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Precised the presence of Telugu-origins having people in that community
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{{short description|Ethnic group of South Indian Tamil origin in Réunion}}
{{distinguish|Malabars}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Malbars
| group = Malbars
|population = 180,000<ref name="diaspora">[http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf] (page 8)</ref>
| population = 180,000<ref name="diaspora">[http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821114441/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf |date=2010-08-21 }} (page 8)</ref>
|popplace = [[Saint-André, Réunion|Saint-André]], [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]]
| popplace = [[Saint-André, Réunion|Saint-André]], [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]]
|langs =[[French language|French]], [[Réunion Creole]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
| langs = [[French language|French]], [[Réunion Creole]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
|rels = [[Christianity]] (principally [[Catholicism]]), [[Hinduism]], [[syncretic religion]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[syncretic religion]], [[Indic religions]]
|related-c = [[Indo-Réunionnais]], [[Tamils]], [[Dravidians]]
| related-c = [[Indo-Réunionnais]], [[Tamils]], [[Telugus]]
}}
}}


'''Malbars''' or '''Malabars''' are an ethnic group of [[South India]]n [[Tamils|Tamil]] origin in [[Réunion]], a French island in the Southwest [[Indian Ocean]], The Malbars constitute 25% of the population of [[Réunion]] and are estimated to be around 180,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf|title=Réunion|last=|first=|date=|website=The Indian Diaspora|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''Malbars''' or '''Malabars''' are an ethnic group of [[South India]]n origin (primarly from a [[Tamils|Tamil]] background) in [[Réunion]], a French island in the Southwest [[Indian Ocean]], The Malbars constitute 25% of the population of [[Réunion]] and are estimated to be around 180,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf|title=Réunion|website=The Indian Diaspora|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821114441/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf|archive-date=2010-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>


There have been people of South Indian origin on the island since the 17th century, and those were mostly from [[Puducherry|Pondicherry]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Drinking: anthropological approaches Volume 4 of Anthropology of food and nutrition |last=de Garine |first=Valerie |authorlink=Valerie de Garine |year=2001 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn= 9781571818096 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdCJjFrxMewC&pg=PA225&dq=tamil+reunion#v=onepage&q=tamil%20reunion&f=false |accessdate=2009-11-29}}</ref> Most were originally brought in as indentured labourers in the second half of the 19th century and were mostly [[South Indian]] Tamils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in|title=The Indian Diaspora|work=indiandiaspora.nic.in}}</ref> Since then, the Malbars have developed some patterns of behaviour that are not quite those of their ancestors from [[Tamil Nadu]] nor those of the other inhabitants of Réunion.
There have been people of South Indian origin on the island since the 17th century, and those were mostly from [[Pondicherry]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Drinking: anthropological approaches Volume 4 of Anthropology of food and nutrition |last=de Garine |first=Valerie |author-link=Valerie de Garine |year=2001 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn= 9781571818096 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdCJjFrxMewC&q=tamil+reunion&pg=PA225 |access-date=2009-11-29}}</ref> Most were originally brought in as indentured labourers in the second half of the 19th century and were mostly [[South Indian]] Tamils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in|title=The Indian Diaspora|work=indiandiaspora.nic.in|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815081659/http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/|archive-date=2010-08-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, the Malbars have developed some patterns of behaviour that are not quite those of their ancestors from [[Tamil Nadu]] nor those of the other inhabitants of Réunion.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Line 16: Line 18:


==History==
==History==
Indian workers came to Réunion from South India, mostly from French settlements in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry|Pondicherry]], and [[Karaikal]]. Most of these immigrants were ritually low in the [[caste system in India|caste system]].<ref name="ghasarian">
Indian workers came to Réunion from South India, mostly from the current-day [[Tamil Nadu]] but also from [[Andhra Pradesh]], through the French settlements of [[Pondicherry]] (Pondichéry) and [[Karaikal]] (Karikal). Most of these immigrants were ritually low in the [[caste system in India|caste system]].<ref name="ghasarian">
{{cite journal |last1=Ghasarian |first1=Christian |year=1997 |title=We Have the Best Gods! The Encounter Between Hinduism and Christianity in La Réunion |journal=African and Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue= 3|pages=286–295 |doi=10.1163/156852197X00079 }}</ref> Hard living conditions at home were the main reason behind their departure to La Réunion. The immigration of [[indentured workers]] from South India started in 1827 but it was only after 1848 that indentured immigration began on a big scale.<ref>Ghasarian, Christian. 1990. "Indianit La Réunion: gestion d'une double identit", Vibre au pluriel. Production sociale des identits l'le Maurice et l'le de La Réunion, J.L. Albert (ed.), Université de La Réunion/URA 1041 du CNRS.</ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Ghasarian |first1=Christian |year=1997 |title=We Have the Best Gods! The Encounter Between Hinduism and Christianity in La Réunion |journal=African and Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue= 3|pages=286–295 |doi=10.1163/156852197X00079 }}</ref> Hard living conditions at home were the main reason behind their departure to La Réunion. The immigration of [[indentured workers]] from South India started in 1827 but it was only after 1848 that indentured immigration began on a big scale.<ref>Ghasarian, Christian. 1990. "Indianit La Réunion: gestion d'une double identit", Vibre au pluriel. Production sociale des identits l'le Maurice et l'le de La Réunion, J.L. Albert (ed.), Université de La Réunion/URA 1041 du CNRS.</ref>

[[File:Malbars à la Réunion.png|200px|thumb|center|Proportion of adults with a name of Indian origin in Réunion in 1960]]


==Acculturation==
==Acculturation==
The French government in Réunion made the first Malbars become Christian.<ref name="ghasarian"/> However, many Malbars were only nominally Christian.<ref name="ghasarian"/> The [[Tamil language]] was lost to [[language shift]].<ref>{{citation|author=N. Nandhivarman|title=The Tamils of Réunion and their hybrid culture|periodical=New Indian Express|year=2009|url=http://www.dravidaperavai.org.in/topic_viewer.php?art=21&xfile=1}}: "Réunion is a typical example of outsourcing by the French East India Company, and its history reveals how an hybrid culture emanated amidst Tamil settlers there, who are Tamils but could not speak Tamil, their mother tongue lost in the interregnum of 5 generations of separation from their homeland ..."</ref>
The French government in Réunion made the first Malbars become Christian.<ref name="ghasarian"/> However, many Malbars were only nominally Christian.<ref name="ghasarian"/> The [[Tamil language]] was lost to [[language shift]].<ref>{{citation|author=N. Nandhivarman|title=The Tamils of Réunion and their hybrid culture|periodical=New Indian Express|year=2009|url=http://www.dravidaperavai.org.in/topic_viewer.php?art=21&xfile=1|access-date=2009-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180458/http://www.dravidaperavai.org.in/topic_viewer.php?art=21&xfile=1|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}: "Réunion is a typical example of outsourcing by the French East India Company, and its history reveals how an hybrid culture emanated amidst Tamil settlers there, who are Tamils but could not speak Tamil, their mother tongue lost in the interregnum of 5 generations of separation from their homeland ..."</ref>


==Recent developments==
==Recent developments==
The Malbars desire to learn their ancestors' culture, and started studying their language and religions especially from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="diaspora"/> Recently many Malbars, particularly those of upper and middle classes, have started to become completely [[Hindu]] rather than nominally Christian.<ref name="Creolisation">
The Malbars desire to learn their ancestors' culture, and started studying their language and religions especially from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="diaspora"/> Recently many Malbars, particularly those of upper and middle classes, have started to become completely [[Hindu]] rather than nominally Christian.<ref name="Creolisation">
{{cite journal |last1=Medea |first1=Laurent |year=2002 |title=Creolisation and Globalisation in a Neo-Colonial Context: the Case of Réunion |journal=Social Identities |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=125–141 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713696595&db=all |doi=10.1080/13504630220132053 }}</ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Medea |first1=Laurent |year=2002 |title=Creolisation and Globalisation in a Neo-Colonial Context: the Case of Réunion |journal=Social Identities |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=125–141 |doi=10.1080/13504630220132053 |s2cid=145370724 }}</ref>

They also now wanted to translate their newly acquired civic and political rights into a gradual and increasing participation in local and other elections. A sit-in protest was organised to support [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lanka Tamils]] by the Réunionnais organisation ''TAMIL SANGAM'' presided by ''Dr Shanmugam''. Hundreds of Tamils and non Tamils protested against the genocide of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lanka Tamils]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/diaspora/reunion.htm|title=Tamil Diaspora - Reunion|author=|date=|website=tamilnation.co|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
A genetic study has shown that the majority of the Indian origins of Malbars lie in the South-east of India. A significantly larger proportion comes from [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="admixture">{{cite journal|title=Inter- and extra-Indian admixture and genetic diversity in Réunion island revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |author=Dubut V, Murail P, Pech N, Thionville MD, Cartault F. |pmid=19397558 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00519.x |volume=73 |issue=Pt 3 |date=May 2009 |pages=314–34|last2=Murail |last3=Pech |last4=Thionville |last5=Cartault }} </ref> The study also showed that 15-20% of the origins of Malbars come from elsewhere than India. Less than 1% comes from Europe.<ref name="admixture"/>
A genetic study has shown that the majority of the Indian origins of Malbars lie in the South-east of India. A significantly larger proportion comes from [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="admixture">{{cite journal|title=Inter- and extra-Indian admixture and genetic diversity in Réunion island revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |author=Dubut V, Murail P, Pech N, Thionville MD, Cartault F. |pmid=19397558 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00519.x |volume=73 |issue=Pt 3 |date=May 2009 |pages=314–34|last2=Murail |last3=Pech |last4=Thionville |last5=Cartault |s2cid=205598437 }}</ref> The study also showed that 15-20% of the origins of Malbars come from elsewhere than India. Less than 1% comes from Europe.<ref name="admixture"/>


==Notable Malbars==
==Notable Malbars==
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* Siva Soupramanien temple, Petit-Bazar on Avenue Ile-of-France, Saint-Andre
* Siva Soupramanien temple, Petit-Bazar on Avenue Ile-of-France, Saint-Andre
* Sri Bala Subramanya temple, Saint Paul
* Sri Bala Subramanya temple, Saint Paul
* Temple du Colosse, Saint André
* Thiru Kalimata Temple, [[Sainte-Marie, Réunion|Sainte-Marie]]
* Thiru Kalimata Temple, [[Sainte-Marie, Réunion|Sainte-Marie]]


Line 52: Line 55:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf Indian Diaspora in Réunion]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821114441/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter6.pdf Indian Diaspora in Réunion]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/andre97440#p/u Réunion Tamils Cavadee]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/andre97440#p/u Réunion Tamils Cavadee]


{{Tamil Diaspora}}
{{Tamil Diaspora}}
{{NRI-PIO}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Réunion topics}}
{{Réunion topics}}


{{authority control}}
[[Category:Réunionnais people of Indian descent| ]]

[[Category:People of Tamil descent from Réunion| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Réunion]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Réunion]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in France]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Telugu diaspora]]

Revision as of 09:59, 23 August 2024

Not to be confused with Malabars.
Malbars
Total population
180,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Saint-André, Saint-Denis
Languages
French, Réunion Creole, Tamil.
Religion
Hinduism, syncretic religion, Indic religions
Related ethnic groups
Indo-Réunionnais, Tamils, Telugus

Malbars or Malabars are an ethnic group of South Indian origin (primarly from a Tamil background) in Réunion, a French island in the Southwest Indian Ocean, The Malbars constitute 25% of the population of Réunion and are estimated to be around 180,000.[2]

There have been people of South Indian origin on the island since the 17th century, and those were mostly from Pondicherry.[3] Most were originally brought in as indentured labourers in the second half of the 19th century and were mostly South Indian Tamils.[4] Since then, the Malbars have developed some patterns of behaviour that are not quite those of their ancestors from Tamil Nadu nor those of the other inhabitants of Réunion.

Etymology

Malbars is derived from the word Malabar, a term which was used often by the French and other Westerners to refer to all Southern Indians, including the Tamils, Malayalees, Telugus and Kannadigas. This term is based on the Malabar region of the present state of Kerala in India[5] This term, applied by the French to Tamil labourers coming to Réunion, has been kept by the latter and others on the island to label their own identity.

History

Indian workers came to Réunion from South India, mostly from the current-day Tamil Nadu but also from Andhra Pradesh, through the French settlements of Pondicherry (Pondichéry) and Karaikal (Karikal). Most of these immigrants were ritually low in the caste system.[6] Hard living conditions at home were the main reason behind their departure to La Réunion. The immigration of indentured workers from South India started in 1827 but it was only after 1848 that indentured immigration began on a big scale.[7]

Proportion of adults with a name of Indian origin in Réunion in 1960

Acculturation

The French government in Réunion made the first Malbars become Christian.[6] However, many Malbars were only nominally Christian.[6] The Tamil language was lost to language shift.[8]

Recent developments

The Malbars desire to learn their ancestors' culture, and started studying their language and religions especially from Tamil Nadu.[1] Recently many Malbars, particularly those of upper and middle classes, have started to become completely Hindu rather than nominally Christian.[9]

Genetics

A genetic study has shown that the majority of the Indian origins of Malbars lie in the South-east of India. A significantly larger proportion comes from Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.[10] The study also showed that 15-20% of the origins of Malbars come from elsewhere than India. Less than 1% comes from Europe.[10]

Notable Malbars

  • Jean-Paul Virapoullé is currently Mayor of Saint Andre and first Vice President of the General Council of Réunion.

Tamil temples

A Tamil temple in Réunion.
  • Chinmaya Mission temple, Quartier Francais, Sainte-Suzanne
  • Siva Soupramanien temple, Saint-Paul
  • Siva-Vishnou-Karli temple, Saint-Paul
  • Siva Soupramanien temple, Petit-Bazar on Avenue Ile-of-France, Saint-Andre
  • Sri Bala Subramanya temple, Saint Paul
  • Temple du Colosse, Saint André
  • Thiru Kalimata Temple, Sainte-Marie

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b [1] Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine (page 8)
  2. ^ "Réunion" (PDF). The Indian Diaspora. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21.
  3. ^ de Garine, Valerie (2001). Drinking: anthropological approaches Volume 4 of Anthropology of food and nutrition. Berghahn Books. p. 225. ISBN 9781571818096. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  4. ^ "The Indian Diaspora". indiandiaspora.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2010-08-15. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  5. ^ "Indentured immigration and social accommodation in La Reunion". berkeley.edu.
  6. ^ a b c Ghasarian, Christian (1997). "We Have the Best Gods! The Encounter Between Hinduism and Christianity in La Réunion". African and Asian Studies. 32 (3): 286–295. doi:10.1163/156852197X00079.
  7. ^ Ghasarian, Christian. 1990. "Indianit La Réunion: gestion d'une double identit", Vibre au pluriel. Production sociale des identits l'le Maurice et l'le de La Réunion, J.L. Albert (ed.), Université de La Réunion/URA 1041 du CNRS.
  8. ^ N. Nandhivarman (2009), "The Tamils of Réunion and their hybrid culture", New Indian Express, archived from the original on 2011-07-21, retrieved 2009-12-11: "Réunion is a typical example of outsourcing by the French East India Company, and its history reveals how an hybrid culture emanated amidst Tamil settlers there, who are Tamils but could not speak Tamil, their mother tongue lost in the interregnum of 5 generations of separation from their homeland ..."
  9. ^ Medea, Laurent (2002). "Creolisation and Globalisation in a Neo-Colonial Context: the Case of Réunion". Social Identities. 8 (1): 125–141. doi:10.1080/13504630220132053. S2CID 145370724.
  10. ^ a b Dubut V, Murail P, Pech N, Thionville MD, Cartault F.; Murail; Pech; Thionville; Cartault (May 2009). "Inter- and extra-Indian admixture and genetic diversity in Réunion island revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 3): 314–34. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00519.x. PMID 19397558. S2CID 205598437.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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