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{{Short description|Central Intelligence Agency domestic espionage project}}
{{about|the espionage project|the science fiction novel|Operation Chaos (novel)|Rush Limbaugh's 2008 political strategy|The Rush Limbaugh Show#Operation Chaos}}
{{about|the espionage project|the science fiction novel|Operation Chaos (novel)|Rush Limbaugh's 2008 political strategy|The Rush Limbaugh Show#Operation Chaos}}
⚫
'''Operation CHAOS''' or '''Operation MHCHAOS''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) domestic [[espionage]] project targeting American citizens operating from 1967 to 1974, established by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and expanded under President [[Richard Nixon]], whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war, and other protest movements. The operation was launched under [[Director of Central Intelligence]] (DCI) [[Richard Helms]] by chief of counter-intelligence [[James Jesus Angleton]], and headed by [[Richard Ober]].<ref name="Theoharis06">{{cite book|title=The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny |last=Athan Theoharis |first=Richard H. |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33282-7 |pages=49,175,195,203,322}}</ref><ref name="Napoli05">{{cite book|title=Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation |first=Russell P. |last=Napoli |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1-59454-685-1 |pages=18–20}}</ref> The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a global area of operations.<ref name="Friedman05">{{cite book|title=The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World |first=John S. |last=Friedman |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-312-42517-1 |pages=278–279}}</ref>
[[File:OpChaosdocumentexcerpt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/pdf/ChurchB3_9_CHAOS.pdf CIA Intelligence Collection About Americans: CHAOS and the Office of Security (PDF)]]]

⚫
'''Operation CHAOS''' or '''Operation MHCHAOS''' was the code name for an American domestic espionage project conducted by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] from 1967 to 1974, established by [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Johnson]] and expanded under [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]], whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war and other protest movements. The operation was launched under [[Director of Central Intelligence]] (DCI) [[Richard Helms]], by chief of [[counter-intelligence]], [[James Jesus Angleton]], and headed by Richard Ober. <ref name="Theoharis06">{{cite book|title=The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny |last=Athan Theoharis |first=Richard H. |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33282-7 |pages=49,175,195,203,322}}</ref><ref name="Napoli05">{{cite book|title=Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation |first=Russell P. |last=Napoli |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1-59454-685-1 |pages=18–20}}</ref> The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a worldwide area of operations.<ref name="Friedman05">{{cite book|title=The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World |first=John S. |last=Friedman |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-312-42517-1 |pages=278–279}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding Cuban exiles they could use in the [[Cuban Project|campaign]] against communist Cuba and Fidel Castro. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a [[Domestic Operations Division]] in 1964. In 1965, President [[Lyndon Johnson]] requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing [[COINTELPRO]].<ref name=Lyon>Verne Lyon, "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS", ''[[Covert Action Information Bulletin]]'', Summer 1990.</ref>
The CIA was charged with the collection, correlation, and evaluation of intelligence. While the Act does not specify a prohibition on collecting domestic intelligence, or a restriction to only collect foreign intelligence, [[Executive Order 12333|Executive Order 12333 of 1981]] added prohibitions to limit CIA activities. The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding [[Cuba]]n exiles who could be used in the [[Cuban Project|campaign against Cuba]] and President [[Fidel Castro]]. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a Domestic Operations Division in 1964. In 1965, President [[Lyndon Johnson]] requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing [[COINTELPRO]].<ref name=Lyon>Lyon, Verne. [https://archive.org/download/the-history-of-operation-chaos-by-verne-lyon-covert-action-information-bulletin-/The%20History%20of%20Operation%20CHAOS%2C%20by%20Verne%20Lyon%20%28CovertAction%20Information%20Bulletin%2C%20No.%2034%2C%20Summer%201990%29%20pp.%2059-62.pdf "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS."] ''[[Covert Action Information Bulletin]]'', No. 34, Summer 1990, pp. 59-62. [https://covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CAIB34-1990-2.pdf Full issue available].</ref>


The CIA developed numerous operations targeting domestic dissent, many operating under the CIA's Office of Security. These included:<ref name="Napoli05" />
The CIA developed numerous operations targeting American dissidents in the US. Many of these programs operated under the [[Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency#Directorate of Support|CIA's Office of Security]], including:<ref name="Napoli05" />
*[[HTLINGUAL]] – Directed at letters passing between the United States and the then Soviet Union, the program involved the examination of correspondence to and from individuals or organizations placed on a watchlist.
*[[HTLINGUAL]] – Directed at letters passing between the United States and the then Soviet Union; the program involved the examination of correspondence to and from individuals or organizations placed on a watchlist.
*Project 2 – Directed at infiltration of foreign intelligence targets by agents posing as dissident sympathizers and which, like CHAOS, had placed agents within domestic radical organizations for the purposes of training and establishment of dissident credentials.
*Project 2 – Directed at infiltration of foreign intelligence targets by agents posing as dissident sympathizers and which, like CHAOS, had placed agents within domestic radical organizations for the purposes of training and establishment of dissident credentials.
*[[Project MERRIMAC]] – Designed to infiltrate domestic antiwar and radical organizations thought to pose a threat to security of CIA property and personnel.
*[[Project MERRIMAC]] – Designed to infiltrate domestic antiwar and radical organizations thought to pose a threat to security of CIA property and personnel.
*[[Project RESISTANCE]] – Worked with college administrators, campus security and local police to identify anti-war activists and [[political dissident]]s without any infiltration taking place
*[[Project RESISTANCE]] – Worked with college administrators, campus security and local police to identify anti-war activists and [[political dissident]]s without any infiltration taking place.
*Domestic Contact Service – Focused on collecting foreign intelligence from willing Americans.


⚫
==Scale of operations==
==Consolidation==
⚫
When Nixon came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS.<ref name="Goldstein01">{{cite book|title=Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976 |first=Robert Justin |last=Goldstein |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-06964-1 |page=456}}</ref> Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of American citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic [[eavesdropping]], utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers.<ref name="Friedman05" /> In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of [[informants]] for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups.<ref name="Napoli05" /> Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to [[Vietnam]], such as groups operating within the [[History of feminism#1940s|women's liberation movement]].<ref name="Theoharis06" /> The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the [[Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.|Israeli embassy]], and domestic [[Jew]]ish groups such as the [[B'nai B'rith]]. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a [[Waste collection|garbage collection]] company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.<ref name="Loftus97">{{cite book|title=The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312110574 |url-access=registration |first=John |last=Loftus |author2=Mark Aarons |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=April 15, 1997 |isbn=0-312-15648-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312110574/page/322 322]}}</ref>

⚫
When President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS.<ref name="Goldstein01">{{cite book|title=Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976 |first=Robert Justin |last=Goldstein |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-06964-1 |page=456}}</ref> Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of United States citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic [[eavesdropping]], utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers.<ref name="Friedman05" /> In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of [[informants]] for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups.<ref name="Napoli05" /> Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to [[Vietnam]], such as groups operating within the [[History of feminism#Late twentieth century: the postwar period and the second wave|women's liberation movement]].<ref name="Theoharis06" /> The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the [[Israel]]i embassy, and domestic Jewish groups such as the [[B'nai B'rith]]. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a [[Waste collection|garbage collection]] company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.<ref name="Loftus97">{{cite book|title=The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People |first=John |last=Loftus |author2=Mark Aarons |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=April 15, 1997 |isbn=0-312-15648-0 |page=322}}</ref>


Targets of Operation CHAOS within the antiwar movement included:<ref name="Goldstein01" />
Targets of Operation CHAOS within the antiwar movement included:<ref name="Goldstein01" />
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*[[Young Lords]]
*[[Young Lords]]
*[[Women Strike for Peace]]
*[[Women Strike for Peace]]
*[[Ramparts Magazine]]<ref>Burn Before Reading, Stansfield Turner, 2005, Hyperion. p 118</ref>
*[[Ramparts (magazine)|''Ramparts'' magazine]]<ref>[[Stansfield Turner|Turner, Stansfield]]. [https://archive.org/details/burnbeforereadin00turn ''Burn Before Reading'']. [[Hachette Books|Hyperion]], 2005, p. 118. {{ISBN|9780786867820}}.</ref>


Officially, reports were to be compiled on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives." At its finality, Operation CHAOS contained files on 7,200 Americans, and a computer index totaling 300,000 civilians and approximately 1,000 groups.<ref name="Hixson00">{{cite book|title=Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict |first=Walter L. |last=Hixson |isbn=0-8153-3534-2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |page=282}}</ref> The initial result of investigations lead DCI Richard Helms to advise then President Johnson on November 15, 1967, that the agency had uncovered "no evidence of any contact between the most prominent peace movement leaders and foreign embassies in the U.S. or abroad." Helms repeated this assessment in 1969.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> In total 6 reports were compiled for the [[White House]] and 34 for [[United States Cabinet|cabinet level]] officials.<ref name="Napoli05" />
At its finality, Operation CHAOS contained files on 7,200 Americans, and a computer index totaling 300,000 civilians and approximately 1,000 groups.<ref name="Hixson00">{{cite book|title=Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict |first=Walter L. |last=Hixson |isbn=0-8153-3534-2 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |page=282}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Findings==
The aim of the programs was to compile reports on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives."<ref name="Hixson00"/>
⚫
In 1973, amid the uproar of the [[Watergate scandal|Watergate break-in]], involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS was closed.<ref name=Lyon/> The secret nature of the former program however was exposed in 1974 when [[Seymour Hersh]] published an article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' titled ''Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years''.<ref name="Theoharis06" /><ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal |title=Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years |author=[[Seymour Hersh]] |date=December 22, 1974 |journal=[[New York Times]] |page=1 |url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/238963-huge-c-i-a-operation-reported-in-u-s-against.html }}</ref> The following year, further details were revealed during [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Bella Abzug]]'s House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights.<ref name="Friedman05" /> The government, in response to the revelations, launched the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States]] (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Nelson Rockefeller]], to investigate the depth of the surveillance.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> [[Richard Cheney]], then [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]], is noted as stating of the Rockefeller Commission; it was to avoid " ... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."<ref name="Theoharis06" />

DCI [[Richard Helms]] informed President Johnson on November 15, 1967, that the CIA had uncovered "no evidence of any contact between the most prominent peace movement leaders and foreign embassies in the U.S. or abroad." Helms repeated this assessment in 1969.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> In total, 6 reports were compiled for the [[White House]] and 34 for [[United States Cabinet|cabinet level]] officials.<ref name="Napoli05" />

==Expose==
⚫
The secret program was exposed by investigative journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] in a 1974 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' entitled ''Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years''.<ref name="Theoharis06" /><ref name="NYT">{{Cite journal |title=Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years |author=Seymour Hersh |author-link=Seymour Hersh |date=December 22, 1974 |journal=[[New York Times]] |page=1 |url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/238963-huge-c-i-a-operation-reported-in-u-s-against.html }}</ref> Amid the uproar of the [[Watergate break-in]] involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS had been closed in 1973.<ref name=Lyon/> Further details were revealed in 1975 during Representative [[Bella Abzug]]'s House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights.<ref name="Friedman05" /> The government, in response to the revelations, felt pressured enough to launch the [[United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States|Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States]] (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]], to investigate the depth of the surveillance.<ref name="Theoharis06" /> [[Richard Cheney]], then [[Deputy White House Chief of Staff]], is noted as having stated the Rockefeller Commission was to avoid "... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."<ref name="Theoharis06" />


Following the revelations by the Rockefeller Commission, then-DCI [[George H. W. Bush]] admitted that "the operation in practice resulted in some improper accumulation of material on legitimate domestic activities."<ref name="Friedman05" />
Following the revelations by the Rockefeller Commission, then-DCI [[George H. W. Bush]] admitted that "the operation in practice resulted in some improper accumulation of material on legitimate domestic activities."<ref name="Friedman05" />


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Covert operation]]
* [[ECHELON]]
* [[ECHELON]]
* [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]]
* [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]]
* [[Project MERRIMAC]]
* [[Project Megiddo]]
* [[Project MINARET]]
* [[Project MINARET]]
* [[Project RESISTANCE]]
* [[Project Mockingbird]]
* [[Project SHAMROCK]]
* [[Project SHAMROCK]]
* [[Project Megiddo]]
* [[COINTELPRO]]
* [[FISA Court]]
* [[Operation Mockingbird]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 53: Line 50:
* [http://www.maebrussell.com/Mae%20Brussell%20Articles/Operation%20Chaos.html Operation Chaos: The CIA's War Against the Sixties Counter-Culture]
* [http://www.maebrussell.com/Mae%20Brussell%20Articles/Operation%20Chaos.html Operation Chaos: The CIA's War Against the Sixties Counter-Culture]
* [http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIi.htm Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities: United States Senate - CIA Intelligence Collection about Americans: CHAOS and the Office of Security]
* [http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIi.htm Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities: United States Senate - CIA Intelligence Collection about Americans: CHAOS and the Office of Security]
* [http://ciamemoryhole.blogspot.com/search/label/operation%20mhchaos Transcriptions of CIA documents related to Operation MHCHAOS]
* [http://ciamemoryhole.blogspot.com/search/label/operation%20mhchaos Transcriptions of CIA documents related to Operation MHCHAOS]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


{{Lyndon B. Johnson}}
{{Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson}}
{{Richard Nixon}}
{{Presidency of Richard Nixon}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|38|57|06|N|77|08|48|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:CHAOS, Operation}}
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency domestic surveillance operations]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]]
[[Category:Cold War intelligence operations]]
[[Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation operations]]
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[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:History of cryptography]]
[[Category:History of cryptography]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency domestic surveillance operations]]
[[Category:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies]]
⚫
[[Category:FBI operations]]
⚫
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 08:39, 23 August 2024

This article is about the espionage project. For the science fiction novel, see Operation Chaos (novel). For Rush Limbaugh's 2008 political strategy, see The Rush Limbaugh Show § Operation Chaos.

Operation CHAOS or Operation MHCHAOS was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) domestic espionage project targeting American citizens operating from 1967 to 1974, established by President Lyndon B. Johnson and expanded under President Richard Nixon, whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war, and other protest movements. The operation was launched under Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Richard Helms by chief of counter-intelligence James Jesus Angleton, and headed by Richard Ober.[1][2] The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a global area of operations.[3]

Background

[edit]

The CIA was charged with the collection, correlation, and evaluation of intelligence. While the Act does not specify a prohibition on collecting domestic intelligence, or a restriction to only collect foreign intelligence, Executive Order 12333 of 1981 added prohibitions to limit CIA activities. The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding Cuban exiles who could be used in the campaign against Cuba and President Fidel Castro. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a Domestic Operations Division in 1964. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing COINTELPRO.[4]

The CIA developed numerous operations targeting American dissidents in the US. Many of these programs operated under the CIA's Office of Security, including:[2]

  • HTLINGUAL – Directed at letters passing between the United States and the then Soviet Union; the program involved the examination of correspondence to and from individuals or organizations placed on a watchlist.
  • Project 2 – Directed at infiltration of foreign intelligence targets by agents posing as dissident sympathizers and which, like CHAOS, had placed agents within domestic radical organizations for the purposes of training and establishment of dissident credentials.
  • Project MERRIMAC – Designed to infiltrate domestic antiwar and radical organizations thought to pose a threat to security of CIA property and personnel.
  • Project RESISTANCE – Worked with college administrators, campus security and local police to identify anti-war activists and political dissidents without any infiltration taking place.

Scale of operations

[edit]

When Nixon came to office in 1969, existing domestic surveillance activities were consolidated into Operation CHAOS.[5] Operation CHAOS first used CIA stations abroad to report on antiwar activities of American citizens traveling abroad, employing methods such as physical surveillance and electronic eavesdropping, utilizing "liaison services" in maintaining such surveillance. The operations were later expanded to include 60 officers.[3] In 1969, following the expansion, the operation began developing its own network of informants for the purposes of infiltrating various foreign antiwar groups located in foreign countries that might have ties to domestic groups.[2] Eventually, CIA officers expanded the program to include other leftist or counter-cultural groups with no discernible connection to Vietnam, such as groups operating within the women's liberation movement.[1] The domestic spying of Operation CHAOS also targeted the Israeli embassy, and domestic Jewish groups such as the B'nai B'rith. In order to gather intelligence on the embassy and B'nai B'rith, the CIA purchased a garbage collection company to collect documents that were to be destroyed.[6]

Targets of Operation CHAOS within the antiwar movement included:[5]

At its finality, Operation CHAOS contained files on 7,200 Americans, and a computer index totaling 300,000 civilians and approximately 1,000 groups.[8]

Findings

[edit]

The aim of the programs was to compile reports on "illegal and subversive" contacts between United States civilian protesters and "foreign elements" which "might range from casual contacts based merely on mutual interest to closely controlled channels for party directives."[8]

DCI Richard Helms informed President Johnson on November 15, 1967, that the CIA had uncovered "no evidence of any contact between the most prominent peace movement leaders and foreign embassies in the U.S. or abroad." Helms repeated this assessment in 1969.[1] In total, 6 reports were compiled for the White House and 34 for cabinet level officials.[2]

Expose

[edit]

The secret program was exposed by investigative journalist Seymour Hersh in a 1974 article in The New York Times entitled Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years.[1][9] Amid the uproar of the Watergate break-in involving two former CIA officers, Operation CHAOS had been closed in 1973.[4] Further details were revealed in 1975 during Representative Bella Abzug's House Subcommittee on Government Information and individual Rights.[3] The government, in response to the revelations, felt pressured enough to launch the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States (The Rockefeller Commission), led by then Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, to investigate the depth of the surveillance.[1] Richard Cheney, then Deputy White House Chief of Staff, is noted as having stated the Rockefeller Commission was to avoid "... congressional efforts to further encroach on the executive branch."[1]

Following the revelations by the Rockefeller Commission, then-DCI George H. W. Bush admitted that "the operation in practice resulted in some improper accumulation of material on legitimate domestic activities."[3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Athan Theoharis, Richard H. (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 49, 175, 195, 203, 322. ISBN 0-313-33282-7.
  2. ^ a b c d Napoli, Russell P. (2005). Intelligence Identities Protection Act and Its Interpretation. Nova Publishers. pp. 18–20. ISBN 1-59454-685-1.
  3. ^ a b c d Friedman, John S. (2005). The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World. Macmillan. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-312-42517-1.
  4. ^ a b Lyon, Verne. "Domestic Surveillance: The History of Operation CHAOS." Covert Action Information Bulletin, No. 34, Summer 1990, pp. 59-62. Full issue available.
  5. ^ a b Goldstein, Robert Justin (2001). Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976. University of Illinois Press. p. 456. ISBN 0-252-06964-1.
  6. ^ Loftus, John; Mark Aarons (April 15, 1997). The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed The Jewish People. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 322. ISBN 0-312-15648-0.
  7. ^ Turner, Stansfield. Burn Before Reading. Hyperion, 2005, p. 118. ISBN 9780786867820.
  8. ^ a b Hixson, Walter L. (2000). Military Aspects of the Vietnam Conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 282. ISBN 0-8153-3534-2.
  9. ^ Seymour Hersh (December 22, 1974). "Huge CIA Operation Reported in US Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". New York Times: 1.
[edit]
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