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Operation CHAOS or Operation MHCHAOS was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) domestic espionage project targeting American citizens operating from 1967 to 1974, established by President Lyndon B. Johnson and expanded under President Richard Nixon, whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war, and other protest movements. The operation was launched under Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Richard Helms by chief of counter-intelligence James Jesus Angleton, and headed by Richard Ober.^[1]^[2] The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a global area of operations.^[3]

Background

The CIA was charged with the collection, correlation, and evaluation of intelligence. While the Act does not specify a prohibition on collecting domestic intelligence, or a restriction to only collect foreign intelligence, Executive Order 12333 of 1981 added prohibitions to limit CIA activities. The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding Cuban exiles who could be used in the campaign against Cuba and President Fidel Castro. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a Domestic Operations Division in 1964. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing COINTELPRO.^[4]

The CIA developed numerous operations targeting American dissidents in the US. Many of these programs operated under the CIA's Office of Security, including:^[2]

HTLINGUAL – Directed at letters passing between the United States and the then Soviet Union; the program involved the examination of correspondence to and from individuals or organizations placed on a watchlist.
Project 2 – Directed at infiltration of foreign intelligence targets by agents posing as dissident sympathizers and which, like CHAOS, had placed agents within domestic radical organizations for the purposes of training and establishment of dissident credentials.
Project MERRIMAC – Designed to infiltrate domestic antiwar and radical organizations thought to pose a threat to security of CIA property and personnel.
Project RESISTANCE – Worked with college administrators, campus security and local police to identify anti-war activists and political dissidents without any infiltration taking place.

Scale of operations

When Nixon came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS.^[5] Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of American citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic eavesdropping, utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers.^[3] In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of informants for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups.^[2] Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to Vietnam, such as groups operating within the women's liberation movement.^[1] The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the Israeli embassy, and domestic Jewish groups such as the B'nai B'rith. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a garbage collection company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.^[6]

Targets of Operation CHAOS within the antiwar movement included:^[5]

At its finality, Operation CHAOS contained files on 7,200 Americans, and a computer index totaling 300,000 civilians and approximately 1,000 groups.^[8]

Findings

The aim of the programs was to compile reports on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives."^[8]

DCI Richard Helms informed President Johnson on November 15, 1967, that the CIA had uncovered "no evidence of any contact between the most prominent peace movement leaders and foreign embassies in the U.S. or abroad." Helms repeated this assessment in 1969.^[1] In total, 6 reports were compiled for the White House and 34 for cabinet level officials.^[2]

Expose

The secret program was exposed by investigative journalist Seymour Hersh in a 1974 article in The New York Times entitled Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years.^[1]^[9] Amid the uproar of the Watergate break-in involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS had been closed in 1973.^[4] Further details were revealed in 1975 during Representative Bella Abzug's House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights.^[3] The government, in response to the revelations, felt pressured enough to launch the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, to investigate the depth of the surveillance.^[1] Richard Cheney, then Deputy White House Chief of Staff, is noted as having stated the Rockefeller Commission was to avoid "... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."^[1]

Following the revelations by the Rockefeller Commission, then-DCI George H. W. Bush admitted that "the operation in practice resulted in some improper accumulation of material on legitimate domestic activities."^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Athan Theoharis, Richard H. (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 49, 175, 195, 203, 322. ISBN 0-313-33282-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Napoli, Russell P. (2005). Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation. Nova Publishers. pp. 18–20. ISBN 1-59454-685-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Friedman, John S. (2005). The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World. Macmillan. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-312-42517-1.
^ ^a ^b Lyon, Verne. "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS." Covert Action Information Bulletin, No. 34, Summer 1990, pp. 59-62. Full issue available.
^ ^a ^b Goldstein, Robert Justin (2001). Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976. University of Illinois Press. p. 456. ISBN 0-252-06964-1.
^ Loftus, John; Mark Aarons (April 15, 1997). The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 322. ISBN 0-312-15648-0.
^ Turner, Stansfield. Burn Before Reading. Hyperion, 2005, p. 118. ISBN 9780786867820.
^ ^a ^b Hixson, Walter L. (2000). Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 282. ISBN 0-8153-3534-2.
^ Seymour Hersh (December 22, 1974). "Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". New York Times: 1.

External links

[Theoharis06-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Athan Theoharis, Richard H. (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 49, 175, 195, 203, 322. ISBN 0-313-33282-7.

[Napoli05-2] Napoli, Russell P. (2005). Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation. Nova Publishers. pp. 18–20. ISBN 1-59454-685-1.

[Friedman05-3] Friedman, John S. (2005). The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World. Macmillan. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-312-42517-1.

[Lyon-4] Lyon, Verne. "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS." Covert Action Information Bulletin, No. 34, Summer 1990, pp. 59-62. Full issue available.

[Goldstein01-5] Goldstein, Robert Justin (2001). Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976. University of Illinois Press. p. 456. ISBN 0-252-06964-1.

[Loftus97-6] Loftus, John; Mark Aarons (April 15, 1997). The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 322. ISBN 0-312-15648-0.

[7] Turner, Stansfield. Burn Before Reading. Hyperion, 2005, p. 118. ISBN 9780786867820.

[Hixson00-8] Hixson, Walter L. (2000). Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 282. ISBN 0-8153-3534-2.

[NYT-9] Seymour Hersh (December 22, 1974). "Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". New York Times: 1.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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+{{Short description|Central Intelligence Agency domestic espionage project}}
 {{about|the espionage project|the science fiction novel|Operation Chaos (novel)|Rush Limbaugh's 2008 political strategy|The Rush Limbaugh Show#Operation Chaos}}
-'''Operation CHAOS''' or '''Operation MHCHAOS''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] domestic espionage project targeting the American people from 1967 to 1974, established by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and expanded under President [[Richard Nixon]], whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war and other protest movements. The operation was launched under [[Director of Central Intelligence]] (DCI) [[Richard Helms]] by chief of counter-intelligence [[James Jesus Angleton]], and headed by Richard Ober.<ref name="Theoharis06">{{cite book|title=The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny |last=Athan Theoharis |first=Richard H. |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33282-7 |pages=49,175,195,203,322}}</ref><ref name="Napoli05">{{cite book|title=Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation |first=Russell P. |last=Napoli |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1-59454-685-1 |pages=18–20}}</ref> The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a worldwide area of operations.<ref name="Friedman05">{{cite book|title=The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World |first=John S. |last=Friedman |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-312-42517-1 |pages=278–279}}</ref>
+'''Operation CHAOS''' or '''Operation MHCHAOS''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) domestic [[espionage]] project targeting American citizens operating from 1967 to 1974, established by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and expanded under President [[Richard Nixon]], whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war, and other protest movements. The operation was launched under [[Director of Central Intelligence]] (DCI) [[Richard Helms]] by chief of counter-intelligence [[James Jesus Angleton]], and headed by [[Richard Ober]].<ref name="Theoharis06">{{cite book|title=The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny |last=Athan Theoharis |first=Richard H. |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33282-7 |pages=49,175,195,203,322}}</ref><ref name="Napoli05">{{cite book|title=Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation |first=Russell P. |last=Napoli |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1-59454-685-1 |pages=18–20}}</ref> The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a global area of operations.<ref name="Friedman05">{{cite book|title=The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World |first=John S. |last=Friedman |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-312-42517-1 |pages=278–279}}</ref>
 ==Background==
-The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding [[Cuba]]n exiles who could be used in the [[Cuban Project|campaign against communist Cuba]] and President [[Fidel Castro]]. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a [[Domestic Operations Division]] in 1964. In 1965, President [[Lyndon Johnson]] requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing [[COINTELPRO]].<ref name=Lyon>Lyon, Verne. [https://archive.org/download/the-history-of-operation-chaos-by-verne-lyon-covert-action-information-bulletin-/The%20History%20of%20Operation%20CHAOS%2C%20by%20Verne%20Lyon%20%28CovertAction%20Information%20Bulletin%2C%20No.%2034%2C%20Summer%201990%29%20pp.%2059-62.pdf "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS."] ''[[Covert Action Information Bulletin]]'', No. 34, Summer 1990, pp. 59-62. [https://covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CAIB34-1990-2.pdf Full issue available].</ref>
+The CIA was charged with the collection, correlation, and evaluation of intelligence. While the Act does not specify a prohibition on collecting domestic intelligence, or a restriction to only collect foreign intelligence, [[Executive Order 12333|Executive Order 12333 of 1981]] added prohibitions to limit CIA activities. The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding [[Cuba]]n exiles who could be used in the [[Cuban Project|campaign against Cuba]] and President [[Fidel Castro]]. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a Domestic Operations Division in 1964. In 1965, President [[Lyndon Johnson]] requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing [[COINTELPRO]].<ref name=Lyon>Lyon, Verne. [https://archive.org/download/the-history-of-operation-chaos-by-verne-lyon-covert-action-information-bulletin-/The%20History%20of%20Operation%20CHAOS%2C%20by%20Verne%20Lyon%20%28CovertAction%20Information%20Bulletin%2C%20No.%2034%2C%20Summer%201990%29%20pp.%2059-62.pdf "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS."] ''[[Covert Action Information Bulletin]]'', No. 34, Summer 1990, pp. 59-62. [https://covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CAIB34-1990-2.pdf Full issue available].</ref>
 The CIA developed numerous operations targeting American dissidents in the US.  Many of these programs operated under the [[Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency#Directorate of Support|CIA's Office of Security]], including:<ref name="Napoli05" />
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 ==Scale of operations==
-When President [[Richard Nixon]] came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS.<ref name="Goldstein01">{{cite book|title=Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976 |first=Robert Justin |last=Goldstein |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-06964-1 |page=456}}</ref> Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of United States citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic [[eavesdropping]], utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers.<ref name="Friedman05" /> In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of [[informants]] for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups.<ref name="Napoli05" /> Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to [[Vietnam]], such as groups operating within the [[History of feminism#Late twentieth century: the postwar period and the second wave|women's liberation movement]].<ref name="Theoharis06" /> The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the [[Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.|Israeli embassy]], and domestic [[Jew]]ish groups such as the [[B'nai B'rith]]. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a [[Waste collection|garbage collection]] company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.<ref name="Loftus97">{{cite book|title=The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312110574 |url-access=registration |first=John |last=Loftus |author2=Mark Aarons |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=April 15, 1997 |isbn=0-312-15648-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312110574/page/322 322]}}</ref>
+When Nixon came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS.<ref name="Goldstein01">{{cite book|title=Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976 |first=Robert Justin |last=Goldstein |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-06964-1 |page=456}}</ref> Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of American citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic [[eavesdropping]], utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers.<ref name="Friedman05" /> In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of [[informants]] for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups.<ref name="Napoli05" /> Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to [[Vietnam]], such as groups operating within the [[History of feminism#1940s|women's liberation movement]].<ref name="Theoharis06" /> The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the [[Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.|Israeli embassy]], and domestic [[Jew]]ish groups such as the [[B'nai B'rith]]. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a [[Waste collection|garbage collection]] company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.<ref name="Loftus97">{{cite book|title=The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312110574 |url-access=registration |first=John |last=Loftus |author2=Mark Aarons |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=April 15, 1997 |isbn=0-312-15648-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312110574/page/322 322]}}</ref>
 Targets of Operation CHAOS within the antiwar movement included:<ref name="Goldstein01" />
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 *[[Young Lords]]
 *[[Women Strike for Peace]]
-*[[Ramparts Magazine]]<ref>[[Stansfield Turner|Turner, Stansfield]]. Burn Before Reading. Hyperion, 2005, p. 118.</ref>
+*[[Ramparts (magazine)|''Ramparts'' magazine]]<ref>[[Stansfield Turner|Turner, Stansfield]]. [https://archive.org/details/burnbeforereadin00turn ''Burn Before Reading'']. [[Hachette Books|Hyperion]], 2005, p. 118. {{ISBN|9780786867820}}.</ref>
 At its finality, Operation CHAOS contained files on 7,200 Americans, and a computer index totaling 300,000 civilians and approximately 1,000 groups.<ref name="Hixson00">{{cite book|title=Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict |first=Walter L. |last=Hixson |isbn=0-8153-3534-2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |page=282}}</ref>
 ==Findings==
-The aim of the programs was to compile reports on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives."<ref name="Hixson00">{{cite book|title=Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict |first=Walter L. |last=Hixson |isbn=0-8153-3534-2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |page=282}}</ref>
+The aim of the programs was to compile reports on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives."<ref name="Hixson00"/>
 DCI [[Richard Helms]] informed President Johnson on November 15, 1967, that the CIA had uncovered "no evidence of any contact between the most prominent peace movement leaders and foreign embassies in the U.S. or abroad." Helms repeated this assessment in 1969.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> In total, 6 reports were compiled for the [[White House]] and 34 for [[United States Cabinet|cabinet level]] officials.<ref name="Napoli05" />
+==Expose==
-==American public learns of program==
-The secret program was exposed by investigative journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] in a 1974 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' entitled ''Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years''.<ref name="Theoharis06" /><ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal |title=Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years |author=[[Seymour Hersh]] |date=December 22, 1974 |journal=[[New York Times]] |page=1 |url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/238963-huge-c-i-a-operation-reported-in-u-s-against.html }}</ref> Amid the uproar of the [[Watergate break-in]] involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS had been closed in 1973.<ref name=Lyon/> Further details were revealed in 1975 during Representative [[Bella Abzug]]'s House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights.<ref name="Friedman05" /> The government, in response to the revelations, felt pressured enough to launch the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States]] (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]], to investigate the depth of the surveillance.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> [[Richard Cheney]], then [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]], is noted as having stated the Rockefeller Commission was to avoid "... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."<ref name="Theoharis06" />
+The secret program was exposed by investigative journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] in a 1974 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' entitled ''Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years''.<ref name="Theoharis06" /><ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal |title=Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years |author=Seymour Hersh |author-link=Seymour Hersh |date=December 22, 1974 |journal=[[New York Times]] |page=1 |url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/238963-huge-c-i-a-operation-reported-in-u-s-against.html }}</ref> Amid the uproar of the [[Watergate break-in]] involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS had been closed in 1973.<ref name=Lyon/> Further details were revealed in 1975 during Representative [[Bella Abzug]]'s House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights.<ref name="Friedman05" /> The government, in response to the revelations, felt pressured enough to launch the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States]] (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]], to investigate the depth of the surveillance.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> [[Richard Cheney]], then [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]], is noted as having stated the Rockefeller Commission was to avoid "... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."<ref name="Theoharis06" />
 Following the revelations by the Rockefeller Commission, then-DCI [[George H. W. Bush]] admitted that "the operation in practice resulted in some improper accumulation of material on legitimate domestic activities."<ref name="Friedman05" />
@@ Line 36: / Line 37: @@
 * [[ECHELON]]
 * [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]]
-* [[Project MINARET]]
-* [[Project SHAMROCK]]
 * [[Project Megiddo]]
+* [[Project MINARET]]
 * [[Project Mockingbird]]
+* [[Project SHAMROCK]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 * [http://ciamemoryhole.blogspot.com/search/label/operation%20mhchaos Transcriptions of CIA documents related to Operation MHCHAOS]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-{{Lyndon B. Johnson}}
+{{Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson}}
-{{Richard Nixon}}
+{{Presidency of Richard Nixon}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 58: / Line 59: @@
 [[Category:Central Intelligence Agency domestic surveillance operations]]
 [[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]]
+[[Category:Cold War intelligence operations]]
 [[Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation operations]]
 [[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
 [[Category:History of cryptography]]
+[[Category:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies]]

v t e Lyndon B. Johnson
36th President of the United States (1963–1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961) U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)
Presidency	1963 inauguration Let Us Continue 1965 inauguration Great Society (Model Cities Program) Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Clean Air Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Coinage Act of 1965 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair Housing Act Truth in Lending Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Executive Order 11246 Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Foreign policy Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution "Credibility gap" VISTA 24th Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights Cannabis policy White House preservation State of the Union Address, 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination controversies Johnson desk Presidential transition of Richard Nixon Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations
Life	Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Box 13 scandal Bashir Ahmad
Legacy and memorials	Bibliography Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp
Elections	United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937 1938 United States House of Representatives elections 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections, 1941 1948 United States Senate elections 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 1964 campaign 1968 withdrawal Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 1960 United States presidential election 1964
Public image	Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson LBJ (1991 television film) Path to War (2002 film) All the Way (play, film) Selma (2014 film) LBJ (2017 film)
Family	Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter) Luci Baines Johnson (daughter) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father) Sam Houston Johnson (brother) Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. (grandfather) Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather) George Washington Baines (great-grandfather) Chuck Robb (son-in-law)
← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Category

v t e Richard Nixon
37th President of the United States (1969–1974) 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961) U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953) U.S. Representative for CA–12 (1947–1950)
Presidency	Transition First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine "Bring Us Together" Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords "Peace with Honor" Vietnamization Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 1970 Lincoln Memorial visit 1972 visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Cannabis policy Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. Nixon Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process "I am not a crook" Resignation speech Pardon State of the Union Address (1970 1971 1972 1973 1974) Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations
Life and politics	Richard Nixon Foundation Presidential Library and Museum Birthplace and boyhood home Checkers speech 1958 motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 "Last press conference" Florida White House "La Casa Pacifica" Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration Death and state funeral
Books	Six Crises (1962) Bibliography
Elections	U.S. House of Representatives: 1946 1948 U.S. Senate: 1950 California gubernatorial election: 1962 GOP presidential primaries: 1960 1964 1968 1972 GOP national conventions: 1952 1956 1960 campaign 1968 campaign 1972 campaign Presidential elections: 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972
Popular culture	"Nixon goes to China" Millhouse (1971 film) An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play) Richard (1972 film) Another Nice Mess (1972 film) Four More Years (1972 film) Impeach the President (1973 song) The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film) White House Madness (1975 film) All the President's Men (1976 film) The Public Burning (1977 novel) Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries) Secret Honor (1984 film) Nixon in China (1987 opera) The Final Days (1989 film) Nixon (1995 film) Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film) Futurama (1999 TV series) Dick (1999 film) Nixon's China Game (2000 film) Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film) The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film) Frost–Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film) Black Dynamite (2009 film) "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011 TV episode) Our Nixon (2013 film) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film) Crooked (2015 novel) Elvis & Nixon (2016 film) The Post (2017 film) U.S. postage stamp
Related	Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Richard Nixon mask
Staff	Jack Brennan (aide de camp) Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager) Manolo Sanchez (valet) Rose Mary Woods (secretary)
Family	Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife) Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson) Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter) Francis A. Nixon (father) Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother) Donald Nixon (brother) Edward Nixon (brother)
← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category