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{{Short description|28th President of Haiti from 1930 to 1941}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sténio Vincent
| name = Sténio Vincent
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| caption =
| caption =
| order =
| order =
| office = [[List of heads of state of Haiti|30th]] [[President of Haiti]]
| office = 28th [[President of Haiti]]
| term_start = November 18, 1930
| term_start = November 18, 1930
| term_end = May 15, 1941
| term_end = May 15, 1941
Line 17: Line 18:
| president2 = [[Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave]]
| president2 = [[Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave]]
| predecessor2 = Constant Vieux
| predecessor2 = Constant Vieux
| successor2 = Osmin Cham <small>(Interior) <br></small> Etienne Magloire <small>(Public Works)
| successor2 = Osmin Cham <small>(Interior) <br></small> Etienne Magloire <small>(Public Works)</small>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1874|February|22}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1874|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]
| birth_place = [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|9|3|1874|2|22}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|9|3|1874|2|22}}
| death_place = Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| death_place = [[New York City]], United States
| nationality = Haitian
| party =
| party =
| spouse =
| spouse =
| father = Benjamin Vincent
| mother = Iramène Brea
| relations =
| relations =
| children =
| children =
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}}
}}


'''Sténio Joseph Vincent''' (February 22, 1874 – September 3, 1959)<ref>[http://www.haiti-reference.com/histoire/notables/stenio_vincent.php Profil de Sténio Vincent]</ref> was President of [[Haiti]] from November 18, 1930 to May 15, 1941.
'''Sténio Joseph Vincent''' ({{IPA|fr|stenjo ʒozɛf vɛ̃sɑ̃}}; February 22, 1874 – September 3, 1959)<ref>[http://www.haiti-reference.com/histoire/notables/stenio_vincent.php Profil de Sténio Vincent]</ref> was President of [[Haiti]] from November 18, 1930 to May 15, 1941.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Sténio Vincent was born in [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti and was a member of the [[mulatto]] (African and European descent) elite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA319&lpg=RA4-PA319&dq=St%C3%A9nio+Vincent+descent&source=bl&ots=gg_XIjrRPl&sig=ADjuP00n1QKh8Y6l5jgTsUhbMBM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YYEWU_exGMrFqwHY04HYAg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=stenio%20european&f=false |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref>
Sténio Vincent was born in [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti. His parents were Benjamin Vincent and Iramène Brea, who belonged to the [[Social class in Haiti|mulatto elite]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&q=stenio+european&pg=RA4-PA319 |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |isbn=9780195170559 |accessdate=4 March 2014|last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2005 }}</ref>


==Presidency==
==Presidency==
In October 1930 Haitians chose a national assembly for the first time since 1918. It elected Vincent as President of Haiti. He graduated from law school at age 18 before ascending to head of Haiti's Chamber of Deputies by 1915.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884307,00.html HAITI: Five More Years for Stenio – TIME Magazine]</ref> He ran a nationalist campaign for the presidency based on his fierce opposition to the [[United States occupation of Haiti|American occupation of the Haiti]].
In October 1930, while still under [[United States occupation of Haiti|occupation]] by the United States, Haitians elected representatives to the national assembly for the first time since 1918. It elected Vincent as President of Haiti. He had graduated from law school at age 18 before ascending to head of Haiti's Chamber of Deputies by 1915.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100625163915/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884307,00.html HAITI: Five More Years for Stenio – TIME Magazine]</ref> He ran a nationalist campaign for the presidency based on his fierce opposition to the [[United States occupation of Haiti]].


From 1915 to 1934 Haiti was occupied by U.S. Marines; the United States had intervened after the murder of a president. In August 1934 U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] withdrew the Marines; however, the United States maintained direct fiscal control until 1941 and indirect control over Haiti until 1947.
After US Marines left in 1934, Vincent turned to a more authoritarian leadership style. Leading dissidents such as [[Jacques Roumain]] and [[Max Hudicourt]] were followed, spied on, and imprisoned for their political activity. The [[United States]] became Haiti's largest trading partner. By mid-decade, Vincent was considered "one of the staunchest pro-Americans in the hemisphere." In 1935, a plebiscite extended his term to 1941 and amended the constitution so that future presidents would be elected by popular vote.<ref name="http">{{cite encyclopedia

In 1935, Vincent conducted a plebiscite about extending his term in office, receiving a favorable vote to extend it to 1941. The plebiscite also approved an amendment to the constitution so that future presidents would be elected by popular vote.<ref name="http">{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Haiti
| title = Haiti
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
Line 56: Line 60:
| accessdate = 30 July 2008 }}</ref>
| accessdate = 30 July 2008 }}</ref>


In 1936, the [[Haitian Communist Party]] was disbanded by Vincent.
In October 1937 troops and police from the [[Dominican Republic]] massacred thousands of Haitian labourers living near the border in the [[Parsley Massacre]]. As reports of the slaughter swiftly reached [[Port-au-Prince]], Vincent restricted local press coverage, worrying that it would inflame tensions between the two countries. He had enjoyed a cooperative relationship with and financial support from the government of Dominican President [[Rafael Trujillo]]. However, the news could not be contained. After two years of relative quiet in Port-au-Prince, protests from various sectors of the population broke out against Vincent's weak response to the massacre. Security was doubled around the [[National Palace (Haiti)|National Palace]], to the irritation of black soldiers who felt the army should be deployed on the border. The Dominican government agreed in 1938 to compensate the slain workers’ relatives the following year in return for the cancellation of an independent investigation. But only part of the promised amount was actually paid. By that time, two coup attempts within the Haitian army had been averted. A US government State Department dispatch described Vincent as dealing with his political opponents in "Hitlerian fashion."


In October 1937 troops and police from the [[Dominican Republic]] massacred thousands of Haitian labourers living near the border in the [[Parsley Massacre]]. Vincent had enjoyed a cooperative relationship with and financial support from the government of Dominican President [[Rafael Trujillo]]. After two years of relative quiet in Port-au-Prince, Vincent's failure to press for justice for the slain workers prompted protests in the capital. United States president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] took the case to the Dominican government, which agreed in 1938 to compensate the slain workers’ relatives the following year.
⚫
With mounting opposition and upcoming elections, Vincent declared his intention to step down and the presidency was peacefully transitioned in 1941 to his successor, [[Élie Lescot]].

⚫
In 1941, Vincent declared his intention to step down. The presidency was peacefully transitioned to his successor, [[Élie Lescot]].


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Smith, Matthew J. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ByLYonKhQkEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=red+and+black+haiti&hl=en&ei=lFpfTLbaC8T38AaW8py5DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Red & Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934–1957].'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
* Smith, Matthew J. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ByLYonKhQkEC&q=red+and+black+haiti Red & Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934–1957].'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
{{Reflist}}
{{Refend}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Image:Coat of arms of Haiti.svg|60 px]]<br />[[President of Haïti]]|before=[[Louis Eugène Roy]]|after=[[Élie Lescot]]|years=1930–1941}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Haïti]]|before=[[Louis Eugène Roy]]|after=[[Élie Lescot]]|years=1930–1941}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


{{Heads of state of Haiti}}
{{HaitiPostOccupationHeads}}
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{{Authority control}}


⚫
{{Authority control|VIAF=150518472}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Vincent, Stenio
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = President of Haiti
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 22, 1874
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]
| DATE OF DEATH = September 3, 1959
| PLACE OF DEATH = Port-au-Prince, Haiti
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Stenio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, Stenio}}
[[Category:Presidents of Haiti]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Haiti]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Haiti]]
[[Category:Haitian people of Mulatto descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)]]
[[Category:Haitian politicians]]
[[Category:Mulatto Haitians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Haiti]]
[[Category:People from Port-au-Prince]]
[[Category:1930s in Haiti]]
[[Category:1940s in Haiti]]
[[Category:20th-century Haitian politicians]]

Revision as of 09:07, 21 August 2024

Sténio Vincent
28th President of Haiti
In office
November 18, 1930 – May 15, 1941
Preceded byLouis Eugène Roy
Succeeded byÉlie Lescot
Minister of Interior and Public Works
In office
August 8, 1916 – April 17, 1917
PresidentPhilippe Sudré Dartiguenave
Preceded byConstant Vieux
Succeeded byOsmin Cham (Interior)
Etienne Magloire (Public Works)
Personal details
Born(1874-02-22)February 22, 1874
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
DiedSeptember 3, 1959(1959-09-03) (aged 85)
New York City, United States
Parents
  • Benjamin Vincent (father)
  • Iramène Brea (mother)
ProfessionLawyer

Sténio Joseph Vincent (French pronunciation: [stenjo ʒozɛf vɛ̃sɑ̃]; February 22, 1874 – September 3, 1959)[1] was President of Haiti from November 18, 1930 to May 15, 1941.

Biography

Sténio Vincent was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. His parents were Benjamin Vincent and Iramène Brea, who belonged to the mulatto elite.[2]

Presidency

In October 1930, while still under occupation by the United States, Haitians elected representatives to the national assembly for the first time since 1918. It elected Vincent as President of Haiti. He had graduated from law school at age 18 before ascending to head of Haiti's Chamber of Deputies by 1915.[3] He ran a nationalist campaign for the presidency based on his fierce opposition to the United States occupation of Haiti.

From 1915 to 1934 Haiti was occupied by U.S. Marines; the United States had intervened after the murder of a president. In August 1934 U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt withdrew the Marines; however, the United States maintained direct fiscal control until 1941 and indirect control over Haiti until 1947.

In 1935, Vincent conducted a plebiscite about extending his term in office, receiving a favorable vote to extend it to 1941. The plebiscite also approved an amendment to the constitution so that future presidents would be elected by popular vote.[4]

In 1936, the Haitian Communist Party was disbanded by Vincent.

In October 1937 troops and police from the Dominican Republic massacred thousands of Haitian labourers living near the border in the Parsley Massacre. Vincent had enjoyed a cooperative relationship with and financial support from the government of Dominican President Rafael Trujillo. After two years of relative quiet in Port-au-Prince, Vincent's failure to press for justice for the slain workers prompted protests in the capital. United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt took the case to the Dominican government, which agreed in 1938 to compensate the slain workers’ relatives the following year.

In 1941, Vincent declared his intention to step down. The presidency was peacefully transitioned to his successor, Élie Lescot.

References

  1. ^ Profil de Sténio Vincent
  2. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. ISBN 9780195170559. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  3. ^ HAITI: Five More Years for Stenio – TIME Magazine
  4. ^ "Haiti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
Political offices
Preceded by President of Haïti
1930–1941 		Succeeded by
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