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| smallimage =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| caption =
| order =
| order = 24th
| office =[[List of heads of state of Haiti|24th]] [[President of Haiti]]
| office = President of Haiti
| term_start =25 February 1915
| term_start =25 February 1915
| term_end =28 July 1915
| term_end =28 July 1915
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| birth_name =Jean Simon Guillaume
| birth_name =Jean Simon Guillaume
| birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1859|3|4}}
| birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1859|3|4}}
| birth_place =[[Ouanaminthe]], [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]]
| birth_place =[[Ouanaminthe]], Haiti
| death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1915|7|28|1859|3|4}}
| death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1915|7|28|1859|3|4}}
| death_place =[[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti
| death_place =[[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti
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'''Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam''' (4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) was [[List of Presidents of Haïti|President]] of [[Haiti]] from 4 March to 27 July 1915, when he was [[Assassination|assassinated]]. He was a cousin of [[Tirésias Simon Sam]], Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.
'''Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ vilbʁœ̃ ɡijom sam}}; 4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) was [[List of Presidents of Haïti|President]] of [[Haiti]] from 4 March 1915 until his assassination months later. He was the son of [[Tirésias Simon Sam]], Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.


==Career==
==Career==
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On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor, [[Joseph Davilmar Théodore]], was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "[[Cacos (military group)|Cacos]]", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor, [[Joseph Davilmar Théodore]], was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "[[Cacos (military group)|Cacos]]", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.{{cn|date=June 2022}}


As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr. [[Rosalvo Bobo]], who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with the [[United States]]. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthier [[mulatto]] population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in him ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners–– including [[Oreste Zamor|former president Zamor]], who was being held in a [[Port-au-Prince]] jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.
As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr. [[Rosalvo Bobo]], who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with the [[United States]]. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthier [[mulatto]] population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in his ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners—including [[Oreste Zamor|former president Zamor]], who was being held in a [[Port-au-Prince]] jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.


==Assassination==
==Assassination==
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For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached the [[United States Navy|American Navy]] ships anchored in the city's harbor. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power, [[United States occupation of Haiti|ordered American troops to seize the capital]]. They landed on 28 July 1915, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.
For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached the [[United States Navy|American Navy]] ships anchored in the city's harbor. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power, [[United States occupation of Haiti|ordered American troops to seize the capital]]. They landed on 28 July 1915, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.


Sam's chief of police, [[Charles Oscar Étienne]], who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".{{cn|date=June 2022}}
Sam's chief of police, [[Charles Oscar Etienne (Chaloska)|Charles Oscar Étienne]], who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".{{cn|date=June 2022}}


==In fiction==
==In literature and the arts==
[[Eugene O'Neill]] stated that Sam was the inspiration for his 1920 play ''[[The Emperor Jones]].''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wi3ws_31MvAC&q=emperor+jones+sam&pg=PA154|title=Critical Companion to Eugene O'Neill: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work|first=Robert M.|last=Dowling|date=4 March 2018|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108728|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2929605|title=Black Power on Stage: Emperor Jones and King Christophe|first=Ruby|last=Cohn|date=4 March 1971|journal=Yale French Studies|issue=46|pages=41–47|doi=10.2307/2929605}}</ref>
[[Eugene O'Neill]] stated that Sam was the inspiration for his 1920 play ''[[The Emperor Jones]].''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wi3ws_31MvAC&q=emperor+jones+sam&pg=PA154|title=Critical Companion to Eugene O'Neill: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work|first=Robert M.|last=Dowling|date=4 March 2018|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108728|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2929605|title=Black Power on Stage: Emperor Jones and King Christophe|first=Ruby|last=Cohn|date=4 March 1971|journal=Yale French Studies|issue=46|pages=41–47|doi=10.2307/2929605}}</ref>


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[[Category:1915 murders in North America]]
[[Category:1915 murders in North America]]
[[Category:Presidents of Haiti]]
[[Category:Presidents of Haiti]]
[[Category:Children of presidents of Haiti]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)]]
[[Category:Assassinated Haitian politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated Haitian politicians]]
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[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:People of the Banana Wars]]
[[Category:People of the Banana Wars]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s]]
[[Category:Assassinated presidents in North America]]
[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]
[[Category:National presidents assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths]]

Revision as of 09:08, 21 August 2024

Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
24th President of Haiti
In office
25 February 1915 – 28 July 1915
Preceded byJoseph Davilmar Théodore
Succeeded byPhilippe Sudré Dartiguenave
Minister of War and Navy
In office
13 December 1897 – 12 March 1902
PresidentTirésias Simon Sam
Preceded bySeptimus Marius
Succeeded byPierre Nord Alexis
Personal details
Born
Jean Simon Guillaume

(1859-03-04)4 March 1859
Ouanaminthe, Haiti
Died28 July 1915(1915-07-28) (aged 56)
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
SpouseLucie Parisien
ProfessionMilitary officer

Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ vilbʁœ̃ ɡijom sam]; 4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) was President of Haiti from 4 March 1915 until his assassination months later. He was the son of Tirésias Simon Sam, Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.

Career

Sam was the commander of Haiti's Northern Division when he led the revolt which brought President Cincinnatus Leconte to power. He later headed the revolt which toppled President Oreste Zamor. On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor, Joseph Davilmar Théodore, was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "Cacos", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.[citation needed]

As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr. Rosalvo Bobo, who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with the United States. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthier mulatto population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in his ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners—including former president Zamor, who was being held in a Port-au-Prince jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.

Assassination

Sam fled to the French embassy, where he received asylum. The rebels' mulatto leaders broke into the embassy and found Sam. They dragged him out and beat him senseless, and then threw his limp body over the embassy's iron fence to the waiting populace, who then ripped his body to pieces and paraded the parts through the capital's neighborhoods.

Legacy

For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached the American Navy ships anchored in the city's harbor. President Woodrow Wilson, who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power, ordered American troops to seize the capital. They landed on 28 July 1915, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.

Sam's chief of police, Charles Oscar Étienne, who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".[citation needed]

In literature and the arts

Eugene O'Neill stated that Sam was the inspiration for his 1920 play The Emperor Jones.[1][2]

Sam is the main figure in Arthur J. Burks's short story "Thus Spake the Prophetess" (Weird Tales, November 1924).

Sam appears as a supporting character in the 1993 Doctor Who novel White Darkness which is set during his presidency.[3] The novel takes several liberties with history, having Sam committing suicide rather than being murdered by the rebels as was actually the case.

References

  1. ^ Dowling, Robert M. (4 March 2018). Critical Companion to Eugene O'Neill: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438108728 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Cohn, Ruby (4 March 1971). "Black Power on Stage: Emperor Jones and King Christophe". Yale French Studies (46): 41–47. doi:10.2307/2929605. JSTOR 2929605.
  3. ^ McIntee, D. A. "White Darkness". Virgin Publishing, 1993
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