Hindu Mahasabha: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
CharlesWain (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1241458522 by 99.231.43.144 (talk) |
||
(33 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown) | |||
Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
|position = {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book|first=L|last=Delap|publisher=Springer|page=152|year=2013|title=Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=P.R.|last=Kumaraswamy|title=India's Israel Policy|year=2010|page=159|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name=Clemens>{{cite book|first=Clemens|last=Six|title=Secularism, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in South and Southeast Asia|quote=The Hindu Mahasabha, a far-right Hindu nationalist political party|publisher=Routledge|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Luce|first=Henry Robinson|date=17 October 1949|title=INDIA: Anchor for Asia|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|page=33|publisher=Time Incorporated|volume=54}}</ref>}} |
|position = {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book|first=L|last=Delap|publisher=Springer|page=152|year=2013|title=Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=P.R.|last=Kumaraswamy|title=India's Israel Policy|year=2010|page=159|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name=Clemens>{{cite book|first=Clemens|last=Six|title=Secularism, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in South and Southeast Asia|quote=The Hindu Mahasabha, a far-right Hindu nationalist political party|publisher=Routledge|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Luce|first=Henry Robinson|date=17 October 1949|title=INDIA: Anchor for Asia|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|page=33|publisher=Time Incorporated|volume=54}}</ref>}} |
||
|colours = {{Colorsample|#FF9933}} [[Saffron (colour)|Saffron]] |
|colours = {{Colorsample|#FF9933}} [[Saffron (colour)|Saffron]] |
||
|website = {{ |
|website = {{URL|https://abhm.org.in/}} |
||
|flag = Hindu Mahasabha.png |
|||
|symbol = [[File:Horse and rider Indian election symbol.png|150px]]<ref name=symbol>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/history-of-election-symbols-how-they-still-help-to-connect-with-the-masses/articleshow/25961306.cms |title=Congress: History of election symbols: How they still help to connect with the masses |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=18 November 2013 |author=Vikram Doctor |access-date= |
|symbol = [[File:Horse and rider Indian election symbol.png|150px]]<ref name=symbol>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/history-of-election-symbols-how-they-still-help-to-connect-with-the-masses/articleshow/25961306.cms |title=Congress: History of election symbols: How they still help to connect with the masses |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=18 November 2013 |author=Vikram Doctor |access-date=18 October 2021 |quote=Other parties were happier with what they got – the Hindu Mahasabha had a suitably aggressive horse and rider.. |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018101747/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/history-of-election-symbols-how-they-still-help-to-connect-with-the-masses/articleshow/25961306.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
|dissolution=|merged=}} |
|dissolution=|merged=}} |
||
[[Image:Savarkaringroup.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A group photo taken in [[Shimoga]] in 1944 when [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (seated fourth from right, second row) came to address the State-level Hindu Mahasabha conference. The late Bhoopalam Chandrashekariah, president of the Hindu Mahasabha State unit, is seated to Savarkar's left.]] |
[[Image:Savarkaringroup.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A group photo taken in [[Shimoga]] in 1944 when [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (seated fourth from right, second row) came to address the State-level Hindu Mahasabha conference. The late Bhoopalam Chandrashekariah, president of the Hindu Mahasabha State unit, is seated to Savarkar's left.]] |
||
Line 31: | Line 32: | ||
'''Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha''' ({{literally|All-India Hindu Grand Assembly}}) is a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] political party in [[India]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}}<ref name="McDermottGordon2014">{{cite book|last1=McDermott|first1=Rachel Fell|last2=Gordon|first2=Leonard A.|last3=Embree|first3=Ainslie T.|first4=Frances W. |last4=Pritchett |first5=Dennis |last5=Dalton|title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439|year=2014|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51092-9|pages=439–}}</ref><ref name="Klostermaier1989">{{cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|title=A Survey of Hinduism: First Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltn3OuF_i4sC&pg=PA403|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-807-2|pages=403–}}</ref> |
'''Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha''' ({{literally|All-India Hindu Grand Assembly}}) is a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] political party in [[India]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}}<ref name="McDermottGordon2014">{{cite book|last1=McDermott|first1=Rachel Fell|last2=Gordon|first2=Leonard A.|last3=Embree|first3=Ainslie T.|first4=Frances W. |last4=Pritchett |first5=Dennis |last5=Dalton|title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439|year=2014|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51092-9|pages=439–}}</ref><ref name="Klostermaier1989">{{cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|title=A Survey of Hinduism: First Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltn3OuF_i4sC&pg=PA403|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-807-2|pages=403–}}</ref> |
||
Founded in 1915, the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of [[Sanātanī|orthodox]] [[Hindus]] before the [[British Raj]] |
Founded in 1915 by [[Madan Mohan Malviya]], the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of [[Sanātanī|orthodox]] [[Hindus]] before the [[British Raj]] from within the [[Indian National Congress]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} In the 1930s, it emerged as a distinct party under the leadership of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], who developed the concept of [[Hindutva]] ("Hinduness") and became a fierce opponent of the western, secular nationalism espoused by the Congress. |
||
During the [[World War II]], the Mahasabha supported the British war effort and briefly entered coalitions with the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in provincial and central councils. After the [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination]] of Indian leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by Hindu Mahasabha activist [[Nathuram Godse]], the Mahasabha's fortunes diminished in Indian politics, and it was soon eclipsed by the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. |
During the [[World War II]], the Mahasabha supported the British war effort and briefly entered coalitions with the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in provincial and central legislative councils. After the [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination]] of Indian leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by a Hindu Mahasabha activist [[Nathuram Godse]], the Mahasabha's fortunes diminished in post-Independence Indian politics, and it was soon eclipsed by the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. |
||
==Name== |
==Name== |
||
Line 40: | Line 41: | ||
==History== |
==History== |
||
===Antecedents=== |
===Antecedents=== |
||
Local forerunners of the Hindu Mahasabha emerged in connection with the disputes after the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal in 1905]] in British India. Under the then viceroy [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the division of the province of Bengal was |
Local forerunners of the Hindu Mahasabha emerged in connection with the disputes after the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal in 1905]] in British India. Under the then viceroy [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the division of the province of Bengal was into two new provinces of East Bengal and Assam, as well as Bengal. The new province of Bengal had a Hindu majority, the province of East Bengal and Assam was mostly Muslim. The British administration justified the division for religious reasons. |
||
The formation of the [[All India Muslim League]] in 1906{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=16}} and the [[British India]] government's creation of separate [[Muslim]] electorate under the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Morley-Minto reforms]] of 1909{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=3}} was a catalyst for [[Hindu]] leaders coming together to create an organisation to protect the rights of the [[Hindus|Hindu community]] members.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=16}} |
The formation of the [[All India Muslim League]] in 1906{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=16}} and the [[British India]] government's creation of separate [[Muslim]] electorate under the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Morley-Minto reforms]] of 1909{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=3}} was a catalyst for [[Hindu]] leaders coming together to create an organisation to protect the rights of the [[Hindus|Hindu community]] members.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=16}} |
||
In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Punjab Hindu Assembly").{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=17}} The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community". |
In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Punjab Hindu Assembly").{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=17}} The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community". On 21–22 October 1909, it organised the Punjab Provincial Hindu Conference, which criticised the [[Indian National Congress]] for failing to defend Hindu interests and called for the promotion of Hindu-centered politics. In this conference, Sabha leaders strongly proposed that Hindus need a separate nation and that Muslims should not be given any rights in that nation. The Sabha organised five more annual provincial conferences in Punjab.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=17-20}} |
||
The development of the broad |
The development of the broad civic framework for Hindu unity that started in the early 20th century in [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] was a precursor for the formation of the All India Hindu Sabha. Over the next few years, several such Hindu Sabhas were established outside Punjab, including in United Provinces, Bihar, Bengal, [[Central Provinces and Berar]], and [[Bombay Presidency]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=43}} |
||
A formal move to establish an umbrella All-India Hindu Sabha was made at the Allahabad session of Congress in 1910. A committee headed by Lala Baij Nath was set up to draw |
A formal move to establish an umbrella All-India Hindu Sabha was made at the Allahabad session of Congress in 1910. A committee headed by Lala Baij Nath was set up to draw a constitution, but it did not make much progress. Another conference of Hindu leaders in Allahabad also took the initial step to establish an All India Hindu Sabha in 1910, but this organisation did not become operational due to factional strife. On 8 December 1913, the Punjab Hindu Sabha passed a resolution to create an All India Hindu Sabha at its [[Ambala]] session. The Conference proposed holding a general conference of Hindu leaders from all over India during 1915 [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Kumbh Mela in Haridwar]].{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=17-20}} |
||
===Establishment=== |
===Establishment=== |
||
Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at [[Haridwar]] (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, ''Sarvadeshak'' (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and [[Swami Shraddhanand]] were also present at the conference and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=17-20}} The Sabha |
Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at [[Haridwar]] (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, ''Sarvadeshak'' (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and [[Swami Shraddhanand]] were also present at the conference and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=17-20}} The Sabha emphasized Hindu solidarity and the need for social reform.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=17-20}} |
||
At its sixth session in April 1921, the ''Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha'' formally changed its name to ''Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha'' on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=20}} |
At its sixth session in April 1921, the ''Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha'' formally changed its name to ''Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha'' on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=20}} |
||
Amongst the Mahasabha's early leaders |
Amongst the Mahasabha's early leaders were the prominent nationalists, educationalists and |
||
four |
four-time [[Indian National Congress]] president Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], who founded the [[Benaras Hindu University]], the Punjabi populist [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Lajpat Rai's mentor [[Navin Chandra Rai]]<ref>autobiography of Lajpat Rai</ref><ref>ISBN 9781315180076</ref> of the [https://www.hindusamaj.in/mission Hindu Samaj] who chaired the special Congress session of 1920 held at Lahore which gave the call for non-cooperation. Under Malaviya, the Mahasabha campaigned for Hindu political unity, for the education and economic development of Hindus as well as for the conversion of Muslims to Hinduism. |
||
===Indian independence movement=== |
===Indian independence movement=== |
||
The Hindu Mahasabha did not unconditionally support the [[Indian independence movement]] against British rule in India.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=40}} However, it became part of movement on its |
The Hindu Mahasabha did not unconditionally support the [[Indian independence movement]] against British rule in India.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=40}} However, it became part of the movement on its conditions and with regards to protecting the interests of the Hindus. For example, it boycotted the [[Simon Commission]]. In the aftermath, it was part of the all-party committee, which came out with the Nehru Report. However, it did not accept the Report as according to Mahasabha, it gave too many concessions to Muslims. Similarly, when Mahatma Gandhi observed a fast against the Communal Award, Mahasabha worked with Gandhi and other parties to ensure [[Poona Pact]] was signed and Depressed Classes were given a fair representation. |
||
Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership organized ''Hindu Militarization Boards'' which recruited armed forces |
Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership organized ''Hindu Militarization Boards'' which recruited for the British Indian armed forces to help the British in [[World War 2]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McKean |first=Lise |title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC |year=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-56009-0 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215003328/https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC |page=72|url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
====Civil disobedience movement==== |
====Civil disobedience movement==== |
||
Line 70: | Line 71: | ||
The [[Indian National Congress]] won a massive victory in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], decimating the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal. |
The [[Indian National Congress]] won a massive victory in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], decimating the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal. |
||
In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]'s Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words:<blockquote>Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government...<ref name="Savarkar1963">{{cite book |last=Savarkar |first=Vinayak Damodar |date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar |publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha |pages=479–480}}</ref><ref name="Islam3">{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA213|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=213–}}</ref><ref name="Aiyar2009">{{cite book|author=Mani Shankar Aiyar|title=A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpzzxxCgpbcC&pg=PT75|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08275-9|pages=75–}}</ref></blockquote> In March 1943, Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective: Papers Presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Møn, Denmark, 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lmBbQXVCwoC&pg=PA800|year=1991|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-87062-14-5|pages=800–}}</ref> |
In [[Sindh]], Hindu Mahasabha members joined [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]'s Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words:<blockquote>Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government...<ref name="Savarkar1963">{{cite book |last=Savarkar |first=Vinayak Damodar |date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar |publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha |pages=479–480}}</ref><ref name="Islam3">{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA213|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=213–}}</ref><ref name="Aiyar2009">{{cite book|author=Mani Shankar Aiyar|title=A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpzzxxCgpbcC&pg=PT75|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08275-9|pages=75–}}</ref></blockquote> In March 1943, Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective: Papers Presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Møn, Denmark, 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lmBbQXVCwoC&pg=PA800|year=1991|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-87062-14-5|pages=800–}}</ref> Despite the Hindu Mahasabha's avowed public opposition to any territorial division of India, the Mahasabha Ministers of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they simply "contented themselves with a protest".<ref name="Noorani1">{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT59|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=59–}}</ref> |
||
In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with [[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan]] of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister [[Mehr Chand Khanna]].<ref name="Islam2">{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA313|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=313–}}</ref><ref name="Baxter1969">{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig | author-link = Craig Baxter |date=1969 |title=The jan Sangh: A biography of an Indian Political Party |url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt/page/20 20]|isbn=9780812275834 }}</ref> |
In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with [[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan]] of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister [[Mehr Chand Khanna]].<ref name="Islam2">{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA313|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=313–}}</ref><ref name="Baxter1969">{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig | author-link = Craig Baxter |date=1969 |title=The jan Sangh: A biography of an Indian Political Party |url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt/page/20 20]|isbn=9780812275834 }}</ref> |
||
In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the [[Krishak Praja Party]] led Progressive Coalition ministry of [[Fazlul Haq]] in December 1941.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book|author=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India 1886-1947|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA349|isbn=978-93-325-4085-9|pages=349–}}</ref> Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.<ref name="Savarkar1963"/><ref name="Islam3"/> |
In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the [[Krishak Praja Party]] led Progressive Coalition ministry of [[Fazlul Haq]] in December 1941.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book|author=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India 1886-1947|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA349|isbn=978-93-325-4085-9|pages=349–|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.<ref name="Savarkar1963"/><ref name="Islam3"/> |
||
====Quit India Movement==== |
====Quit India Movement==== |
||
The Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the [[Quit India Movement]] and boycotted it officially.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=103}} [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "''Stick to your Posts''", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=103}} |
The Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the [[Quit India Movement]] and boycotted it officially.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=103}} [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "''Stick to your Posts''", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=103}} |
||
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=103}} [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by [[Krishak Praja Party]] of [[Fazlul Haq]]), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942, he wrote:<blockquote> Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.<ref name="Noorani2">{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT56|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=56–}}</ref><ref name="Mookerjee2000">{{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Shyama Prasad |title=Leaves from a Dairy |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=179}}</ref></blockquote> |
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=103}} [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by [[Krishak Praja Party]] of [[Fazlul Haq]]), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942, he wrote:<blockquote> Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting in internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.<ref name="Noorani2">{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT56|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=56–}}</ref><ref name="Mookerjee2000">{{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Shyama Prasad |title=Leaves from a Dairy |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=179}}</ref></blockquote> Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the [[Quit India Movement]] in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:<blockquote> The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defence and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.<ref name="Noorani3">{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT57|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=57–}}</ref></blockquote> Even the Indian historian [[R.C. Majumdar]] noted this fact and states: <blockquote>Syama Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter, he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...<ref name="Majumdar1978">{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |date=1978 |title=History of Modern Bengal |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=179}}</ref></blockquote> |
||
===Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi=== |
===Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi=== |
||
{{Main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}} |
{{Main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}} |
||
On January 30, 1948, [[Nathuram Godse]] shot Mahatma Gandhi three times and killed him in [[Delhi]]. Godse and his fellow conspirators [[Digambar Badge]], [[Gopal Godse]], [[Narayan Apte]], [[Vishnu Karkare]] and [[Madanlal Pahwa]] were identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha. Along with them, police arrested Savarkar, who was suspected of being the mastermind behind the plot. While the trial resulted in convictions and judgments against the others, Savarkar was released due to lack of evidence |
On January 30, 1948, [[Nathuram Godse]] shot Mahatma Gandhi three times and killed him in [[Delhi]]. Godse and his fellow conspirators [[Digambar Badge]], [[Gopal Godse]], [[Narayan Apte]], [[Vishnu Karkare]] and [[Madanlal Pahwa]] were identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha. Along with them, police arrested Savarkar, who was suspected of being the mastermind behind the plot. While the trial resulted in convictions and judgments against the others, Savarkar was released due to lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malgonkar |first1=Manohar |title=The Men Who Killed Gandhi |date=2008 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-083-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucWsCAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130152335/https://books.google.com/books?id=ucWsCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kapur Commission said: |
||
:All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder (of Gandhiji).<ref>{{cite book |last1=J.L Kapur |title=Report of Commission of Inquiry |
: All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder (of Gandhiji).<ref>{{cite book |last1=J.L Kapur |title=Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi (1969) |date=February 2012 |page=303 |publisher=South Asia Citizens Web (www.sacw.net) |url=https://archive.org/stream/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/JeevanLalKapurCommissionReport_PART2-D#page/n9/mode/1up |access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> |
||
===Attempts at rehabilitation of Godse=== |
===Attempts at rehabilitation of Godse=== |
||
The Hindu Mahasabha considers [[Nathuram Godse]] to be a "real forgotten hero"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Mohammad |date=2015-11-15 |title=Hindu Mahasabha launches a website for Nathuram Godse |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindu-mahasabha-launches-a-website-for-nathuram-godse/article7880713.ece |access-date=2022-11-11 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111050829/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindu-mahasabha-launches-a-website-for-nathuram-godse/article7880713.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-01-31 |title=Hindu Mahasabha pays tribute to Nathuram Godse |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindu-mahasabha-pays-tribute-to-nathuram-godse/article38350859.ece |access-date=2022-11-11 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111050826/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindu-mahasabha-pays-tribute-to-nathuram-godse/article38350859.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> of the independence struggle of India and criticises [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for not having prevented the partition of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar |date=2022-10-03 |title=Controversy erupts over depiction of Mahatma Gandhi as demon in Kolkata puja pandal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/controversy-erupts-over-depiction-of-mahatma-gandhi-as-demon-in-kolkata-puja-pandal/article65966356.ece |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, following the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha continued attempts to rehabilitate and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to install the bust of Nathuram Godse. It created a documentary film ''Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse'' (Patriot [[Nathuram Godse]]) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.<ref name=mahasabha>{{cite news|first=Debobrat|last=Ghose|title=Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'|newspaper=Firstpost|date=21 December 2014|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hindu-mahasabha-head-speaks-fp-godse-martyr-patriot-1977649.html|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221131649/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hindu-mahasabha-head-speaks-fp-godse-martyr-patriot-1977649.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
⚫ | There were attempts to build a temple for Nathuram Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a ''Shaurya Diwas'' ("Bravery Day").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/nation-current-affairs/article/hindu-mahasabha-announces-godse-temple|title=Hindu Mahasabha announces Godse temple|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201053450/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/nation-current-affairs/article/hindu-mahasabha-announces-godse-temple|url-status=live}}</ref> A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-court-to-hear-suit-against-godse-film/article6724649.ece|title=Pune court to hear suit against Godse film|author=PTI|work=The Hindu|date=25 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318073403/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-court-to-hear-suit-against-godse-film/article6724649.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
{{cite news|first=Debobrat|last=Ghose|title=Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'|newspaper=Firstpost|date=21 December 2014|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hindu-mahasabha-head-speaks-fp-godse-martyr-patriot-1977649.html|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> |
|||
⚫ | There were attempts to build a temple for Nathuram Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a ''Shaurya Diwas'' ("Bravery Day").<ref>{{cite web|url= |
||
===Karnataka controversy=== |
===Karnataka controversy=== |
||
Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
==Ideology== |
==Ideology== |
||
Although the Hindu Mahasabha did not call for the exclusion of other religious communities from government, it identified India as a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'' ("Hindu Nation") and believed in the primacy of [[Hindus#Culture|Hindu culture]], [[Hinduism|religion]], and [[Cultural heritage of India|heritage]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} The Hindu Mahasabha was opposed to the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]] and policies that endorsed [[untouchability]], and used to organize all caste dinners in Nagpur and |
Although the Hindu Mahasabha did not call for the exclusion of other religious communities from government, it identified India as a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'' ("Hindu Nation") and believed in the primacy of [[Hindus#Culture|Hindu culture]], [[Hinduism|religion]], and [[Cultural heritage of India|heritage]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} The Hindu Mahasabha was opposed to the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]] and policies that endorsed [[untouchability]], and used to organize all caste dinners in Nagpur and Kanpur.<ref name="Keer 1950">{{Cite book|last=Keer|first=Dhananjay|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.449273|title=Veer Savarkar|date=1950|publisher=Popular Prakashan Bombay}}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Savarkar]] was very critical of the Indian caste system and untouchability, and among the social institutions, he saw it as the greatest curse of India.<ref name="Keer 1950"/> |
||
===Hindutva=== |
===Hindutva=== |
||
The Hindu Mahasabha promotes the principles of [[Hindutva]], a Hindu nationalist ideology developed by its pre-eminent leader [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} The Mahasabha identifies India as ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'' ("Hindu Nation").{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} |
The Hindu Mahasabha promotes the principles of [[Hindutva]], a Hindu nationalist ideology developed by its pre-eminent leader [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} The Mahasabha identifies India as ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'' ("Hindu Nation").{{sfn|Jha|2018|pp=1–4}} |
||
===Ideological positions=== |
===Ideological positions=== |
||
In 2015, Vice President of All India Hindu Mahasabha, VP Sadhvi Deva Thakur stated that [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] must undergo [[forced sterilization]] to restrict their growing population in India, which she considered a threat to Hindus.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/><ref name="IBNLive"/> She declared: "The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Union will have to impose emergency, and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilization so that they can't increase their numbers".<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|url= |
In 2015, Vice President of All India Hindu Mahasabha, VP Sadhvi Deva Thakur stated that [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] must undergo [[forced sterilization]] to restrict their growing population in India, which she considered a threat to Hindus.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/><ref name="IBNLive"/> She declared: "The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Union will have to impose emergency, and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilization so that they can't increase their numbers".<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150412/nation-current-affairs/article/muslims-christians-should-be-forcibly-sterilised-says-hindu|title=Muslims, Christians should be forcibly sterilisation, says Hindu Mahasabha leader|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 April 2015|access-date=13 April 2015|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114175122/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150412/nation-current-affairs/article/muslims-christians-should-be-forcibly-sterilised-says-hindu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hindu-mahasabha-leader-calls-for-forced-sterilisation-of-muslims-christians-to-restrict-growing-population/539301-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413000454/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hindu-mahasabha-leader-calls-for-forced-sterilisation-of-muslims-christians-to-restrict-growing-population/539301-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-13|title=Hindu Mahasabha leader calls for forced sterilisation of Muslims, Christians to restrict growing population|work=IBNLive}}</ref> |
||
In April 2015, the general secretary of the Hindu Mahasabha Munna Kumar Shukla claimed that it is not illegal to attack a church and it does not violate any law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bishops-seek-end-to-provocative-remarks-against-christians-115042401086_1.html|title=Bishops seek end to provocative remarks against Christians|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-04-24|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> He requested the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government to give legal and administrative protection to the Hindus who attack churches. He justified his claim by saying that churches were only conversion factories. Shukla also promised the Mahasabha would give protection and awards to those who marry Muslim girls and attack churches. He also said that Taj Mahal would meet the same fate as [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri masjid]] as it was a Shiva Temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/church-attacks-not-illegal-hindu-outfit/article7127261.ece|title=Church attacks not illegal: Hindu outfit|last=Ali|first=Mohammad|date=2015-04-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> |
In April 2015, the general secretary of the Hindu Mahasabha Munna Kumar Shukla claimed that it is not illegal to attack a church and it does not violate any law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bishops-seek-end-to-provocative-remarks-against-christians-115042401086_1.html|title=Bishops seek end to provocative remarks against Christians|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-04-24|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-09|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423174233/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bishops-seek-end-to-provocative-remarks-against-christians-115042401086_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He requested the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government to give legal and administrative protection to the Hindus who attack churches. He justified his claim by saying that churches were only conversion factories. Shukla also promised the Mahasabha would give protection and awards to those who marry Muslim girls and attack churches. He also said that the Taj Mahal would meet the same fate as [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri masjid]] as it was a Shiva Temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/church-attacks-not-illegal-hindu-outfit/article7127261.ece|title=Church attacks not illegal: Hindu outfit|last=Ali|first=Mohammad|date=2015-04-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017201017/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/church-attacks-not-illegal-hindu-outfit/article7127261.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
==Electoral history |
==Electoral history== |
||
===Electoral history in Lok Sabha=== |
|||
{| class="sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width:70%; border:1" |
{| class="sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width:70%; border:1" |
||
|+ |
|+ |
||
Line 121: | Line 122: | ||
| {{increase}} 4 |
| {{increase}} 4 |
||
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=1&tab=15|title=Party-wise list of members of 1st Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=1&tab=15|title=Party-wise list of members of 1st Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031155342/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=1&tab=15|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]] |
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]] |
||
Line 128: | Line 129: | ||
| {{decrease}} 2 |
| {{decrease}} 2 |
||
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=2&tab=14|title=Party-wise list of members of 2nd Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=2&tab=14|title=Party-wise list of members of 2nd Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001044337/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=2&tab=14|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] |
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] |
||
Line 135: | Line 136: | ||
| {{decrease}} 1 |
| {{decrease}} 1 |
||
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=3&tab=13|title=Party-wise list of members of 3rd Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=3&tab=13|title=Party-wise list of members of 3rd Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031162746/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=3&tab=13|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] |
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] |
||
Line 142: | Line 143: | ||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
| {{no2|Opposition}} |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=4&tab=12|title=Party-wise list of members of 4th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=4&tab=12|title=Party-wise list of members of 4th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001051740/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=4&tab=12|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]] |
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]] |
||
Line 148: | Line 149: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|518|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|518|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{decrease}} 1 |
| {{decrease}} 1 |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=5&tab=11|title=Party-wise list of members of 5th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=5&tab=11|title=Party-wise list of members of 5th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107115912/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=5&tab=11|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]] |
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]] |
||
Line 155: | Line 156: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|542|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|542|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=6&tab=10|title=Party-wise list of members of 6th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=6&tab=10|title=Party-wise list of members of 6th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206014950/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=6&tab=10|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] |
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] |
||
Line 162: | Line 163: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|542|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|542|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=7&tab=9|title=Party-wise list of members of 7th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=7&tab=9|title=Party-wise list of members of 7th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105034732/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=7&tab=9|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]] |
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]] |
||
Line 169: | Line 170: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|533|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|533|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=8&tab=8|title=Party-wise list of members of 8th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=8&tab=8|title=Party-wise list of members of 8th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107115915/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=8&tab=8|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]] |
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]] |
||
Line 183: | Line 184: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{decrease}} 1 |
| {{decrease}} 1 |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=10&tab=6|title=Party-wise list of members of 10th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=10&tab=6|title=Party-wise list of members of 10th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106062718/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=10&tab=6|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] |
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] |
||
Line 190: | Line 191: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=11&tab=5|title=Party-wise list of members of 11th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=11&tab=5|title=Party-wise list of members of 11th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031162538/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=11&tab=5|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] |
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] |
||
Line 197: | Line 198: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=12&tab=4|title=Party-wise list of members of 12th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=12&tab=4|title=Party-wise list of members of 12th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022054613/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=12&tab=4|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] |
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] |
||
Line 204: | Line 205: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|545|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=13&tab=3|title=Party-wise list of members of 13th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=13&tab=3|title=Party-wise list of members of 13th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206011115/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=13&tab=3|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] |
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] |
||
Line 211: | Line 212: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=14&tab=2|title=Party-wise list of members of 14th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=14&tab=2|title=Party-wise list of members of 14th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
Line 218: | Line 219: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=15&tab=1|title=Party-wise list of members of 15th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=15&tab=1|title=Party-wise list of members of 15th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031161956/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=15&tab=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] |
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] |
||
Line 225: | Line 226: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=16&tab=0|title=Party-wise list of members of 16th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=16&tab=0|title=Party-wise list of members of 16th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026015744/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/partyar.aspx?lsno=16&tab=0|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] |
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] |
||
Line 232: | Line 233: | ||
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FF9933}} |
||
| {{steady}} |
| {{steady}} |
||
| |
| - |
||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/PartywiseList.aspx|title=Party-wise list of members of 17th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/PartywiseList.aspx|title=Party-wise list of members of 17th Lok Sabha|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117214334/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/PartywiseList.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]] |
|||
| [[18th Lok Sabha]] |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
==Electoral history in State Election== |
===Electoral history in State Election=== |
||
===Assembly election history=== |
====Assembly election history==== |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}};color:white" | Year |
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Hindu Mahasabha}};color:white" | Year |
||
Line 291: | Line 299: | ||
|0.001% |
|0.001% |
||
| |
| |
||
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3781-karnataka-1999/ | title=Karnataka 1999 | date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> |
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3781-karnataka-1999/ | title=Karnataka 1999 | date=20 August 2018 | access-date=11 May 2023 | archive-date=2 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302100502/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3781-karnataka-1999/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] |
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] |
||
Line 303: | Line 311: | ||
|0.01% |
|0.01% |
||
| |
| |
||
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3783-karnataka-2008/ | title=Karnataka 2008 | date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> |
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3783-karnataka-2008/ | title=Karnataka 2008 | date=20 August 2018 | access-date=11 May 2023 | archive-date=12 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412105342/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3783-karnataka-2008/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] |
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] |
||
Line 312: | Line 320: | ||
|0.001% |
|0.001% |
||
| |
| |
||
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3784-karnataka-2013/ | title=Karnataka 2013 | date=20 August 2018 }}</ref> |
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3784-karnataka-2013/ | title=Karnataka 2013 | date=20 August 2018 | access-date=11 May 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022140739/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3784-karnataka-2013/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] |
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] |
||
Line 321: | Line 329: | ||
|0.01% |
|0.01% |
||
| |
| |
||
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ | title=Karnataka 2018 | date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> |
|None<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ | title=Karnataka 2018 | date=20 September 2018 | access-date=11 May 2023 | archive-date=27 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027040352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;" |
||
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] |
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] |
Revision as of 17:29, 21 August 2024
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha | |
---|---|
Founder | Madan Mohan Malaviya |
Founded | 1915 1933 (as political party)[1] | (as organization)
Split from | Indian National Congress[1] |
Headquarters | New Delhi |
Ideology | Hindutva[2][3] Hindu nationalism[2][4] Ultranationalism[5][6] Social conservatism[7][8] National conservatism[9] Economic nationalism[10] Right-wing populism[11] |
Political position | Right-wing[12][13] to far-right[4][14] |
Colours | Saffron |
ECI Status | Registered Unrecognised[15] |
Seats in Lok Sabha | 0 / 543
|
Seats in Rajya Sabha | 0 / 245
|
Seats in State Legislative Assembly | 0 / 4,036
|
Seats in State Legislative Council | 0 / 426
|
Number of states and union territories in government | 0 / 31
(Collectively 28 States & 3 UTs) |
Election symbol | |
[16] | |
Party flag | |
Website | |
abhm | |
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha (lit. 'All-India Hindu Grand Assembly') is a Hindu nationalist political party in India.[2][17][18]
Founded in 1915 by Madan Mohan Malviya, the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of orthodox Hindus before the British Raj from within the Indian National Congress.[2] In the 1930s, it emerged as a distinct party under the leadership of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who developed the concept of Hindutva ("Hinduness") and became a fierce opponent of the western, secular nationalism espoused by the Congress.
During the World War II, the Mahasabha supported the British war effort and briefly entered coalitions with the Muslim League in provincial and central legislative councils. After the assassination of Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi by a Hindu Mahasabha activist Nathuram Godse, the Mahasabha's fortunes diminished in post-Independence Indian politics, and it was soon eclipsed by the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Name
The organisation was originally called Sarvadeshik Hindu Sabha ("Pan-Country Hindu Assembly"). In 1921, it changed to the present name Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ("All-India Hindu Grand Assembly").[19]
History
Antecedents
Local forerunners of the Hindu Mahasabha emerged in connection with the disputes after the partition of Bengal in 1905 in British India. Under the then viceroy Lord Curzon, the division of the province of Bengal was into two new provinces of East Bengal and Assam, as well as Bengal. The new province of Bengal had a Hindu majority, the province of East Bengal and Assam was mostly Muslim. The British administration justified the division for religious reasons.
The formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906[20] and the British India government's creation of separate Muslim electorate under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909[21] was a catalyst for Hindu leaders coming together to create an organisation to protect the rights of the Hindu community members.[20]
In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Punjab Hindu Assembly").[22] The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community". On 21–22 October 1909, it organised the Punjab Provincial Hindu Conference, which criticised the Indian National Congress for failing to defend Hindu interests and called for the promotion of Hindu-centered politics. In this conference, Sabha leaders strongly proposed that Hindus need a separate nation and that Muslims should not be given any rights in that nation. The Sabha organised five more annual provincial conferences in Punjab.[23]
The development of the broad civic framework for Hindu unity that started in the early 20th century in Punjab was a precursor for the formation of the All India Hindu Sabha. Over the next few years, several such Hindu Sabhas were established outside Punjab, including in United Provinces, Bihar, Bengal, Central Provinces and Berar, and Bombay Presidency.[24]
A formal move to establish an umbrella All-India Hindu Sabha was made at the Allahabad session of Congress in 1910. A committee headed by Lala Baij Nath was set up to draw a constitution, but it did not make much progress. Another conference of Hindu leaders in Allahabad also took the initial step to establish an All India Hindu Sabha in 1910, but this organisation did not become operational due to factional strife. On 8 December 1913, the Punjab Hindu Sabha passed a resolution to create an All India Hindu Sabha at its Ambala session. The Conference proposed holding a general conference of Hindu leaders from all over India during 1915 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar.[23]
Establishment
Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at Haridwar (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, Sarvadeshak (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and Swami Shraddhanand were also present at the conference and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha.[23] The Sabha emphasized Hindu solidarity and the need for social reform.[23]
At its sixth session in April 1921, the Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha formally changed its name to Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation.[25]
Amongst the Mahasabha's early leaders were the prominent nationalists, educationalists and four-time Indian National Congress president Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, who founded the Benaras Hindu University, the Punjabi populist Lala Lajpat Rai and Lajpat Rai's mentor Navin Chandra Rai[26][27] of the Hindu Samaj who chaired the special Congress session of 1920 held at Lahore which gave the call for non-cooperation. Under Malaviya, the Mahasabha campaigned for Hindu political unity, for the education and economic development of Hindus as well as for the conversion of Muslims to Hinduism.
Indian independence movement
The Hindu Mahasabha did not unconditionally support the Indian independence movement against British rule in India.[28] However, it became part of the movement on its conditions and with regards to protecting the interests of the Hindus. For example, it boycotted the Simon Commission. In the aftermath, it was part of the all-party committee, which came out with the Nehru Report. However, it did not accept the Report as according to Mahasabha, it gave too many concessions to Muslims. Similarly, when Mahatma Gandhi observed a fast against the Communal Award, Mahasabha worked with Gandhi and other parties to ensure Poona Pact was signed and Depressed Classes were given a fair representation.
Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership organized Hindu Militarization Boards which recruited for the British Indian armed forces to help the British in World War 2.[29]
Civil disobedience movement
Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress led several nationwide campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience. The Mahasabha officially abstained from participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.[28]
Alliance with Muslim League and others
The Indian National Congress won a massive victory in the 1937 Indian provincial elections, decimating the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.
In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah's Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words:
Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government...[30][31][32]
In March 1943, Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.[33] Despite the Hindu Mahasabha's avowed public opposition to any territorial division of India, the Mahasabha Ministers of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they simply "contented themselves with a protest".[34]
In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister Mehr Chand Khanna.[35][36]
In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in December 1941.[37] Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.[30][31]
Quit India Movement
The Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.[38] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.[38]
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[38] Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942, he wrote:
Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting in internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.[39][40]
Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:
The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defence and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[41]
Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:
Syama Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter, he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...[42]
Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
On January 30, 1948, Nathuram Godse shot Mahatma Gandhi three times and killed him in Delhi. Godse and his fellow conspirators Digambar Badge, Gopal Godse, Narayan Apte, Vishnu Karkare and Madanlal Pahwa were identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha. Along with them, police arrested Savarkar, who was suspected of being the mastermind behind the plot. While the trial resulted in convictions and judgments against the others, Savarkar was released due to lack of evidence.[43] The Kapur Commission said:
- All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder (of Gandhiji).[44]
Attempts at rehabilitation of Godse
The Hindu Mahasabha considers Nathuram Godse to be a "real forgotten hero"[45][46] of the independence struggle of India and criticises Mahatma Gandhi for not having prevented the partition of India.[47] In 2014, following the Bharatiya Janata Party's rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha continued attempts to rehabilitate and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister Narendra Modi to install the bust of Nathuram Godse. It created a documentary film Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.[48] There were attempts to build a temple for Nathuram Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a Shaurya Diwas ("Bravery Day").[49] A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.[50]
Karnataka controversy
In September 2021, the state general secretary for Hindu Mahasabha in Karnataka, Dharmendra, threatened to kill Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai over the demolition of an unlicensed temple in Nanjangud, Mysuru, along with comments about killing Mahatma Gandhi. For these threats, he and two other associates, Rajesh Pavitran and Prem Poolali, were arrested.[51]
Ideology
Although the Hindu Mahasabha did not call for the exclusion of other religious communities from government, it identified India as a Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation") and believed in the primacy of Hindu culture, religion, and heritage.[2] The Hindu Mahasabha was opposed to the Indian caste system and policies that endorsed untouchability, and used to organize all caste dinners in Nagpur and Kanpur.[52] Savarkar was very critical of the Indian caste system and untouchability, and among the social institutions, he saw it as the greatest curse of India.[52]
Hindutva
The Hindu Mahasabha promotes the principles of Hindutva, a Hindu nationalist ideology developed by its pre-eminent leader Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.[2] The Mahasabha identifies India as Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation").[2]
Ideological positions
In 2015, Vice President of All India Hindu Mahasabha, VP Sadhvi Deva Thakur stated that Christians and Muslims must undergo forced sterilization to restrict their growing population in India, which she considered a threat to Hindus.[53][54] She declared: "The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Union will have to impose emergency, and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilization so that they can't increase their numbers".[53][54]
In April 2015, the general secretary of the Hindu Mahasabha Munna Kumar Shukla claimed that it is not illegal to attack a church and it does not violate any law.[55] He requested the NDA government to give legal and administrative protection to the Hindus who attack churches. He justified his claim by saying that churches were only conversion factories. Shukla also promised the Mahasabha would give protection and awards to those who marry Muslim girls and attack churches. He also said that the Taj Mahal would meet the same fate as Babri masjid as it was a Shiva Temple.[56]
Electoral history
Electoral history in Lok Sabha
Year | Legislature | Seats won | Change in seats | Outcome | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1951 | 1st Lok Sabha | 4 / 489
|
4 | Opposition | [57] |
1957 | 2nd Lok Sabha | 2 / 494
|
2 | Opposition | [58] |
1962 | 3rd Lok Sabha | 1 / 494
|
1 | Opposition | [59] |
1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | 1 / 520
|
Opposition | [60] | |
1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 0 / 518
|
1 | - | [61] |
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 0 / 542
|
- | [62] | |
1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 0 / 542
|
- | [63] | |
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 0 / 533
|
- | [64] | |
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 1 / 545
|
1 | Opposition | [65] |
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545
|
1 | - | [66] |
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545
|
- | [67] | |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545
|
- | [68] | |
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545
|
- | [69] | |
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543
|
- | [70] | |
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543
|
- | [71] | |
2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543
|
- | [72] | |
2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543
|
- | [73] | |
2024 | 18th Lok Sabha |
Electoral history in State Election
Assembly election history
Year | Seats contested | Seats won | +/- | No. of Votes | Voteshare (%) | +/- (%) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uttar Pradesh | |||||||
1969 | 1 / 425
|
1 | 67,807 | 0.29% | Other | ||
1974 | 1 / 424
|
81,829 | 0.30% | Other | |||
In 1977, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996 Hindu Mahasabha contested but didn't win any seats | |||||||
2002 | 1 / 403
|
1 | Other | ||||
In 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022 Hindu Mahasabha contested but didn't win any seats | |||||||
Karnataka | |||||||
1999 | 1 | 0 / 224
|
0 | 253 | 0.001% | None[74] | |
2004 | Not contested | ||||||
2008 | 6 | 0 / 224
|
0 | 2320 | 0.01% | None[75] | |
2013 | 1 | 0 / 224
|
0 | 345 | 0.001% | None[76] | |
2018 | 7 | 0 / 224
|
0 | 2840 | 0.01% | None[77] | |
2023 | 6 | 0 / 224
|
See also
- List of political parties in India
- Bharatiya Janata Party
- List of Hindu nationalist political parties
- Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
- Sangh Parivar
References
- ^ a b Ali, Tariq (1985). An Indian Dynasty. G.P. Putnam. p. 196.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jha 2018, pp. 1–4.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 61.
- ^ a b Six, Clemens (2017). Secularism, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in South and Southeast Asia. Routledge.
The Hindu Mahasabha, a far-right Hindu nationalist political party
- ^ Bingham, Woodbridge (1974). A History of Asia. Allyn and Bacon. p. 601.
- ^ Hauner, Milan (1981). India in Axis strategy. Klett-Cotta. p. 66.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 63.
- ^ Cush, Denise (2012). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 316.
- ^ Misra, Amalendu (1999). "Savarkar and the Discourse on Islam in Pre-Independent India". Journal of Asian History. 33 (2): 175.
- ^ Chatterjee, Nirmal C. (1959). Hindu Mahasabha Tracts. Vedic Press. p. 12.
- ^ Tamadonfar, Mehran (2013). Religion and Regimes. Lexington Books. p. 125.
- ^ Delap, L (2013). Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain. Springer. p. 152.
- ^ Kumaraswamy, P.R. (2010). India's Israel Policy. Columbia University Press. p. 159.
- ^ Luce, Henry Robinson (17 October 1949). "INDIA: Anchor for Asia". Time. Vol. 54. Time Incorporated. p. 33.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Vikram Doctor (18 November 2013). "Congress: History of election symbols: How they still help to connect with the masses". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
Other parties were happier with what they got – the Hindu Mahasabha had a suitably aggressive horse and rider..
- ^ McDermott, Rachel Fell; Gordon, Leonard A.; Embree, Ainslie T.; Pritchett, Frances W.; Dalton, Dennis (2014). Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Columbia University Press. pp. 439–. ISBN 978-0-231-51092-9.
- ^ Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1989). A Survey of Hinduism: First Edition. SUNY Press. pp. 403–. ISBN 978-0-88706-807-2.
- ^ Bapu 2013, pp. 20–21.
- ^ a b Bapu 2013, p. 16.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Bapu 2013, pp. 17–20.
- ^ Jaffrelot 2011, p. 43.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 20.
- ^ autobiography of Lajpat Rai
- ^ ISBN 9781315180076
- ^ a b Bapu 2013, p. 40.
- ^ McKean, Lise (1996). Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-56009-0. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ a b Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar (1963). Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar. Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha. pp. 479–480.
- ^ a b Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
- ^ Mani Shankar Aiyar (1 January 2009). A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century. Penguin Books India. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-670-08275-9.
- ^ Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective: Papers Presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Møn, Denmark, 1990. NIAS Press. 1991. pp. 800–. ISBN 978-87-87062-14-5.
- ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.
- ^ Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 313–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
- ^ Baxter, Craig (1969). The jan Sangh: A biography of an Indian Political Party. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780812275834.
- ^ Sumit Sarkar (2014). Modern India 1886-1947. Pearson Education India. pp. 349–. ISBN 978-93-325-4085-9.
- ^ a b c Bapu 2013, p. 103.
- ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.
- ^ Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
- ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1978). History of Modern Bengal. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
- ^ Malgonkar, Manohar (2008). The Men Who Killed Gandhi. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5194-083-8. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ J.L Kapur (February 2012). Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi (1969). South Asia Citizens Web (www.sacw.net). p. 303. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ Ali, Mohammad (15 November 2015). "Hindu Mahasabha launches a website for Nathuram Godse". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Hindu Mahasabha pays tribute to Nathuram Godse". The Hindu. PTI. 31 January 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Suhrid Sankar (3 October 2022). "Controversy erupts over depiction of Mahatma Gandhi as demon in Kolkata puja pandal". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ Ghose, Debobrat (21 December 2014). "Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Hindu Mahasabha announces Godse temple". Deccan Chronicle. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ PTI (25 December 2014). "Pune court to hear suit against Godse film". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ ""We Didn't Spare Gandhi": Hindu Leader Arrested Over Threat In Karnataka". NDTV.com.
- ^ a b Keer, Dhananjay (1950). Veer Savarkar. Popular Prakashan Bombay.
- ^ a b "Muslims, Christians should be forcibly sterilisation, says Hindu Mahasabha leader". Deccan Chronicle. 12 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ a b "Hindu Mahasabha leader calls for forced sterilisation of Muslims, Christians to restrict growing population". IBNLive. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015.
- ^ "Bishops seek end to provocative remarks against Christians". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ Ali, Mohammad (22 April 2015). "Church attacks not illegal: Hindu outfit". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 1st Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 2nd Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 3rd Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 4th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 5th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 6th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 7th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 8th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 9th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 10th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 11th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 12th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 13th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 14th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 15th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 16th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 17th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "Karnataka 1999". 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Karnataka 2008". 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Karnataka 2013". 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Karnataka 2018". 20 September 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
Sources
- Bapu, Prabhu (2013). Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415671651.
- Gordon, Richard (2008) [1975]. "The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress, 1915 to 1926". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 145–203. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004960. ISSN 1469-8099. JSTOR 311959. S2CID 144467731.
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.
- Jha, Mithilesh K. (2018). "Hindu Mahasabha". In Long, Jeffery D.; Sherma, Rita D.; Jain, Pankai; Khanna, Madhu (eds.). Hinduism and Tribal Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_490-1. ISBN 978-94-024-1036-5.
Further reading
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (6 October 2014). "The other saffron". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- Jha, Krishna; Jha, Dhirendra K. (2012). Ayodhya: The Dark Night. HarperCollins India. ISBN 978-93-5029-600-4.
- Ghose, Debobrat (21 December 2014). "Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'". Firstpost. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- Mukherjee, Aditya; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mahajan, Sucheta (2008). RSS, School Texts and the Murder of Mahatma Gandhi. New Delhi: Sage. ISBN 978-8132100478.
External links
- 1915 establishments in India
- Anti-Christian sentiment in India
- Anti-communist parties
- Anti-communism in India
- Anti-Islam sentiment in India
- Conservative parties in India
- Far-right politics in India
- Hindu Mahasabha
- Hindu organisations based in India
- Hindu nationalism
- Hindutva
- Indian Hindu political parties
- Political parties established in 1915
- Right-wing parties in Asia
- Right-wing populism in Asia
- Right-wing populist parties
- Political parties in India