimnik'/> However, when the Galicians threatened to kill his wife, Vladimir took her and fled to King [[Béla III of Hungary]] (1172–1196).<ref name='Dimnik'/> According to a late chronicle, Oleg was appointed by Duke [[Casimir II the Just|Casimir II of Poland]] (1177–1194) to rule Galicia, but the Galicians poisoned him and invited Roman to be their prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/> When accepting their offer, Roman gave his patrimony of Volhynia to his brother, [[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod Mstislavich]].<ref name='Dimnik'/>


But Béla marched against Roman, intending to reinstate Vladimir,<ref name='Dimnik'/> and the Hungarians seized the principality.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Instead of returning Halych to Vladimir, Béla proclaimed his own son, [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew]], its ruler.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Roman was forced to flee to Vladimir-in-Volhynia, but Vsevolod refused him entry.<ref name='Dimnik'/> He therefore went to the Poles for help, but when they refused as well. Finally Roman rode to his father-in-law, Ryurik Rostislavich, in [[Belgorod Kievsky|Belgorod]]<ref name='Dimnik'/> and solicited military aid from him. Nonetheless, the Hungarian troops repelled his attack.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik did help Roman drive his brother Vsevolod out of Vladimir-in-Volhynia and reclaim his patrimony.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
But Béla marched against Roman, intending to reinstate Vladimir,<ref name='Dimnik'/> and the Hungarians seized the principality.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Instead of returning Galicia to Vladimir, Béla proclaimed his own son, [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew]], its ruler.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Roman was forced to flee to Volhynia, but Vsevolod refused him entry.<ref name='Dimnik'/> He therefore went to the Poles for help, but when they refused as well. Finally Roman rode to his father-in-law, Ryurik Rostislavich, in [[Belgorod Kievsky|Belgorod]]<ref name='Dimnik'/> and solicited military aid from him. Nonetheless, the Hungarian troops repelled his attack.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik did help Roman drive his brother Vsevolod out of Volhynia and reclaim his patrimony.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


Meanwhile, Vladimir succeeded in escaping from his [[dungeon]] in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and in 1190 Duke Casimir II sent Polish troops to the Principality of Halych to support his claims.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> At the approach of the expedition, the [[boyar]]s rose up against the Hungarians and expelled the unpopular Andrew.<ref name='Dimnik'/><ref name='Vernadsky'/> Vladimir asked his uncle Prince [[Vsevolod the Big Nest|Vsevolod III Yuryevich of Vladimir]] to support his rule.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Vsevolod Yuryevich demanded that all the Rus’ princes, Roman among them, pledge not to challenge Vladimir in Halych, and they agreed.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
Meanwhile, Vladimir succeeded in escaping from his [[dungeon]] in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and in 1190 Duke Casimir II sent Polish troops to the Principality of Galicia to support his claims.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> At the approach of the expedition, the [[boyar]]s rose up against the Hungarians and expelled the unpopular Andrew.<ref name='Dimnik'/><ref name='Vernadsky'/> Vladimir asked his uncle Prince [[Vsevolod the Big Nest|Vsevolod III Yuryevich of Vladimir]] to support his rule.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Vsevolod Yuryevich demanded that all the princes of Rus', Roman among them, pledge not to challenge Vladimir in Galicia, and they agreed.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


On 17 May 1195, Roman's father-in-lawGrand Prince Ryurik allocated domains in the [[Grand Prince of Kiev|Kievan lands]] to the princes in [[Vladimir II Monomakh|Monomakh's dynasty]], and Roman received [[Torchesk]], [[Trypillia]], [[Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi|Korsun]], [[Bohuslav]], and [[Kaniv]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> Vsevolod Yuryevich, however, threatened to wage war when he learnt of the allocations. Therefore, Roman agreed to relinquish the towns in exchange for comparable domains or a suitable payment in ''kuny''.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik gave the five towns to Vsevolod Yuryevich, who in turn handed over Torchesk to his son-in-law Rostislav, the brother of Roman's wife Predslava.<ref name='Dimnik'/> On learning that his brother-in-law had received Torchesk, Roman accused his father-in-law of having contrived to give the town to his son from the very start.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik warned Roman that they could not afford to alienate Vsevolod Yuryevich because all the princes in Monomakh's dynasty recognized him as their senior prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
On 17 May 1195, Roman's father-in-law Grand Prince Ryurik allocated domains in the Kievan lands to the princes in [[Vladimir II Monomakh|Monomakh's dynasty]], and Roman received [[Torchesk]], [[Trypillia]], [[Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi|Korsun]], [[Bohuslav]], and [[Kaniv|Kanev]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> Vsevolod Yuryevich, however, threatened to wage war when he learnt of the allocations. Therefore, Roman agreed to relinquish the towns in exchange for comparable domains or a suitable payment in ''kuny''.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik gave the five towns to Vsevolod Yuryevich, who in turn handed over Torchesk to his son-in-law Rostislav, the brother of Roman's wife Predslava.<ref name='Dimnik'/> On learning that his brother-in-law had received Torchesk, Roman accused his father-in-law of having contrived to give the town to his son from the very start.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik warned Roman that they could not afford to alienate Vsevolod Yuryevich because all the princes in Monomakh's dynasty recognized him as their senior prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


Roman refused to be mollified and conspired against his father-in-law, turning to Prince [[Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich|Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich of Chernigov]], who agreed to join him.<ref name='Dimnik'/> When Ryurik learnt that Roman had persuaded Yaroslav to seize Kiev, he informed Vsevolod Yuryevich.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Fearing retribution, Roman rode to the Poles, where he was wounded in battle, and he was forced to ask Ryurik Rostislavich for clemency.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Metropolitan Nikifor reconciled the two princes, and Ryurik gave Roman the town of Polonyy (southwest of [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets]]) and a district on the [[Ros River|Ros’]] River.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
Roman refused to be mollified and conspired against his father-in-law, turning to Prince [[Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich|Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich of Chernigov]], who agreed to join him.<ref name='Dimnik'/> When Ryurik learnt that Roman had persuaded Yaroslav to seize Kiev, he informed Vsevolod Yuryevich.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Fearing retribution, Roman rode to the Poles, where he was wounded in battle, and he was forced to ask Ryurik Rostislavich for clemency.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Metropolitan Nikifor reconciled the two princes, and Ryurik gave Roman the town of Polonyy (southwest of [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamianets]]) and a district on the [[Ros River|Ros’]] River.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


In the autumn of 1196, Roman ordered his lieutenants to use Polonyy as their base for raiding the domains belonging to his father-in-law's brother, Prince David Rostislavich of Smolensk, and son, Prince Rostislav Rurikovich of Torchesk.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik retaliated by sending his nephew, Prince [[Mstislav Mstislavich|Mstislav Mstislavich of Trepol]], to Vladimir Yaroslavich of Halych, instructing him to join Mstislav Mstislavich in attacking Roman's lands.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Accordingly, Vladimir and Mstislav razed Roman's district around Peremil, while Rostislav and his forces attacked Roman's district near Kamianets.<ref name='Dimnik'/> At about that time, Roman initiated his repudiation his wife Predslava, Ryurik's daughter, and began threatening to confine her to a [[monastery]].<ref name='Dimnik'/>
In the autumn of 1196, Roman ordered his lieutenants to use Polonyy as their base for raiding the domains belonging to his father-in-law's brother, Prince David Rostislavich of Smolensk, and son, Prince Rostislav Rurikovich of Torchesk.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik retaliated by sending his nephew, Prince [[Mstislav Mstislavich|Mstislav Mstislavich of Trepol]], to Vladimir Yaroslavich of Galicia, instructing him to join Mstislav Mstislavich in attacking Roman's lands.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Accordingly, Vladimir and Mstislav razed Roman's district around Peremil, while Rostislav and his forces attacked Roman's district near Kamianets.<ref name='Dimnik'/> At about that time, Roman initiated his repudiation his wife Predslava, Ryurik's daughter, and began threatening to confine her to a [[monastery]].<ref name='Dimnik'/>


== Prince of Halych and Volodymyr-in-Volhynia ==
== Prince of Galicia–Volhynia ==
In 1198 (or 1199),<ref name='Cawley'/> Vladimir died, creating a political vacuum that a number of claimants were eager to fill.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik could now claim that after the dynasty of Halych became defunct, the territory reverted to the jurisdiction of the prince of Kyiv; the princes of both branches of the Olgovichi (the [[Prince of Chernigov|princes of Chernigov]]) could argue that their marriage ties with the defunct dynasty gave them the right to rule Halych; and the Hungarians had already made a bid for the domain ten years earlier.<ref name='Dimnik'/> The Galicians asked Ryurik for his son Rostislav, but Roman rode to Duke [[Leszek I the White|Leszek I of Poland]] (1194–1227), promising to be at his beck and call if the Polish ruler helped him win Halych.<ref name='Dimnik'/> When the citizens refused to welcome Roman, Leszek besieged the principality, and after capturing it he forced its residents to accept Roman as prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman promised to be subservient to the duke of Poland and to live in peace with his new subjects.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
In 1198 or 1199, Vladimir died, creating a political vacuum that a number of claimants were eager to fill.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik could now claim that after the dynasty of Galicia became defunct, the territory reverted to the jurisdiction of the prince of Kiev; the princes of both branches of the Olgovichi (the [[Prince of Chernigov|princes of Chernigov]]) could argue that their marriage ties with the defunct dynasty gave them the right to rule Galicia; and the Hungarians had already made a bid for the domain ten years earlier.<ref name='Dimnik'/> The Galicians asked Ryurik for his son Rostislav, but Roman rode to Duke [[Leszek I the White|Leszek I of Poland]] (1194–1227), promising to be at his beck and call if the Polish ruler helped him win Galicia.<ref name='Dimnik'/> When the citizens refused to welcome Roman, Leszek besieged the principality, and after capturing it he forced its residents to accept Roman as prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman promised to be subservient to the duke of Poland and to live in peace with his new subjects.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


Roman turned his attention to the Cumans, who were threatening Byzantine interests in the [[Balkan Peninsula]], and agreed to come to the aid of Emperor [[Alexios III Angelos]] (1195–1203). This dealt a severe blow to the [[nomad]]s.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> In 1200, Roman married the Byzantine princess [[Anna-Euphrosyne]], daughter of Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]].<ref name='Vernadsky'/> This tie with Byzantium helped stabilize Galicia's relations with the [[Rus people|Rus’]] population of the Lower Dniester and Lower Danube.<ref>Alexander V. Maiorov, [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/18763316-04203002 The Alliance between Byzantium and Rus’ Before the Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204],''Russian History'', Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 272 – 303. Publication Year : 2015</ref>
Roman turned his attention to the Cumans, who were threatening Byzantine interests in the [[Balkan Peninsula]], and agreed to come to the aid of Emperor [[Alexios III Angelos]] (1195–1203). This dealt a severe blow to the [[nomad]]s.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> In 1200, Roman married the Byzantine princess [[Anna-Euphrosyne]], daughter of Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]].<ref name='Vernadsky'/> This tie with Byzantium helped stabilize Galicia's relations with the [[Rus people|Rus’]] population of the Lower Dniester and Lower Danube.<ref>Alexander V. Maiorov, [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/18763316-04203002 The Alliance between Byzantium and Rus’ Before the Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204],''Russian History'', Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 272 – 303. Publication Year : 2015</ref>
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However, Ryurik and the Olgovichi re-captured Kiev on 2 January 1203.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman asked Vsevolod to broker peace with the Olgovichi, and after he had done the same, on 16 February 1203 he marched against Ryurik in [[Ovruch]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik submitted to Roman and Vsevolod and promised to sever relations with the Olgovichi and the Cumans.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman also advised him to ask Vsevolod to reinstate him in Kiev and promised to support his request.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Consequently, Vsevolod forgave Ryurik and reappointed him to the town.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
However, Ryurik and the Olgovichi re-captured Kiev on 2 January 1203.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman asked Vsevolod to broker peace with the Olgovichi, and after he had done the same, on 16 February 1203 he marched against Ryurik in [[Ovruch]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> Ryurik submitted to Roman and Vsevolod and promised to sever relations with the Olgovichi and the Cumans.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Roman also advised him to ask Vsevolod to reinstate him in Kiev and promised to support his request.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Consequently, Vsevolod forgave Ryurik and reappointed him to the town.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


That winter Ryurik, Roman, and other princes attacked the Cumans and took many captives.<ref name='Dimnik'/> They later met at Trypillia to allocate domains in accordance with the services that each prince had rendered in the defense of Rus’.<ref name='Dimnik'/> But they quarreled, and Roman seized Ryurik, sent him to Kiev, and had him tonsured as a [[monk]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> He also forced Ryurik's wife Anna and daughter Predslava—his own wife whom he had repudiated—into a [[convent]]; and he took Ryurik's sons Rostislav and Vladimir Rurikovich with him to Halych.<ref name='Dimnik'/>
That winter Ryurik, Roman, and other princes attacked the Cumans and took many captives.<ref name='Dimnik'/> They later met at Trypillia to allocate domains in accordance with the services that each prince had rendered in the defense of Rus’.<ref name='Dimnik'/> But they quarreled, and Roman seized Ryurik, sent him to Kiev, and had him tonsured as a [[monk]].<ref name='Dimnik'/> He also forced Ryurik's wife Anna and daughter Predslava—his own wife whom he had repudiated—into a [[convent]]; and he took Ryurik's sons Rostislav and Vladimir Rurikovich with him to Galicia.<ref name='Dimnik'/>


[[File:NevrevN RGalickiyPrinimMIN.jpg|thumb|Roman of Halych receives an ambassador from [[Pope Innocent III]] as imagined by [[Nikolai Nevrev]]]]
[[File:NevrevN RGalickiyPrinimMIN.jpg|thumb|Roman receives an ambassador from [[Pope Innocent III]] as imagined by [[Nikolai Nevrev]]]]
Meanwhile, relations between Roman and Duke Leszek I of Poland had deteriorated for both religious and personal reasons.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Leszek was a devout [[Roman Catholic]], and it was probably at his suggestion that [[Pope Innocent III]] sent his envoys to Roman in 1204, urging him to accept Roman Catholicism and promising to place him under the protection of [[St Peter]]’s sword.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Roman’s answer, as recorded in the [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]], was characteristic enough: pointing to his own sword, he asked the envoys, “Is the Pope’s sword similar to mine? So long as I carry mine, I need no other.”<ref name='Vernadsky'/>
Meanwhile, relations between Roman and Duke Leszek I of Poland had deteriorated for both religious and personal reasons.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Leszek was a devout [[Roman Catholic]], and it was probably at his suggestion that [[Pope Innocent III]] sent his envoys to Roman in 1204, urging him to accept Roman Catholicism and promising to place him under the protection of [[St Peter]]’s sword.<ref name='Vernadsky'/> Roman’s answer, as recorded in the [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]], was characteristic enough: pointing to his own sword, he asked the envoys, “Is the Pope’s sword similar to mine? So long as I carry mine, I need no other.”<ref name='Vernadsky'/>


Leszek and his brother Duke [[Konrad I of Masovia]] undertook a sudden campaign against Roman,<ref name='Vernadsky'/> who was caught unaware and killed in the first battle<ref name='Vernadsky'/> at [[Zawichost]].<ref name='Cawley'/>
Leszek and his brother Duke [[Konrad I of Masovia]] undertook a sudden campaign against Roman,<ref name='Vernadsky'/> who was caught unaware and killed in the first battle<ref name='Vernadsky'/> at [[Zawichost]].


According to another version of the story, Roman wanted to expand his realm at the expense of Poland and died in an ambush while entering Polish territory.<ref>''This desire to extend the boundaries of an already extensive realm proved to be the cause of his undoing. In 1205, while crossing into Polish territory, Roman was killed in an ambush.'' Orest Subtelny, ''Ukraine: a history'', University of Toronto Press, 2000, p. 61.</ref>
According to another version of the story, Roman wanted to expand his realm at the expense of Poland and died in an ambush while entering Polish territory.<ref>''This desire to extend the boundaries of an already extensive realm proved to be the cause of his undoing. In 1205, while crossing into Polish territory, Roman was killed in an ambush.'' Orest Subtelny, ''Ukraine: a history'', University of Toronto Press, 2000, p. 61.</ref>


==Marriage and children==
==Marriage and children==
1. [[Predslava Rurikovna]], a daughter of Grand Prince [[Rurik Rostislavich|Ryurik Rostislavich of Kiev]] and his wife, Anna Yuryevna of Turov<ref name='Cawley'/>
1. [[Predslava Rurikovna]], a daughter of Grand Prince [[Rurik Rostislavich|Ryurik Rostislavich of Kiev]] and his wife, Anna Yuryevna of Turov
:*Fedora Romanovna (?–after 1200), wife of Vasilko Vladimirovich of Halych;<ref name='Cawley'/>
:*Fedora Romanovna (?–after 1200), wife of Vasilko Vladimirovich of Galicia;
:*Elena Romanovna<ref name='Dimnik'/> (or Maria Romanovna) (?–after 1241), wife of Prince [[Michael of Chernigov|Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov]]<ref name='Cawley'/>
:*[[Elena Romanovna]]<ref name='Dimnik'/> (or Maria Romanovna) (?–after 1241), wife of Prince [[Michael of Chernigov|Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov]]
:*(?) Salomea Romanovna (?–before 1220), wife of Duke Swantopolk I of Pommerellen,<ref name='Cawley'/> her mother is uncertain;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150718221222/http://izbornyk.org.ua/dynasty/dyn37.htm Monomakh branch (Volhynia)] at Izbornik</ref>
:*(?) Salomea Romanovna (?–before 1220), wife of Duke Swantopolk I of Pommerellen, her mother is uncertain;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150718221222/http://izbornyk.org.ua/dynasty/dyn37.htm Monomakh branch (Volhynia)] at Izbornik</ref>
2. (1197/1200): [[Anna-Euphrosine]], a relative of Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]]<ref name='Cawley'/>
2. (1197/1200): [[Anna-Euphrosine]], a relative of Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]]
:*King [[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich of Halych]] (1201/1202–1264)<ref name='Cawley'/>
:*King [[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]] of Galicia (1201/1202–1264)
:*King [[Vasylko Romanovich]] of Halych (1203/1204–1269)<ref name='Cawley'/>
:*King [[Vasylko Romanovich]] of Galicia (1203/1204–1269)


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[List of people known as the Great]]


==Notes==
* [[List of Russian rulers]]
{{notelist}}
* [[List of Ukrainian rulers]]
⚫
* [[List of people known as The Great]]


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
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{{s-hou|[[Rurik Dynasty]]||c. 1152|14 October|1205}}
{{s-hou|[[Rurikids|Rurik]]||c. 1152|14 October|1205}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Novgorod]]|before=Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich|years=1168–1170|after=[[Rurik Rostislavich|Ryurik II Rostislavich]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Novgorod]]|before=Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich|years=1168–1170|after=[[Rurik Rostislavich|Ryurik Rostislavich]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia]]|before=[[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav III Izyaslavich]]|years=1170–1189|after=[[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia]]|before=[[Mstislav II of Kiev|Mstislav III Izyaslavich]]|years=1170–1189|after=[[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]}}
{{succession box |title=[[Prince of Galicia|Prince of Halych]]|before=(?) [[Oleg Yaroslavich]]|years=1189|after=[[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew I]]}}
{{succession box |title=[[Prince of Galicia]]|before=(?) [[Oleg Yaroslavich]]|years=1189|after=[[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew I]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia]]|before=[[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]|years=1189–1205|after=[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia]]|before=[[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia|Vsevolod II Mstislavich]]|years=1189–1205|after=[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]}}
{{succession box |title=[[Prince of Galicia|Prince of Halych]]|before=[[Vladimir II Yaroslavich]]|years=1198/99–1205|after=[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]}}
{{succession box |title=[[Prince of Galicia]]|before=[[Vladimir II Yaroslavich]]|years=1198/99–1205|after=[[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel Romanovich]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
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[[Category:1205 deaths]]
[[Category:1205 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Galicia–Volhynia]]
[[Category:People from Galicia–Volhynia]]
[[Category:Romanovichi family]]
[[Category:Romanovichi family| ]]
[[Category:Piast dynasty]]
[[Category:Piast dynasty]]
[[Category:Princes of Halych]]
[[Category:Princes of Halych]]
[[Category:Princes of Novgorod]]
[[Category:Princes of Novgorod]]
[[Category:12th-century princes in Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:12th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:13th-century princes in Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:13th-century princes from Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs]]

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Revision as of 17:16, 24 August 2024

Roman the Great
Contemporary seal of Roman
Prince of Novgorod
Reign1168–1170
PredecessorSvyatoslav IV Rostislavich
SuccessorRurik Rostislavich
Prince of Volhynia
Reign1170–1189
1189–1205
PredecessorMstislav III Izyaslavich
Vsevolod II Mstislavich
SuccessorVsevolod II Mstislavich
Daniel Romanovich
Prince of Galicia
Reign1189
1198/1199–1205
Predecessor(?) Oleg Yaroslavich
Vladimir II Yaroslavich
SuccessorAndrew II
Daniel Romanovich
Bornc. 4 April 1152
Died19 June 1205 (52-53)
Zawichost, Kingdom of Poland
SpousePredslava Rurikovna
Anna-Euphrosyne
IssueFedora Romanovna
Olena Romanovna
Daniel Romanovich
Vasylko Romanovich
HouseRurik
FatherMstislav II of Kiev
MotherAgnes of Poland

Roman Mstislavich[1][a] (c. 4 April 1152 – 19 June 1205), also known as Roman the Great,[2] was Prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), Volhynia (1170–1189; 1189–1205), and Galicia (1189; 1198/99–1205).[1][3][4] He founded the Romanovichi branch of Rurikids,[3] which would rule Galicia–Volhynia until 1340.[5]

By seizing the throne of Galicia, he dominated the western regions of Kievan Rus'.[6] In the early 13th century, Byzantine chroniclers applied the imperial title of autocrate (αύτοκράτωρ) to him, but there is no evidence that he assumed it officially.[6]

He waged two successful campaigns against the Cumans, from which he returned with many rescued captives.[3] The effect of Roman's victory was, however, undermined by new divisions among the princes of Rus'.[6]

Roman died in a battle with the Poles at the Battle of Zawichost.[6]

Early years

He was the eldest son of Mstislav Izyaslavich, Prince of Volhynia at that time, and Agnes, a daughter of Duke Bolesław III of Poland.

Mstislav, who had previously occupied Kiev, sent Roman to Novgorod[1] on 14 April 1168, after the Novgorodians had expelled their prince, Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich. However, Svyatoslav's brothers the princes of Smolensk, and Prince Andrey Yuryevich of Vladimir, who had supported Svyatoslav's rule in Novgorod, spent the rest of the year conspiring and forming alliances against Mstislav.[1] After Mstislav died in August 1170, the Novgorodians expelled Roman and invited Andrey to be prince. Andrey sent Ryurik Rostislavich to rule Novgorod.[1]

Prince of Volhynia

When his father died, Roman was bequeathed the Principality of Volhynia.[3] He subdued the Yotvingians and harnessed the captives to pull the plows on his estates instead of oxen.[6]

He married Predslava Ryurikovna, a daughter of Ryurik Rostislavich, who had followed him in Novgorod. Their eldest daughter, Fedora Romanovna, was married to Vasilko Vladimirovich, a grandson of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl, but Vasilko later repudiated her.

Following the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl on 1 October 1187, trouble began in Galicia, due to the strife between his two sons,[6] Oleg and Vladimir.[1] Roman urged the Galicians to evict Vladimir and make himself their prince,[1] but they failed to either expel or kill Vladimir.[1] However, when the Galicians threatened to kill his wife, Vladimir took her and fled to King Béla III of Hungary (1172–1196).[1] According to a late chronicle, Oleg was appointed by Duke Casimir II of Poland (1177–1194) to rule Galicia, but the Galicians poisoned him and invited Roman to be their prince.[1] When accepting their offer, Roman gave his patrimony of Volhynia to his brother, Vsevolod Mstislavich.[1]

But Béla marched against Roman, intending to reinstate Vladimir,[1] and the Hungarians seized the principality.[6] Instead of returning Galicia to Vladimir, Béla proclaimed his own son, Andrew, its ruler.[6] Roman was forced to flee to Volhynia, but Vsevolod refused him entry.[1] He therefore went to the Poles for help, but when they refused as well. Finally Roman rode to his father-in-law, Ryurik Rostislavich, in Belgorod[1] and solicited military aid from him. Nonetheless, the Hungarian troops repelled his attack.[1] Ryurik did help Roman drive his brother Vsevolod out of Volhynia and reclaim his patrimony.[1]

Meanwhile, Vladimir succeeded in escaping from his dungeon in Hungary, and in 1190 Duke Casimir II sent Polish troops to the Principality of Galicia to support his claims.[6] At the approach of the expedition, the boyars rose up against the Hungarians and expelled the unpopular Andrew.[1][6] Vladimir asked his uncle Prince Vsevolod III Yuryevich of Vladimir to support his rule.[6] Vsevolod Yuryevich demanded that all the princes of Rus', Roman among them, pledge not to challenge Vladimir in Galicia, and they agreed.[1]

On 17 May 1195, Roman's father-in-law Grand Prince Ryurik allocated domains in the Kievan lands to the princes in Monomakh's dynasty, and Roman received Torchesk, Trypillia, Korsun, Bohuslav, and Kanev.[1] Vsevolod Yuryevich, however, threatened to wage war when he learnt of the allocations. Therefore, Roman agreed to relinquish the towns in exchange for comparable domains or a suitable payment in kuny.[1] Ryurik gave the five towns to Vsevolod Yuryevich, who in turn handed over Torchesk to his son-in-law Rostislav, the brother of Roman's wife Predslava.[1] On learning that his brother-in-law had received Torchesk, Roman accused his father-in-law of having contrived to give the town to his son from the very start.[1] Ryurik warned Roman that they could not afford to alienate Vsevolod Yuryevich because all the princes in Monomakh's dynasty recognized him as their senior prince.[1]

Roman refused to be mollified and conspired against his father-in-law, turning to Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, who agreed to join him.[1] When Ryurik learnt that Roman had persuaded Yaroslav to seize Kiev, he informed Vsevolod Yuryevich.[1] Fearing retribution, Roman rode to the Poles, where he was wounded in battle, and he was forced to ask Ryurik Rostislavich for clemency.[1] Metropolitan Nikifor reconciled the two princes, and Ryurik gave Roman the town of Polonyy (southwest of Kamianets) and a district on the Ros’ River.[1]

In the autumn of 1196, Roman ordered his lieutenants to use Polonyy as their base for raiding the domains belonging to his father-in-law's brother, Prince David Rostislavich of Smolensk, and son, Prince Rostislav Rurikovich of Torchesk.[1] Ryurik retaliated by sending his nephew, Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Trepol, to Vladimir Yaroslavich of Galicia, instructing him to join Mstislav Mstislavich in attacking Roman's lands.[1] Accordingly, Vladimir and Mstislav razed Roman's district around Peremil, while Rostislav and his forces attacked Roman's district near Kamianets.[1] At about that time, Roman initiated his repudiation his wife Predslava, Ryurik's daughter, and began threatening to confine her to a monastery.[1]

Prince of Galicia–Volhynia

In 1198 or 1199, Vladimir died, creating a political vacuum that a number of claimants were eager to fill.[1] Ryurik could now claim that after the dynasty of Galicia became defunct, the territory reverted to the jurisdiction of the prince of Kiev; the princes of both branches of the Olgovichi (the princes of Chernigov) could argue that their marriage ties with the defunct dynasty gave them the right to rule Galicia; and the Hungarians had already made a bid for the domain ten years earlier.[1] The Galicians asked Ryurik for his son Rostislav, but Roman rode to Duke Leszek I of Poland (1194–1227), promising to be at his beck and call if the Polish ruler helped him win Galicia.[1] When the citizens refused to welcome Roman, Leszek besieged the principality, and after capturing it he forced its residents to accept Roman as prince.[1] Roman promised to be subservient to the duke of Poland and to live in peace with his new subjects.[1]

Roman turned his attention to the Cumans, who were threatening Byzantine interests in the Balkan Peninsula, and agreed to come to the aid of Emperor Alexios III Angelos (1195–1203). This dealt a severe blow to the nomads.[6] In 1200, Roman married the Byzantine princess Anna-Euphrosyne, daughter of Emperor Isaac II Angelos.[6] This tie with Byzantium helped stabilize Galicia's relations with the Rus’ population of the Lower Dniester and Lower Danube.[7]

Shortly thereafter, Roman began wreaking havoc on domains belonging to Ryurik Rostislavich and other princes.[1] In 1201, Ryurik summoned the Olgovichi to campaign against Roman.[1] Roman pre-empted their attack by rallying the troops of his principality;[1] the Monomashichi and the Black Caps also joined him.[1] The Kievans opened the gates of the podol’ to Roman.[1] He forced Ryurik and the Olgovichi to capitulate; he gave Kiev, with the consent of Vsevolod III Yuryevich, to Prince Ingvar Yaroslavich of Lutsk.[1]

However, Ryurik and the Olgovichi re-captured Kiev on 2 January 1203.[1] Roman asked Vsevolod to broker peace with the Olgovichi, and after he had done the same, on 16 February 1203 he marched against Ryurik in Ovruch.[1] Ryurik submitted to Roman and Vsevolod and promised to sever relations with the Olgovichi and the Cumans.[1] Roman also advised him to ask Vsevolod to reinstate him in Kiev and promised to support his request.[1] Consequently, Vsevolod forgave Ryurik and reappointed him to the town.[1]

That winter Ryurik, Roman, and other princes attacked the Cumans and took many captives.[1] They later met at Trypillia to allocate domains in accordance with the services that each prince had rendered in the defense of Rus’.[1] But they quarreled, and Roman seized Ryurik, sent him to Kiev, and had him tonsured as a monk.[1] He also forced Ryurik's wife Anna and daughter Predslava—his own wife whom he had repudiated—into a convent; and he took Ryurik's sons Rostislav and Vladimir Rurikovich with him to Galicia.[1]

Roman receives an ambassador from Pope Innocent III as imagined by Nikolai Nevrev

Meanwhile, relations between Roman and Duke Leszek I of Poland had deteriorated for both religious and personal reasons.[6] Leszek was a devout Roman Catholic, and it was probably at his suggestion that Pope Innocent III sent his envoys to Roman in 1204, urging him to accept Roman Catholicism and promising to place him under the protection of St Peter’s sword.[6] Roman’s answer, as recorded in the Radziwiłł Chronicle, was characteristic enough: pointing to his own sword, he asked the envoys, “Is the Pope’s sword similar to mine? So long as I carry mine, I need no other.”[6]

Leszek and his brother Duke Konrad I of Masovia undertook a sudden campaign against Roman,[6] who was caught unaware and killed in the first battle[6] at Zawichost.

According to another version of the story, Roman wanted to expand his realm at the expense of Poland and died in an ambush while entering Polish territory.[8]

Marriage and children

1. Predslava Rurikovna, a daughter of Grand Prince Ryurik Rostislavich of Kiev and his wife, Anna Yuryevna of Turov

  • Fedora Romanovna (?–after 1200), wife of Vasilko Vladimirovich of Galicia;
  • Elena Romanovna[1] (or Maria Romanovna) (?–after 1241), wife of Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov
  • (?) Salomea Romanovna (?–before 1220), wife of Duke Swantopolk I of Pommerellen, her mother is uncertain;[9]

2. (1197/1200): Anna-Euphrosine, a relative of Emperor Isaac II Angelos

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian and Ukrainian: Роман Мстиславич

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Dimnik, Martin. The Dynasty of Chernigov - 1146-1246. [page needed]
  2. ^ Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. [page needed]
  3. ^ a b c d "Roman Mstyslavych [Mstyslavyč] (Romanko)". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  4. ^ Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780521859165.
  5. ^ "Romanovych dynasty [Romanovyč]". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Vernadsky, George (1948). Kievan Russia. [page needed]
  7. ^ Alexander V. Maiorov, The Alliance between Byzantium and Rus’ Before the Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204,Russian History, Volume 42, Issue 3, pages 272 – 303. Publication Year : 2015
  8. ^ This desire to extend the boundaries of an already extensive realm proved to be the cause of his undoing. In 1205, while crossing into Polish territory, Roman was killed in an ambush. Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a history, University of Toronto Press, 2000, p. 61.
  9. ^ Monomakh branch (Volhynia) at Izbornik

Sources

  • Dimnik, Martin: The Dynasty of Chernigov - 1146-1246; Cambridge University Press, 2003, Cambridge; ISBN 978-0-521-03981-9.
  • Subtelny, Orest: Ukraine: A History; University of Toronto Press, 2000, Toronto, Buffalo & London; ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
  • Vernadsky, George: Kievan Russia; Yale University Press, 1948, New Haven and London; ISBN 0-300-01647-6.
Roman the Great
Born: c. 1152 Died: 14 October 1205
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich
 Prince of Novgorod
1168–1170 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia
1170–1189 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Galicia
1189 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia
1189–1205 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Galicia
1198/99–1205 		Succeeded by
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