Vilbrun Guillaume Sam: Difference between revisions

Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
Vilbrun Guillaume Sam
24th President of Haiti
	In office; 25 February 1915 – 28 July 1915
Preceded by	Joseph Davilmar Théodore
Succeeded by	Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave
Minister of War and Navy
	In office; 13 December 1897 – 12 March 1902
President	Tirésias Simon Sam
Preceded by	Septimus Marius
Succeeded by	Pierre Nord Alexis
Personal details
Born	Jean Simon Guillaume; 4 March 1859; Ouanaminthe, Haiti
Died	28 July 1915 (aged 56); Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Spouse	Lucie Parisien
Profession	Military officer

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Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ vilbʁœ̃ ɡijom sam]; 4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) was President of Haiti from 4 March 1915 until his assassination months later. He was the son of Tirésias Simon Sam, Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.

Career

Sam was the commander of Haiti's Northern Division when he led the revolt which brought President Cincinnatus Leconte to power. He later headed the revolt which toppled President Oreste Zamor. On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor, Joseph Davilmar Théodore, was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "Cacos", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.^{[citation needed]}

As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr. Rosalvo Bobo, who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with the United States. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthier mulatto population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in his ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners—including former president Zamor, who was being held in a Port-au-Prince jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.

Assassination

Sam fled to the French embassy, where he received asylum. The rebels' mulatto leaders broke into the embassy and found Sam. They dragged him out and beat him senseless, and then threw his limp body over the embassy's iron fence to the waiting populace, who then ripped his body to pieces and paraded the parts through the capital's neighborhoods.

Legacy

For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached the American Navy ships anchored in the city's harbor. President Woodrow Wilson, who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power, ordered American troops to seize the capital. They landed on 28 July 1915, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.

Sam's chief of police, Charles Oscar Étienne, who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".^{[citation needed]}

In literature and the arts

Eugene O'Neill stated that Sam was the inspiration for his 1920 play The Emperor Jones.^[1]^[2]

Sam is the main figure in Arthur J. Burks's short story "Thus Spake the Prophetess" (Weird Tales, November 1924).

Sam appears as a supporting character in the 1993 Doctor Who novel White Darkness which is set during his presidency.^[3] The novel takes several liberties with history, having Sam committing suicide rather than being murdered by the rebels as was actually the case.

References

^ Dowling, Robert M. (4 March 2018). Critical Companion to Eugene O'Neill: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438108728 – via Google Books.
^ Cohn, Ruby (4 March 1971). "Black Power on Stage: Emperor Jones and King Christophe". Yale French Studies (46): 41–47. doi:10.2307/2929605. JSTOR 2929605.
^ McIntee, D. A. "White Darkness". Virgin Publishing, 1993

[1] Dowling, Robert M. (4 March 2018). Critical Companion to Eugene O'Neill: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438108728 – via Google Books.

[2] Cohn, Ruby (4 March 1971). "Black Power on Stage: Emperor Jones and King Christophe". Yale French Studies (46): 41–47. doi:10.2307/2929605. JSTOR 2929605.

[3] McIntee, D. A. "White Darkness". Virgin Publishing, 1993

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | smallimage          =
 | caption             =
-| order               =
+| order               = 24th
-| office              =[[List of heads of state of Haiti|24th]] [[President of Haiti]]
+| office              = President of Haiti
 | term_start          =25 February 1915
 | term_end            =28 July 1915
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 | birth_name          =Jean Simon Guillaume
 | birth_date          ={{birth date|df=yes|1859|3|4}}
-| birth_place         =[[Ouanaminthe]], [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]]
+| birth_place         =[[Ouanaminthe]], Haiti
 | death_date          ={{death date and age|df=yes|1915|7|28|1859|3|4}}
 | death_place         =[[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 }}
-'''Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam''' (4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) was [[List of Presidents of Haïti|President]] of [[Haiti]] from 4 March to 27 July 1915, when he was [[Assassination|assassinated]]. He was a cousin of [[Tirésias Simon Sam]], Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.
+'''Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ vilbʁœ̃ ɡijom sam}}; 4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) was [[List of Presidents of Haïti|President]] of [[Haiti]] from 4 March 1915 until his assassination months later. He was the son of [[Tirésias Simon Sam]], Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.
-==Early life and education==
-{{expand section|date=May 2022}}
 ==Career==
 Sam was the commander of Haiti's Northern Division when he led the revolt which brought President [[Cincinnatus Leconte]] to power.
 He later headed the revolt which toppled President [[Oreste Zamor]].
-On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor, [[Joseph Davilmar Théodore]], was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "[[Cacos (military group)|Cacos]]", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.{{cn}}
+On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor, [[Joseph Davilmar Théodore]], was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "[[Cacos (military group)|Cacos]]", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
-As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr. [[Rosalvo Bobo]], who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with the [[United States]]. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthier [[mulatto]] population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in him ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners–– including [[Oreste Zamor|former president Zamor]], who was being held in a [[Port-au-Prince]] jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.
+As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr. [[Rosalvo Bobo]], who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with the [[United States]]. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthier [[mulatto]] population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in his ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners—including [[Oreste Zamor|former president Zamor]], who was being held in a [[Port-au-Prince]] jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.
 ==Assassination==
 Sam fled to the French embassy, where he received asylum. The rebels' mulatto leaders broke into the embassy and found Sam. They dragged him out and beat him senseless, and then threw his limp body over the embassy's iron fence to the waiting populace, who then ripped his body to pieces and paraded the parts through the capital's neighborhoods.
 ==Legacy==
-For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached the [[United States Navy|American Navy]] ships anchored in the city's harbor. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power, [[United States occupation of Haiti|ordered American troops to seize the capital]]. They landed on 28 July 1914, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.
+For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached the [[United States Navy|American Navy]] ships anchored in the city's harbor. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power, [[United States occupation of Haiti|ordered American troops to seize the capital]]. They landed on 28 July 1915, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.
-Sam's chief of police, [[Charles Oscar Étienne]], who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".{{cn}}
+Sam's chief of police, [[Charles Oscar Etienne (Chaloska)|Charles Oscar Étienne]], who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".{{cn|date=June 2022}}
-==In fiction==
+==In literature and the arts==
 [[Eugene O'Neill]] stated that Sam was the inspiration for his 1920 play ''[[The Emperor Jones]].''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wi3ws_31MvAC&q=emperor+jones+sam&pg=PA154|title=Critical Companion to Eugene O'Neill: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work|first=Robert M.|last=Dowling|date=4 March 2018|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108728|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2929605|title=Black Power on Stage: Emperor Jones and King Christophe|first=Ruby|last=Cohn|date=4 March 1971|journal=Yale French Studies|issue=46|pages=41–47|doi=10.2307/2929605}}</ref>
@@ Line 77: / Line 75: @@
 [[Category:1915 murders in North America]]
 [[Category:Presidents of Haiti]]
+[[Category:Children of presidents of Haiti]]
 [[Category:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)]]
 [[Category:Assassinated Haitian politicians]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 81: @@
 [[Category:Deaths by beating]]
 [[Category:People of the Banana Wars]]
+[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s]]
+[[Category:Assassinated presidents in North America]]
+[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]
+[[Category:National presidents assassinated in the 20th century]]
+[[Category:Lynching deaths]]

v t e Heads of state of Haiti
Post–Revolutionary (1804–1859)	Dessalines/Jacques I Christophe/Henry I Blanchet^* Pétion Boyer Rivière-Hérard Guerrier Pierrot Riché Soulouque/Faustin I
Post–Imperial (1859–1930)	Geffrard Saget^‡ Salnave Saget Council of Secretaries of State Domingue Boisrond-Canal Public Order Committee Lamothe^‡ Hyppolite^‡ Salomon Boisrond-Canal^‡ Légitime Jeune^‡ Hyppolite Simon Sam Boisrond-Canal^‡ Alexis Commission for Public Order Simon Leconte Auguste Oreste Polynice^‡ Zamor Polynice^‡ Théodore Guillaume Sam Revolutionary Committee Dartiguenave Borno Roy
Post–Occupation (1930–1986)	Vincent Lescot Lavaud Estimé Lavaud Magloire Pierre-Louis^‡ Sylvain^‡ Cantave^‡ Executive Government Council Cantave^‡ Fignolé^‡ Kébreau François Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier
Post–Duvalier (1986–2011)	Namphy Manigat Namphy Avril Abraham Pascal-Trouillot Aristide Cédras Nérette^‡ Bazin^‡ Jonassaint^‡ Aristide Préval Aristide Alexandre^‡ Préval
Post–earthquake (2011–2021)	Martelly Privert^‡ Moïse
Post–Moïse (2021–present)	Joseph^* Henry^* Transitional Presidential Council^‡
* De facto ‡ Provisional